Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms

A

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Abattoirs

MS = Places where animals are slaughtered and dressed for market.

UI = D000003

 

Abbreviated Injury Scale

AN = no qualif

MS = Classification system for assessing impact injury severity developed and published by the American Association for Automotive Medicine. It is the system of choice for coding single injuries and is the foundation for methods assessing multiple injuries or for assessing cumulative effects of more than one injury. These include Maximum AIS (MAIS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), and Probability of Death Score (PODS).

UI = D015998

 

Abbreviations

AN = includes acronyms; IM; no qualif CATALOG: /form /lang; form qualif /abbreviations & /acronyms are available

MS = Shortened forms of written words or phrases used for brevity.

UI = D000004

 

Abbreviations [Publication Type]

MS = Lists of shortened forms of written words or phrases used for brevity. Acronyms are included here.

UI = D020463

 

ABC Transporters

AN = carrier proteins; ABC stands for ATP-Binding Cassette

MS = A superfamily of oligopeptide permease proteins responsible for transporting a wide range of substrates across membranes.

UI = D018528

 

Abdomen

AN = region & abdominal organs (tend to prefer specific organs); not for abdom muscles (index under ABDOMINAL MUSCLES but RECTUS ABDOMINIS is available); /radiogr = RADIOGRAPHY, ABDOMINAL; abdominal pain = ABDOMINAL PAIN; abrupt dis requiring emerg surg = ABDOMEN, ACUTE

MS = That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis.

UI = D000005

 

Abdomen, Acute

AN = abrupt abdom dis requiring emerg surg

MS = Clinical syndrome characterized by abdominal pain of great severity associated with other symptoms and signs, usually those of acute peritonitis, which might well be the result of a ruptured abdominal viscus or a similar abdominal catastrophe requiring urgent surgical operation.

UI = D000006

 

Abdominal Abscess

AN = for coord read note on ABSCESS

MS = An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018784

 

Abdominal Injuries

AN = general term for inj of organs in the abdom cavity; prefer specific organs /inj

MS = General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.

UI = D000007

 

Abdominal Neoplasms

AN = general term for neopl of organs in the abdom cavity; prefer specific organ/neopl terms; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl if given (IM)

UI = D000008

 

Abdominal Muscles

AN = RECTUS ABDOMINIS is available; hernia = HERNIA, VENTRAL

MS = Muscles forming the wall of the abdomen including rectus abdominis, external and internal oblique muscles, transversus abdominis, and quadratus abdominis. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D000009

 

Abducens Nerve

AN = 6th cranial nerve; dis: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

 

MS = The 6th cranial nerve. The abducens nerve originates in the abducens nucleus of the pons and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the eye. Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control.

UI = D000010

 

Abdominal Pain

AN = do not confuse with ABDOMEN, ACUTE for abrupt abdom dis requiring emerg surg

MS = Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.

UI = D015746

 

Abelson Leukemia Virus

AN = a defective species of the genus Leukemia Viruses, Murine; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + LEUKEMIA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM)

MS = A defective murine leukemia virus capable of transforming lymphoid cells and producing a rapidly progressing lymphoid leukemia after superinfection with Friend, Moloney, or Rauscher virus.

UI = D000011

 

Abetalipoproteinemia

AN = do not confuse with HYPOBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A disorder of lipoprotein and lipid metabolism caused by defective synthesis of apolipoprotein B (apo B) and characterized by acanthocytosis, hypocholesterolemia, progressive ataxic neuropathy, atypical retinitis pigmentosa with involvement of the macula, and fat malabsorption, and may be treated with vitamin E. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000012

 

Abnormalities

AN = GEN only: prefer /abnorm: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.1; do not use /compl /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; policy: Manual 23.20+; TN 109: relation to /congen & INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital malformations of organs or parts.

UI = D000013

 

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced

AN = IM; do not use /chem ind /compl /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific chem /adv eff-pois-tox (IM) + specific organ /abnorm or specific abnorm /chem ind (IM); Manual 23.20.3 CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.

UI = D000014

 

Abnormalities, Multiple

AN = IM; do not use /compl /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific abnorm (IM); Manual 23.20.2 CATALOG: do not use /in inf

UI = D000015

 

Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced

AN = IM; do not use /compl /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific abnorm (IM) CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital changes in the morphology of organs produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.

UI = D000016

 

ABO Blood-Group System

AN = IM; coord with disease /blood (IM), not /immunol nor /genet; TN 230

MS = The major human blood type system which depends on the presence or absence of two antigens A and B. Type O occurs when neither A nor B is present and AB when both are present. A and B are genetic factors that determine the presence of enzymes for the synthesis of certain glycoproteins mainly in the red cell membrane.

UI = D000017

 

Abomasum

AN = a ruminant's 4th stomach; dis: coord IM with STOMACH DISEASES /vet (IM); neopl: coord IM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS /vet (IM) + histol type /vet (IM); ulcer: coord IM with STOMACH ULCER /vet (IM)

MS = The fourth stomach of ruminating animals. It is also called the "true" stomach. It is an elongated pear-shaped sac lying on the floor of the abdomen, on the right-hand side, and roughly between the seventh and twelfth ribs. It leads to the beginning of the small intestine. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed)

UI = D000018

 

Aborigines

AN = IM; specify geog if pertinent; for Australian aborigines as a racial group index under ABORIGINES (IM) + AUSTRALOID RACE (IM) + AUSTRALIA or specific Australian territory; for Australian aborigines as an ethnic group, index under ABORIGINES (IM) + AUSTRALIA or specific Australian territory CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Native inhabitants or indigenous individuals of a country.

UI = D016359

 

Abortifacient Agents

AN = do not use /ther use for use of abortifacients as abortifacients

MS = Chemical substances that interrupt pregnancy after implantation.

UI = D000019

 

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal

AN = do not use /ther use for use of the abortifacients as abortifacients

MS = Non-steroidal chemical compounds with abortifacient activity.

UI = D000020

 

Abortifacient Agents, Steroidal

AN = do not use /ther use for use of the abortifacients as abortifacients

MS = Steroidal compounds with abortifacient activity.

UI = D000021

 

Abortion, Spontaneous

AN = /chem ind permitted but do not confuse with ABORTION, INDUCED (E4); /chem ind: consider also ABORTIFACIENT AGENTS; don't forget also check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY

MS = Expulsion of the products of conception before the completion of gestation without deliberate interference.

UI = D000022

 

Abortion Applicants

AN = don't forget also check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY

MS = Individuals requesting induced abortions.

UI = D000023

 

Abortion, Criminal

AN = don't forget also check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY; for abortifacients in crim abort see note on ABORTION, INDUCED

MS = Illegal termination of pregnancy.

UI = D000024

 

Abortion, Eugenic

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; don't forget also check tags HUMAN or ANIMAL & FEMALE & PREGNANCY

MS = Abortion performed because of possible fetal defects.

UI = D000025

 

Abortion, Habitual

AN = don't forget also check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

MS = Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.

UI = D000026

 

Abortion, Incomplete

AN = not all conception products are expelled; restrict to spontaneous, not induced abortions; don't forget also check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

MS = Abortion in which not all the products of conception have been expelled.

UI = D000027

 

Abortion, Induced

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; for use of an abortifacient here or in ABORTION, CRIMINAL, coord IM with abortifacient agent (IM with no qualif, not /adv eff unless text specifically discusses adverse eff); don't forget also check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Intentional removal of a fetus from the uterus by any of a number of techniques. (POPLINE, 1978)

UI = D000028

 

Abortion, Legal

AN = /adv eff permitted; do not use /util (except by MeSH definition) /vet; don't forget also HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Termination of pregnancy under conditions allowed under local laws. (POPLINE Thesaurus, 1991)

UI = D000029

 

Abortion, Missed

AN = dead fetus retained 2 or more months; /prev /ther /vet permitted; don't forget also check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

MS = The retention in the uterus of a dead fetus two months or more after its death.

UI = D000030

 

Abortion, Septic

AN = infected abortion; /prev /ther permitted; /vet permitted only if discussed as "septic" abortion: do not use automatically for animal abortion in brucellosis, vibriosis, trichomoniasis, etc. in animals; don't forget also check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

MS = Infected abortion in which there is dissemination of microorganisms and their products into the maternal systemic circulation.

UI = D000031

 

Abortion, Therapeutic

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; don't forget also check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

MS = Abortion induced to save the life or health of a pregnant woman. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000032

 

Abortion, Threatened

AN = pain & bleeding in early pregn heralding abortion; /prev /ther /vet permitted; don't forget check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

MS = Condition of vaginal bleeding with or without pain in early pregnancy which may presage an abortion.

UI = D000033

 

Abortion, Veterinary

AN = IM + specific type of abortion with /vet (NIM); don't forget also check tags ANIMAL & FEMALE & PREGNANCY

MS = Premature expulsion of the fetus in animals.

UI = D000034

 

Abreaction

AN = no qualif

MS = A process in psychotherapy in which the patient is "desensitized" to emotionally painful, often forgotten (repressed) memories by recalling and reacting to them in the "safety" of the treatment setting.

UI = D000035

 

Abrin

MS = Agglutinin. A toxic lectin from the seeds of jequirity, Abrus precatorius L. Very active poison. Five different proteins have so far been isolated: Abrus agglutinin, the component responsible for hemagglutininating activity, & abrins a-d, the toxic principles each consisting of two peptide chains are held together by disulfide bonds.

UI = D000036

 

Abruptio Placentae

AN = premature separation of placenta; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Premature separation of the normally implanted placenta.

UI = D000037

 

Abscess

AN = IM; coord IM with site (organ/dis term) (IM) + precoord organism/infect term (IM); if unspecified bacterial abscess do not coord with BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (since most abscesses are bact) but coord with specific bact infect term if given (as ABSCESS + STAPH INFECTIONS)

MS = A localized collection of pus caused by suppuration buried in tissues, organs, or confined spaces. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000038

 

Abscess, Peritonsillar (see: Peritonsillar Abscess)

 

Abscisic Acid

MS = Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.

UI = D000040

 

Absenteeism

AN = IM; no qualif

MS = Chronic absence from work or other duty.

UI = D000041

 

Absidia

AN = infection: coord IM with MUCORMYCOSIS (IM)

MS = A genus of zygomycetous fungi, family Mucoraceae, order MUCORALES, which sometimes causes infection in humans.

UI = D020095

 

Absinthe

AN = an alcoholic beverage

MS = An extract of absinthium and other bitter herbs, containing 60% alcohol. Prolonged ingestion causes nervousness, convulsions, trismus, amblyopia, optic neuritis, and mental deterioration. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018646

 

Absorbable Implants

AN = coord with substance if emphasized

MS = Implants constructed of materials designed to be absorbed by the body without producing an immune response. They are usually composed of plastics and are frequently used in orthopedics and orthodontics.

UI = D020341

 

Absorptiometry, Photon

AN = NIM; measures bone mineral content; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = A noninvasive method for quantitating bone mineral content. It is used especially in the diagnosis of osteoporosis and also in measuring bone mineralization in infants.

UI = D015502

 

Absorption

AN = almost never IM; coord NIM with substance /pharmacokin (IM) or organ /metab (IM) when absorptive process, degree or rate in article; TN 1: relation to metab & importance in pharmacol

MS = The taking in or incorporation of gaseous or liquid substances, light, or heat. It includes the metabolic absorption of exogenous nutrients, chemicals, and drugs into microorganisms, tissues, and organs.

UI = D000042

 

Abstracting and Indexing

AN = IM; med abstracting & indexing: do not coord with MEDICINE; do not confuse with Publication Type ABSTRACT; DF: ABSTRACTING CATALOG: form qualif /abstracts & double forms & /indexes & double forms are available

MS = Shortening or summarizing of documents; assigning of descriptors for referencing documents.

UI = D000043

 

Abstracts [Publication Type]

MS = Works that list publications on the subject and provide full annotated bibliographical information together with substantive summaries or condensations of the facts, ideas, or opinions presented in each publication listed. (from LC Subject Cataloging Manual)

UI = D020504

 

Abutments, Dental (see: Dental Abutments)

 

Acacia

AN = do not confuse with X ref ACACIA GUM see GUM ARABIC: acacia pharmaceut agents are probably GUM ARABIC (Cat D)

MS = Any leguminous woody vine or tree of the genus Acacia, also called locust or wattle. The gums and tanning agents obtained from Acacia are called GUM ARABIC.

UI = D000045

 

Academic Dissertations [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for acad dissertations as a subject, index under main heading DISSERTATIONS, ACADEMIC

MS = Formal written discourses presented, usually, to fulfill requirements for an academic degree.

UI = D019478

 

Academic Medical Centers

AN = specify geog; DF: ACAD MED CENTERS CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Medical complexes consisting of medical school, hospitals, clinics, libraries, administrative facilities, etc.

UI = D000046

 

Academies and Institutes

AN = not for educ acad & institutes ( = SCHOOLS or its indentions); Acad of Med: do not index also under MEDICINE; NY Acad of Med: when geog coord needed use NEW YORK CITY; DF: ACADEMIES CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Organizations representing specialized fields which are accepted as authoritative; may be non-governmental, university or an independent research organization, e.g., National Academy of Sciences, Brookings Institution, etc.

UI = D000047

 

Acanthamoeba

AN = infection: coord IM with AMEBIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A genus of free-living soil amoebae that produces no flagellate stage. Its organisms are pathogens for several infections in humans and have been found in the eye, bone, brain, and respiratory tract.

UI = D000048

 

Acanthamoeba Keratitis

AN = note category: a corneal dis: do not confuse with KERATOACANTHOMA, a skin dis

MS = Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.

UI = D015823

 

Acanthocephala

AN = infection: coord IM with HELMINTHIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A phylum of parasitic worms, closely related to tapeworms and containing two genera: Moniliformis, which sometimes infects man, and Macracanthorhynchus, which infects swine.

UI = D000049

 

Acanthocytes

AN = A 11 qualif

MS = Erythrocytes with protoplasmic projections giving the cell a thorny appearance.

UI = D000050

 

Acantholysis

AN = a skin dis; ACANTHOLYSIS BULLOSA see EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA is also available

MS = Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris and keratosis follicularis.

UI = D000051

 

Acanthopodina

AN = a suborder of protozoa

MS = A suborder of ameboid protozoa. Characteristics include subpseudopodia that are more or less finely tipped, occasionally filiform, commonly furcate hyaline, and produced from a broad hyaline lobe. Cysts are usually formed and nuclear division is mesomitotic or metamitotic.

UI = D016842

 

Acanthosis Nigricans

AN = a type of melanosis

MS = A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder.

UI = D000052

 

Acari

AN = GEN, comprising the MITES and TICKS; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; acaricides: index under INSECTICIDES even though Acari are not insects

MS = A large, cosmopolitan order of arachnids comprising the mites and ticks, including parasites of plants, animals, and man, as well as several important disease vectors.

UI = D000053

 

Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm

AN = a supraventric tachycardia; DF: note short X ref

MS = A transient and intermittent type of arrhythmia with episodes lasting from a few seconds to a minute which usually occurs in patients with acute myocardial infarction or with digitalis toxicity. Suppressive therapy is rarely necessary because the ventricular rate is generally less than 100 beats per minute.

UI = D016170

 

Acceleration

AN = IM

UI = D000054

 

Accessory Nerve

AN = 11th cranial nerve; dis: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = The 11th cranial nerve. The accessory nerve originates from neurons in the medulla and in the cervical spinal cord. It has a cranial root, which joins the vagus (10th cranial) nerve and sends motor fibers to the muscles of the larynx, and a spinal root, which sends motor fibers to the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. Damage to the nerve produces weakness in head rotation and shoulder elevation.

UI = D000055

 

Accident Prevention

AN = no qualif

UI = D000056

 

Accident Proneness

AN = no qualif

MS = Tendency toward involvement in accidents. Implies certain personality characteristics which predispose to accidents.

UI = D000057

 

Accidental Falls

AN = coord IM with specific inj (IM) if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form; subdivision by special age groups & pregn permitted

MS = Falls due to slipping or tripping which result in injury.

UI = D000058

 

Accidents

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics CATALOG: /geog /form; subdivision by special age groups & pregn permitted

UI = D000059

 

Accidents, Aviation

AN = IM; coord with specific inj (IM) CATALOG: /geog /form

UI = D000060

 

Accidents, Home

AN = IM; coord with specific inj (IM) CATALOG: /geog /form; subdivision by special age groups & pregn permitted

UI = D000061

 

Accidents, Occupational

AN = IM; coord with specific occupation (IM); DF: ACCIDENTS OCCUP CATALOG: /geog /form; subdivision by special age groups & pregn permitted

MS = Unforeseen occurrences, especially of an injurious character due to factors involving one's employment. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p10)

UI = D000062

 

Accidents, Radiation

AN = usually accidents & exposure at nuclear reactors so do not index also under NUCLEAR REACTORS; specify other rad source (IM); IM; coord with specific inj or med aspect (IM); do not index here for rad inj during radiother or radiodiag: index under specific radiother or radiodiag heading; specify geog; DF: ACCIDENTS RAD CATALOG: /geog /form; subdivision by special age groups & pregn permitted

MS = Accidental dispersal of radioactive materials from a radiation source. Accidents at nuclear reactors can involve large groups of the population from dispersion of radioactivity into the environment and through fallout or a few individuals with high injurious doses.

UI = D018788

 

Accidents, Traffic

AN = implies automobile accid so do not coord with AUTOMOBILES unless the auto is especially discussed; coord IM with BICYCLING (IM) or MOTORCYCLES (IM) if pertinent; not for railroad accidents ( = RAILROADS + ACCIDENTS) or all-terrain vehicles, motorbikes or snowmobiles ( = OFF-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES + ACCIDENTS) CATALOG: /geog /form; subdivision by special age groups & pregn permitted

MS = Accidents on streets, roads, and highways involving drivers, passengers, pedestrians, or vehicles. Traffic accidents refer to AUTOMOBILES (passenger cars, buses, and trucks), BICYCLING, and MOTORCYCLES but not OFF-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES, RAILROADS nor snowmobiles.

UI = D000063

 

Acclimatization

AN = includes to climate, altitude, weather but not to gravity ( = ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL)

MS = Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old.

UI = D000064

 

Accommodation, Ocular

AN = adjustment of lens to distance; do not confuse with ADAPTATION, OCULAR, adjustment of eye to light

MS = The dioptric adjustment of the eye (to attain maximal sharpness of retinal imagery for an object of regard) referring to the ability, to the mechanism, or to the process. It is the effecting of refractive changes by changes in the shape of the crystalline lens. Loosely, it refers to ocular adjustments for vision at various distances. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

UI = D000065

 

Account Books [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for account books as a subject, index under main heading ACCOUNTING

MS = Books in which personal or commercial accounts of financial transactions are recorded. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D019479

 

Accounting

AN = IM; coord with SPEC (IM) or specific financial endeavor (IM)

MS = System of recording financial transactions.

UI = D000066

 

Accounts Payable and Receivable

AN = no qualif; DF: ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

MS = Short-term debt obligations and assets occurring in the regular course of operational transactions.

UI = D000067

 

Accreditation

AN = by the profession; do not confuse with LICENSURE (by the state)

MS = Certification as complying with a standard set by non-governmental organizations, applied for by institutions, programs, and facilities on a voluntary basis.

UI = D000068

 

Acculturation

AN = no qualif

MS = Process of cultural change in which one group or members of a group assimilates various cultural patterns from another.

UI = D000069

 

Acebutolol

AN = an antihypertensive & anti-arrhythmic

MS = N-(3-Acetyl-4-(2-hydroxy-3-((1-methylethyl)amino)propoxy)phenyl)butanamide. A cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.

UI = D000070

 

Acedapsone

AN = an antileprotic

MS = Acetylated sulfone that is slowly metabolized to give long-term, low blood levels of DAPSONE. It has antimicrobial and antimalarial action, but is mainly used as a depot leprostatic agent.

UI = D000072

 

Acenaphthenes

AN = aromatic hydrocarbons

MS = Tricyclic ethylene-bridged naphthalene derivatives. They are found in petroleum residues and coal tar and used as dye intermediates, in the manufacture of plastics, and in insecticides and fungicides.

UI = D000073

 

Acenocoumarol

AN = an anticoagulant

MS = A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233)

UI = D000074

 

Acepromazine

AN = an antipsychotic agent

MS = A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of psychoses.

UI = D000075

 

Acetabularia

AN = a green alga

MS = A genus of green algae found in the Mediterranean and other warm seas.

UI = D000076

 

Acetabulum

AN = point of union of the 3 pelvic bones; do not confuse with HIP or HIP JOINT or PELVIC BONES; fract = ACETABULUM /inj (IM) + FRACTURES (IM)

UI = D000077

 

Acetaldehyde

MS = A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.

UI = D000079

 

Acetals

UI = D000080

 

Acetamides

MS = Derivatives of acetamide that are used as solvents, as mild irritants, and in organic synthesis.

UI = D000081

 

Acetaminophen

AN = an analgesic

MS = Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.

UI = D000082

 

Acetanilides

MS = N-Phenylacetamide. Precursor of many drugs, dyes and other compounds in chemical synthesis; formerly used as analgesic and antipyretic, but often causes lethal methemoglobinemia. Synonyms: acetylaniline; acetylaminobenzene; antifebrin.

UI = D000083

 

Acetate Kinase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of acetate in the presence of a divalent cation and ATP with the formation of acetylphosphate and ADP. It is important in the glycolysis process. EC 2.7.2.1.

UI = D000084

 

Acetates

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Salts or esters of acetic acid in which the terminal hydrogen atom is replaced by a metal, for instance copper acetate Cu(CH3COO)2, or where substitution is by a radical, for instance ethyl acetate CH3COOC2H5. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

UI = D000085

 

Acetazolamide

AN = a carbonic anhydrase inhib & anticonvulsant

MS = A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)

UI = D000086

 

Acetic Acid

AN = do not confuse with ACETIC ACIDS

MS = Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed)

UI = D019342

 

Acetic Acids

AN = do not confuse with ACETIC ACID; note X ref ACETIC ACID ESTERS see ACETATES; acetic acid salts = ACETATES

MS = Acetic acid and its derivatives which may be formed by substitution reactions. Mono- and di-substituted, as well as halogenated compounds have been synthesized.

UI = D000088

 

Acetic Anhydrides

MS = Compounds used extensively as acetylation, oxidation and dehydrating agents and in the modification of proteins and enzymes.

UI = D000089

 

Acetoacetates

AN = ketone bodies

UI = D000090

 

Acetobacter

AN = in vinegar & souring fruits; do not confuse with Acetobacterium ( = GRAM-POSITIVE RODS)

MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria of the family ACETOBACTERACEAE found in flowers and fruits. Cells are ellipsoidal to rod-shaped and straight or slightly curved.

UI = D000091

 

Acetobacteraceae

AN = a family of gram-neg aerobic bacteria

MS = A family of gram-negative bacteria consisting of ellipsoidal to rod-shaped cells that occur singly, in pairs, or in chains.

UI = D016947

 

Acetohexamide

AN = a hypoglycemic

MS = A sulonfylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.

UI = D000092

 

Acetoin

MS = 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone. A product of fermentation. It is a component of the butanediol cycle in microorganisms. In mammals it is oxidized to carbon dioxide.

UI = D000093

 

Acetoin Dehydrogenase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoin to diacetyl in the presence of NAD. EC 1.1.1.5.

UI = D000094

 

2-Acetolactate Mutase

MS = An enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of isoleucine and valine. It converts 2-acetolactate into 3-hydroxy-2-oxo-isovalerate. Also acts on 2-hydroxy-2-acetobutyrate to form 2-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-methylvalerate. EC 5.4.99.3.

UI = D015072

 

Acetolactate Synthase

MS = A flavoprotein that catalyzes the formation of acetolactate from 2 moles of pyruvate in the biosynthesis of valine and the formation of acetohydroxybutyrate from pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate in the biosynthesis of isoleucine. EC 4.1.3.18.

UI = D000095

 

Acetone

AN = a ketone body; acetonemia & acetonuria go under KETONE BODIES

MS = A flammable, colorless, volatile liquid with a pleasant ethereal odor. It is a commonly used solvent and in pharmacy is so used; in concentrations above 80%, it is used as an antiseptic. It is one of the KETONE BODIES produced in ketoacidosis as in diabetic acidosis and starvation acidosis. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000096

 

Acetonitriles

MS = Compounds in which a methyl group is attached to the cyano moiety.

UI = D000097

 

Acetophenones

UI = D000098

 

Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene

MS = An alkylating agent that forms DNA ADDUCTS at the C-8 position in GUANINE, resulting in single strand breaks. It has demonstrated carcinogenic action.

UI = D000099

 

Acetrizoic Acid

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = A water-soluble, iodinated radiographic contrast medium, used as sodium acetrizoate in hysterosalpingography. (Dorland, 28th ed, p12)

UI = D000100

 

Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase

AN = do not confuse with ACETYL-COA C-ACYLTRANSFERASE

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible formation of acetoacetyl-CoA from two molecules of acetyl-CoA. EC 2.3.1.9.

UI = D000101

 

Acetyl-CoA C-Acyltransferase

AN = do not confuse with ACETYL-COA C-ACETYLTRANSFERASE

MS = Enzyme that catalyzes the final step of fatty acid oxidation in which acetyl-CoA is released and the CoA ester of a fatty acid two carbons shorter is formed. EC 2.3.1.16.

UI = D000102

 

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

MS = A carboxylating enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP, acetyl-CoA, and HCO3- to ADP, orthophosphate, and malonyl-CoA. It is a biotinyl-protein that also catalyzes transcarboxylation. The plant enzyme also carboxylates propanoyl-CoA and butanoyl-CoA (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 6.4.1.2.

UI = D000103

 

Acetyl-CoA Hydrolase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA to yield CoA and acetate. The enzyme is involved in the oxidation of fatty acids. EC 3.1.2.1.

UI = D000104

 

Acetyl Coenzyme A

AN = do not confuse with ACYL COENZYME A

MS = Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.

UI = D000105

 

Acetate-CoA Ligase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of CoA derivatives from ATP, acetate, and CoA to form AMP, pyrophosphate, and acetyl CoA. It acts also on propionates and acrylates. EC 6.2.1.1.

UI = D000106

 

2-Acetylaminofluorene

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the arylhydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.

UI = D015073

 

Acetylation

AN = almost never IM; enzymatic acetylation: coord NIM with ACETYLTRANSFERASES (IM) + substrate (NIM) or specific acetyltransferase (IM)

MS = Formation of an acetyl derivative. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D000107

 

Acetylcarnitine

AN = a nootropic B vitamin

MS = An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of acetyl CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.

UI = D000108

 

Acetylcholine

AN = a neurotransmitter; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications.

UI = D000109

 

Acetylcholinesterase

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; reactivation or reactivators: coord NIM (with no qualif) with CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS (IM)

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetylcholine and water to choline and acetate. It is found in the gray matter of nerve tissue, in red blood cells, and in the motor endplates of skeletal muscle. The reaction destroys acetylcholine released at neurohumoral junctions, thus permitting recovery for transmission of further impulses. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.7.

UI = D000110

 

Acetylcysteine

AN = an expectorant

MS = A white, crystalline powder used as a mucolytic agent for adjunct therapy in bronchopulmonary disorders to reduce the viscosity of mucus and facilitate its removal. It is administered by instillation or nebulization. (From Dorland, 27th ed) It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates.

UI = D000111

 

Acetyldigitoxins

AN = Digitalis glycosides; do not confuse with ACETYLDIGOXINS

MS = 3 beta,14 beta-Dihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide 3-monoacetyl tridigitoxosides. Cardioactive derivatives of lanatoside A or of DIGITOXIN. They are used for fast digitalization in congestive heart failure.

UI = D000112

 

Acetyldigoxins

AN = Digitalis glycosides; do not confuse with ACETYLDIGITOXINS; alpha isomer & beta isomer go here

MS = Alpha- or beta-acetyl derivatives of DIGOXIN or lanatoside C from Digitalis lanata. They are better absorbed and longer acting than digoxin and are used in congestive heart failure.

UI = D000113

 

Acetylene

UI = D000114

 

Acetylesterase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetate esters and water to alcohols and acetate. EC 3.1.1.6.

UI = D000115

 

Acetylgalactosamine

MS = 2-Acetamido-2-deoxygalactopyranose. The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.

UI = D000116

 

N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine from a nucleoside diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.

UI = D017350

 

Acetylglucosamine

MS = 2-Acetamido-2-deoxyglucopyranose. The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.

UI = D000117

 

N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from a nucleoside diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.

UI = D017351

 

Acetylglucosaminidase

MS = 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxygluco-hydrolase. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-glucose residues in chitobiose and higher analogs as well as in glycoproteins. Has been used widely in structural studies on bacterial cell walls and in the study of diseases such as mucolipidosis and various inflammatory disorders of muscle and connective tissue.

UI = D000118

 

beta-N-Acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to a specific glycoprotein receptor, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucosyl-glycopeptide, during glycopeptide synthesis. EC 2.4.1.38.

UI = D006022

 

N-Acetylhexosaminyltransferases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of N-acetylhexosaminyl groups to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.

UI = D017349

 

N-Acetyllactosamine Synthase

MS = The A protein of the lactose synthase complex. In the presence of the B protein (LACTALBUMIN) specificity is changed from N-acetylglucosamine to glucose. EC 2.4.1.90.

UI = D009237

 

N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase

MS = An autolytic enzyme bound to the surface of bacterial cell walls. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain cell wall glycopeptides, particularly peptidoglycan. EC 3.5.1.28.

UI = D009238

 

Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine

AN = an immunol adjuvant; /biosyn permitted; DF: AMAIG

MS = Peptidoglycan immunoadjuvant originally isolated from bacterial cell wall fragments; also acts as pyrogen and may cause arthritis; stimulates both humoral and cellular immunity.

UI = D000119

 

N-Acetylneuraminic Acid

AN = do not confuse with N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACIDS see SIALIC ACIDS; do not confuse X ref SIALIC ACID with SIALIC ACIDS

MS = An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518)

UI = D019158

 

Acecainide

MS = A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.

UI = D000120

 

N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase

MS = An arylsulfatase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the 4-sulfate groups of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate. A deficiency of this enzyme is responsible for the inherited lysosomal disease, Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome (MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS VI). EC 3.1.6.12.

UI = D020051

 

Acetylserotonin N-Methyltransferase

AN = DF: HIOMT

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to N-acetylserotonin to form N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (MELATONIN). EC 2.1.1.4.

UI = D000121

 

Acetylthiocholine

AN = used as a substrate in cholinesterase assays

MS = An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.

UI = D000122

 

Acetyltransferases

MS = Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from acetyl coenzyme A, to another compound. EC 2.3.1.

UI = D000123

 

Achievement

AN = no qualif

MS = Success in bringing an effort to the desired end; the degree or level of success attained in some specified area (esp. scholastic) or in general.

UI = D000124

 

Achilles Tendon

AN = rupture = ACHILLES TENDON /inj (IM) + RUPTURE (NIM)

UI = D000125

 

Achlorhydria

AN = absence or deficiency of gastric HCl

MS = Absence of hydrochloric acid from maximally stimulated gastric secretions. It is a result of gastric mucosal atrophy. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000126

 

Acholeplasma

MS = A genus of gram-negative organisms including saprophytic and parasitic or pathogenic species.

UI = D000127

 

Acholeplasma laidlawii

AN = in sewage, dung, soil & animals

MS = An organism originally isolated from sewage, manure, humus, and soil, but recently found as a parasite in mammals and birds.

UI = D000128

 

Acholeplasmataceae

AN = free-living saphrophytes & mammalian & avian parasites

MS = Gram-negative organisms including apparently free-living saprophytes as well as mammalian and avian parasites, and possibly pathogens.

UI = D000129

 

Achondroplasia

AN = a form of dwarfism

MS = A hereditary, congenital disturbance of epiphyseal chondroblastic growth and maturation, causing inadequate enchondral bone formation and resulting in a peculiar form of dwarfism with short limbs, normal trunk, small face, normal vault, lordosis, and trident hand. It may be accompanied by other anomalies. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000130

 

Acid Anhydride Hydrolases

MS = A group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of diphosphate bonds in compounds such as nucleoside di- and tri-phosphates, and sulfonyl-containing anhydrides such as adenylylsulfate. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.6.

UI = D017766

 

Acid Etching, Dental

AN = etching of tooth surface to increase adhesion of resins; do not use for etching of metal appliances for better adhesion ( = specific appliance (IM) + METALLURGY (NIM) ); do not use for etching of veneers or resins ( = specific dent restoration); DF: ACID ETCHING DENT

MS = Pretreatment of tooth surfaces with etching agents, usually phosphoric acid, to increase the adhesion of various resin systems.

UI = D000134

 

Acid Phosphatase

AN = /defic permitted: TN 222; prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PROSTATE + ACID PHOSPHATASE): do not confuse with PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN, a serine proteinase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.

UI = D000135

 

Acid Rain

AN = specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Acidic water usually pH 2.5 to 4.5, which poisons the ecosystem and adversely affects plants, fishes, and mammals. It is caused by industrial pollutants, mainly sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted into the atmosphere and returning to earth in the form of acidic rain water.

UI = D015258

 

Acid-Base Equilibrium

AN = consider also ACID-BASE IMBALANCE

MS = A condition in which the net rate of acid or alkali production by the body is balanced by the net rate of acid or alkali excretion from the body, resulting in a stable concentration of hydrogen ions in the body fluids. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000136

 

Acid-Base Imbalance

MS = Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.

UI = D000137

 

Acidic Glycosphingolipids

MS = A subclass of GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS containing large polar heads made up of several sugar units. One or more of their terminal sugar units are bound to a negatively charged molecule at pH 7. Members of this class include: GANGLIOSIDES, uronoglycosphingolipids, SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS, phosphoglycosphingolipids, and phosphonoglycosphingolipids.

UI = D020384

 

Acidosis

AN = an acid-base imbalance; GEN & unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate) content of the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration (decrease in pH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000138

 

Acidosis, Lactic

AN = accumulation of lactic acid

MS = Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as diabetes mellitus, leukemia, or liver failure.

UI = D000140

 

Acidosis, Renal Tubular

AN = inability of renal tubule to excrete normally acid urine; does not include TYPE IV RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS

MS = A rare sometimes familial disorder of the renal tubule characterized by the inability to excrete urine of normal acidity. This leads to a hyperchloremic acidosis which is often associated with one or more secondary complications such as hypercalcinuria with nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis, rickets, or osteomalacia and severe potassium depletion.

UI = D000141

 

Acidosis, Respiratory

AN = excess CO2 in the body

MS = A state due to excess carbon dioxide in the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000142

 

Acids

AN = GEN; avoid; do not use for specific acids, acid-fast bacteria, acid reactions, etc.

MS = Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D000143

 

Acids, Acyclic

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals

MS = Carboxylic acids that have open-chain molecular structures as opposed to ring-shaped structures.

UI = D000144

 

Acids, Aldehydic

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals

MS = Dicarboxylic acids in which one of the carboxyl groups (-COOH) has been replaced by an aldehyde group (-CHO).

UI = D000145

 

Acids, Carbocyclic

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals; do not confuse with CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

MS = Carboxylic acids that have a homocyclic ring structure in which all the ring atoms are carbon.

UI = D000146

 

Acids, Heterocyclic

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals

MS = A class of acids containing a ring structure in which atleast one atom other than CARBON is incorporated.

UI = D000147

 

Acids, Noncarboxylic

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals

MS = Inorganic acids with a non metal, other than carbon, attached to hydrogen, or an acid radical containing no carbon.

UI = D000148

 

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride

AN = a caries preventive; D25-26 qualif

MS = Phosphoric acid, mixt. with sodium fluoride (NaF). A sodium fluoride solution, paste or powder, which has been acidulated to pH 3 to 4 and buffered with a phosphate. It is used in the prevention of dental caries.

UI = D000149

 

Acinetobacter

AN = infection = ACINETOBACTER INFECTIONS

MS = A genus of gram-negative bacteria of the family NEISSERIACEAE, found in soil and water and of uncertain pathogenicity.

UI = D000150

 

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus

AN = in soil & water; nosocomial; infection: coord IM with ACINETOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria found in soil and water. Although considered to be normally nonpathogenic, this bacterium is a causative agent of nosocomial infections, particularly in debilitated individuals.

UI = D016954

 

Acinetobacter Infections

AN = gram-neg bact infect

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.

UI = D000151

 

Acitretin

AN = a keratolytic agent

MS = An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.

UI = D017255

 

Aclarubicin

MS = An anthracycline antibiotic produced by Streptomyces galilaeus. It has potent antineoplastic activity, especially in the treatment of leukemias, with reduced cardiac toxicity in comparison to daunorubicin or doxorubicin.

UI = D015250

 

Acne Rosacea

AN = an acneiform eruption

MS = An acneiform eruption occurring mostly in middle-aged adults and appearing generally on the forehead, cheeks, nose, and chin. Three types are recognized: granulomatous, glandular hyperplastic with rhinophyma, and ocular.

UI = D012393

 

Acne Vulgaris

AN = an acneiform eruption

MS = A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.

UI = D000152

 

Acne Keloid

AN = acneiform eruption with keloid scarring

MS = A type of acneiform disorder in which secondary pyogenic infection in and around pilosebaceous structures ends in keloidal scarring. It manifests as persistent folliculitis of the back of the neck associated with occlusion of the follicular orifices. It is most often encountered in black or Asian men.

UI = D000153

 

Acneiform Eruptions

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Visible efflorescent lesions of the skin caused by acne or resembling acne. (Dorland, 28th ed, p18, 575)

UI = D017486

 

Aconitate Hydratase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of cis-aconitate to yield citrate or isocitrate. It is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. EC 4.2.1.3.

UI = D000154

 

Aconite

AN = an alkaloid; do not confuse with ACONITINE

UI = D000155

 

Aconitic Acid

UI = D000156

 

Aconitine

AN = an alkaloid; do not confuse with ACONITE

MS = 16-Ethyl-l alpha,6 alpha,19 beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)-aconitane-3 alpha,8,10 alpha,11,18 alpha-pentol, 8-acetate 10-benzoate. A poisonous alkaloid from the root of Aconitum napellus L. Used to induce arrhythmia in experimental animals.

UI = D000157

 

Acoustic Impedance Tests

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Objective tests of middle ear function based on the difficulty (impedance) or ease (admittance) of sound flow through the middle ear. These include static impedance and dynamic impedance (i.e., tympanometry and impedance tests in conjunction with intra-aural muscle reflex elicitation). This term is used also for various components of impedance and admittance (e.g., compliance, conductance, reactance, resistance, susceptance).

UI = D000158

 

Acoustic Maculae

MS = Thickened areas of the saccule and utricle where the termination of the vestibular nerve occurs.

UI = D008267

 

Acoustic Nerve

AN = 8th cranial nerve; neopl: coord ACOUSTIC NERVE DISEASES (IM) with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM) but note that NEUROMA, ACOUSTIC is also available

MS = The 8th cranial nerve. The acoustic (or vestibulocochlear) nerve has a cochlear part which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei. The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei.

UI = D000159

 

Acoustic Nerve Diseases

AN = IM GEN or unspecified; IM coord with COCHLEAR NERVE (IM) for cochlear nerve dis or with VESTIBULAR NERVE (IM) for vestibular nerve dis

MS = Diseases of the eighth cranial nerve. These include vestibular neuronitis, cochlear neuritis and acoustic neuroma.

UI = D000160

 

Acoustic Stimulation

UI = D000161

 

Acoustics

AN = in speech & hearing research & for the environment (home, hospital, facilities, theater, etc.)

MS = The branch of physics that deals with sound and sound waves. In medicine it is often applied in procedures in speech and hearing studies. With regard to the environment, it refers to the characteristics of a room, auditorium, theatre, building, etc. that determines the audibility or fidelity of sounds in it. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D000162

 

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

AN = caused by HIV; coord IM with HIV-1 or HIV-2 (IM) if pertinent; /epidemiol: consider also HIV SEROPREVALENCE; AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS is available if particularly discussed: see note there; for lymphoma with AIDS, use LYMPHOMA, AIDS-RELATED

MS = An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.

UI = D000163

 

Acquired Hyperostosis Syndrome

MS = Syndrome consisting of synovitis, acne, palmoplantar pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO). The most common site of the disease is the upper anterior chest wall, characterized by predominantly osteosclerotic lesions, hyperostosis, and arthritis of the adjacent joints. The association of sterile inflammatory bone lesions and neutrophilic skin eruptions is indicative of this syndrome.

UI = D020083

 

Acremonium

MS = A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus.

UI = D000164

 

Acridine Orange

AN = a fluorescent dye & mutagen; D25-26 qualif

MS = N,N,N',N'-Tetramethyl-3,6-acridinediamine, monohydrochloride. Cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.

UI = D000165

 

Acridines

AN = D25-26 qualif; acridinamines & acridinylamines = AMINOACRIDINES

UI = D000166

 

Acriflavine

AN = a fluorescent dye & anti-infective; D25-26 qualif

MS = 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.

UI = D000167

 

Acrocephalosyndactylia

AN = congen deform of skull, fingers & toes; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Craniostenosis characterized by acrocephaly and syndactyly, probably occurring as an autosomal dominant trait and usually as a new mutation. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000168

 

Acrodermatitis

AN = dermatitis of hands or feet so do not bother to coord with HAND DERMATOSES or FOOT DERMATOSES unless particularly discussed

MS = Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome.

UI = D000169

 

Acrodynia

UI = D000170

 

Acrolein

UI = D000171

 

Acromegaly

AN = manifest of hyperpituitarism

MS = A disorder due to excessive secretion of pituitary growth hormone, characterized by progressive enlargement of the head and face, hands and feet, and thorax.

UI = D000172

 

Acromioclavicular Joint

AN = joint formed by acromion of the scapula & the clavicle; dislocation: coord (IM) with DISLOCATIONS (IM)

MS = The joint formed by the ACROMION of the SCAPULA and the acromial extremity of the CLAVICLE. (Dorland, 27th ed, p149)

UI = D000173

 

Acromion

AN = part of the scapula; fracture = ACROMION /inj (IM) + FRACTURES (IM), not SHOULDER FRACTURES

MS = The lateral extension of the spine of the scapula, projecting over the shoulder joint and forming the highest point of the shoulder. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000174

 

Acronine

AN = an antineoplastic alkaloid; /biosyn permitted if by plant

MS = 3,12-Dihydro-6-methoxy-3,3,12-trimethyl-7H-pyrano(2,3-c)acridin-7-one. An alkaloid antineoplastic agent isolated from Acronychia baueri. It disrupts the function of intracellular membranes.

UI = D000175

 

Acrosin

MS = A trypsin-like enzyme of spermatozoa which is not inhibited by alpha 1 antitrypsin.

UI = D000176

 

Acrosome

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol

MS = Cap-like structure covering the nucleus and anterior part of the sperm head.

UI = D000177

 

Acrosome Reaction

MS = A sequence of structural changes that occur in spermatozoa when in the vicinity of an ovum in the oviduct or uterine tube, and that facilitate entry of a spermatozoon into the ovum. The outer membrane of the acrosome fuses at multiple points with the overlying plasma membrane of the sperm head, creating openings through which enzymes of the acrosome are liberated. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D020101

 

Acrospiroma, Eccrine

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SWEAT GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A tumor derived from eccrine sweat duct epithelium which may be intra-epidermal (hidro-acanthoma simplex), juxta-epidermal (eccrine poroma) or intradermal (dermal duct tumor). They are comparatively uncommon. There is no indication that heredity or external agents cause these tumors. (Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2409)

UI = D018250

 

 

Acrylamide

AN = ACRYLAMIDES is also available

MS = A colorless, odorless, highly water soluble vinyl monomer formed from the hydration of acrylonitrile. It is primarily used in research laboratories for electrophoresis, chromatography, and electron microscopy and in the sewage and wastewater treatment industries.

UI = D020106

 

 

Acrylamides

AN = ACRYLAMIDE is also available

MS = Colorless, odorless crystals that are used extensively in research laboratories for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis and in organic synthesis, and polymerization. Some of its polymers are used in sewage and wastewater treatment, permanent press fabrics, and as soil conditioning agents.

UI = D000178

 

Acrylates

UI = D000179

 

Acrylic Resins

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D000180

 

Acrylonitrile

MS = A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber.

UI = D000181

 

ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic

AN = caused by "ACTH production by non-pituitary neoplasms"; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term with /secret (IM) + histol type of neopl /secret (IM)

MS = Symptom complex due to ACTH production by non-pituitary neoplasms.

UI = D000182

 

Actihaemyl

MS = An extract from calf blood containing inorganic salts, amino acids, polypeptides and purines, but no proteins nor antigenic substances or blood group characteristics. Its exact composition is unknown. It has been proposed as a radiation-protective agent.

UI = D000183

 

Acting Out

AN = no qualif

MS = Expressing unconscious emotional conflicts or feelings, often of hostility or love, through overt behavior.

UI = D000184

 

Actinin

AN = a muscle & microfilament protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A protein factor that regulates the length of R-actin. It is chemically similar, but immunochemically distinguishable from actin.

UI = D000185

 

Actinium

AN = naturally radioactive; IM

MS = Actinium. A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, atomic number 89, and atomic weight 227.0278. Its principal isotope is 227 and decays primarily by beta-emission.

UI = D000186

 

Actinobacillosis

AN = a vet dis entity caused by Actinobacillus lignieresii: do not confuse with ACTINOBACILLUS INFECTIONS; check tag ANIMAL

MS = A disease characterized by suppurative and granulomatous lesions in the respiratory tract, upper alimentary tract, skin, kidneys, joints, and other tissues. Actinobacillus lignieresii infects cattle and sheep while A. equuli infects horses and pigs.

UI = D000187

 

Actinobacillus

AN = infection = ACTINOBACILLUS INFECTIONS or ACTINOBACILLOSIS: see notes there

MS = A genus of PASTEURELLACEAE described as gram-negative, nonsporeforming, nonmotile, facultative anaerobes. Most members are found both as pathogens and commensal organisms in the respiratory, alimentary, and genital tracts of animals.

UI = D000188

 

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

AN = for name, see MeSH definition; infection: coord IM with ACTINOBACILLUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: ACTINOBACILLUS ACT

MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic spherical or rod-shaped bacteria that associates with species of ACTINOMYCES in actinomycotic lesions.

UI = D016976

 

Actinobacillus Infections

AN = do not confuse with ACTINOBACILLOSIS, a specific vet dis entity caused by A. lignieresii

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOBACILLUS.

UI = D000189

 

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

AN = infection: coord IM with ACTINOBACILLUS INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic coccobacillus-shaped bacteria that has been isolated from pneumonic lesions and blood. It produces pneumonia with accompanying fibrinous pleuritis in swine.

UI = D016977

 

Actinobacteria Group

AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; DF: ACTINOBACT GROUP

MS = A group of gram-positive, heterogeneous bacteria. This group encompasses a range of morphologically, physiologically, and chemically different organisms and includes bacteria that form cocci, short rods, irregular rods, and mycelia that fragment.

UI = D017025

 

Actinomyces

AN = a genus of the family ACTINOMYCETACEAE of the order ACTINOMYCETALES; infection = ACTINOMYCOSIS

MS = A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are nonmotile. Filaments that may be present in certain species are either straight or wavy and may have swollen or clubbed heads.

UI = D000190

 

Actinomyces viscosus

AN = infection: coord IM with ACTINOMYCOSIS

MS = A species of ACTINOMYCES found in the oral cavity of man and hamsters. It has been isolated from actinomycotic lesions in swine, cats, and dogs and has been identified as a causative agent of animal diseases.

UI = D016924

 

Actinomycetaceae

AN = a family of the order ACTINOMYCETALES

MS = A family of bacteria including numerous parasitic and pathogenic forms.

UI = D000191

 

Actinomycetales

AN = an order of which ACTINOMYCETACEAE is a family; infection = ACTINOMYCETALES INFECTIONS

MS = An order of gram-positive, primarily aerobic bacteria that tend to form branching filaments.

UI = D000192

 

Actinomycetales Infections

AN = gram-pos bact infect by organism of the order ACTINOMYCETALES; do not confuse with ACTINOMYCOSIS, infection by genus ACTINOMYCES

MS = Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.

UI = D000193

 

Actinomycosis

AN = bact infect, not fungal despite "-mycosis": = infection by genus ACTINOMYCES; do not confuse with ACTINOMYCETALES INFECTIONS, infection by order ACTINOMYCETALES; pulm actinomycosis = ACTINOMYCOSIS (IM) + LUNG DISEASES (IM), not LUNG DISEASES, FUNGAL

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOMYCES.

UI = D000196

 

Actinomycosis, Cervicofacial

AN = bact infect, not fungal despite "-mycosis": = infect by genus ACTINOMYCES

MS = A form of ACTINOMYCOSIS characterized by slow-growing inflammatory lesions of the lymph nodes that drain the mouth (lumpy jaw), reddening of the overlying skin, and intraperitoneal abscesses.

UI = D000197

 

Actins

AN = muscle & microfilament proteins; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; alpha-actin, beta-actin, gamma-actin, etc. go here

MS = Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with myosin, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

UI = D000199

 

Action Potentials

AN = do not confuse with SYNAPTIC POTENTIALS see SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION

MS = The electric response of a nerve or muscle to its stimulation.

UI = D000200

 

Activated-Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule

MS = Cell adhesion molecule expressed on activated leukocytes, fibroblasts, and neurons. It is a ligand for CD6. ALCAM-CD6 interactions may play a role in the binding of T and B cells to activated leukocytes.

UI = D020410

 

Activated Protein C Resistance

MS = A hemostatic disorder characterized by a poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C (APC). The activated form of Factor V (Factor Va) is more slowly degraded by activated protein C. Factor V Leiden mutation (R506Q) is the most common cause of APC resistance.

UI = D020016

 

Activation Analysis

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: ACTIVATION ANAL

MS = A method of chemical analysis based on the detection of characteristic radionuclides following a nuclear bombardment. It is also known as radioactivity analysis. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D000201

 

Activator Appliances

AN = removable orthodontic appliances to redirect muscle pressure

MS = Loose-fitting removable orthodontic appliances which redirect the pressures of the facial and masticatory muscles onto the teeth and their supporting structures to produce improvements in tooth arrangements and occlusal relations.

UI = D000202

 

Activities of Daily Living

AN = IM; DF: note short X ref

MS = The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation.

UI = D000203

 

Activity Cycles

AN = less than 24 hours

MS = Bouts of physical irritability or movement alternating with periods of quiescence. It includes biochemical activity and hormonal activity which may be cellular. These cycles are shorter than 24 hours and include sleep-wakefulness cycles and the periodic activation of the digestive system.

UI = D000204

 

Actomyosin

AN = a muscle protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A protein complex of actin and myosin occurring in muscle. It is the essential contractile substance of muscle.

UI = D000205

 

Actuarial Analysis

AN = IM; few qualif apply

MS = The application of probability and statistical methods to calculate the risk of occurrence of any event, such as onset of illness, recurrent disease, hospitalization, disability, or death. It may include calculation of the anticipated money costs of such events and of the premiums necessary to provide for payment of such costs.

UI = D000206

 

Acupressure

AN = a type of massage; the acu- refers to the acupoints in acupuncture ther, not to the use of needles; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = A type of massage in which finger pressure on specific body sites is used to promote healing, relieve fatigue, etc. Although the anatomical locations are the same as the ACUPUNCTURE POINTS used in ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY (hence acu-), no needle or other acupuncture technique is employed. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D019050

 

Acupuncture

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = The practice of piercing specific peripheral nerves with needles to relieve the discomfort associated with painful disorders, to induce surgical anesthesia, and for therapeutic purposes. This procedure was originally introduced and practiced in China.

UI = D000207

 

Acupuncture Analgesia

AN = to treat pain: do not confuse with ACUPUNCTURE ANESTHESIA, a type of anesthesia; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Analgesia produced by the insertion of acupuncture needles at certain points in the body. These activate the small myelinated nerve fibers in the muscle which transmit impulses to the spinal cord and then activate three centers - the spinal cord, midbrain and pituitary hypothalamus - to produce analgesia.

UI = D015667

 

Acupuncture Anesthesia

AN = a form of anesthesia: do not confuse with ACUPUNCTURE ANALGESIA to treat pain; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Insertion of acupuncture needles at specific points in the body to block the afferent nerve impulses from reaching the brain, thus producing the loss of sensation of pain. The technique is used in performing surgery.

UI = D015668

 

Acupuncture Points

MS = Designated locations along nerves or organ meridians for inserting acupuncture needles.

UI = D015669

 

Acupuncture Therapy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; ear acupuncture or auriculoacupuncture or otoacupuncture: index here (IM) + EAR, EXTERNAL (IM)

MS = Treatment of disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians. The placement varies with the disease being treated. Heat or moxibustion and acupressure may be used in conjunction.

UI = D015670

 

Acute Disease

AN = IM GEN only; usually NIM; no qualif when NIM; Manual 23.16+

MS = Disease having a short and relatively severe course.

UI = D000208

 

Acute-Phase Proteins

AN = blood proteins; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

MS = Proteins that are secreted into the blood in increased or decreased quantities by hepatocytes in response to trauma, inflammation, or disease. These proteins can serve as inhibitors or mediators of the inflammatory processes. Certain acute-phase proteins have been used to diagnose and follow the course of diseases or as tumor markers.

UI = D000209

 

Acute-Phase Reaction

AN = local inflamm reaction to inj; note category: in presence of a dis, use /etiol, not /compl

MS = An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma; the reaction is mediated by endogenous pyrogens, the hypothalamus, adrenal hormones, and other factors.

UI = D000210

 

Acyclovir

AN = an antiviral

MS = Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections.

UI = D000212

 

Acyl Carrier Protein

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Consists of a polypeptide chain and 4'-phosphopantetheine linked to a serine residue by a phosphodiester bond. Acyl groups are bound as thiol esters to the pantothenyl group. Acyl carrier protein is involved in every step of fatty acid synthesis by the cytoplasmic system.

UI = D000213

 

Acyl Coenzyme A

AN = do not confuse with ACETYL COENZYME A

MS = S-Acyl coenzyme A. Fatty acid coenzyme A derivatives that are involved in the biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids as well as in ceramide formation.

UI = D000214

 

Acylation

AN = almost never IM; enzymatic acylation: coord NIM with ACYLTRANSFERASES (IM) + substrate (NIM) or specific acyltransferase (IM); ACETYLATION & ACETYLTRANSFERASES are also available

MS = The introduction of an acid radical into the molecule of a chemical compound. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000215

 

1-Acylglycerophosphocholine O-Acyltransferase

MS = An enzyme localized predominantly within the plasma membrane of lymphocytes. It catalyzes the transfer of long-chain fatty acids, preferentially unsaturated fatty acids, to lysophosphatides with the formation of 1,2-diacylglycero-3-phosphocholine and CoA. EC 2.3.1.23.

UI = D008243

 

N-Acylneuraminate Cytidylyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that forms CMP-acylneuraminic acids, which donate the N-acylneuraminic acid residues to the terminal sugar residue of a ganglioside or glycoprotein. EC 2.7.7.43.

UI = D000216

 

Acyltransferases

MS = Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an acyl group from a donor (often the corresponding acyl coenzyme A derivative) to an acceptor compound. (From Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.3.

UI = D000217

 

Adamantane

AN = a cycloparaffin

MS = A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.

UI = D000218

 

Adams-Stokes Syndrome

AN = transient asystole or ventric fibrill in AV block

MS = Transient asystole or ventricular fibrillation in the presence of atrioventricular block.

UI = D000219

 

Adaptation, Biological

AN = much of biol adapt will be ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL as more specific; mimicry goes here; DF: ADAPTATION BIOL

UI = D000220

 

Adaptation, Ocular

AN = adjustment of eye to variations in intensity of light; do not confuse with ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR, adjustment of lens to distance

MS = The adjustment of the eye to variations in the intensity of light. Light adaptation is the adjustment of the eye when the light threshold is increased; DARK ADAPTATION when the light is greatly reduced. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

UI = D000221

 

Adaptation, Physiological

AN = DF: ADAPTATION PHYSIOL

UI = D000222

 

Adaptation, Psychological

AN = human & animal; DF: ADAPTATION PSYCHOL

MS = Favorable changes experienced by an individual, either as regards himself or his relationship with his environment, which lead to adjustment - also a rearrangement in mental attitude.

UI = D000223

 

Addison's Disease

AN = an autoimmune dis with adrenal hypofunction

MS = A disease characterized by hypotension, weight loss, anorexia, weakness, and sometimes a bronze-like melanotic hyperpigmentation of the skin. It is due to tuberculosis- or autoimmune-induced disease (hypofunction) of the adrenal glands that results in deficiency of aldosterone and cortisol. In the absence of replacement therapy, it is usually fatal.

UI = D000224

 

 

Addresses [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; do not confuse with Publication Type LECTURES which is usually for classroom instruction

MS = Speeches, orations, or written statements, usually formal, directed to a particular group of persons. It is to be differentiated from LECTURES [PUBLICATION TYPE] in that lectures are usually delivered to classes for the purpose of instruction.

UI = D019484

 

Adenine

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; adenine deoxyriboside, adenine deoxyribonucleoside = DEOXYADENOSINE; adenine riboside, adenine ribonucleoside = ADENOSINE

MS = A major purine base. In animal and plant cells it usually occurs condensed with ribose or deoxyribose to form the nucleosides ADENOSINE and DEOXYADENOSINE. As such, it is a component of nucleic acids, of certain nucleotides, and of many coenzymes. It is found in the pancreas and spleen. (Dorland, 28th ed; Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D000225

 

Adenine Nucleotide Translocase

MS = An abundant mitochondrial protein and integral component of the inner mitochondrial membrane. It facilitates the exchange of ADP and ATP between the cytosol and the mitochondria, thereby linking the subcellular compartment of ATP production to those of ATP utilization. It has several known isoforms, ANT1, ANT2, & ANT3 that should not be confused with the Ant1 and Ant2 proteins that are encoded by the ant gene, which is an antirepressor gene that antagonizes the C1 repressor. EC 2.7.7.-.

UI = D000226

 

Adenine Nucleotides

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D000227

 

Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase

AN = DF: APRT

MS = An enzyme catalyzing the formation of AMP from adenine and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. It can act as a salvage enzyme for recycling of adenine into nucleic acids. EC 2.4.2.7.

UI = D000228

 

Adenocarcinoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures. Adenocarcinomas may be classified according to the predominant pattern of cell arrangement, as papillary, alveolar, etc., or according to a particular product of the cells, as mucinous adenocarcinoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000230

 

Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LUNG NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A carcinoma thought to be derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D002282

 

Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)

UI = D018262

 

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with THYROID NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018263

 

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous

AN = also called "mucoid" or "mucous" carcinoma; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002288

 

Adenocarcinoma, Papillary

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D000231

 

Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = An adenocarcinoma with a hard (Greek skirrhos, hard) structure owing to the formation of dense connective tissue in the stroma. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002293

 

Adenocarcinoma, Sebaceous

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SEBACEOUS GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A malignant tumor composed of cells showing differentiation toward sebaceous epithelium. The tumor is solitary, firm, somewhat raised, more or less translucent, and covered with normal or slightly verrucose epidermis. It may be yellow or orange. The face and scalp are the commonest sites. The growth can be slow or rapid but metastasis is uncommon. Surgery cures most of the cases. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, pp2403-4)

UI = D018266

 

Adenofibroma

AN = do not confuse with FIBROADENOMA; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D000232

 

Adenoidectomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Excision of the adenoids. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000233

 

Adenoids

AN = surg: probably ADENOIDECTOMY

UI = D000234

 

Adenolymphoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A benign tumor characterized histologically by tall columnar epithelium within a lymphoid tissue stroma. It is usually found in the salivary glands, especially the parotid.

UI = D000235

 

Adenoma

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); ADENOMA, PROSTATIC see PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA & CYSTIC ADENOMATOID MALFORMATION OF LUNG, CONGENITAL are also available

MS = A benign epithelial tumor in which the cells form recognizable glandular structures or in which the cells are clearly derived from glandular epithelium. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000236

 

Adenoma, Adrenal Cortical

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with ADRENAL CORTEX NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A benign neoplasm of adrenal cortical cells resembling normal adrenal cells histologically but possessing functional autonomy. In general it does not exceed 5 cm in its largest dimension, although benign tumors exceeding 20 cm have been reported. Adrenal cortical adenomas produce hypercortisolism and hyperaldosteronism, but seldom produce adrenogenital syndromes. For the most part the prognosis after surgery is reasonably favorable. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1286)

UI = D018246

 

 

Adenoma, Basophil

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PITUITARY NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A small tumor of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland whose cells stain with basic dyes. It may give rise to excessive secretion of ACTH, resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000237

 

Adenoma, Bile Duct

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC (IM) + BILE DUCT NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.

UI = D002759

 

Adenoma, Acidophil

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PITUITARY NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A benign tumor, usually found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, whose cells stain with acid dyes. Such pituitary tumors may give rise to excessive secretion of growth hormone, resulting in gigantism or acromegaly. A specific type of acidophil adenoma may give rise to nonpuerperal galactorrhea. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000239

 

Adenoma, Chromophobe

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PITUITARY NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A tumor of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland whose cells do not stain readily with either acid or basic dyes and whose presence may be associated with hypopituitarism. Although classically these adenomas have been said to be composed of sparsely granulated or degranulated (nonfunctioning) cells, some contain functioning cells and may be associated with a hyperpituitary state, e.g., acromegaly or Cushing's syndrome. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000238

 

Adenoma, Islet Cell

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS (IM); note ALPHA-CELL TUMOR see GLUCAGONOMA, BETA-CELL TUMOR see INSULINOMA but delta-cell tumor = SOMATOSTATINOMA or VIPOMA

MS = A benign tumor of the islets of Langerhans that may occur anywhere throughout the pancreas. Such tumors may result in HYPERINSULINISM or ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D007516

 

 

Adenoma, Liver Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LIVER NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A benign epithelial tumor of the liver.

UI = D018248

 

 

Adenoma, Oxyphilic

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); when composed of Huerthle cells index under ADENOMA, OXYPHILIC (IM) + THYROID GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A usually benign adenoma composed of oncocytes with granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm due to the presence of abundant mitochondria. It is often composed of Huerthle cells found in the thyroid. It occurs uncommonly in the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p27; p1176; p1762 & Stedman, 26th ed, p1246)

UI = D018249

 

Adenoma, Pleomorphic

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SALIVARY GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM) or specific salivary gland neopl precoord (IM); if of a minor salivary gland, coord IM with SALIVARY GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM) + SALIVARY GLANDS, MINOR (IM); for X ref SYRINGOMA, CHONDROID, coord IM with SWEAT GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. It is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. Histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D008949

 

Adenoma, Sweat Gland

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SWEAT GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A benign neoplasm derived from epithelial cells of sweat glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D006607

 

Adenoma, Villous

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably COLONIC NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = An adenoma of the large intestine. It is usually a solitary, sessile, often large, tumor of colonic mucosa composed of mucinous epithelium covering delicate vascular projections. Hypersecretion and malignant changes occur frequently. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D018253

 

Adenomatoid Tumor

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord genital/neopl term (IM)

MS = A small, circumscribed, benign tumor of the genital tract, composed of small glandlike spaces lined by flattened or cuboidal mesothelium-like cells. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018254

 

 

Adenomatosis, Pulmonary

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LUNG NEOPLASMS (IM); DF: ADENOMATOSIS PULM

MS = A neoplastic disease in which the alveoli and distal bronchi are filled with mucus and mucus-secreting columnar epithelial cells. It is characterized by abundant, extremely tenacious sputum, chills, fever, cough, dyspnea, and pleuritic pain. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D018255

 

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli

AN = neoplastic; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An autosomal dominant polyposis syndrome in which the colon contains few to thousands of adenomatous polyps, often occurring by age 15 to 25.

UI = D011125

 

Adenomatous Polyps

AN = neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelium. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D018256

 

Adenomyoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A benign neoplasm of muscle (usually smooth muscle) with glandular elements. It occurs most frequently in the uterus and uterine ligaments. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D018194

 

Adenophorea

AN = a subclass of nematodes; infection = ADENOPHOREA INFECTIONS

MS = A subclass of nematodes characterized by reduced or absent caudal papillae and an excretory system lacking lateral canals. Its organisms are usually infective to their final host.

UI = D017157

 

Adenophorea Infections

AN = nematode infect

MS = Infections with nematodes of the subclass ADENOPHOREA.

UI = D017188

 

Adenosarcoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A malignant neoplasm arising simultaneously or consecutively in mesodermal tissue and glandular epithelium of the same part. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D018195

 

 

Adenosine

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.

UI = D000241

 

Adenosine Deaminase

AN = /defic: consider also SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY or SCID

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine to inosine with the elimination of ammonia. Since there are wide tissue and species variations in the enzyme, it has been used as a tool in the study of human and animal genetics and in medical diagnosis. EC 3.5.4.4.

UI = D000243

 

Adenosine Diphosphate

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.

UI = D000244

 

Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose

MS = Serves as the glycosyl donor for formation of bacterial glycogen, amylose in green algae, and amylopectin in higher plants.

UI = D000245

 

Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose

MS = Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate),5'-5-ester with D-ribose. An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of ribose and the terminal phosphate of adenosine diphosphate. Serves as a ribose carrier.

UI = D000246

 

Adenosine Diphosphate Sugars

MS = Esters formed between the aldehydic carbon of sugars and the terminal phosphate of adenosine diphosphate.

UI = D000247

 

Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide)

MS = A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.

UI = D019830

 

Adenosine Kinase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.

UI = D000248

 

Adenosine Monophosphate

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Adenylic acid. Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.

UI = D000249

 

Adenosine Phosphosulfate

MS = 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with sulfuric acid. The initial compound formed by the action of ATP sulfurylase on sulfate ions after sulfate uptake. Synonyms: adenosine sulfatophosphate; APS.

UI = D000250

 

Adenosinetriphosphatase

AN = DF: note short X ref

MS = A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA. EC 3.6.1.3.

UI = D000251

 

Adenosine Triphosphate

MS = Adenosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

UI = D000255

 

Adenosquamous Carcinoma (see: Carcinoma, Adenosquamous)

 

S-Adenosylhomocysteine

MS = 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.

UI = D012435

 

S-Adenosylmethionine

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref

MS = Physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in treatment of chronic liver disease. (From Merck, 11th ed)

UI = D012436

 

Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to yield 5'-deoxy-(5'-),3-aminopropyl-(1), methylsulfonium salt. It is one of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of spermidine from putrescine. EC 4.1.1.50.

UI = D012437

 

Adenoviridae

AN = a family of DNA viruses; adeno- refers to early isol from adenoids; infection = ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

MS = A family of non-enveloped viruses infecting mammals (MASTADENOVIRUS) and birds (AVIADENOVIRUS). Infections may be asymptomatic or result in a variety of diseases.

UI = D000256

 

Adenoviridae Infections

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; ADENOVIRUS INFECTIONS, HUMAN is available

MS = Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.

UI = D000257

 

Adenovirus E1 Proteins

AN = adenovirus early proteins; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = The very first viral gene products synthesized after cells are infected with adenovirus. The E1 region of the genome has been divided into two major transcriptional units, E1A and E1B, each expressing proteins of the same name (ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS and ADENOVIRUS E1B PROTEINS).

UI = D017498

 

Adenovirus E1A Proteins

AN = adenovirus early proteins; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Proteins transcribed from the E1A region of adenovirus which are involved in positive regulation of transcription of the early genes.

UI = D017500

 

Adenovirus E1B Proteins

AN = adenovirus early proteins; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Proteins transcribed from the E1B region of adenovirus which are involved in regulation of the levels of early and late gene expression.

UI = D017501

 

Adenovirus E2 Proteins

AN = adenovirus early proteins; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Proteins transcribed from the E2 region of adenovirus. Several of these are required for viral DNA replication.

UI = D017502

 

Adenovirus E3 Proteins

AN = adenovirus early proteins; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Proteins transcribed from the E3 region of adenovirus but not essential for viral replication. The E3 19K protein mediates adenovirus persistence by reducing the expression of class I major histocompatibility complex antigens on the surface of infected cells.

UI = D017503

 

Adenovirus E4 Proteins

AN = adenovirus early proteins; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Proteins transcribed from the E4 region of adenovirus. The E4 19K protein transactivates transcription of the adenovirus E2F protein and complexes with it.

UI = D017504

 

Adenovirus Early Proteins

AN = viral oncogene proteins; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Proteins encoded by adenoviruses that are synthesized prior to, and in the absence of, viral DNA replication. The proteins are involved in both positive and negative regulation of expression in viral and cellular genes, and also affect the stability of viral mRNA. Some are also involved in oncogenic transformation.

UI = D017456

 

 

Adenovirus Infections, Human

MS = Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.

UI = D000258

 

Adenoviruses, Canine

AN = species of the genus Mastadenovirus; infection: coord IM with ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM); since formerly called canine infectious hepatitis virus, coord IM with HEPATITIS, INFECTIOUS CANINE (IM) if pertinent

MS = Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS that causes fever, edema, vomiting, and diarrhea in dogs and encephalitis in foxes. Epizootics have also been caused in bears, wolves, coyotes, and skunks.

UI = D006516

 

Adenoviruses, Human

AN = species of the genus Mastadenovirus; infection = ADENOVIRUS INFECTIONS, HUMAN; DF: note short X ref

MS = Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS, causing a wide range of diseases in humans. Infections are mostly asymptomatic, but can be associated with diseases of the respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal systems.

UI = D000260

 

Adenoviruses, Simian

AN = species of the genus Mastadenovirus; infection: coord IM with ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS associated with respiratory and enteric infections in primate hosts.

UI = D000261

 

Adenylate Cyclase

AN = regulation: consider also CALMODULIN

MS = An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the reaction of ATP to yield 3',5'-cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate. The enzyme occurs in plasma cell membranes and is activated by certain hormones (epinephrine, vasopressin, glucagon, and corticotropin). The resultant cyclic AMP serves as an important metabolic regulator. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 4.6.1.1.

UI = D000262

 

Adenylate Kinase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of AMP to ADP in the presence of ATP or inorganic triphosphate. EC 2.7.4.3.

UI = D000263

 

Adenylosuccinate Lyase

MS = An enzyme that, in the course of purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, catalyzes the conversion of 5'-phosphoribosyl-4-(N-succinocarboxamide)-5-aminoimidazole to 5'-phosphoribosyl-4-carboxamide-5-aminoimidazole and the conversion of adenylosuccinic acid to AMP. EC 4.3.2.2.

UI = D000264

 

Adenylosuccinate Synthase

MS = A carbon-nitrogen ligase. During purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, this enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of adenylosuccinate from GTP, IMP, and aspartate with the formation of orthophosphate and GDP. EC 6.3.4.4.

UI = D000265

 

Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: APPNHP

MS = 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.

UI = D000266

 

Adhesins, Bacterial

AN = bact antigens; coord IM with specific bacterium (IM) but note that ADHESINS, ESCHERICHIA COLI is available; do not confuse with BACTERIAL ADHESION; DF: ADHESINS BACT

MS = Cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion (BACTERIAL ADHESION) to other cells or to inanimate surfaces. Most fimbriae (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) of gram-negative bacteria function as adhesins, but in many cases it is a minor subunit protein at the tip of the fimbriae that is the actual adhesin. In gram-positive bacteria, a protein or polysaccharide surface layer serves as the specific adhesin.

UI = D018829

 

Adhesins, Escherichia coli

AN = bact antigens; DF: ADHESINS E COLI

MS = Thin, filamentous protein structures, including proteinaceous capsular antigens (fimbrial antigens), that mediate adhesion of E. coli to surfaces and play a role in pathogenesis. They have a high affinity for various epithelial cells.

UI = D018830

 

Adhesions

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with organ/dis precoord (IM)

UI = D000267

 

Adhesiveness

AN = almost never IM

UI = D000268

 

Adhesives

AN = D25-26 qualif; coord IM with DENTURE RETENTION (IM) for denture adhesives; spray adhesives: coord IM with AEROSOLS (NIM) if pertinent; available also are BONE CEMENTS & DENTAL CEMENTS

MS = Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex.

UI = D000269

 

Adie's Syndrome

AN = tonic pupil with absent tendon reflexes

MS = A condition manifested by usually one tonic pupil with absent tendon reflexes, particularly ankle and knee jerk.

UI = D000270

 

Adipic Acids

MS = A group of dicarboxylic acids that are structurally related to hexanedioic acid (adipic acid). (From Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D000272

 

Adipocytes

MS = Connective tissue cells specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat. Such cells are bloated with globules of triglycerides, the nucleus being displaced to one side and the cytoplasm seen as a thin line around the fat droplet. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D017667

 

 

Adipose Tissue

AN = inflammation = PANNICULITIS; /surg: consider also LIPECTOMY

MS = Connective tissue made up of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES) in a meshwork of areolar tissue. Pigmented, thermogenic adipose tissue present embryonically or in the newborns of many mammalian species is known as BROWN FAT. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000273

 

Adiposis Dolorosa

AN = painful localized fatty swellings

MS = A disease accompanied by painful localized fatty swellings and by various nerve lesions. It is usually seen in women and may cause death from pulmonary complications. (Dorland, 27th ed).

UI = D000274

 

Adjustment Disorders

MS = Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.

UI = D000275

 

Adjuvants, Immunologic

AN = DF: ADJUVANTS IMMUNOL

MS = Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.

UI = D000276

 

Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic

AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: ADJUVANTS PHARM

MS = Agents that aid or increase the action of the principle drug or that affect the absorption, mechanism of action, metabolism, or excretion of the primary drug in such a way as to enhance its effects.

UI = D000277

 

Administration, Buccal

AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every buccally administered drug; no qualif

MS = Administration of a soluble dosage form between the cheek and gingiva. It may involve direct application of a drug onto the buccal mucosa, as by painting or spraying.

UI = D000278

 

Administration, Cutaneous

AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here rountinely for every cutaneously administered drug; no qualif

MS = The application of suitable drug dosage forms to the skin for either local or systemic effects.

UI = D000279

 

Administration, Inhalation

AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every drug admin by inhalation; no qualif

MS = The administration of drugs by the respiratory route. It includes insufflation into the respiratory tract.

UI = D000280

 

Administration, Intranasal

AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every intranasally administered drug; no qualif

UI = D000281

 

Administration, Intravaginal

AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every intravaginally administered drug; no qualif

MS = The insertion of drugs into the vagina to treat local infections, neoplasms, or to induce labor. The dosage forms may include medicated pessaries, irrigation fluids, and suppositories.

UI = D000282

 

Administration, Intravesical

AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every intravesically administered drug; no qualif

MS = The instillation or other administration of drugs into the bladder, usually to treat local disease, including neoplasms.

UI = D000283

 

Administration, Oral

AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every orally administered drug; no qualif

MS = The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.

UI = D000284

 

Administration, Rectal

AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every rectally administered drug; no qualif

MS = The insertion of drugs into the rectum, usually for confused or incompetent patients, like children, infants, and the very old or comatose.

UI = D000285

 

Administration, Sublingual

AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every sublingually administered drug; no qualif

MS = Administration of a soluble dosage form by placement under the tongue.

UI = D000286

 

Administration, Topical

AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every topically administered drug; no qualif; consider also OINTMENTS, LINIMENTS & POWDERS; ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS is also available

UI = D000287

 

Administrative Personnel

MS = Individuals responsible for the development of policy and supervision of the execution of plans and functional operations.

UI = D000288

 

Admitting Department, Hospital

AN = DF: ADMIT DEP

MS = Hospital department responsible for the flow of patients and the processing of admissions, discharges, transfers, and also most procedures to be carried out in the event of a patient's death.

UI = D000289

 

Adnexa Uteri

AN = seen in titles more frequently in adjective form "adnexal"; inflammation = ADNEXITIS

MS = The uterine appendages: the ovaries, uterine tubes, and ligaments of the uterus. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000290

 

Adnexal Diseases

AN = dis of ovaries, fallopian tubes & uterine ligaments collectively; inflamm dis = ADNEXITIS

MS = Diseases of the uterine appendages: the ovaries, uterine tubes, and ligaments of the uterus. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000291

 

Adnexitis

AN = female only: note category; "male adnexitis": index under GENITAL DISEASES, MALE

MS = Inflammation of the adnexa uteri. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000292

 

Adolescence

AN = age 13-18 yr; IM as physiol, psychol & sociol entity; check tag ADOLESCENCE for NIM; Manual 18.5.12, 34.9.5

MS = The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age.

UI = D000293

 

Adolescent Behavior

AN = check also tag ADOLESCENCE

MS = Any observable response or action of an adolescent.

UI = D000294

 

Adolescent Health Services

AN = check also tags HUMAN & ADOLESCENCE; DF: ADOLESCENT HEALTH SERV CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Organized services to provide health care to adolescents, ages ranging from 13 through 18 years.

UI = D016497

 

Adolescent Medicine

AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; when permitted for "adolescent dis": Manual 28.10.1; relation to ADOLESCENCE: Manual 28.10.1; DF: ADOLESCENT MED

MS = A branch of medicine pertaining to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases occurring during the period beginning with puberty until the cessation of somatic growth.

UI = D000295

 

Adolescent Psychiatry

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; not for mental disorders in adolescents ( = MENTAL DISORDERS (IM) + ADOLESCENCE (NIM) ): Manual 27.9

MS = The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in individuals 13-18 years.

UI = D000296

 

Adolescent Psychology

AN = SPEC but also the way a normal adolescent thinks & acts; when SPEC, SPEC qualif; Manual 27.11; DF: ADOLESCENT PSYCHOL

MS = Field of psychology concerned with the normal and abnormal behavior of adolescents. It includes mental processes as well as observable responses.

UI = D000297

 

Adolescent, Hospitalized

AN = not for dis in adolescent in hosp for diag or ther: use only for hospitalized adolescents as a psychol, sociol or social entity; check also tag ADOLESCENCE

MS = Adolescent hospitalized for short term care.

UI = D000298

 

Adolescent, Institutionalized

AN = check also tag ADOLESCENCE

MS = Adolescent placed in institutions on a long term basis.

UI = D000299

 

Adolescent Nutrition

AN = age 13-18; check the tag ADOLESCENCE

MS = Nutrition of children aged 13-18 years.

UI = D017195

 

Adoption

MS = Voluntary acceptance of a child of other parents to be as one's own child, usually with legal confirmation.

UI = D000300

 

Adoptive Transfer

AN = a form of passive immuniz by transpl of lymphocytes; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE).

UI = D019264

 

Adosterol

AN = an adrenal cortex scanning agent

MS = 6 beta-Iodomethyl-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3 beta-ol. A sterol usually substituted with radioactive iodine. It is an adrenal cortex scanning agent with demonstrated high adrenal concentration and superior adrenal imaging.

UI = D000301

 

Adrenal Cortex

AN = PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM is available; also available are the 3 zonae of the cortex: ZONA GLOMERULOSA (outer), ZONA FASCICULATA (middle) & ZONA RETICULARIS (inner)

MS = The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids.

UI = D000302

 

Adrenal Cortex Diseases

UI = D000303

 

Adrenal Cortex Function Tests

UI = D000304

 

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

AN = GEN only; avoid: prefer specifics; /defic: consider also ADRENAL GLAND HYPOFUNCTION

UI = D000305

 

Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D000306

 

Adrenal Gland Diseases

AN = coord IM with ADRENAL MEDULLA (IM) for dis of adrenal medulla; for adrenal hyperplasia see note at ADRENAL GLANDS

UI = D000307

 

Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction

AN = do not confuse with ADRENAL GLAND HYPOFUNCTION; do not use /congen ( = ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL) & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; non-congen adrenal hyperplasia: index under ADRENAL GLANDS /pathol (IM) + HYPERPLASIA (NIM)

UI = D000308

 

Adrenal Gland Hypofunction

AN = do not confuse with ADRENAL GLAND HYPERFUNCTION

MS = Adrenocortical hypofunction includes all conditions in which adrenal steroid hormone secretion falls below the requirements of the body. Adrenal insufficiency may be divided into two general categories: (1) those associated with primary inability of the adrenal to elaborate sufficient quantities of hormone and (2) those associated with a secondary failure due to a primary failure in the elaboration of adrenocorticotropin. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1970)

UI = D000309

 

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D000310

 

Adrenal Glands

AN = /surg = probably ADRENALECTOMY; hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis: coord HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM + PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; hyperplasia = ADRENAL GLANDS /pathol (IM) + HYPERPLASIA (NIM); congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) = ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL

MS = Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney.

UI = D000311

 

Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A group of inherited disorders of adrenal steroidogenesis, the physical expression of which varies with the sex of the patient, the severity of the congenital enzyme defect, and the age at which the defect makes its presence felt. The most common form, the simple virilizing form, is due to a 21-hydroxylase deficiency. There is also a salt-losing form (a more complete 21-hydroxylase deficiency), a hypertensive form (11-hydroxylase deficiency), a 17-hydroxylase deficiency form, a desmolase deficiency form, and a 3-beta-hydroxysteroid deficiency form.

UI = D000312

 

Adrenal Medulla

AN = dis = ADRENAL MEDULLA (IM) + ADRENAL GLAND DISEASES (IM); medulla enucleation: for physiol studies, ADRENAL MEDULLA /physiol, for surg ther, ADRENAL MEDULLA /surg

MS = The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines.

UI = D000313

 

Adrenal Rest Tumor

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A rare, usually benign, ovarian tumor thought to be derived from embryonic rest cells of the adrenals. This tumor causes various degrees of masculinization.

UI = D000314

 

Adrenalectomy

AN = excision of entire adrenal; enucleation: see note under ADRENAL MEDULLA

MS = Excision of one or both adrenal glands. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000315

 

Adrenergic Agents

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; consider also SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff; DF: ADREN AGENTS

MS = Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters.

UI = D018663

 

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; DF: ADREN ALPHA AGON or ADREN ALPHA AG

MS = Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.

UI = D000316

 

Adrenergic Antagonists

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; do not confuse with ADRENERGIC AGONISTS; DF: ADREN ANTAG

MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate adrenergic receptors. Adrenergic antagonists block the actions of the endogenous adrenergic transmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine.

UI = D018674

 

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with ADRENERGIC ALPHA-AGONISTS; DF: ADREN ALPHA ANTAG

MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic alpha-antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma.

UI = D000317

 

Adrenergic beta-Agonists

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; DF: ADREN BETA AGON or ADREN BETA AG

MS = Drugs that selectively bind to and activate beta-adrenergic receptors.

UI = D000318

 

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with ADRENERGIC BETA-AGONISTS; DF: ADREN BETA ANTAG

MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.

UI = D000319

 

Adrenergic Fibers

MS = Nerve fibers liberating catecholamines at a synapse after an impulse.

UI = D000320

 

Adrenergic Agonists

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; do not confuse with ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS; DF: ADREN AGON or ADREN AG

MS = Drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors.

UI = D000322

 

Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: ADREN UPTAKE INHIB

MS = Drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. The tricyclic antidepressants (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. Many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin.

UI = D018759

 

Adrenochrome

AN = a pigment; /physiol permitted

MS = 2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-1H-indole-5,6-dione. Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.

UI = D000323

 

Adrenodoxin

AN = an iron-sulfur protein

MS = An iron-sulfur protein which serves as an electron carrier in enzymatic steroid hydroxylation reactions in adrenal cortex mitochondria. The electron transport system which catalyzes this reaction consists of adrenodoxin reductase, NADP, adrenodoxin, and cytochrome P-450.

UI = D000325

 

Adrenoleukodystrophy

AN = a sphingolipidosis with adrenal cortex insuff; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; do not confuse with ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY, NEONATAL see PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A sphingolipidosis which combines the features of leukodystrophy and Addison's disease. It was formerly considered part of Schilder's disease (ENCEPHALITIS PERIAXIALIS). Adrenomyeloneuropathy is a milder form of this sex-linked recessive disease, arising in adolescence and adulthood rather than in childhood. Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (see PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS) is a fundamentally different disease.

UI = D000326

 

Adsorption

AN = almost never IM; coord NIM with substance /pharmacokin (IM)

MS = The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals.

UI = D000327

 

Adult

AN = age 19-44 yr; almost never IM; IM only as social, sociol, polit, etc. entity; NIM as check tag; no qualif when NIM, /psychol permitted when IM but ADULT as IM is unlikely; Manual 18.5+, 34.10

MS = A person having attained full growth or maturity. Adults are of 19 through 44 years of age.

UI = D000328

 

Advance Directives

MS = Declarations by patients, made in advance of a situation in which they may be incompetent to decide about their own care, stating their treatment preferences or authorizing a third party to make decisions for them. (Bioethics Thesaurus)

UI = D016223

 

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems

AN = DF: ADR REPORT SYSTEMS

MS = Systems developed for collecting reports from government agencies, manufacturers, hospitals, physicians, and other sources on adverse drug reactions.

UI = D016907

 

Advertisements [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for advertisements in newspapers, magazine, billboards, etc.; Publication Types BROADSIDES & POSTERS & PROSPECTUSES are also available; for advertisements as a subject, index under main heading ADVERTISING

MS = Public notices, usually as paid announcements and usually printed in newspapers and magazines or posted on billboards. It includes motion picture or television advertising.

UI = D019480

 

Advertising

AN = IM; med advert: do not coord with MEDICINE; coord with subject of advert & medium if relevant (IM); do not confuse with Publication Type ADVERTISEMENTS for newspaper, magazine, billboard, etc. advertising

MS = The act or practice of calling public attention to a product, service, need, etc., especially by paid announcements in newspapers, magazines, on radio, or on television. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D000329

 

Aedes

AN = mosquito; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

MS = A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. YELLOW FEVER and DENGUE are two of the diseases that can be transmitted by species of this genus.

UI = D000330

 

Aequorin

AN = a luminescent protein from jellyfish Aequorea

MS = A photoprotein isolated from the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea. It emits visible light by an intramolecular reaction when a trace amount of calcium ion is added. The light-emitting moiety in the bioluminescence reaction is believed to be 2-amino-3-benzyl-5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)pyrazine (AF-350).

UI = D000331

 

Aerobiosis

AN = almost never IM

MS = Life or metabolic reactions in the presence of molecular oxygen. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000332

 

Aeromonas

AN = in fish; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs singly, in pairs, or in short chains. Its organisms are found in fresh water and sewage and are pathogenic to humans, frogs, and fish.

UI = D000333

 

Aeromonas hydrophila

AN = pathogenic for frog, fish, humans & other mammals; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that may be pathogenic for frogs, fish, and mammals, including man. In humans, cellulitis and diarrhea can result from infection with this organism.

UI = D016980

 

Aerophagy

AN = spasmodic swallowing of air

MS = Spasmodic swallowing of air.

UI = D000334

 

Aerosol Propellants

AN = IM; coord with propellant if relevant (IM); D25-26 qualif with discretion

MS = Compressed gases or vapors in a container which, upon release of pressure and expansion through a valve, carry another substance from the container. They are used for cosmetics, household cleaners, and so on. Examples are BUTANES, CARBON DIOXIDE, FLUOROCARBONS, NITROGEN, and PROPANE. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D000335

 

Aerosols

AN = IM for general only, qualif permitted; NIM (no qualif) with specific drug IM (with qualif); /adv eff permitted but be careful: it may be the adv eff of the drug in aerosol form, not the aerosol

MS = Colloids with a gaseous dispersing phase and either liquid (fog) or solid (smoke) dispersed phase; used in fumigation or in inhalation therapy; may contain propellent agents.

UI = D000336

 

Aerospace Medicine

AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; med, physiol or psychol aspects of aviation go here: Manual 28.8; SPACE MEDICINE as a specialty goes here but med, physiol or psychol aspects of space flight go under SPACE FLIGHT; DF: AEROSPACE MED CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A specialty which is concerned with the health and medical problems of man in aviation (aviation medicine) and space (space medicine).

UI = D000337

 

AET

AN = a radiation-protective agent; D25-26 qualif

MS = Carbamimidothioic acid 2-aminoethyl ester dihydrobromide. A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.

UI = D000338

 

Affect

MS = The feeling-tone accompaniment of an idea or mental representation. It is the most direct psychic derivative of instinct and the psychic representative of the various bodily changes by means of which instincts manifest themselves.

UI = D000339

 

Affective Disorders, Psychotic

MS = Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.

UI = D000341

 

Affective Symptoms

AN = human only; do not confuse with AFFECTIVE DISORDERS: read MeSH definitions & follow text

MS = Mood or emotional responses dissonant with or inappropriate to the behavior and/or stimulus.

UI = D000342

 

Afferent Loop Syndrome

AN = an intestinal obstruct, a compl of gastrojejunostomy; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A complication of gastrojejunostomy, caused by acute or chronic obstruction of the afferent loop due to hernia, intussusception, kinking, volvulus, etc. It is characterized by pain and vomiting of bile-stained fluid and includes acute afferent loop obstruction and bilious vomiting.

UI = D000343

 

Afferent Pathways

AN = coord NIM with origin (IM) + termination (IM)

MS = Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.

UI = D000344

 

Affinity Labels

AN = D25-26 qualif; use with caution: few apply

MS = Analogs of those substrates or compounds which bind naturally at the active sites of proteins, enzymes, antibodies, steroids, or physiological receptors. These analogs form a stable covalent bond at the binding site, thereby acting as inhibitors of the proteins or steroids.

UI = D000345

 

Afghanistan

UI = D000346

 

Afibrinogenemia

AN = a blood coag disord

MS = A deficiency or absence of fibrinogen (coagulation factor I) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000347

 

Aflatoxin B1

AN = a mycotoxin; /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; DF: AFB1

MS = 6aR-cis-2,3,6aalpha,9aalpha-Tetrahydro-4-methoxycyclopenta(c)furo(3',2':4,5)furo(2,3-h)(1)benzopyran-1,11-dione. A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.

UI = D016604

 

Aflatoxin M1

AN = a mycotoxin; /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; DF: AFM1

MS = 6aR-cis-2,3,6a,9a-Tetrahydro-9a-hydroxy-4-methoxycyclopenta(c)furo(3',2':4,5)furo(2,3h)(1)benzopyran-1,11-dione. Highly toxic 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1 found in the milk of cows fed toxic meal. It has mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic activity. It is formed by the enzymatic hydroxylation of aflatoxin B1 by aflatoxin B1 4-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P-450-dependent enzyme.

UI = D016607

 

Aflatoxins

AN = mycotoxins; /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS

MS = A group of closely related toxic metabolites that are designated mycotoxins. They are produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Members of the group include AFLATOXIN B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, AFLATOXIN M1, and aflatoxin M2.

UI = D000348

 

Africa

AN = for the continent or unspecified only: prefer smaller geog subdivisions, as AFRICA, NORTHERN; AFRICA, CENTRAL; etc.

UI = D000349

 

Africa, Central

AN = a geog area; prefer specific countries

MS = The geographical area of Africa comprising CAMEROON, CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC, CHAD, CONGO, EQUATORIAL GUINEA, GABON, and DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO.

UI = D000350

 

Africa, Eastern

AN = a geog area; prefer specific countries

MS = The geographical area of Africa comprising BURUNDI, DJIBOUTI, ETHIOPIA, KENYA, RWANDA, SOMALIA, SUDAN, TANZANIA, and UGANDA.

UI = D000351

 

Africa, Northern

AN = = Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia collectively: prefer specifics; titles often refer to the Maghreb or Maghrib, the Arabic name for Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia & sometimes Libya collectively: check text for possible specificity, otherwise index under AFRICA, NORTHERN

MS = The geographical area of Africa comprising ALGERIA, EGYPT, LIBYA, MOROCCO, and TUNISIA. It includes also the vast deserts and oases of the Sahara. It is often referred to as North Africa, French-speaking Africa, or the Magreb. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p856)

UI = D000352

 

Africa South of the Sahara

AN = all of Africa except Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia

MS = All of Africa except Northern Africa (AFRICA, NORTHERN).

UI = D017954

 

Africa, Southern

AN = a geog area: prefer specific countries; do not confuse with SOUTH AFRICA ( = Union of South Africa 1910-60)

MS = The geographical area of Africa comprising ANGOLA, BOTSWANA, LESOTHO, MALAWI, MOZAMBIQUE, NAMIBIA, SOUTH AFRICA, SWAZILAND, ZAMBIA, and ZIMBABWE. It includes what was formerly called South-West Africa or German Southwest Africa but it was terminated in 1966 by a United Nations resolution. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1144)

UI = D000353

 

Africa, Western

AN = a geog area: prefer specific countries

MS = The geographical area of Africa comprising BENIN, BURKINA FASO, COTE D'IVOIRE, GAMBIA, GHANA, GUINEA, GUINEA-BISSAU, LIBERIA, MALI, MAURITANIA, NIGER, NIGERIA, SENEGAL, SIERRA LEONE, and TOGO.

UI = D000354

 

African Horse Sickness

AN = caused by an Orbivirus; in horses, mules & donkeys; if in horses don't forget also HORSES (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; if in mules or donkeys, coord IM with EQUIDAE (IM) & check tag ANIMAL

MS = An insect-borne reovirus infection of horses, mules and donkeys in Africa and the Middle East; characterized by pulmonary edema, cardiac involvement, and edema of the head and neck.

UI = D000355

 

African Horse Sickness Virus

AN = a species of Orbivirus; infection = AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS: see note there

MS = A species of ORBIVIRUS that causes disease in horses, mules, and donkeys.

UI = D000356

 

African Swine Fever

AN = caused by a tick-borne DNA virus; don't forget also SWINE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; do not confuse with SWINE FEVER see HOG CHOLERA

MS = A usually fatal iridovirus infection of pigs, characterized by fever, cough, diarrhea, hemorrhagic lymph nodes, and edema of the gallbladder.

UI = D000357

 

African Swine Fever Virus

AN = single species of genus African Swine Fever-Like Viruses; infection = AFRICAN SWINE FEVER: see note there

MS = The lone species of the genus AFRICAN SWINE FEVER-LIKE VIRUSES. The virus causes a fatal disease among domestic pigs in Africa and a less virulent infection in Europe. The virus is present in soft ticks (Ornithodoros moubata), warthogs, or domestic pigs. Originally listed as a species of Iridoviridae, the virus exhibits some similarities to Poxviridae but its differences warranted placement in a separate genus of an, as yet unknown, family.

UI = D000358

 

African Swine Fever-Like Viruses

AN = unnamed & unclassified genus of DNA viruses; do not confuse with AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS, its only species

MS = An unnamed, unclassified genus of DNA viruses with a single species: AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS.

UI = D019273

 

Aftercare

AN = med, nurs, psychiat care after discharge from a hosp or other health facil; differentiate from REHABILITATION which is for getting a person back to his pre-illness work or other activity

MS = The care and treatment of a convalescent patient, especially that of a patient after surgery.

UI = D000359

 

Afterimage

AN = differentiate from FIGURAL AFTEREFFECT which is displacement of (usually) geometric pattern in shape & space; while both are in the field of perception, AFTERIMAGE is likely to be in ophthalmol jrnls, FIGURAL AFTEREFFECT, in psychol jrnls

MS = Continuation of visual impression after cessation of stimuli causing the original image.

UI = D000360

 

Agammaglobulinemia

AN = TN 225: relation to HYPO- & DYSGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA

MS = An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.

UI = D000361

 

Agar

AN = culture medium & cathartic; D25-26 qualif

MS = A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.

UI = D000362

 

Agaricales

AN = note x ref MUSHROOMS; pois = MUSHROOM POISONING

MS = An extensive order of basidiomycetous fungi whose fruiting bodies are commonly call mushrooms.

UI = D000363

 

Agaricus

AN = a basidiomycete

MS = A basidiomycetous fungal genus of the family Agaricaceae, order Agaricales, which includes the field mushroom (A. campestris) and the commercial mushroom (A. bisporus).

UI = D000364

 

Age Determination by Skeleton

UI = D000365

 

Age Determination by Teeth

UI = D000366

 

Age Distribution

AN = NIM; no qualif; human & animal; a statist concept: do not confuse with AGE FACTORS, more related to cause & effect; age-sex distribution: coord (NIM) with SEX DISTRIBUTION (NIM)

MS = The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.

UI = D017677

 

Age Factors

AN = NIM; no qualif; human & animal; related to cause & effect: do not confuse with AGE DISTRIBUTION which is largely statistical; differentiate from AGING, a physiol concept; policy: Manual 35.7

MS = Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

UI = D000367

 

Age Groups

AN = not used for indexing

MS = Persons classified by age from birth (INFANT, NEWBORN) to octogenarians and older (AGED, 80 AND OVER).

UI = D009273

 

Age of Onset

AN = IM: GEN only; not for routine age of onset of dis in individual case reports; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM), as "age of onset in peptic ulcer" = AGE OF ONSET (NIM) + PEPTIC ULCER /epidemiol (IM); no qualif

MS = The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.

UI = D017668

 

Aged

AN = age 65-79 if IM, age 65 & over as check tag; AGED, 80 AND OVER is also available; IM as physiol, psychol or sociol entity; NIM as check tag; Manual 18.5+, 34.10.1; differentiate from AGING, a physiol process, & AGE FACTORS & AGE DISTRIBUTION, statist concepts CATALOG: form qualif permitted

MS = A person 65 through 79 years of age. For a person older than 79 years, AGED, 80 AND OVER is available.

UI = D000368

 

Aged, 80 and over

AN = age 80 yr & over; IM as physiol, psychol or sociol entity; NIM as for AGED check tag; whether IM or NIM check tag AGED; Manual 18.5+, 34.10.1; DF: AGED 80 CATALOG: form qualif permitted

MS = A person 80 years of age and older.

UI = D000369

 

Ageusia

AN = absence of sense of taste; do not confuse with DYSGEUSIA, distortion of sense of taste

MS = Absence of the sense of taste. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000370

 

Agglutination

AN = NIM, no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

UI = D000371

 

Agglutination Tests

AN = NIM

MS = Tests that are dependent on the clumping of cells, microorganisms, or particles when mixed with specific antiserum. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

UI = D000372

 

Agglutinins

AN = cold agglutinin disease = COLD AGGLUTININ DISEASE see ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC, AUTOIMMUNE

MS = Substances, usually of biological origin, that cause cells or other organic particles to aggregate and stick to each other. They also include those antibodies which cause aggregation or agglutination of a particulate or insoluble antigen.

UI = D000373

 

Aggression

AN = human & animal; "agression" in French is translated "stress" & indexed under a STRESS heading; "agressologie" = STRESS

MS = A form of behavior which leads to self-assertion; it may arise from innate drives and/or a response to frustration; may be manifested by destructive and attacking behavior, by covert attitudes of hostility and obstructionism, or by healthy self-expressive drive to mastery. (Dorland 27th ed)

UI = D000374

 

Aging

AN = human & animal; IM; aging process anywhere between birth & old age; differentiate from AGE FACTORS, a statist concept; as physiol concept: Manual 28.16; relation to AGED: Manual 34.10; "aging" of lower organisms, cultures, drugs, etc. is probably TIME FACTORS; AGING, PREMATURE is also available

MS = The gradual changes in the structure and function of humans and animals that occur with the passage of time, that do not result from disease or other gross accidents, and that eventually lead to the increased probability of death as the person or animal grows older. It does not apply to microorganisms. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000375

 

Aging, Premature

AN = unspecified with relation to age; in children, consider PROGERIA; PROGERIA, ADULT see WERNER SYNDROME

MS = Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.

UI = D019588

 

Agkistrodon

AN = a genus of vipers; note X refs; its venom: coord IM with CROTALID VENOMS (IM)

MS = A genus of venomous snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae. Twelve species of this genus are found in North and Central America and Asia. Agkistrodon contortrix is the copperhead, A. piscivorus, the cottonmouth. The former is named for its russet or orange-brown color, the latter for the white interior of its mouth. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336; Moore, Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p75)

UI = D017836

 

 

Agmatine

AN = decarboxylated arginine isolated from plant & animal sources

MS = Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.

UI = D000376

 

Agnosia

AN = a perceptual disord

MS = Loss of the ability to recognize the significance of perceptions via one or more of the special senses (i.e., sight, taste, hearing, smell, and touch). It also refers to the loss or disuse of knowledge of objects.

UI = D000377

 

Agonistic Behavior

MS = Any behavior associated with conflict between two individuals.

UI = D000378

 

Agoraphobia

MS = Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.

UI = D000379

 

Agranulocytosis

AN = decrease in no. of granulocytes

MS = A symptom complex characterized by a marked decrease in the number of granulocytes and by lesions of the throat and other mucous membranes, of the gastrointestinal tract, and of the skin. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000380

 

Agraphia

AN = inability to express thoughts in writing

MS = Inability to write (letters, syllables, words, or phrases) due to an injury to a specific cerebral area or occasionally due to emotional factors. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)

UI = D000381

 

Agricultural Workers' Diseases

AN = coord IM with specific dis (IM); specify geog if pertinent

MS = Diseases in persons engaged in cultivating and tilling soil, growing plants, harvesting crops, raising livestock, or otherwise engaged in husbandry and farming. The diseases are not restricted to farmers in the sense of those who perform conventional farm chores: the heading applies also to those engaged in the individual activities named above, as in those only gathering harvest or in those only dusting crops.

UI = D000382

 

Agriculture

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

MS = The science of soil cultivation, crop production, and livestock raising.

UI = D000383

 

Agrin

AN = a nerve tissue protein

MS = A protein component of the synaptic basal lamina. It has been shown to induce clustering of acetylcholine receptors on the surface of muscle fibers and other synaptic molecules in both synapse regeneration and development.

UI = D018171

 

Agrobacterium

AN = in soil, plants, marine mud

MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. With the exception of Agrobacterium radiobacter, members of this genus invade the crown, roots, and stems of plants, via wounds, causing the transformation of the plant cells into proliferating tumor cells.

UI = D000384

 

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

AN = found in soil & on plant rods & stems; DF: AGROBACT TUMEFACIENS

MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and the stems and roots of plants. It causes oncogenic transformations (tumor formation) in a wide variety of higher plants after wounding.

UI = D016960

 

Agrochemicals

AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: AGROCHEM

MS = Chemicals used in agriculture. These include pesticides, fumigants, fertilizers, plant hormones, steroids, antibiotics, mycotoxins, etc.

UI = D016573

 

Aid to Families with Dependent Children

AN = treed under SOCIAL SECURITY; specify geog; DF: AFDC CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Financial assistance provided by the government to indigent families with dependent children who meet certain requirements as defined by the Social Security Act, Title IV, in the U.S.

UI = D000385

 

AIDS-Associated Nephropathy

AN = coord IM with specific kidney dis (IM); specify HIV-1 or HIV-2 (IM or NIM) if pertinent; DF: HIVAN

MS = Renal syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients characterized by nephrotic syndrome, severe proteinuria, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with distinctive tubular and interstitial changes, enlarged kidneys, and peculiar tubuloreticular structures. The syndrome is distinct from heroin-associated nephropathy as well as other forms of kidney disease seen in HIV-infected patients.

UI = D016263

 

AIDS Dementia Complex

AN = coord IM with HIV-1 or HIV-2 (IM or NIM) if pertinent

MS = Neurological syndrome characterized by abnormalities in cognition, motor performance, and behavior. It is partially or wholly due to a direct effect of the HIV virus on the brain rather than to opportunistic infection. Pathological findings include diffuse white matter pallor, multinucleated-cell encephalitis, and vacuolar myelopathy. Clinical manifestations may include apathy, mental slowing, and progressive paraparesis.

UI = D015526

 

AIDS-Related Complex

AN = coord IM with HIV-1 or HIV-2 (IM) if pertinent; DF: note short X ref

MS = A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.

UI = D000386

 

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections

AN = coord IM with HIV-1 or HIV-2 (IM or NIM if pertinent); coord IM with specific opportunistic infect (IM); DF: AIDS RELAT OPPORTUNISTIC INFECT

MS = Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.

UI = D017088

 

AIDS Serodiagnosis

AN = used with AIDS patients & HIV-seropositive or -negative persons; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: AIDS SERODIAG

MS = Immunologic tests for identification of HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) antibodies. They include assays for HIV SEROPOSITIVITY and HIV SERONEGATIVITY (ELISA, immunofluorescence, immunoblot, etc.) that have been developed for screening persons carrying the viral antibody from patients with overt symptoms of AIDS or AIDS-RELATED COMPLEX.

UI = D015492

 

AIDS Vaccines

MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.

UI = D016915

 

Ainhum

AN = linear contriction of a toe leading to spontaneous amputation

MS = A disease affecting the toes, especially the fifth, and sometimes the fingers, seen chiefly in black adult males in Africa, in which a linear constriction around the affected digit leads to spontaneous amputation of its distal part. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000387

 

Air

AN = do not confuse with ATMOSPHERE or OXYGEN; /microbiol = AIR MICROBIOLOGY (IM) + specific microbe (IM); /parasitol permitted: coord IM with specific parasite (IM); /virol = AIR MICROBIOLOGY (IM) + specific virus (IM)

MS = The gaseous mixture which makes up the earth's atmosphere. It is an odorless, colorless gas consisting of about 1 part by volume of oxygen and 4 parts of nitrogen, the proportion varying somewhat according to conditions. It also contains a small amount of carbon dioxide, ammonia, argon, nitrites, and organic matter. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000388

 

Air Ambulances

AN = airplanes & helicopters

MS = Fixed-wing aircraft or helicopters equipped for air transport of patients.

UI = D017732

 

Air Bags

MS = Automotive safety devices consisting of a bag designed to inflate upon collision and prevent passengers from pitching forward. (American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)

UI = D017278

 

Air Conditioning

MS = The maintenance of certain aspects of the environment within a defined space to facilitate the function of that space; aspects controlled include air temperature and motion, radiant heat level, moisture, and concentration of pollutants such as dust, microorganisms, and gases. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D000389

 

Air Ionization

UI = D000390

 

Air Microbiology

AN = IM; coord IM with specific bact, virus or fungus (IM); DF: AIR MICROBIOL

MS = The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the air. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

UI = D000391

 

Air Movements

AN = no qualif; WIND is also available but see note there

UI = D000392

 

Air Pollutants

AN = specify pollutant if pertinent (IM or NIM)

MS = Substances which pollute the air.

UI = D000393

 

Air Pollutants, Environmental

AN = specify pollutant if pertinent (IM or NIM); DF: AIR POLLUTANTS ENVIR

MS = Air pollutants which affect environmental conditions.

UI = D000394

 

Air Pollutants, Occupational

AN = specify pollutant or occup if pertinent (IM or NIM); DF: AIR POLLUTANTS OCCUP

MS = Air pollutants found in the work area. They are usually produced by the specific nature of the occupation.

UI = D000395

 

Air Pollutants, Radioactive

AN = specify radiopollutant if pertinent (IM or NIM)

MS = Pollutants, present in air, which exhibit radioactivity.

UI = D000396

 

Air Pollution

AN = includes pollen in the air (coord with POLLEN) CATALOG: /geog /form

UI = D000397

 

Air Pollution, Indoor

AN = IM; specify environ if pertinent (IM) CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The contamination of indoor air.

UI = D016902

 

Air Pollution, Radioactive

AN = IM; coord with specific source of radiation (IM); specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

UI = D000398

 

Air Pressure

AN = no qualif

MS = The force per unit area that the air exerts on any surface in contact with it. Primarily used for articles pertaining to air pressure within a closed environment.

UI = D000399

 

Air Sacs

AN = in birds, fish, insects & mammals; sacculitis in veterinary animals: coord IM with RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES/vet (IM) or RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS/vet (IM)

MS = Thin-walled sacs or spaces which function as a part of the respiratory system in birds, fishes, insects, and mammals.

UI = D000400

 

Aircraft

MS = A weight-carrying structure for navigation of the air that is supported either by its own buoyancy or by the dynamic action of the air against its surfaces. (Webster, 1973)

UI = D000401

 

Airway Obstruction

AN = acute: chronic airway obstruct, chronic airflow obstruct & COAD (chronic obstruct airway dis) go under LUNG DISEASES, OBSTRUCTIVE (see note there); NASAL OBSTRUCTION is also available

MS = Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.

UI = D000402

 

Airway Resistance

AN = a resp funct test; NIM

MS = The opposition of the tracheobronchial tree to air flow: the mouth-to-alveoli pressure difference divided by the air flow. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000403

 

Ajmaline

AN = a Rauwolfia alkaloid; an anti-arrhythmic

MS = An alkaloid found in the root of Rauwolfia serpentina, among other plant sources. It is a class Ia antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials.

UI = D000404

 

Akinetic Mutism

UI = D000405

 

Akathisia, Drug-Induced

AN = shows "anxiety, restlessness & agitation": do not confuse with DYSKINESIA, DRUG-INDUCED which shows repetitive movements

MS = Motor restlessness with sensations of quivering and an urge to move about constantly resulting from the use of certain drugs, such as neuroleptic drugs, which affect the extrapyramidal region of the brain. This differs from DYSKINESIA, DRUG-INDUCED in that long-term antipsychotic drug exposure is significantly correlated with the increased prevalence of akathisia while there is no such correlation with dyskinesia. The primary observable distinction between tardive akathisia and dyskinesia appears to be in the repetitive, stereotypy of the dyskinesic movements (lip smacking, for example), while akathisia is associated with anxiety, restlessness, and agitation (PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION).

UI = D017109

 

AKR Virus

AN = a species of the genus Leukemia Viruses, Murine; from MICE, INBRED AKR; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + LEUKEMIA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM) or LEUKEMIA (IM) (for spontaneous leukemia)

MS = A murine leukemia virus isolated from spontaneous leukemia in AKR strain mice.

UI = D000406

 

Alabama

UI = D000407

 

Alagille Syndrome

AN = hepatic duct hypoplasia, congen pulm artery stenosis, facial & other abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Hypoplasia of the hepatic ducts, congenital pulmonary artery stenosis, facial abnormalities, and other congenital malformations, particularly skeletal. It is often presented as jaundice during the neonatal period. It is an autosomal recessive disease generally manifesting during childhood. "Arteriohepatic" refers to the pulmonary artery and the intrahepatic bile ducts, not to the hepatic artery.

UI = D016738

 

Alamethicin

AN = a peptide antibiotic

MS = A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

UI = D000408

 

Alanine

AN = an amino acid; BETA-ALANINE is also available

MS = A nonessential amino acid, alpha-aminopropanoic acid, occurring in proteins. High levels also occur free in plasma. It is synthesized from pyruvate and is used as a dietary supplement. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000409

 

beta-Alanine

AN = an amino acid

MS = beta-Alanine. An amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, the compound may be a false transmitter replacing GABA. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, has been reported.

UI = D015091

 

Alanine Transaminase

AN = /blood = SGPT /blood (not just SGPT)

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.

UI = D000410

 

Alanine Racemase

MS = A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that reversibly catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine to D-alanine. EC 5.1.1.1.

UI = D000411

 

Alanine-tRNA Ligase

MS = An enzyme that activates alanine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.7.

UI = D000412

 

Alaska

UI = D000413

 

Albania

AN = in translations of historical articles use spelling People's Republic, not Peoples' nor Peoples

UI = D000415

 

Albendazole

MS = A benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintic structurally related to MEBENDAZOLE that is effective against many diseases. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p38)

UI = D015766

 

Alberta

AN = a province of Canada

MS = A province of western Canada, lying between the provinces of British Columbia and Saskatchewan. Its capital is Edmonton. It was named in honor of Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, the fourth daughter of Queen Victoria. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p26 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p12)

UI = D000416

 

Albinism

AN = hypopigmentation of skin, hair, eye; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.

UI = D000417

 

Albinism, Ocular

AN = hypopigmentation of eye; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Albinism affecting the eye in which pigment of the hair and skin is normal or only slightly diluted. The classic type is X-linked (Nettleship-Falls), but an autosomal recessive form also exists. Ocular abnormalities may include reduced pigmentation of the iris, nystagmus, photophobia, strabismus, and decreased visual acuity.

UI = D016117

 

Albinism, Oculocutaneous

AN = hypopigmentation of eye & skin; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders comprising at least four recognized types, all having in common varying degrees of hypopigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes. The two most common are the tyrosinase-positive and tyrosinase-negative types.

UI = D016115

 

Albumins

MS = Water-soluble proteins found in egg whites, blood, lymph, and other tissues and fluids. They coagulate upon heating.

UI = D000418

 

Albuminuria

UI = D000419

 

Albuterol

AN = a bronchodilator & tocolytic

MS = A direct-acting sympathomimetic agent with a relatively selective action on beta-2 adrenoceptors. Its main clinical use is in asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1254)

UI = D000420

 

Alcaligenes

AN = ALCALIGENES EUTROPHA see RALSTONIA EUTROPHA is available

MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, motile bacteria that occur in water and soil. Some are common inhabitants of the intestinal tract of vertebrates. These bacteria occasionally cause opportunistic infections in humans.

UI = D000421

 

Alchemy

AN = no qualif

UI = D000422

 

Alcian Blue

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.

UI = D000423

 

Alcohol Amnestic Disorder

AN = a psychotic mental disord

MS = A mental disorder with brain damage characterized by amnesia, compensatory confabulation, disturbance of attention, and peripheral neuritis. It is usually associated with alcoholism and dietary deficiencies.

UI = D000425

 

Alcohol Dehydrogenase

AN = NAD-dependent

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the final step of alcoholic fermentation by reducing an aldehyde to an alcohol. In the case of ethanol, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol in the presence of NADH and hydrogen. The enzyme is a zinc protein which acts on primary and secondary alcohols or hemiacetals. EC 1.1.1.1.

UI = D000426

 

Alcohol Deterrents

AN = consider also ALCOHOLISM /drug ther

MS = Substances interfering with the metabolism of ethyl alcohol, causing unpleasant side effects thought to discourage the drinking of alcoholic beverages. Alcohol deterrents are used in the treatment of alcoholism.

UI = D000427

 

Alcohol Drinking

AN = drunkenness = ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION but binge drinking & acute alcohol intox = ETHANOL /pois; chronic alcohol consumption = ALCOHOLISM; TEMPERANCE is available for "abstinence from alcohol" but do not confuse with alcohol withdrawal (see note under ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL DELIRIUM & SUBSTANCE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME)

MS = Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking.

UI = D000428

 

Alcohol Oxidoreductases

MS = A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on primary and secondary alcohols as well as hemiacetals. They are further classified according to the acceptor which can be NAD+ or NADP+ (subclass 1.1.1), cytochrome (1.1.2), oxygen (1.1.3), quinone (1.1.5), or another acceptor (1.1.99).

UI = D000429

 

Alcohol-Related Disorders

AN = consider also PSYCHOSES, ALCOHOLIC

MS = Mental disorders related or resulting from abuse or mis-use of alcohol.

UI = D019973

 

Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium

AN = note X ref; do not confuse with "alcohol withdrawal syndrome" ( = SUBSTANCE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME (IM) + ETHANOL /adv eff (IM))

MS = An acute organic mental disorder due to recent cessation or reduction in alcohol consumption with the essential characteristic being delirium. Autonomic hyperactivity - that is, tachycardia, sweating, and elevated blood pressure - is also present. It was formerly called delirium tremens.

UI = D000430

 

Alcoholic Beverages

AN = GEN; BEER & WINE are available; chronic consumption of alcoholic bev = ALCOHOLISM

MS = Drinkable liquids containing ethyl alcohol.

UI = D000434

 

Alcoholic Intoxication

AN = human & animal; drunkenness goes here; acute alcohol intox = ETHANOL /pois

MS = A condition caused by the ingestion of alcohol in which control of one's faculties is impaired and inhibitions are broken. In its later stages one tends toward or reaches insensibility. (Webster, 3d ed)

UI = D000435

 

Alcoholics Anonymous

AN = IM CATALOG: use NAF Entry

MS = An organization of self-proclaimed alcoholics who meet frequently to reinforce their practice of abstinence.

UI = D000436

 

Alcoholism

AN = human & animal; do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE: alcoholism is presumed to be chronic; differentiate from ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION, being drunk, not chronic; acute alcoholic intox & binge drinking is ETHANOL /pois; /drug ther: consider also ALCOHOL DETERRENTS; consider also LIVER DISEASES, ALCOHOLIC & its specifics FATTY LIVER, ALCOHOLIC; HEPATITIS, ALCOHOLIC & LIVER CIRRHOSIS, ALCOHOLIC; also PANCREATITIS, ALCOHOLIC; also CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC, PSYCHOSES, ALCOHOLIC & FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; index other compl of alcoholism under ALCOHOLISM /compl (IM) + disease /etiol not /chem ind (IM); alcoholic ulcero-mutilating acropathy = ALCOHOLISM (IM) + PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES (IM); abstinence from alcohol in alcoholism: coord with TEMPERANCE (NIM); available is SKID ROW ALCOHOLICS see HOMELESS PERSONS but see note there

MS = A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)

UI = D000437

 

Alcohols

AN = do not use for "alcohol" ( = ETHANOL); diols = GLYCOLS; hypophysectomy by alcohol (ethanol) injection = HYPOPHYSECTOMY, CHEMICAL & do not index under ETHANOL unless particularly discussed

MS = Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D000438

 

Alcuronium

AN = a neuromusc nondepolarizing agent

MS = 4,4'-Didemethyl-4,4'-di-2-propenyltoxiferine I. A non-depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant similar to TUBOCURARINE. It is used as an anesthesia adjuvant.

UI = D000443

 

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase

MS = An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. EC 1.2.1.3. Before 1978, it was classified as EC 1.1.1.70.

UI = D000444

 

Aldehyde Oxidoreductases

UI = D000445

 

Aldehyde-Ketone Transferases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of aldehyde or ketone residues. EC 2.2.

UI = D019880

 

Aldehyde-Lyases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond in a molecule containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group to form two smaller molecules, each being an aldehyde or a ketone. The reaction is the reverse of an aldol condensation. These enzymes are also known as aldolases. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 4.1.2.

UI = D000446

 

Aldehydes

MS = A large class of organic compounds containing the -CHO radical, oxidized to acids and reduced to alcohols. Aldehydes are indicated by the prefix oxo- (for O of CO) or formyl- (for CHO), or by the suffix -al, -dial, -trial, etc. (From Dorland, 28th ed & Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D000447

 

Aldicarb

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = 2-Methyl-2-(methylthio)propanal O-((methylamino)carbonyl)oxime. Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.

UI = D000448

 

Aldehyde Reductase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the oxidation of an aldose to an alditol. It possesses broad specificity for many aldoses. EC 1.1.1.21.

UI = D000449

 

Aldose-Ketose Isomerases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of aldoses and ketoses. EC 5.3.1.

UI = D019747

 

Aldosterone

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /defic: consider also HYPOALDOSTERONISM; PSEUDOHYPOALDOSTERONISM is also available; consider also RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM see RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM & do not index under ALDOSTERONE unless particularly discussed

MS = (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.

UI = D000450

 

Aldosterone Antagonists

AN = DF: ALDOSTERONE ANTAG

MS = Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of aldosterone.

UI = D000451

 

Aldrin

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D000452

 

 

Alendronate

AN = a diphosphonate in ther of postmenopausal osteoporosis

MS = A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis.

UI = D019386

 

Aleutian Mink Disease

AN = caused by a parvovirus; don't forget also MINK (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL

MS = A slow progressive disease of mink caused by the ALEUTIAN MINK DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by poor reproduction, weight loss, autoimmunity, hypergammaglobulinemia, increased susceptibility to bacterial infections, and death from renal failure. The disease occurs in all color types, but mink which are homozygous recessive for the Aleutian gene for light coat color are particularly susceptible.

UI = D000453

 

Aleutian Mink Disease Virus

AN = a species of Parvovirus; infection = ALEUTIAN MINK DISEASE: see note there; DF: ALEUTIAN MINK DIS PARVOVIRUS

MS = A species of PARVOVIRUS that causes a disease in mink, mainly those homozygous for the recessive Aleutian gene which determines a desirable coat color.

UI = D000454

 

Alfalfa

AN = as plant & feed; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage.

UI = D000455

 

Alfalfa Mosaic Virus

AN = a species of plant virus; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)

MS = The type-species of the genus ALFAMOVIRUS that is non-persistently transmitted by aphids.

UI = D017794

 

Alfamovirus

AN = a genus of mosaic viruses; from ALFAlfa MOsaic virus; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)

MS = A genus of the family BROMOVIRIDAE with a wide host range. Transmission is by aphids and the type species is ALFALFA MOSAIC VIRUS.

UI = D019178

 

Alfentanil

AN = a narcotic analgesic & intravenous anesthetic

MS = N-(1-(2-(4-Ethyl-4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl)-4-(methoxymethyl)-4-piperidinyl)-N-phenylpropanamide. A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.

UI = D015760

 

Algae

AN = lower plants; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse X ref CYANOPHORA with the group CYANOBACTERIA

MS = A major group of lower plants that comprises, usually, photosynthetic plants of extremely varied morphology and physiology, and that is commonly considered to be a heterogeneous assemblage. They are freshwater and marine, terrestrial and subterranean; some are neustonic (living at the interface of water and the atmosphere). They live in various protozoa and within other plants. Among the vectors of aquatic algae are water movements (tides and currents), wind, ships, beetles, aquatic birds, etc. They live also in soil and on soil surfaces, on long-persistent snows, and in Antarctic rocks. Thermophilic algae inhabit hot springs. (From Webster, 3d ed; from Bold & Wynne, Introduction to the Algae, 2d ed, pp1-6)

UI = D000456

 

Algae and Fungi

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

MS = ALGAE represent a group of spore-propagating plants, unicellular or undifferentiated into root, stem, and leaf. They include seaweed and many unicellular fresh-water plants, most of which contain chlorophyll. They account for about 90% of the earth's photosynthetic activity. FUNGI are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites and include mushrooms, YEASTS, smuts, molds, etc. They lack chlorophyll. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000457

 

Algae, Brown

AN = common genera: Ascophyllum, Fucus, Eisenia, Petalonia, Ectocarpus

MS = Predominantly marine algae of the division Phaeophyta, having chromatophores containing carotenoid pigments. Genera include Ascophyllum, Fucus, Eisenia, Petalonia, Ectocarpus.

UI = D000459

 

Algae, Green

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; of the division Chlorophyta (X ref)

MS = Algae of the division Chlorophyta, in which the green pigment of chlorophyll is not masked by other pigments. Classes include Charophyceae, Bryopsidophyceae, Conjugatophyceae, Oedogoniophyceae, Chlorophyceae, and Prasinophyceae. Common genera are ACETABULARIA, CHLAMYDOMONAS, CHLORELLA, Nitella, PROTOTHECA, Scenedesmus, Spirogyra, and Volvox.

UI = D000460

 

Algae, Red

AN = common genera: Gelidium, Gracilaria, Polysiphonia

MS = Algae of the division Rhodophyta, in which the pigment is predominantly red; common genera are Gelidium, Gracilaria, and Polysiphonia.

UI = D000461

 

Algal Proteins

AN = coord IM with specific protein (IM) + specific alga (IM)

MS = Proteins found in any species of algae.

UI = D020418

 

Algeria

AN = a country in northern Africa

MS = A country in northern Africa between MOROCCO and LIBYA. Its capital is Algiers. It was known to the Romans as Numidia. From 430 A.D. until 1942 it was successively in the hands of the Vandals, the Eastern Roman Empire, the Arabs, the Ottoman Empire, and the French, and gained independence in 1962. The country took its name from its capital, from the Arabic al (the) + jaza'ir (islands), with reference to four islands lying off the coast at Algiers but joined to the mainland by 1525. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p31 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p14)

UI = D000462

 

Algestone Acetophenide

AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent & female contraceptive

MS = (16 alpha(R))-16,17-((1-Phenylethylidene)bis(oxy))pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A progesterone that has been used in estrus synchronization and has been evaluated as an injectable contraceptive in combination with estradiol enanthate. It is also used therapeutically as a topical anti-inflammatory and is applied topically in the treatment of acne.

UI = D000463

 

Alginates

AN = dent impression material; D25-26 qualif

MS = Salts of alginic acid, a hydrophilic colloidal carbohydrate which is extracted from marine kelp. Calcium, sodium, and ammonium alginates have been used as foam, clot, or gauze for absorbable surgical dressings. Soluble alginates, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium alginates, form a viscous sol which can be changed into a gel by a chemical reaction with compounds such as calcium sulfate, a property which makes them useful as materials for taking dental impressions. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000464

 

Algorithms

AN = IM; no qualif

MS = A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

UI = D000465

 

Alkadienes

MS = Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having two carbon-carbon double bonds.

UI = D000466

 

Alkalies

AN = singular form is "alkali"; /adv eff: consider also MILK-ALKALI SYNDROME see HYPERCALCEMIA

MS = Usually a hydroxide of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium or cesium, but also the carbonates of these metals, ammonia, and the amines. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D000468

 

Alkaline Phosphatase

AN = /defic: consider also HYPOPHOSPHATASIA

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.

UI = D000469

 

Alkaloids

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific alkaloid; alkaloids from specific plants go here (IM) + name of plant or PLANTS, MEDICINAL, etc.

MS = Organic nitrogenous bases. Many alkaloids of medical importance occur in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and some have been synthesized. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D000470

 

Alkalosis

AN = an acid-base imbalance

MS = A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of base, or from loss of acid without comparable loss of base in the body fluids. It is characterized by decrease in hydrogen ion concentration (increase in pH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000471

 

Alkalosis, Respiratory

AN = excess loss of CO2 from body

MS = A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000472

 

Alkanes

AN = cycloalkanes = CYCLOPARAFFINS

MS = The generic name for the group of aliphatic hydrocarbons Cn-H2n+2. They are denoted by the suffix -ane. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D000473

 

Alkanesulfonic Acids

MS = Sulfonic acid derivatives that are substituted with an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.

UI = D017738

 

 

Alkaptonuria

AN = an inborn error of amino acid metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An inborn error of amino acid metabolism resulting from a defect in the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase and causing an accumulation of homogentisic acid in the urine. The condition is characterized by ochronosis in various tissues and arthritis.

UI = D000474

 

• Alkenes

MS = Unsaturated hydrocarbons of the type Cn-H2n, indicated by the suffix -ene. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p408)

UI = D000475

 

Alkanesulfonates

MS = Organic esters or salts of sulfonic acid derivatives containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical.

UI = D000476

 

7-Alkoxycoumarin O-Dealkylase

MS = A drug-metabolizing enzyme found in hepatic, placental and intestinal microsomes that metabolizes 7-alkoxycoumarin to 7-hydroxycoumarin. The enzyme is cytochrome P-450- dependent. EC 1.14.13.- .

UI = D015660

 

Alkyl and Aryl Transferases

MS = A somewhat heterogeneous class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of alkyl or related groups (excluding methyl groups). EC 2.5.

UI = D019883

 

Alkylating Agents

MS = Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases.

UI = D000477

 

Alkylation

AN = almost never IM; enzymatic alkylation: coord NIM with TRANSFERASES (IM) + substrate (NIM); METHYLATION & METHYLTRANSFERASES are also available

MS = The substitution of an alkyl group for an active hydrogen atom in an organic compound. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000478

 

Alkylmercury Compounds

AN = DF: ALKYLMERCURY CPDS

MS = Organic mercury compounds in which the mercury is attached to an alkyl group.

UI = D000479

 

Alkynes

MS = Acyclic hydrocarbons with one triple bond of the general formula Cn-H2n-2. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D000480

 

Allantoin

AN = /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted

UI = D000481

 

Allantois

AN = mammalian, avian or reptilian

MS = An embryonic diverticulum of the hindgut of reptiles, birds, and mammals; in man its blood vessels give rise to those of the umbilical cord.

UI = D000482

 

Alleles

AN = no qualif; = allelomorphs

MS = Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process.

UI = D000483

 

Allergens

AN = coord IM with specific allergen (IM), e.g., pollen as an allergen = ALLERGENS + POLLEN

MS = Antigenic substances capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE). (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000485

 

Allergy and Immunology

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; do not confuse with ALLERGY see HYPERSENSITIVITY (Cat C); consider also /immunol: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.37; immunohematology is indexed under BLOOD GROUPS; immunologic processes = IMMUNITY or specific; DF: ALLERGY IMMUNOL

MS = A medical specialty concerned with the hypersensitivity of the individual to foreign substances and protection from the resultant infection or disorder.

UI = D000486

 

Allethrin

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = Synthetic analogs of the naturally occuring insecticides cinerin, jasmolin, and pyrethrin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D000487

 

Allied Health Occupations

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: ALLIED HEALTH OCCUP

MS = Occupations of medical personnel who are not physicians, and are qualified by special training and, frequently, by licensure to work in supporting roles in the health care field. These occupations include, but are not limited to, medical technology, physical therapy, physician assistant, etc.

UI = D016390

 

Allied Health Personnel

MS = Health care workers specially trained and licensed to assist and support the work of health professionals. Often used synonymously with paramedical personnel, the term generally refers to all health care workers who perform tasks which must otherwise be performed by a physician or other health professional.

UI = D000488

 

Alligators and Crocodiles

AN = IM; qualif permitted; DF: ALLIGATORS

MS = Large, long-tailed reptiles, including caimans, of the order Loricata.

UI = D000489

 

Allium

AN = includes shallots & chives

MS = A genus of liliaceous herbs containing ONIONS (Allium cepa), GARLIC (Allium sativum), and others; many produce pungent, often bacteriostatic and physiologically active compounds and are used as food, condiment, and medicament, the latter in traditional medicine.

UI = D000490

 

Allolevivirus

AN = a bacteriophage genus of the family Leviviridae

MS = A bacteriophage genus of the family LEVIVIRIDAE, whose infectivity is UV-sensitive.

UI = D017908

 

Allophanate Hydrolase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of allophanic acid to two molecules of ammonia plus two molecules of "active carbon dioxide". EC 3.5.1.54.

UI = D000492

 

Allopurinol

MS = A xanthine oxidase inhibitor that decreases uric acid production.

UI = D000493

 

Allosteric Regulation

AN = almost never IM; DF: ALLOSTERIC REG

UI = D000494

 

Allosteric Site

MS = A specific site on a multi-subunit enzyme or other protein that is not the substrate binding site, but that when reversibly bound by an effector, induces a conformational change in the protein, altering its catalytic or binding properties. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000495

 

Alloxan

AN = ALLOXAN DIABETES indexed as DIABETES MELLITUS, EXPERIMENTAL (IM) + ALLOXAN (NIM) only if chem is particularly discussed

UI = D000496

 

Alloys

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions.

UI = D000497

 

Allyl Compounds

AN = DF: ALLYL CPDS

UI = D000498

 

Allylamine

AN = cytotoxic for vasc smooth musc in exper animals

MS = Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.

UI = D000499

 

Allylestrenol

MS = 17-Allylestr-4-en-17 beta-ol. A synthetic steroid with progestational activity.

UI = D000500

 

Allylglycine

AN = a convulsant

MS = An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase and an antagonist of GABA. It is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals.

UI = D000501

 

Allylisopropylacetamide

MS = An allylic compound that acts as a suicide inactivator of CYTOCHROME P450 by covalently binding to its heme moiety or surrounding protein.

UI = D000502

 

Almanacs

AN = for med almanacs, do not coord with MEDICINE; do not confuse with Publication Type ALMANACS

MS = Publications, usually annual, containing a calendar for the coming year, the times of such events and phenomena as anniversaries, sunrises, sunsets, phases of the moon, tides, meteorological, and other statistical information and related topics. Almanacs are also annual reference books of useful and interesting facts relating to countries of the world, sports, entertainment, population groups, etc. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D000503

 

Almanacs [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for almanacs as a subject, index under main heading ALMANACS

MS = Works containing a calendar of days, weeks, and months, together with information such as astronomical data, various statistics, etc. (From Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special Collections Cataloguing, 2d ed)

UI = D019482

 

Almitrine

AN = a respiratory stimulant

MS = 6-(4-(Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)-1-piperazinyl)-N,N'-di-2-propenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine. A respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep.

UI = D015765

 

Aloe

AN = plant source of drugs with various uses

MS = A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloin-emodin or aloe-emodin (EMODIN) that cause gastrointestinal irritation, purgation, and kidney damage. It was used formerly as a laxative and for treatment of dermatitis.

UI = D000504

 

Alopecia

MS = Absence of the hair from areas where it is normally present.

UI = D000505

 

Alopecia Areata

AN = baldness in defined areas

MS = A microscopically inflammatory, usually reversible, patchy hair loss occurring in sharply defined areas and usually involving the beard or scalp. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000506

 

Alouatta

AN = New World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A genus of the subfamily ALOUATTINAE, family CEBIDAE, composed of six species. They are A. belzebul (black and red howler), A. caraya (black howler), A. fusca (brown howler), A. palliata (mantled howler), A. seniculus (red howler), and A. villosa (also known as A. pigra; Guatemalan howler). They inhabit the forests of Central and South America. Howlers travel in groups and define their territories by howling accompanied by vigorously shaking and breaking branches.

UI = D000508

 

Alouattinae

AN = New World monkeys; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A subfamily of CEBIDAE inhabiting the forests of Central and South America. The genus ALOUATTA, or howler monkeys, belongs to this subfamily of New World monkeys.

UI = D016661

 

Alpha Particles

AN = ionizing; radiation policy: see Manual index under RADIATION & entries following

MS = Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability.

UI = D000512

 

Alpha Rhythm

AN = in EEG; /drug eff /rad eff permitted

MS = Brain waves in the encephalogram which have a frequency of 8 to 13 per second. They are typical of the normal person awake and in a quiet resting state, and occur principally in the occipital region. (Dorland, 27th ed, p1851)

UI = D000513

 

alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid

AN = a glutamate agonist used as a radionuclide imaging agent; DF: note short X ref

MS = alpha-Amino-2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-oxo-4-isoxazolepropanoic acid. An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.

UI = D018350

 

alpha-Amylase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glycosidic linkages in starch, glycogen, and related polysaccharides and oligosaccharides containing 3 or more 1,4-alpha-linked D-glucose units. EC 3.2.1.1.

UI = D000516

 

alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin

AN = a serpin & acute phase protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Glycoprotein found in alpha(1)-globulin region in human serum. It inhibits chymotrypsin-like proteinases in vivo and has cytotoxic killer-cell activity in vitro. The protein also has a role as an acute-phase protein and is active in the control of immunologic and inflammatory processes, and as a tumor marker. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.

UI = D000514

 

alpha 1-Antitrypsin

AN = a serpin & acute phase protein

MS = Plasma glycoprotein member of the serpin superfamily which inhibits trypsin, neutrophil elastase, and other proteolytic enzymes. Commonly referred to as alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (A1PI), it exists in over 30 different biochemical variant forms known collectively as the Pi (protease inhibitor) system. Hereditary A1PI deficiency is associated with pulmonary emphysema.

UI = D000515

 

alpha-Chlorohydrin

AN = a male contraceptive

MS = 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol. A chlorinated propanediol compound that has shown anti-fertility activity in males and has been used as a chemosterilant in rodents.

UI = D000517

 

alpha-Fetoproteins (see Fetoproteins)

 

alpha-Galactosidase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-galactose residues in alpha-galactosides including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans, and galactolipids. EC 3.2.1.22.

UI = D000519

 

Alpha-Globulins

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = The serum globulins with the most rapid electrophoretic migration, further subdivided into faster alpha(1)- and slower alpha(2)-globulins. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000510

 

alpha-Glucosidases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the exohydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glucosidic linkages with release of alpha-glucose. EC 3.2.1.20.

UI = D000520

 

Alphaherpesvirinae

AN = a subfamily of the family Herpesviridae; infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A subfamily of HERPESVIRIDAE characterized by a short replication cycle. There are two genera: SIMPLEXVIRUS and VARICELLOVIRUS.

UI = D018138

 

alpha-Macroglobulins

MS = Glycoproteins with a molecular weight of approximately 620,000 to 680,000. Precipitation by electrophoresis is in the alpha region. They include alpha 1-macroglobulins and alpha 2-macroglobulins. These proteins exhibit trypsin-, chymotrypsin-, thrombin-, and plasmin-binding activity and function as hormonal transporters.

UI = D000511

 

alpha-MSH

AN = a neurotransmitter pituitary hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A 13-amino acid peptide derived from the anterior pituitary gland in man and from the pars intermedia in lower vertebrates. Its amino acid sequence is identical to the first 13 amino acids of ACTH. It influences the formation of deposition of melanin in the body and produces color changes in the skin of amphibians, fishes and reptiles. It is secreted in humans only during fetal life and occasionally during pregnancy.

UI = D000521

 

Alphaprodine

AN = an opioid analgesic

MS = An opioid analgesic chemically related to and with an action resembling that of MEPERIDINE, but more rapid in onset and of shorter duration. It has been used in obstetrics, as pre-operative medication, for minor surgical procedures, and for dental procedures. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1067)

UI = D000522

 

Alphavirus Infections

AN = caused by a togavirus; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Virus diseases caused by members of the ALPHAVIRUS genus of the family TOGAVIRIDAE.

UI = D018354

 

Algestone

AN = a synthetic progestational hormone

MS = 16 alpha,17-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. Progestational dihydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE. Its acetonide possesses anti-inflammatory properties.

UI = D000523

 

Almshouses

AN = in hist contexts only; check hist tags

MS = Privately endowed or public charities or institutions receiving and supporting the aged or infirm poor. They sometimes functioned as centers of health care before the establishment of formal hospitals. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed & Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)

UI = D019022

 

 

Alphavirus

AN = a genus of the family Togaviridae; infection = ALPHAVIRUS INFECTIONS

MS = A genus of TOGAVIRIDAE, also known as Group A arboviruses, serologically related to each other but not to other Togaviridae. The viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes. The type species is the SINDBIS VIRUS.

UI = D000524

 

Alprazolam

AN = an anti-anxiety agent

MS = 8-Chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-(1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-a)(1,4)benzodiazepine. A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia, and in generalized anxiety disorder. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238)

UI = D000525

 

Alprenolol

AN = an antihypertensive & anti-arrhythmic

MS = 1-((1-Methylethyl)amino)-3-(2-(2-propenyl)phenoxy)-2-propanol. Adrenergic beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.

UI = D000526

 

Alprostadil

AN = a prostaglandin E with many biol functions; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref

MS = A potent vasodilator agent that increases peripheral blood flow. It inhibits platelet aggregation and has many other biological effects such as bronchodilation, mediation of inflammation, etc.

UI = D000527

 

Alternaria

AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOSES (IM) or specific mycosis (IM)

MS = A mitosporic Loculoascomycetes fungal genus including several plant pathogens and at least one species which produces a highly phytotoxic antibiotic. Its teleomorph is Lewia.

UI = D000528

 

Alternative Medicine

AN = non-orthodox ther practices without conventional biomed explanations; do not editorialize: use the term used by the author; X ref COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE is the British term; do not confuse with "alternative health care delivery system" (index under general DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE or specific health service or facility); DF: ALTERNATIVE MED

MS = An unrelated group of non-orthodox therapeutic practices, often with explanatory systems that do not follow conventional biomedical explanations. (MeSH Term Working Group, Office of Alternative Medicine, NIH)

UI = D000529

 

Alternative Splicing

AN = a form of RNA splicing where multiple protein isoforms are generated from a single gene

MS = A process whereby multiple protein isoforms are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of nonconsecutive exons during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form messenger RNA. The alternative forms produce proteins in which one part is common while the other part is different.

UI = D017398

 

Althesin

MS = 3-Hydroxypregnane-11,20-dione mixture with 21-(acetyloxy)-3-hydroxypregnane-11,20-dione (3:1). A 3:1 mixture of alfaxalone with alfadolone acetate that previously had been used as a general anesthetic. It is no longer actively marketed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1445)

UI = D000530

 

Altitude

AN = no qualif; consider also ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; /adv eff = probably ALTITUDE SICKNESS

UI = D000531

 

Altitude Sickness

AN = anoxia from high altitude

MS = A morbid condition of anoxia caused by the reduced pressure of oxygen at high altitudes.

UI = D000532

 

Altretamine

AN = an alkylating antineoplastic

MS = N,N,N',N',N'',N''-Hexamethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine. An alkylating agent proposed as an antineoplastic. It also acts as a chemosterilant for male houseflies and other insects.

UI = D006585

 

Altruism

AN = no qualif

MS = Consideration and concern for other people, as opposed to self-love or egoism, which can be a motivating influence.

UI = D000533

 

Alu Elements

MS = The Alu sequence family (named for the restriction endonuclease cleavage enzyme Alu I) is the most highly repeated interspersed repeat element in humans (over a million copies). It is derived from the 7SL RNA component of the SIGNAL RECOGNITION PARTICLE and contains an RNA polymerase III promoter. Transposition of this element into coding and regulatory regions of genes is responsible for many heritable diseases.

UI = D020087

 

Alum Compounds

AN = astringents; also many indust uses; used also in vet med; D25-26 qualif; DF: ALUM CPDS

MS = Aluminum metal sulfate compounds used medically as astringents and for many industrial purposes. They are used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of ulcerative stomatitis, leukorrhea, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, metritis, and minor wounds.

UI = D000534

 

Aluminum

AN = Al-27; Al-23-26, 28-30 = ALUMINUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

MS = Aluminum. An extremely light, whitish, lustrous metallic element, atomic number 13, and atomic weight 26.982. Aluminum compounds are used chiefly for their antacid and astringent properties. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000535

 

Aluminum Compounds

AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: ALUMINUM CPDS

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain aluminum as an integral part of the molecule.

UI = D017607

 

Aluminum Hydroxide

AN = an antacid with many other uses: read MeSH definition

MS = Hydrated aluminum. A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc.

UI = D000536

 

Aluminum Oxide

AN = in nature as various minerals; several industrial uses

MS = Aluminum oxide (Al2O3). An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.

UI = D000537

 

Aluminum Silicates

AN = "numerous types of clay"

MS = Any of the numerous types of clay which contain varying proportions of Al2O3 and SiO2. They are made synthetically by heating aluminum fluoride at 1000-2000 degrees C with silica and water vapor. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

UI = D000538

 

Alveolar Bone Loss

AN = caused by periodontal dis; use Cat C qualif; coord IM with MANDIBULAR DISEASES or MAXILLARY DISEASES (IM or NIM)

MS = The resorption of bone in the supporting structures of the maxilla or mandible as a result of periodontal disease.

UI = D016301

 

Alveolar Process

AN = part of jaw surrounding & supporting the teeth; dis: coord with JAW DISEASES or specific precoord jaw dis (IM); for /surg, prefer ALVEOLECTOMY or ALVEOLOPLASTY

MS = That portion of bone in either the maxilla or the mandible which surrounds and supports the teeth. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000539

 

Alveolar Ridge Augmentation

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Preprosthetic surgery involving rib, cartilage, or iliac crest bone grafts, usually autologous, or synthetic implants for rebuilding the alveolar ridge.

UI = D000540

 

Alveolectomy

AN = excision of part of the ALVEOLAR PROCESS (see note there); do not confuse with ALVEOLOPLASTY; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Subtotal or complete excision of the alveolar process of the maxilla or mandible. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000541

 

Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic

AN = a type of resp hypersensitivity

MS = Conditions in which inhalation of organic dusts results in hypersensitivity reactions at the alveolar level, associated with the production of precipitins.

UI = D000542

 

Alveoloplasty

AN = refers to ALVEOLAR PROCESS (see note there); do not confuse with ALVEOLECTOMY; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Conservative contouring of the alveolar process, in preparation for immediate or future denture construction. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000543

 

Alzheimer Disease

AN = presenile or senile brain degeneration

MS = A degenerative organic mental disease characterized by progressive brain deterioration and dementia. The disease was originally described as DEMENTIA, PRESENILE occurring in persons under the age of 65 (as opposed to DEMENTIA, SENILE with onset at or after 65); however, onset may occur at any age. There is no pathophysiological nor clinical distinction between the two stages of onset of Alzheimer's. Women appear to be affected twice as frequently as men. It is characterized pathologically by the triad of SENILE PLAQUES, NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES, and NEUROPIL THREADS.

UI = D000544

 

Amanita

AN = a poisonous basidiomycete; coord NIM for MUSHROOM POISONING (IM) by Amanita

MS = A genus of fungi of the family Agaricaceae, order Agaricales; most species are poisonous.

UI = D000545

 

Amanitins

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS

MS = Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.

UI = D000546

 

Amantadine

AN = an antiviral & antiparkinson agent

MS = An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake.

UI = D000547

 

Amaranth

AN = a coloring agent: index Amaranth, the plant, under HERBS; D25-26 qualif

MS = 3-Hydroxy-4-((4-sulfo-1-naphthalenyl)azo)-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid trisodium salt. A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D000548

 

Ambenonium Chloride

AN = a cholinesterase inhib

MS = A quaternary ammonium compound that is an inhibitor of cholinesterase activity with actions similar to those of NEOSTIGMINE, but of longer duration. Ambenonium is given by mouth in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1112)

UI = D000549

 

Amber

AN = a resin; do not confuse with AMBER (Advanced Multiple Beam Equalization Radiography) or amber codon or amber suppressor; D25-26 qualif

MS = A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber.

UI = D018647

 

Ambergris

AN = a wax mass from sperm whale intestine; D25-26 qualif

MS = A grayish waxy mass of material ejected from the intestinal tract of the sperm whale, Physeter catodon, and made up of cholesterol and varying amounts of fatty oil, benzoic acid, ambrein, and other materials. It is used as a fixative in perfumery. The word comes from the Latin, ambra grisea, gray amber. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018648

 

Amblyopia

AN = uni- or bilateral decrease in form vision

MS = Condition in which there is a unilateral or bilateral decrease in form vision. Because of the defect in visual fixation, pursuit (following) movements are impaired when the amblyopic eye is used for fixation.

UI = D000550

 

Ambroxol

AN = stimulates mucociliary action

MS = A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.

UI = D000551

 

Ambulances

MS = A vehicle equipped for transporting patients in need of emergency care.

UI = D000552

 

Ambulatory Care

MS = Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility.

UI = D000553

 

Ambulatory Care Facilities

AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Those facilities which administer health services to individuals who do not require hospitalization or institutionalization.

UI = D000554

 

Ambulatory Care Information Systems

AN = IM

MS = Information systems, usually computer-assisted, designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling administrative activities associated with the provision and utilization of ambulatory care services and facilities.

UI = D000555

 

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures

AN = outpatient surg performed in MD's office, surgicenter or hosp

MS = Surgery performed on an outpatient basis. It may be hospital-based or performed in an office or surgicenter.

UI = D000556

 

Ambystoma

AN = salamander; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

MS = A genus of the Ambystomatidae family. The best known species of this genus are the axolotl forms AMBYSTOMA MEXICANUM and Ambystoma tigrinum. They may retain gills and remain aquatic without developing all of the adult characteristics. However, under proper changes in the environment they metamorphose.

UI = D000557

 

Ambystoma mexicanum

AN = salamander; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

MS = An axolotl found in Mexican mountain lakes and accounting for about 30 percent of the urodeles used in research.

UI = D000558

 

Ambystomatidae

AN = a family of salamanders; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

MS = A family of the class Urodela which includes 4 living genera, about 33 species, and occurs only in North America. Adults are usually terrestrial, but the larval forms are aquatic.

UI = D000559

 

Amdinocillin

AN = a penicillin

MS = 6-(((Hexahydro-1H-azepin-1-yl)methylene)amino)-3,3-dimethyl- 7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid. Amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action. It is poorly absorbed if given orally and is used in urinary infections and typhus.

UI = D000560

 

Amdinocillin Pivoxil

AN = a penicillin

MS = 6-(((Hexahydro-1H-azepin-1-yl)methylene)amino)-3,3-dimethyl- 7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid (2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropoxy)methyl ester. Pivaloyloxymethyl ester of amdinocillin that is well absorbed orally, but broken down to amdinocillin in the intestinal mucosa. It is active against gram-negative organisms and used as for amdinocillin.

UI = D000561

 

Amebiasis

AN = caused by "any of various amebae"; /drug ther: consider also AMEBICIDES; note X ref ABSCESS, AMEBIC: LIVER ABSCESS, AMEBIC is also available

MS = Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.

UI = D000562

 

Amebicides

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific amebicide; consider also AMOEBA /drug eff & AMEBIASIS /drug ther

MS = Agents which are destructive to amebae, especially the parasitic species causing AMEBIASIS in man and animal.

UI = D000563

 

Ameloblastoma

AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably JAW NEOPLASMS (IM) or precoord jaw/neopl term (IM)

MS = An epithelial tumor of the jaw originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the developing period of the enamel.

UI = D000564

 

Ameloblasts

AN = an epithelial cell in the enamel organ; A 11 qualif

MS = Cylindrical epithelial cells in the innermost layer of the ENAMEL ORGAN. Their functions include contribution to the development of the dentinoenamel junction by the deposition of a layer of the matrix, thus producing the foundation for the prisms (the structural units of the DENTAL ENAMEL), and production of the matrix for the enamel prisms and interprismatic substance. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

UI = D000565

 

Amelogenesis

AN = formation of dent enamel; DENTINOGENESIS, formation of dentin, is also available

MS = The elaboration of dental enamel by ameloblasts, beginning with its participation in the formation of the dentino-enamel junction to the production of the matrix for the enamel prisms and interprismatic substance. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

UI = D000566

 

Amelogenesis Imperfecta

AN = a tooth abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An autosomal dominant or X-linked disorder in which there is faulty development of the dental enamel owing to agenesis, hypoplasia, or hypocalcification of the enamel. It is marked by enamel that is very thin and friable and frequently stained in various shades of brown. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000567

 

Amenorrhea

AN = absence of menstruation; HYPOMENORRHEA see MENSTRUATION DISORDERS is also available; "postpartum amenorrhea" is indexed under AMENORRHEA (IM) + PUERPERIUM (IM) & not LACTATION unless lactation is particularly discussed

MS = Absence of menstruation.

UI = D000568

 

American Cancer Society

AN = add UNITED STATES or specific state (NIM) CATALOG: use NAF entry

MS = A voluntary organization concerned with the prevention and treatment of cancer through education and research.

UI = D000570

 

American Dental Association

AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: ADA CATALOG: use NAF entry

MS = Professional society representing the field of dentistry.

UI = D000571

 

American Heart Association

AN = add UNITED STATES or specific state (NIM): DF: AMERICAN HEART ASSOC CATALOG: use NAF entry

MS = A voluntary organization concerned with the prevention and treatment of heart and vascular diseases.

UI = D000572

 

American Hospital Association

AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: AHA CATALOG: use NAF entry

MS = A professional society in the United States whose membership is composed of hospitals.

UI = D000573

 

American Medical Association

AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: AMA CATALOG: use NAF entry

MS = Professional society representing the field of medicine.

UI = D000574

 

American Nurses' Association

AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: ANA CATALOG: use NAF entry

MS = Professional society representing the field of nursing.

UI = D000575

 

American Samoa

AN = an island group in Samoa; admin by US Dept of Interior

MS = A group of islands of SAMOA, in the southwest central Pacific. Its capital is Pago Pago. The islands were ruled by native chiefs until about 1869. An object of American interest beginning in 1839, Pago Pago and trading and extraterritorial rights were granted to the United States in 1878. The United States, Germany, and England administered the islands jointly 1889-99, but in 1899 they were granted to the United States by treaty. The Department of the Interior has administered American Samoa since 1951. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p44)

UI = D018948

 

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association

AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: ASHA CATALOG: use NAF entry

MS = A professional society concerned with the diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and remediation of speech, language, and hearing disorders.

UI = D016235

 

Americas

AN = too general; avoid; prefer specific continents or countries; titles saying "American" are likely to be indexed to UNITED STATES, not here

MS = The general name for NORTH AMERICA, CENTRAL AMERICA, and SOUTH AMERICA unspecified or combined.

UI = D000569

 

Americium

AN = naturally radioactive; IM

MS = Americium. A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, atomic number 95, and atomic weight 243. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.

UI = D000576

 

Amide Synthases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the joining of either ammonia or an amide with another molecule, in which the linkage is in the form of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.1.

UI = D019732

 

Amides

MS = Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D000577

 

 

Amidine-Lyases

MS = These enzymes catalyze the elimination of ammonia from amidines with the formation of a double bond. EC 4.3.2.

UI = D019760

 

Amidines

UI = D000578

 

Amidinotransferases

MS = A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amidino group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.4.

UI = D000579

 

Amido Black

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = 4-Amino-5-hydroxy-3-((4-nitrophenyl)azo)-6-(phenylazo)-2,7- naphthalenedisulfonic acid disodium salt. A dye used to stain proteins in electrophoretic techniques. It is used interchangeably with its acid form.

UI = D000580

 

Amidohydrolases

UI = D000581

 

Amidophosphoribosyltransferase

MS = An enzyme, involved in the early steps of purine nucleotide biosynthesis, that catalyzes the formation of 5-phosphoribosylamine from glutamine and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. EC 2.4.2.14.

UI = D000582

 

Amifostine

AN = a radiation-protective agent; D25-26 qualif

MS = 2-((3-Aminopropyl)amino)ethanethiol dihydrogen phosphate (ester). A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.

UI = D004999

 

Amikacin

AN = an aminoglycoside antibiotic

MS = O-3-Amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-O-(6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-N(1)-(4-amino-2-hydroxy-1-oxobutyl)-2-deoxy-D-streptamine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and ototoxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.

UI = D000583

 

Amiloride

MS = A pyrazine compound inhibiting sodium reabsorbtion through sodium channels in renal epithelial cells. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with diuretics to spare potassium loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705)

UI = D000584

 

Aminacrine

AN = a fluorescent dye & anti-infective; D25-26 qualif

MS = Highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as intracellular pH indicator.

UI = D000585

 

Amination

AN = almost never IM; enzymatic amination: coord NIM with TRANSAMINASES (IM) + substrate (NIM) or specific transaminase (IM)

MS = The creation of an amine, either by addition of an amino group to an organic acceptor compound or by reduction of a nitro compound. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000586

 

Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)

MS = A group of enzymes including those oxidizing primary monoamines, diamines, and histamine. They are copper proteins, and, as their action depends on a carbonyl group, they are sensitive to inhibition by semicarbazide. EC 1.4.3.6.

UI = D006631

 

Amine Oxidoreductases

MS = Enzymes catalyzing the dehydrogenation of secondary amines, introducing a C=N double bond as the primary reaction. In some cases this is later hydrolyzed.

UI = D000587

 

Amines

MS = A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D000588

 

Amino Acid Activation

AN = IM; coord with specific amino acid (IM)

MS = The first step of protein synthesis, whereby an amino acid reacts with adenosine triphosphate in the presence of aminoacyl RNA synthetase to produce an amino acid adenylate, which provides the energy necessary for the attachment of the amino acid to a specific transfer RNA molecule.

UI = D000589

 

Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones

AN = serine proteinase inhib; DF: AACK

MS = Inhibitors of serine proteinases and sulfhydryl group-containing enzymes. They act as alkylating agents and are known to interfere in the translation process.

UI = D000590

 

Amino Acid Isomerases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze either the racemization or epimerization of chiral centers within amino acids or derivatives. EC 5.1.1.

UI = D000591

 

Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific amino acid /metab (IM); DF: AA METAB INBORN ERR CATALOG: do not use /in inf

UI = D000592

 

Amino Acid Naphthylamidases

UI = D000593

 

Amino Acid Neurotransmitters

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Amino acids released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Among the amino acid neurotransmitters are glutamate (GLUTAMIC ACID) and GABA which are, respectively, the most common excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.

UI = D018378

 

 

 

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases

MS = A class of enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions of amino acids. EC 1.4.-.

UI = D000594

 

Amino Acid Sequence

AN = IM general; coord NIM with specific protein or peptide; when to index with MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA: see note there; DF: AMINO ACID SEQ or AA SEQ

MS = The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

UI = D000595

 

Amino Acid Substitution

MS = The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more amino acids in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

UI = D019943

 

Aminoacyltransferases

MS = A sub-subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an aminoacyl group from one molecule to another with the formation of an ester or an amide linkage. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.3.2.

UI = D019881

 

Amino Acids

AN = /urine permitted but consider also AMINOACIDURIA, RENAL

MS = Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

UI = D000596

 

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain

MS = Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

UI = D000597

 

Amino Acids, Cyclic

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals

MS = A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.

UI = D000598

 

Amino Acids, Diamino

UI = D000599

 

Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic

UI = D000600

 

Amino Acids, Essential

UI = D000601

 

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

MS = Amino acids and chains of amino acids connected by peptide linkages.

UI = D000602

 

Amino Acids, Sulfur

UI = D000603

 

Amino Acyl-tRNA Ligases

MS = Any of the group of ligases that catalyzes the ATP-driven formation of a bond between an amino acid and a tRNA, activating the amino acids as a step in protein synthesis. Individual enzymes are highly specific for one amino acid and for any tRNA corresponding to that amino acid. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 6.1.1.

UI = D000604

 

Amino Alcohols

MS = Compounds possessing both a hydroxyl (-OH) and an amino group (-NH2).

UI = D000605

 

Amino Sugars

UI = D000606

 

Aminoacetonitrile

MS = Cyanomethylamine.

UI = D000607

 

Aminoaciduria, Renal

AN = impairment of renal tubule transport of amino acids; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific amino acid /urine (IM) CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Impairment of renal tubular transport of amino acids.

UI = D000608

 

Aminoacridines

MS = Acridines which are substituted in any position by one or more amino groups or substituted amino groups.

UI = D000609

 

2-Aminoadipic Acid

MS = A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA).

UI = D015074

 

p-Aminoazobenzene

AN = a dye; D25-26 qualif

MS = Used in the form of its salts as a dye and as an intermediate in manufacture of Acid Yellow, diazo dyes, and indulines.

UI = D010128

 

4-Aminobenzoic Acid

MS = A member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. It is also employed as a sunscreening agent. The potassium salt is used therapeutically in fibrotic skin disorders.

UI = D010129

 

 

o-Aminoazotoluene

AN = a carcinogen; D25-26 qualif

MS = An azo dye with carcinogenic properties.

UI = D009762

 

Aminobenzoic Acids

MS = BENZOIC ACID substituted with an amino group. They can either be mono-, di-, or tri- substituted. Para-aminobenzoic acid (see 4-AMINOBENZOIC ACID) is considered a member of the vitamin b complex.

UI = D000610

 

Aminobiphenyl Compounds

AN = DF: AMINOBIPHENYL CPDS

MS = Biphenyl compounds substituted in any position by one or more amino groups. Permitted are any substituents except fused rings.

UI = D000611

 

4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase

MS = An enzyme that converts brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) into succinate semialdehyde, which can be converted to succinic acid and enter the citric acid cycle. It also acts on beta-alanine. EC 2.6.1.19.

UI = D000612

 

Aminobutyric Acids

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Aliphatic four carbon acids substituted in any position(s) with amino group(s). They are found in most living things. The best known is GABA.

UI = D000613

 

Aminocaproic Acids

MS = A group of compounds that are derivatives of aminohexanoic acids.

UI = D000614

 

6-Aminocaproic Acid

AN = an antifibrinolytic agent

MS = 6-Aminohexanoic acid. An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.

UI = D015119

 

Aminoethylphosphonic Acid

MS = (2-Aminoethyl)-phosphonic acid. An organophosphorus compound isolated from human and animal tissues.

UI = D000615

 

Aminoglutethimide

AN = an aromatase inhib

MS = An aromatase inhibitor that produces a state of "medical" adrenalectomy by blocking the production of adrenal steroids. It also blocks the conversion of androgens to estrogens. Aminoglutethimide has been used in the treatment of advanced breast and prostate cancer. It was formerly used for its weak anticonvulsant properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p454)

UI = D000616

 

Aminoglycosides

AN = "aminoglycosides" in a clinical context almost always means ANTIBIOTICS, AMINOGLYCOSIDE but check text

UI = D000617

 

p-Aminohippuric Acid

MS = The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.

UI = D010130

 

Aminohippuric Acids

MS = A group of glycine amides of aminobenzoic acids.

UI = D000618

 

Aminohydrolases

UI = D000619

 

Aminoimidazole Carboxamide

MS = 5-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide. An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.

UI = D000620

 

Aminoisobutyric Acids

MS = A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.

UI = D000621

 

Aminolevulinic Acid

MS = An intermediate in the synthesis of HEME, produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000622

 

5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase

MS = An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes condensation of the succinyl group from succinyl coenzyme A with glycine to form delta-aminolevulinate. It is a pyridoxyl phosphate protein and the reaction occurs in mitochondria as the first step of the heme biosynthetic pathway. The enzyme is a key regulatory enzyme in heme biosynthesis and, in liver at least, is feedback inhibited by heme. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.3.1.37.

UI = D000624

 

6-Aminonicotinamide

AN = a teratogenic vitamin antag

MS = A vitamin antagonist which has teratogenic effects.

UI = D015120

 

Aminooxyacetic Acid

AN = an enzyme inhib

MS = A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.

UI = D000625

 

Aminopeptidases

UI = D000626

 

Aminophenols

MS = Phenols substituted in any position by an amino group.

UI = D000627

 

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate

AN = a glutamate antag; DF: AP5

MS = A potent and specific antagonist of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA) in the D-enantiomeric form. The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.

UI = D015763

 

Aminophylline

AN = a broncho- & vasodilator

MS = A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.

UI = D000628

 

Aminopropionitrile

MS = 3-Aminopropanenitrile. Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.

UI = D000629

 

Aminopterin

AN = a folic acid antag

MS = N-(4-(((2,4-Diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid. A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.

UI = D000630

 

2-Aminopurine

AN = an antimetabolite

MS = A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).

UI = D015075

 

4-Aminopyridine

AN = a potassium channel blocker

MS = A potassium channel blocker. It is used primarily as a research tool and is helpful in characterizing subtypes of potassium channels. It has been used clinically in Lambert-Eaton syndrome and multiple sclerosis because by blocking potassium channels it prolongs action potentials thereby increasing transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction (and elsewhere).

UI = D015761

 

Aminopyridines

AN = = pyridinamines & pyridylamines

MS = Pyridines substituted in any position with an amino group. May be hydrogenated, but must retain at least one double bond.

UI = D000631

 

Aminopyrine

AN = a non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent; do not confuse DIPYRINE (X ref) with DIPYRONE

MS = A drug with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but, owing to the risk of agranulocytosis, whose use is discouraged. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p3)

UI = D000632

 

Aminopyrine N-Demethylase

UI = D000633

 

Aminoquinolines

MS = Quinolines substituted in any position by one or more amino groups.

UI = D000634

 

Aminorex

AN = an appetite depressant

MS = 2-Amino-5-phenyl-2-oxazoline. An amphetamine-like anorectic agent. It may cause pulmonary hypertension.

UI = D000635

 

p-Aminosalicylic Acid

AN = AMINOSALICYLIC ACIDS is also available

MS = An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.

UI = D010131

 

Aminosalicylic Acids

AN = P-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID is also available

MS = A group of 2-hydroxybenzoic acids that can be substituted by amino groups at any of the 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-positions.

UI = D000636

 

Amiodarone

AN = a vasodilator & anti-arrhythmic

MS = (2-Butyl-3-benzofuranyl)(4-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl)methanone. An antianginal and antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting Na,K-activated myocardial adenosine triphosphatase. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.

UI = D000638

 

Amitriptyline

AN = an antidepressant

MS = 3-(10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanamine. Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It prevents the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals and is used particularly in the treatment of endogenous depression.

UI = D000639

 

Amitrole

MS = A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.

UI = D000640

 

Amlodipine

AN = a calcium channel blocker & antihypertensive

MS = 2-((2-Aminoethoxy)methyl)-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid 3-ethyl 5-methyl ester. A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.

UI = D017311

 

Ammonia

AN = a colorless alkaline gas; formed in body during decomposition of organic matter

MS = Ammonia. A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions.

UI = D000641

 

Ammonia-Lyases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the formation of a C=C bond in a molecule by liberation of ammonia. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 4.3.1.

UI = D000642

 

Ammonium Chloride

AN = an acidifying agent & diuretic; /analogs = AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS

MS = Ammonium chloride, (NH4)Cl. A systemic acidifying agent that has been used as a diuretic and an expectorant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000643

 

Ammonium Compounds

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: AMMONIUM CPDS

MS = Inorganic and organic compounds that contain the hypothetical radical NH4.

UI = D000644

 

Ammonium Sulfate

MS = Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in fractionation of proteins.

UI = D000645

 

Ammotherapy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Treatment by application of hot sand.

UI = D000646

 

Amnesia

AN = pathol loss of memory

MS = Pathologic loss of memory. May be of psychologic, organic or mixed origin.

UI = D000647

 

Amnesia, Retrograde

AN = amnesia for events occurring before onset of amnesia

MS = Amnesia for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia.

UI = D000648

 

Amniocentesis

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Percutaneous transabdominal puncture of the uterus during pregnancy to obtain amniotic fluid. It is commonly used for fetal karyotype determination in order to diagnose abnormal fetal conditions.

UI = D000649

 

Amnion

AN = not restricted to mammals; intra-amniotic injections = AMNION + INJECTIONS; amniotomy = AMNION /surg + probably LABOR, INDUCED

MS = The thin but tough extraembryonic membrane of reptiles, birds, and mammals that lines the chorion and contains the fetus and amniotic fluid around it. In mammals it is derived from the TROPHOBLAST by folding or splitting. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000650

 

Amnioscopy

AN = = exam of amnion & amniotic fluid: do not confuse with FETOSCOPY, exam of fetus; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Direct observation of the fetus and the color and amount of the amniotic fluid by means of a specially designed endoscope inserted through the uterine cervix. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000651

 

Amniotic Band Syndrome

AN = constriction bands in newborn inf; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A disorder present in the newborn infant in which constriction rings or bands, causing soft tissue depressions, encircle digits, extremities, or limbs and sometimes the neck, thorax, or abdomen. They may be associated with intrauterine amputations.

UI = D000652

 

Amniotic Fluid

AN = intra-amniotic injections do not go here: use AMNION + INJECTIONS; excess fluid & polyhydramnios = POLYHYDRAMNIOS

MS = Fluid within the amniotic cavity produced by the AMNION at the very earliest period of fetation and later by lungs and kidneys. At first crystal clear, it later becomes cloudy. The amount at term normally varies from 500 to 2000 ml. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000653

 

Amobarbital

AN = a sedative

MS = A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565)

UI = D000654

 

Amodiaquine

AN = an antimalarial

MS = A 4-aminoquinoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties, used for the suppressiom and treatment of malaria, for the treatment of giardiasis and extraintestinal amebiasis, for the suppression of lupus erythematosus, and as an anti-inflammatory in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It is administered orally. (From Dorland, 28th ed.)

UI = D000655

 

Amoeba

AN = the genus name: X ref AMEBA sometimes used loosely for the common nouns ameba & amoeba; /drug eff: consider also AMEBICIDES; infection = AMEBIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A genus of ameboid protozoa. Characteristics include a vesicular nucleus and the formation of several lodopodia, one of which is dominant at a given time. Reproduction occurs asexually by binary fission.

UI = D000656

 

Amoebida

AN = an order of ameboid protozoa; usually nonpathogenic

MS = An order of ameboid protozoa that is commonly uninucleate and possess mitochondria. Most organisms are nonpathogenic.

UI = D016841

 

Amoxapine

MS = The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both. It also blocks dopamine receptors.

UI = D000657

 

Amoxicillin

AN = an ampicillin

MS = (2S-(2 alpha,5 alpha,6 beta(S*)))-6-((Amino(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid. A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.

UI = D000658

 

Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination

AN = DF: Amox-clav

MS = A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate, an aminopenicillin, and potassium clavulanate (see CLAVULANIC ACID), a beta-lactamase inhibitor, used to treat a broad-spectrum of bacterial infections, especially resistant strains.

UI = D019980

 

AMP, Cyclic (see: Cyclic AMP)

 

AMP Deaminase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of AMP to IMP. EC 3.5.4.6.

UI = D000659

 

Amphetamine

AN = a CNS stimulant; a specific chem: do not confuse with AMPHETAMINES; d-amphetamine = DEXTROAMPHETAMINE; N-methylamphetamine = METHAMPHETAMINE

MS = A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.

UI = D000661

 

Amphetamine-Related Disorders

MS = Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.

UI = D019969

 

Amphetamines

AN = CNS stimulants & appetite depressants; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with AMPHETAMINE, a specific chem; N-methylamphetamine = METHAMPHETAMINE

MS = Analogs or derivatives of AMPHETAMINE. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation; these agents may be used for fatigue, narcolepsy, parkinsonism, hypotension, or appetite depression; since tolerance is quickly developed, they are potentially prone to abuse and psychic dependence.

UI = D000662

 

Amphibia

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific available orders, families & genera; includes frogs, toads, newts & salamanders; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

UI = D000663

 

Amphibian Venoms

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted; coord IM with specific amphibian (IM or NIM)

MS = Venoms produced by frogs, toads, salamanders, etc. The venom glands are usually on the skin of the back and contain cardiotoxic glycosides, cholinolytics, and a number of other bioactive materials, many of which have been characterized. The venoms have been used as arrow poisons and include bufogenin, bufotoxin, bufagin, bufotalin, histrionicotoxins, and pumiliotoxin.

UI = D000664

 

Ampholyte Mixtures

AN = buffers; D25-26 qualif

MS = Such mixtures of amphoteric electrolytes or buffers that provide a continuous range of pH in an electric field; used for separating proteins by their isoelectric points, i.e., by isoelectric focusing.

UI = D000665

 

Amphotericin B

AN = a macrolide antifungal antibiotic

MS = Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.

UI = D000666

 

Ampicillin

AN = a penicillin, a lactam antiobiotic

MS = 6-((Aminophenylacetyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1- azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid. Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.

UI = D000667

 

Ampicillin Resistance

MS = Nonsusceptibility of a microbe to the action of ampicillin, a penicillin derivative that interferes with cell wall synthesis.

UI = D000668

 

Amplifiers

AN = NIM

MS = Electronic devices that increase the strength of an input signal, or apparatus for increasing the magnification of a microscope. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000669

 

Amprolium

AN = a coccidiostat

MS = 1-((4-Amino-2-propyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-2-methylpyridinium chloride. Veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with thiamine metabolism. It may cause thiamine deficiency.

UI = D000670

 

Amputation

AN = a surg procedure: do not confuse with AMPUTATION, TRAUMATIC; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = The removal of a limb or other appendage or outgrowth of the body. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000671

 

Amputation Stumps

AN = restrict to extremities: do not use for gastric stump ( = GASTRIC STUMP), appendiceal stump, ureteral stump, cervical stump & the like (indexed probably under relevant -ECTOMY or other surg term)

MS = The distal end of a limb left after amputation. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000672

 

Amputation, Traumatic

AN = by accident or inj: do not confuse with AMPUTATION, a surg procedure; /surg: consider also REPLANTATION

MS = Loss of a limb or other bodily appendage by accidental injury.

UI = D000673

 

Amputees

AN = do not coord ARM (NIM) or LEG (NIM) unless specifically relevant

UI = D000674

 

Ampyrone

AN = an analgesic & non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent

MS = 4-Amino-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazolone. A metabolite of AMINOPYRINE with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a reagent for biochemical reactions producing peroxides or phenols. Ampyrone stimulates liver microsomes and is also used to measure extracellular water.

UI = D000675

 

Amrinone

AN = a cardiotonic calcium channel blocker

MS = A positive inotropic cardiotonic agent with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell. Its therapeutic use in congestive heart or left ventricular failure is associated with significant increases in the cardiac index, reductions in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance, and little or no change in mean arterial pressure. One of its more serious side effects is thrombocytopenia in some patients.

UI = D000676

 

Amsacrine

AN = an antineoplastic

MS = N-(4-(9-Acridinylamino)-3-methoxyphenyl)methanesulfonamide. Aminoacridine derivative that is a potent intercalating antineoplastic agent. It is effective in the treatment of acute leukemias and malignant lymphomas, but has poor activity in the treatment of solid tumors. It is frequently used in combination with other antineoplastic agents in chemotherapy protocols. It produces consistent but acceptable myelosuppression and cardiotoxic effects.

UI = D000677

 

Amygdalin

AN = a phytogenic antineoplastic of questionable value; /biosyn permitted if by plant

MS = ((6-O-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-benzeneacetonitrile. A cyanogenic glycoside found in the seeds of Rosaceae. It has been used with questionable results in the prevention of tumors and in cancer chemotherapy.

UI = D000678

 

Amygdaloid Body

MS = Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.

UI = D000679

 

Amyl Nitrite

AN = a vasodilator

MS = A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac.

UI = D000680

 

Amylases

AN = amylase isoenzymes: index under AMYLASES (IM) + ISOENZYMES (IM), not ISOAMYLASE

MS = A group of amylolytic enzymes that cleave starch, glycogen, and related alpha-1,4-glucans. (Stedman, 25th ed) EC 3.2.1.-.

UI = D000681

 

Amyloid

AN = a glycoprotein; = amyloid substance; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed).

UI = D000682

 

Amyloid beta-Protein

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A 4 kD protein, 39-43 amino acids long, expressed by a gene located on chromosome 21. It is the major protein subunit of the vascular and plaque amyloid filaments in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The protein is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.

UI = D016229

 

Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor

AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: ABPP

MS = A precursor to the AMYLOID-BETA PROTEIN (beta/A4). Alterations in the expression of the amyloid beta-protein precursor (ABPP) gene, located on chromosome 21, plays a role in the development of the neuropathology common to both ALZHEIMER DISEASE and DOWN SYNDROME. ABPP is associated with the extensive extracellular matrix secreted by neuronal cells. Upon cleavage, this precursor produces three proteins of varying amino acid lengths: 695, 751, and 770. The beta/A4 (695 amino acids) or beta-amyloid protein is the principal component of the extracellular amyloid in senile plaques found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE, DOWN SYNDROME and, to a limited extent, in normal aging.

UI = D016564

 

Amyloid Neuropathies

AN = a form of amyloidosis; coord IM with specific neurol dis (IM) or specific nerve (IM) but not with PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES

MS = Disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with deposition of amyloid. Amyloid neuropathies may result from non-hereditary or hereditary amyloidosis. Several different forms of familial amyloid neuropathies have been described, most of which have specific mutations in the prealbumin gene.

UI = D017772

 

Amyloid P Component

AN = an acute phase protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Amyloid P component is a small, non-fibrillar glycoprotein found in normal serum and in all amyloid deposits. It has a pentagonal (pentaxin) structure. It acts as an acute phase protein in the mouse, modulates immunologic responses in man, inhibits elastase, and has been suggested as an indicator of liver disease.

UI = D000683

 

Amyloid Protein AA

AN = an acute phase protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted; AMYLOID PROTEIN SAA is also available

MS = A nonimmunoglobulin amyloid isolated from amyloid fibrils deposited in amyloidosis secondary to chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Antisera to amyloid protein AA have been used to detect a related serum protein SAA.

UI = D000684

 

Amyloid Protein SAA

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A serum protein believed to be a circulating precursor to amyloid protein AA. It is present in low concentrations in normal sera, but found in much higher concentrations in sera of older persons and in patients with amyloidosis or with diseases known to predispose to amyloidosis. Very high levels of this protein have been reported during acute inflammatory episodes. Antisera to amyloid protein AA cross-react with protein SAA.

UI = D000685

 

Amyloidosis

AN = amyloid accumulation in various organs; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with organ/dis precoord (IM) CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A group of conditions of diverse etiologies characterized by the accumulation of insoluble fibrillar proteins (amyloid) in various organs and tissues of the body such that vital function is compromised. The associated disease states may be inflammatory, hereditary, or neoplastic, and the deposition can be localized or generalized or systemic. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000686

 

Amylopectin

AN = a starch

MS = A highly branched, water-insoluble glucan, the more prevalent of the two constituents of starch (the other being AMYLOSE). It consists of a chain of glucose residues in alpha-(1,4) linkage to branches which are formed by alpha-(1,6) linkages. It stains violet to red-violet with iodine. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000687

 

Amylose

AN = a starch

MS = A linear, water-soluble glucan, a lesser constituent of starch (the greater being AMYLOPECTIN). It consists of a chain of glucose residues in alpha-(1,4) linkage. It stains blue with iodine. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000688

 

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

AN = degenerative dis of spinal cord; DF: ALS

MS = A disease marked by progressive degeneration of the neurons giving rise to the corticospinal tract and of the motor cells of the brain stem and spinal cord, and resulting in a deficit of upper and lower motor neurons. It is usually fatal within two or three years.

UI = D000690

 

Anabaena

AN = a genus of Cyanobacteria

MS = A genus of CYANOBACTERIA consisting of trichomes that are untapered with conspicuous constrictions at cross-walls. A firm individual sheath is absent, but a soft covering is often present. Many species are known worldwide as major components of freshwater plankton and also of many saline lakes. The species Anabaena flos-aquae is responsible for acute poisonings of various animals.

UI = D017033

 

Anabasine

AN = an insecticide

MS = 2-(3-Pyridyl)piperidine. Botanical insecticide.

UI = D000691

 

Anabolic Steroids

MS = Any of a group of synthetic derivatives of TESTOSTERONE, having pronounced anabolic properties and relatively weak androgenic properties, that are used mainly to promote growth and repair body tissues. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000692

 

Anaerobic Threshold

MS = The oxygen consumption level above which aerobic energy production is supplemented by anaerobic mechanisms during exercise, resulting in a sustained increase in lactate concentration and metabolic acidosis. The anaerobic threshold is affected by factors that modify oxygen delivery to the tissues; it is low in patients with heart disease. Methods of measurement include direct measure of lactate concentration, direct measurement of bicarbonate concentration, and gas exchange measurements.

UI = D015308

 

Anaerobiosis

AN = almost never IM

MS = The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

UI = D000693

 

Anal Gland Neoplasms

AN = animal only; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); do not confuse with ANUS NEOPLASMS; coord with ANAL SACS for anal sac neoplasms; don't forget check tag ANIMAL

UI = D000694

 

Anal Sacs

AN = in carnivores only; for neopl, coord with ANAL GLAND NEOPLASMS

MS = Two sacs opening on either side of the anus near the junction of the mucous membrane and skin in carnivores. The glandular lining produces a gray or brown sebaceous secretion having an unpleasant odor. The sac ducts sometimes become occluded and the secretion accumulates. This leads to irritation that the animal attempts to relieve by rubbing its anus along the ground. The sacs may subsequently become infected and abscessed. (The Merck Veterinary Manual, 5th ed, p189)

UI = D000695

 

Analgesia

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D000698

 

Analgesia, Epidural

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; for relief of pain: do not confuse with ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL

MS = The relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. It is differentiated from ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation.

UI = D015360

 

Analgesia, Obstetrical

AN = do not confuse with ANESTHESIA, OBSTETRICAL; IM; coord with specific type of analgesia (IM) or analgesic (IM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = The elimination of sensibility to pain, without the loss of consciousness, during labor, delivery, and possibly the postpartum period, usually through the administration of narcotic analgesics.

UI = D016362

 

Analgesia, Patient-Controlled

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Relief of pain, without loss of consciousness, through an analgesic agent administered by the patient. It has been used successfully to control postoperative pain, during labor, after burns, and in terminal care. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).

UI = D016058

 

Analgesics

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific analgesics; no qualif for analgesics when used with ANALGESIA; /ther use permitted for relief of pain in dis; consider also PAIN /drug ther

MS = Agents that relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000700

 

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics

MS = Drugs that have principally analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory actions. They do not bind to opioid receptors and are not classified under the Controlled Substances Act. (From Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p109)

UI = D018712

 

Analgesics, Opioid

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Narcotic or opioid substances, synthetic or semisynthetic agents producing profound analgesia, drowsiness, and changes in mood. Mood changes may be pleasurable, therefore creating a potential for the abuse of these agents; the prototype of these is morphine to which all other analgesics are compared.

UI = D000701

 

Analog-Digital Conversion

AN = no qualif

MS = The process of converting analog data such as continually measured voltage to discrete, digital form.

UI = D000703

 

Analysis of Variance

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif

MS = A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

UI = D000704

 

Anaphase

AN = 3d phase of cell div; NIM specific cell when merely test cell; coord with specific cell /cytol; permitted with micro-organisms

MS = The third phase of cell division, in which the chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles of the spindle.

UI = D000705

 

Anaphylatoxins

AN = "produced in the serum during complement activation"

MS = The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability.

UI = D000706

 

Anaphylaxis

AN = a type of immed hypersensitivity; /chem ind permitted but not for anaphylactic reactions to toxins & similar biol prod ( = /etiol)

MS = Systemic or generalized anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, a manifestation of immediate hypersensitivity in which exposure of a sensitized individual to a specific antigen or hapten results in life-threatening respiratory distress usually followed by vascular collapse and shock and accompanied by urticaria, pruritus, and angioedema. Common agents causing anaphylaxis include Hymenoptera venom, pollen extracts, certain foods, horse and rabbit sera, heterologous enzymes and hormones, and certain drugs, such as penicillin and lidocaine. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000707

 

Anaplasia

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with organ /pathol (IM); note CARCINOMA, ANAPLASTIC see CARCINOMA: do not coord with ANAPLASIA unless anaplasia is particularly discussed

MS = Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells.

UI = D000708

 

Anaplasma

AN = infection = ANAPLASMOSIS

MS = A genus of gram-negative bacteria whose organisms are obligate parasites of vertebrates. Species are transmitted by arthropod vectors with the host range limited to ruminants. Anaplasma marginale is the most pathogenic species and is the causative agent of severe bovine anaplasmosis.

UI = D000709

 

Anaplasmataceae

AN = infection = ANAPLASMATACEAE INFECTIONS

MS = A family of bacteria which inhabit red blood cells and cause several animal diseases.

UI = D000710

 

Anaplasmataceae Infections

AN = rickettsial infect

MS = Infections with bacteria of the family ANAPLASMATACEAE.

UI = D000711

 

Anaplasmosis

AN = tick-borne dis; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL

MS = A disease of cattle caused by parasitization of the red blood cells by bacteria of the genus ANAPLASMA.

UI = D000712

 

Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y

AN = usually the digestive tract; NIM with specific organ /surg (IM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ROUX EN Y

MS = A Y-shaped surgical anastomosis of any part of the digestive system which includes the small intestine as the eventual drainage site.

UI = D000713

 

Anastomosis, Surgical

AN = NIM with specific organ /surg (IM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF:ANASTOMOSIS SURG

MS = Surgical union or shunt between ducts, tubes or vessels. It may be end-to-end, end-to-side, side-to-end, or side-to-side.

UI = D000714

 

Anatomy

AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; with organ or organism use /anat: Manual 19.8.7, 19.7+; DF: ANAT

UI = D000715

 

Anatomy, Artistic

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; anatomical atlases go here (IM) + MEDICAL ILLUSTRATION (IM)

UI = D000716

 

Anatomy, Comparative

AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; do not check COMPARATIVE STUDY for, as a field, it is not a substitute for a comparison of two or more anatomical concepts ( = COMPARATIVE STUDY tag); Manual 18.13.4: relation to COMPARATIVE STUDY

MS = The comparative study of animal structure with regard to homologous organs or parts. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D000717

 

Anatomy, Cross-Sectional

AN = IM GEN or unspecified; SPEC qualif; NIM with organ /anat (IM); DF: ANAT CROSS SECTION

MS = Descriptive anatomy based on three-dimensional imaging of the body, organs, and structures using a series of computer multiplane sections, displayed by transverse, coronal, and sagittal analyses. It is essential to accurate interpretation by the radiologist of such techniques as ultrasonic diagnosis, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography. (From Lane & Sharfaei, Modern Sectional Anatomy, 1992, Preface)

UI = D019412

 

Anatomy, Regional

AN = SPEC; no qualif

UI = D000718

 

Anatomy, Veterinary

AN = SPEC

UI = D000719

 

Ancient Lands

AN = "ancient" refers to a far-past date or period; GEN or unspecified ancient countries or empires; prefer specifics; use historical tags

MS = Geographical sites known to be extant in a remote period in the history of civilization, familiar as the names of ancient countries and empires.

UI = D018436

 

Ancillary Services, Hospital

AN = DF: ANCILLARY SERV HOSP

MS = Those support services other than room, board, and medical and nursing services that are provided to hospital patients in the course of care. They include such services as laboratory, radiology, pharmacy, and physical therapy services.

UI = D000720

 

Ancitabine

AN = an antineoplastic antimetabolite

MS = 2,2'-Anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.

UI = D003504

 

Ancrod

AN = a serine proteinase anticoagulant from crotalid venom

MS = An enzyme fraction from the venom of the Malayan pit viper, Agkistrodon rhodostoma. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of a number of amino acid esters and a limited proteolysis of fibrinogen. It is used clinically to produce controlled defibrination in patients requiring anticoagulant therapy.

UI = D000721

 

Ancylostoma

AN = a genus of nematodes; infection = ANCYLOSTOMIASIS; coord with specific pre-coordinated helminth terms (e.g., ANTIGENS, HELMINTH) if pertinent

MS = A genus of nematode intestinal parasites that consists of several species. A. duodenale is the common hookworm in humans. A. braziliense, A. ceylonicum, and A. caninum occur primarily in cats and dogs, but all have been known to occur in humans.

UI = D000722

 

Ancylostomatoidea

AN = a superfamily of nematodes (hookworms): HOOKWORM, NEW WORLD see NECATOR & HOOKWORM, OLD WORLD see ANCYLOSTOMA are available; infection = HOOKWORM INFECTIONS but see note under ANCYLOSTOMA; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A superfamily of nematode parasitic hookworms consisting of four genera: ANCYLOSTOMA, NECATOR, Bunostomum, and Uncinaria. ANCYLOSTOMA and NECATOR occur in humans and other mammals. Bunostomum is common in ruminants and Uncinaria in wolves, foxes, and dogs.

UI = D000723

 

Ancylostomiasis

AN = hookworm infect; Ancylostoma americanum infection = NECATORIASIS, not ANCYLOSTOMIASIS

MS = Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.

UI = D000724

 

Andorra

AN = a country lying between France & Spain

MS = A principality in the Pyrenees between France and Spain. Its capital is also called Andorra. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p50)

UI = D000725

 

Androblastoma

AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A neoplasm of the ovary, arising from the ovarian stroma, mimicking to a greater or lesser extent derivatives of the sex cord mesenchyme of the testis, and sometimes causing defeminization and virilization. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001144

 

 

Androgen Antagonists

AN = DF: ANDROGEN ANTAG

MS = Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of androgens.

UI = D000726

 

Androgen-Binding Proteins

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

MS = Carrier proteins produced in the Sertoli cells of the testis, secreted into the seminiferous tubules, and transported via the efferent ducts to the epididymis. Participate in the transport of androgens; include also synthetic androgens binding proteins.

UI = D000727

 

Androgens

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /defic: consider also HYPOGONADISM & other gonadal disord in Cat C19; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to ANDROGENS, SYNTHETIC

MS = A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth.

UI = D000728

 

Androgens, Synthetic

AN = /antag permitted: do not confuse with ANDROGENS /chem syn; DF: ANDROGENS SYN

MS = Compounds obtained by chemical synthesis which possess masculinizing activities, but differ in structure from naturally occurring androgens.

UI = D000729

 

Androstadienes

MS = Derivatives of the steroid androstane having two double bonds at any site in any of the rings.

UI = D000730

 

Androstanes

AN = do not confuse with ANDROSTENES

MS = The family of steroids from which the androgens are derived.

UI = D000731

 

Androstane-3,17-diol

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = The unspecified form of the steroid. It has been implicated as a regulation of gonadotropin secretion. Many of its metabolites possess androgenic activity as well.

UI = D015113

 

Androstanols

AN = do not confuse with ANDROSTENOLS

MS = Androstanes and androstane derivatives which are substituted in any position with one or more hydroxyl groups.

UI = D000732

 

Androstatrienes

MS = Derivatives of the steroid androstane having three double bonds at any site in any of the rings.

UI = D000733

 

Androst-5-ene-3 beta,17 beta-diol

AN = an anabolic steroid

MS = An adrenal-derived estrogenic metabolite of DHEA. Evidence exist for its use as an endocrine regulator of immune response.

UI = D015114

 

Androstenediols

AN = do not confuse with ANDROSTANEDIOL

MS = Unsaturated androstane derivatives which are substituted with two hydroxy groups in any position in the ring system.

UI = D000734

 

Androstenedione

AN = do not confuse with androstanedione

MS = An androgenic steroid produced by the testis, adrenal cortex, and ovary. It occurs in nature as 4-delta-androstenedione and 5-delta-androstenedione. Androstenediones can be converted metabolically to testosterone and other androgens. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000735

 

Androstenes

AN = do not confuse with ANDROSTANES

MS = Unsaturated derivatives of the steroid androstane containing at least one double bond at any site in any of the rings.

UI = D000736

 

Androstenols

AN = do not confuse with ANDROSTANOLS

MS = Unsaturated androstanes which are substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position in the ring system.

UI = D000737

 

Androsterone

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D000738

 

Anecdotes

AN = no qualif CATALOG: form qualif /anecdotes is available

UI = D000739

 

Anecdotes [Publication Type]

MS = Brief factual narratives of interesting, often amusing incidents.

UI = D020465

 

Anemia

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin.

UI = D000740

 

Anemia, Aplastic

AN = a bone marrow dis

MS = A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.

UI = D000741

 

Anemia, Dyserythropoietic, Congenital

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: note short X ref (MeSH definition gives meaning) CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A familial disorder characterized by anemia with multinuclear erythroblasts, karyorrhexis, asynchrony of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, and various nuclear abnormalities of bone marrow erythrocyte precursors. Type II is the most common of the 3 types of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia; it is often referred to as HEMPAS, based on the Hereditary Erythroblast Multinuclearity with Positive Acidified Serum test.

UI = D000742

 

Anemia, Hemolytic

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics

MS = Anemia due to decreased life span of erythrocytes.

UI = D000743

 

Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of autoantibodies which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own red cells.

UI = D000744

 

Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Hemolytic anemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte.

UI = D000745

 

Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Nonspherocytic

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: ANEMIA HEMOL CONGEN NONSPHER CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Any one of a group of congenital hemolytic anemias in which there is no abnormal hemoglobin or spherocytosis and in which there is a defect of glycolysis in the erythrocyte. In some cases, pyruvate kinase deficiency has been demonstrated; in other cases, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency has been demonstrated.

UI = D000746

 

Anemia, Hypochromic

AN = note X ref; ANEMIA, IRON-DEFICIENCY is also available

MS = Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)

UI = D000747

 

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency

AN = a type of hypochromic anemia; DF: ANEMIA IRON DEFIC

MS = Anemia characterized by low or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, elevated free erythrocyte porphorin, low transferrin saturation, elevated transferrin, low serum ferritin, low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit, and hypochromic microcytic red blood cells. Symptoms may include pallor, angular stomatitis and other oral lesions, gastrointestinal complaints, retinal hemorrhages and exudates, and thinning and brittleness of the nails. Among the causes of iron-deficiency anemia are inadequate iron intake, impaired iron absorption, increased blood loss and increased requirements such as infancy, pregnancy, and lactation. (Dorland, 27th ed; Lee, et al., Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology, 9th ed, p813)

UI = D018798

 

Anemia, Macrocytic

MS = Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).

UI = D000748

 

Anemia, Megaloblastic

AN = a type of macrocytic anemia

MS = Anemia characterized by the presence of megaloblasts in the bone marrow. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000749

 

Anemia, Myelophthisic

MS = Anemia characterized by appearance of immature myeloid and nucleated erythrocytes in the peripheral blood, resulting from infiltration of the bone marrow by foreign or abnormal tissue.

UI = D000750

 

Anemia, Neonatal

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; check the tag INFANT, NEWBORN CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = The mildest form of erythroblastosis fetalis in which anemia is the chief manifestation.

UI = D000751

 

Anemia, Pernicious

AN = a type of megaloblastic anemia

MS = A megaloblastic anemia occurring in children but more commonly in later life, characterized by histamine-fast achlorhydria, in which the laboratory and clinical manifestations are based on malabsorption of vitamin B 12 due to a failure of the gastric mucosa to secrete adequate and potent intrinsic factor. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000752

 

Anemia, Refractory

MS = A severe sometimes chronic anemia, usually macrocytic in type, that does not respond to ordinary antianemic therapy.

UI = D000753

 

Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts

MS = Chronic refractory anemia with granulocytopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia. Myeloblasts and progranulocytes constitute 5 to 40 percent of the nucleated marrow cells.

UI = D000754

 

Anemia, Sickle Cell

AN = PL 92-294: Natl Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act; sickle cell dis goes here unless specifically HEMOGLOBIN SC DISEASE or HEMOGLOBIN C DISEASE or SICKLE CELL TRAIT or THALASSEMIA; /drug ther: consider also ANTISICKLING AGENTS CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.

UI = D000755

 

Anemia, Sideroblastic

MS = Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow.

UI = D000756

 

Anencephaly

AN = absence of cranial vault & brain hemispheres; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital absence of the cranial vault, with cerebral hemispheres completely missing or reduced to small masses attached to the base of the skull.

UI = D000757

 

Anesthesia

AN = Manual 26.21+ CATALOG: form qualif permitted

MS = A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.

UI = D000758

 

Anesthetics, Combined

AN = admin simultaneously or sequentially; IM; coord with specific anesthetics (IM) using same qualifs

MS = The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.

UI = D019162

 

Anesthetics, General

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific anesthetics

MS = Agents that induce various degrees of analgesia; depression of consciousness, circulation, and respiration; relaxation of skeletal muscle; reduction of reflex activity; and amnesia. There are two types of general anesthetics, inhalation and intravenous. With either type, the arterial concentration of drug required to induce anesthesia varies with the condition of the patient, the desired depth of anesthesia, and the concomitant use of other drugs. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p.173)

UI = D018681

 

Anesthetics, Inhalation

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. Because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p173)

UI = D018685

 

Anesthetics, Intravenous

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics

MS = Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174)

UI = D018686

 

Aneurysm, False

AN = IM; coord with specific vessel (IM) or precoord vasc dis if available (IM)

MS = An aneurysm in which the entire wall is injured and the blood is contained by the surrounding tissues, with eventual formation of a sac communicating with the artery or heart. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D017541

 

Aneurysm, Iliac (see: Iliac Aneurysm)

 

Aneurysm, Ruptured

AN = IM; coord with specific vessel (IM) or precoord vasc dis if available (IM); if spontaneous, coord with RUPTURE, SPONTANEOUS (NIM)

MS = The tearing or herniation of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac.

UI = D017542

 

Angelman Syndrome

AN = multiple abnorm, ment retard & movement disord; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, mental retardation, and movement disorders. Present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms, easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence "happy") and jerky puppetlike movements (hence "puppet"), continuous tongue protrusion, motor retardation, ataxia, muscle hypotonia, and a peculiar facies. It is associated with deletions of chromosome 15q11-13. It differs from PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME in that Angelman is of maternal origin, Prader-Willi is paternal.

UI = D017204

 

Angiodysplasia

AN = acquired only: congen = ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; seen often in gastrointestinal tract

MS = Degenerative, acquired lesions consisting of distorted, dilated, thin-walled vessels lined by vascular endothelium. This pathological state is seen especially in the gastrointestinal tract and is frequently a cause of upper and lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the elderly.

UI = D016888

 

Angiofibroma

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A benign neoplasm of fibrous tissue in which there are numerous small and large, frequently dilated, vascular channels. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D018322

 

Angiography, Digital Subtraction

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: DS ANGIOGR

MS = A method of delineating blood vessels by subtracting a tissue background image from an image of tissue plus intravascular contrast material that attenuates the X-ray photons. The background image is determined from a digitized image taken a few moments before injection of the contrast material. The resulting angiogram is a high-contrast image of the vessel. This subtraction technique allows extraction of a high-intensity signal from the superimposed background information. The image is thus the result of the differential absorption of X-rays by different tissues.

UI = D015901

 

Angiolipoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A benign neoplasm composed of a mixture of adipose tissue and blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018206

 

Angiomatosis, Bacillary

AN = gram-neg bact infect caused by Bartonella henselae; seen in AIDS & other immunocompromised states

MS = An infectious bacterial disease characterized by cutaneous vascular lesions. It is caused by BARTONELLA HENSELAE and is seen in AIDS patients and other immunocompromised hosts.

UI = D016917

 

Angiomyolipoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A benign tumor containing vascular, adipose, and muscle elements. It occurs most often in the kidney with smooth muscle elements (angiolipoleiomyoma) in association with tuberous sclerosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018207

 

Angiomyoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A leiomyoma arising from vascular smooth muscle, usually occurring as a solitary nodular, sometimes painful, tumor on the lower extremity in middle-aged women. It is usually more deeply situated than ordinary leiomyoma and is usually subcutaneous. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018229

 

Angioplasty

AN = coord IM with disease /surg (IM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called ENDARTERECTOMY.

UI = D017130

 

Angioplasty, Balloon, Laser-Assisted

AN = coord IM with disease /surg (IM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition; if coronary, coord IM with ANGIOPLASTY, TRANSLUMINAL, PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY (IM); DF: PTLA

MS = Techniques using laser energy in combination with a balloon catheter to perform angioplasty. These procedures can take several forms including: a) laser fiber delivering the energy while the inflated balloon centers the fiber and occludes the blood flow; b) balloon angioplasty immediately following laser angioplasty; or c) laser energy transmitted through angioplasty balloons that contain an internal fiber.

UI = D017222

 

Angioplasty, Laser

AN = coord IM with disease /surg (IM); using balloon = ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON, LASER-ASSISTED; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = A technique utilizing a laser coupled to a catheter which is used in the dilatation of occluded blood vessels. This includes laser thermal angioplasty where the laser energy heats up a metal tip, and direct laser angioplasty where the laser energy directly ablates the occlusion. One form of the latter approach uses an excimer laser which creates microscopically precise cuts without thermal injury. When laser angioplasty is performed in combination with balloon angioplasty it is called laser-assisted balloon angioplasty (ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON, LASER-ASSISTED).

UI = D016342

 

Angioplasty, Transluminal, Percutaneous Coronary

AN = coord IM with disease /ther (IM), not /surg; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; if laser, coord IM with ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON, LASER-ASSISTED (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = Dilatation of an occluded coronary artery (or arteries) by means of a balloon catheter to restore myocardial blood supply.

UI = D015906

 

Angioscopy

AN = coord with specific vessel (IM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = The visualization with a microscope of the passage of substances (e.g., contrast media, radiopaque agents) through capillaries after intravenous injection. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D017546

 

Angiosperms

AN = flowering plants; more than a quarter million species; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific families or specific plants

MS = Any member of the more than 250,000 species of flowering plants (division Magnoliophyta) having roots, stems, leaves, and well-developed conductive tissues (xylem and phloem). Angiosperms are often differentiated from gymnosperms by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (the ovary). The Magnoliophyta division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida).

UI = D019684

 

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

AN = a species of nematode in rat & man; infection: coord IM with STRONGYLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A species of parasitic nematodes distributed throughout the Pacific islands that infests the lungs of domestic rats. Human infection, caused by consumption of raw slugs and land snails, results in eosinophilic meningitis.

UI = D017185

 

Adjuvants, Anesthesia

AN = IM; coord with specific adjuvant (IM) & specific type of anesthesia (IM)

MS = Agents that are administered in association with anesthetics to increase effectiveness, improve delivery, or decrease required dosage.

UI = D000759

 

Anesthesia and Analgesia

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

UI = D000760

 

Anesthesia Department, Hospital

AN = DF: ANESTH DEP

MS = Hospital department responsible for the administration of functions and activities pertaining to the delivery of anesthetics.

UI = D000761

 

Anesthesia Recovery Period

AN = no qualif

MS = The period of emergence from general anesthesia, where different elements of consciousness return at different rates.

UI = D000762

 

Anesthesia, Caudal

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

MS = Epidural anesthesia administered via the sacral canal.

UI = D000763

 

Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

MS = Inhalation anesthesia where the gases exhaled by the patient are rebreathed as some carbon dioxide is simultaneously removed and anesthetic gas and oxygen are added so that no anesthetic escapes into the room. Closed-circuit anesthesia is used especially with explosive anesthetics to prevent fires where electrical sparking from instruments is possible.

UI = D000764

 

Anesthesia, Conduction

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

UI = D000765

 

Anesthesia, Dental

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

UI = D000766

 

Anesthesia, Epidural

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

UI = D000767

 

Anesthesia, General

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

UI = D000768

 

Anesthesia, Inhalation

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

MS = Anesthesia caused by the breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors or by insufflating anesthetic gases or vapors into the respiratory tract.

UI = D000769

 

Anesthesia, Intratracheal

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

UI = D000770

 

Anesthesia, Intravenous

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

UI = D000771

 

Anesthesia, Local

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

MS = Anesthesia confined to one part of the body. Infiltration anesthesia produces local anesthesia by deposition of a local anesthesia solution in the area of small, terminal nerve endings. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000772

 

Anesthesia, Obstetrical

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

UI = D000773

 

Anesthesia, Rectal

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

UI = D000774

 

Anesthesia, Spinal

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

UI = D000775

 

Anesthesiology

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: ANESTHESIOL

MS = A specialty concerned with the study of anesthetics and anesthesia.

UI = D000776

 

Anesthetics

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific anesthetics; no qualif for anesthetics when used to produce anesthesia; with type of anesthesia: Manual 26.21+; policy: Manual 25.21+ CATALOG: form qualif permitted

MS = Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site.

UI = D000777

 

Anesthetics, Dissociative

AN = intravenous anesthetics inducing selective loss of some sensations, leaving others intact

MS = Intravenous anesthetics that induce a state of sedation, immobility, amnesia, and marked analgesia. Subjects may experience a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment. The condition produced is similar to NEUROLEPTANALGESIA, but is brought about by the administration of a single drug. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed)

UI = D000778

 

Anesthetics, Local

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate. They are commonly used not only in the peripheral nervous system, but also for spinal anesthesia. The many drugs that have local anesthetic actions as a side effect but are not used for their local anesthetic action are not included here.

UI = D000779

 

Anestrus

AN = animal only; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY

MS = Period of sexual inactivity between estrus periods in animals.

UI = D000780

 

Anethole Trithione

AN = a choleretic

MS = 5-(p-Methoxyphenyl)-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione. Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.

UI = D000781

 

Aneuploidy

AN = a chromosome aberration; no qualif

MS = The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of chromosomes or chromosome pairs. In a normally diploid cell the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is monosomy (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is trisomy (symbol: 2N+1).

UI = D000782

 

Aneurysm

AN = IM; coord with specific vessel (IM) or precoord vasc dis if available (IM); also available are AORTIC ANEURYSM, CEREBRAL ANEURYSM, CORONARY ANEURYSM, HEART ANEURYSM, ILIAC ANEURYSM; rupture = ANEURYSM, RUPTURED (see note there)

MS = A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart.

UI = D000783

 

Aneurysm, Dissecting

AN = most commonly of aortic aneurysms but when aortic coord IM with AORTIC ANEURYSM (IM); for other arteries, coord IM with specific artery or precoord artery/diseases term (IM)

MS = Splitting or dissection of an arterial wall by blood entering through an intimal tear or by interstitial hemorrhage. It is most common in the aorta.

UI = D000784

 

Aneurysm, Infected

AN = coord IM with specific bact or fungal infect (IM); note X refs ANEURYSM, BACTERIAL & ANEURYSM, MYCOTIC: do not coord with BACTERIAL INFECTIONS or MYCOSES if the specific bacterium or fungus is not specified

MS = Aneurysm due to growth of microorganisms in the arterial wall, or infection arising within preexisting arteriosclerotic aneurysms.

UI = D000785

 

Anger

AN = human & animal

MS = A strong emotional feeling of displeasure aroused by being interfered with, injured or threatened.

UI = D000786

 

Angina Pectoris

MS = The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it.

UI = D000787

 

Angina Pectoris, Variant

MS = A clinical syndrome characterized by development of chest pain at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the electrocardiogram, but exercise capacity is well preserved.

UI = D000788

 

Angina, Unstable

AN = angina preceding myocardial infarct: note X ref

MS = Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a myocardial infarction.

UI = D000789

 

Angiocardiography

AN = NIM; a specific x-ray (not radionuclide) technique: do not confuse with HEART /radiogr or CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY; coord with disease /radiogr; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ANGIOCARDIOGR

MS = Radiography of the heart and great vessels after injection of a contrast medium.

UI = D000790

 

Angiogenesis Factor

AN = a growth factor

MS = Substance causing proliferation of new blood vessels. It is found in tissues with high metabolic requirements, such as the retina, and in certain cancers. The factor is also released by hypoxic macrophages at the edges or outer surfaces of wounds and initiates revascularization in wound healing.

UI = D000791

 

Angiography

AN = NIM; GEN or unspecified; prefer /radiogr with specific blood vessels but CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY is available; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; DF: ANGIOGR

MS = Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium.

UI = D000792

 

Angioid Streaks

AN = retinal lesions

MS = Red to black irregular bands observed in the ocular fundus running outward from the region of the optic disk, which are seen in certain conditions, including pseudoxanthoma elasticum, osteitis deformans, and sickle-cell anemia. The lesions are thought to represent ruptures in Bruch's membrane. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000793

 

Angiokeratoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM or NIM) if relevant

MS = A discrete, pink to red telangiectasia having a tendency to undergo secondary epithelial changes, including acanthosis and hyperkeratosis. An underlying vascular abnormality is present in many cases. The term angiokeratoma is applied to a number of quite distinct conditions which share a common clinical presentation with asymptomatic hyperkeratotic vascular skin lesions and a histological combination of superficial dermal vascular ectasia. (Dorland, 27th ed; Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed., p211)

UI = D000794

 

Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia

AN = a type of granuloma; DF: ALHE

MS = Solitary or multiple benign cutaneous nodules comprised of immature and mature vascular structures intermingled with endothelial cells and a varied infiltrate of eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells.

UI = D000796

 

Angiomatosis

AN = non-neoplastic; coord IM with precoord organ/dis term (IM)

UI = D000798

 

Angioneurotic Edema

AN = a vasc dis, a form of urticaria

MS = Recurring attacks of transient edema suddenly appearing in areas of the skin or mucous membranes and occasionally of the viscera, often associated with dermatographism, urticaria, erythema, and purpura.

UI = D000799

 

Angioplasty, Balloon

AN = coord IM with disease /ther (IM), not /surg

MS = Use of a balloon catheter for dilatation of an occluded artery. It is used in treatment of arterial occlusive diseases, including renal artery stenosis and arterial occlusions in the leg. For the specific technique of balloon dilatation in coronary arteries, ANGIOPLASTY, TRANSLUMINAL, PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY is available.

UI = D000800

 

Angiostrongylus

AN = a genus of nematodes; infection: coord IM with STRONGYLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A genus of parasitic nematodes of the superfamily METASTRONGYLOIDEA. Two species, ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS and A. vasorum, infest the lungs of rats and dogs, respectively. A. cantonensis is transmissible to man where it causes frequently fatal infection of the central nervous system.

UI = D000801

 

Angiotensin Amide

AN = an angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor

MS = 1-L-Asparagine-5-L-valine-angiotensin II. The octapeptide amide of bovine angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction.

UI = D000802

 

Angiotensin I

AN = a neurotransmitter; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = The decapeptide precursor of ANGIOTENSIN II, generated by the action of renin on angiotensinogen. It has limited pharmacologic activity.

UI = D000803

 

Angiotensin II

AN = a neurotransmitter & vasoconstrictor; "angiotensin" not specified as I, II or III is probably ANGIOTENSIN II but check text; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = The active form of angiotensin. An octapeptide found in blood, it is synthesized from ANGIOTENSIN I and quickly destroyed. Angiotensin II causes profound vasoconstriction with resulting increase in blood pressure. The clinically and experimentally used bovine form has valine in position 5 where the human form has isoleucine.

UI = D000804

 

Angiotensin III

AN = a neurotransmitter; comparison with angiotensin II: see MeSH definition; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A heptapeptide formed by the enzymatic hydrolysis of ANGIOTENSIN II. It has greater activity than angiotensin II for stimulating aldosterone synthesis and in the release of prostaglandins but only 20% of the pressor activity.

UI = D000805

 

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

AN = protease inhib & antihypertensives; DF: ACE INHIB

MS = A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.

UI = D000806

 

Angiotensinogen

AN = a serpin & angiotensin II precursor; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

MS = An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.

UI = D000808

 

Angiotensins

AN = neurotransmitters; "angiotensin" not specified as I, II or III is probably ANGIOTENSIN II but check text; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Oligopeptides ranging in size from angiotensin precursors with 14 amino acids to the active vasoconstrictor angiotensin II with 8 amino acids, or their analogs or derivatives. The amino acid content varies with the species and changes in that content produce antagonistic or inactive compounds.

UI = D000809

 

Angola

AN = a republic in southern Africa

MS = A republic in southern Africa, southwest of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and west of ZAMBIA. Its capital is Luanda. It was formerly a Portuguese overseas province called Portuguese West Africa, having been reached by Portuguese sailors in 1483, with Portuguese rule established in 1575. Its status was changed from colony to overseas province in 1951 and it received its independence in 1975. Angola is named for N'gola, a native ruler there in the 16th century. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p51 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p23)

UI = D000810

 

Anguilla

AN = eel; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

UI = D000811

 

Anhydrides

AN = a cpd from which H2O has been removed

MS = Chemical compounds derived from a substance, especially an acid, by the abstraction of a molecule of water. The anhydrides of bases are oxides; those of alcohols are ethers. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000812

 

Anilides

UI = D000813

 

Aniline Compounds

AN = DF: ANILINE CPDS

UI = D000814

 

Aniline Hydroxylase

AN = a cytochrome P-450 enzyme

MS = A drug-metabolizing, cytochrome P-450 enzyme which catalyzes the hydroxylation of aniline to hydroxyaniline in the presence of reduced flavoprotein and molecular oxygen. EC 1.14.14.-.

UI = D000815

 

Aniline Mustard

AN = an alkylating antineoplastic

MS = N,N-bis(2-Chloroethyl)aniline. Alkylating anti-neoplastic agent effective in some mouse tumors, but less useful in man.

UI = D000816

 

Anilino Naphthalenesulfonates

MS = A class of organic compounds which contain an anilino (phenylamino) group linked to a salt or ester of naphthalenesulfonic acid. They are frequently used as fluorescent dyes and sulfhydryl reagents.

UI = D000817

 

Animal

AN = check tag only; Manual 18.7+, 22.33; relation to /vet: Manual 19.8.81; do not confuse with ANIMALS (B2) CATALOG: do not use: for indexers only

UI = D000818

 

Animal Communication

AN = no qualif; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL

MS = Communication between animals involving the giving off by one individual of some chemical or physical signal, that, on being received by another, influences its behavior.

UI = D000819

 

Animal Diseases

AN = avoid: too general; IM general only for unspecified animal & unspecified disease; NIM with specific animal (IM) for which no precoord animal/diseases term exists; do not use at all when a specific dis /vet is used; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL; policy: Manual 23.33+; animal neopl: Manual 24.6+; TN 136; TN 193 CATALOG: form qualif permitted

UI = D000820

 

Animal Feed

AN = TN 50: differentiate from ANIMAL NUTRITION & DIET

UI = D000821

 

Animal Husbandry

AN = includes animal "breeding, feeding & care ... housing & nutrition"; do not confuse with VETERINARY MEDICINE; SPEC: SPEC qualif

MS = The science of breeding, feeding and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition.

UI = D000822

 

Animal Identification Systems

AN = does not include classif or taxonomy: for individual animals only

MS = Procedures for recognizing individual animals and certain identifiable characteristics pertaining to them; includes computerized methods, ear tags, etc.

UI = D000823

 

Animal Nutrition

AN = no qualif; TN 50: differentiate from ANIMAL FEED & DIET

UI = D000824

 

Animal Rights

AN = refers to domestic, laboratory or wild animals; ANIMAL WELFARE is also available

MS = The moral and ethical bases of the protection of animals from cruelty and abuse. The rights are extended to domestic animals, laboratory animals, and wild animals.

UI = D017087

 

Animal Structures

AN = avoid: too general; prefer specifics

MS = Organs and other anatomical structures of non-human vertebrate and invertebrate animals.

UI = D000825

 

Animal Technicians

AN = X ref VETERINARY NURSES is British

MS = Assistants to a veterinarian, biological or biomedical researcher, or other scientist who are engaged in the care and management of animals, and who are trained in basic principles of animal life processes and routine laboratory and animal health care procedures. (Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988)

UI = D017750

 

Animal Testing Alternatives

AN = SPEC qualif

MS = Procedures, such as tissue culture, mathematical models, etc., when used or advocated for use in place of the use of animals in research or diagnostic laboratories.

UI = D000826

 

Animal Welfare

AN = cruelty to animals goes here but ANIMAL RIGHTS is also available

MS = The protection of animals in laboratories or other specific environments and the promotion of their health through better nutrition, housing, and care. This may be carried out through legislation or regulation.

UI = D000827

 

Animals

AN = do not confuse with check tag ANIMAL but when used do not forget to check also tag ANIMAL; avoid: too general; IM; qualif permitted; /surg: index SURGERY, VETERINARY; see Manual index under Animal & all animal entries following for MEDLARS policies on animals; TN 2: animals as IM; TN 3: miscellaneous data

UI = D000828

 

Animals, Congenic

AN = coord with specific congenic animal; NIM when exper animal

MS = Inbred strains of animals that are genetically identical except at a single locus, or a few specified loci, so that their known genetic differences are expressed in the same genetic background. A congenic strain is produced by outbreeding a strain and then eliminating the background by many generations of backcrosses while maintaining the desired genetic differences by selection of progeny. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D020296

 

Animals, Domestic

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific domestic animals like CATTLE, SHEEP, HORSES, DOGS, CATS, etc.; IM; qualif permitted; PETS: TN 146; domestication goes here; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL

MS = Animals which have become adapted through breeding in captivity to a life intimately associated with man. They include animals domesticated by man to live and breed in a tame condition on farms or ranches (e.g., horses, cattle, sheep) and those raised or kept for pleasure and companionship (e.g., dogs, cats, horses).

UI = D000829

 

Animals, Inbred Strains

AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord NIM with specific exper animal (NIM); when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL

MS = Animals produced by the mating of littermates or siblings over multiple generations. The resultant strain of animals is virtually identical genotypically. Highly inbred animal lines allow the study of certain traits in a relatively pure form. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

UI = D017849

 

Animals, Laboratory

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL

UI = D000830

 

Animals, Newborn

AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL

UI = D000831

 

Animals, Poisonous

AN = IM; qualif permitted; coord IM with specific poisonous animal (IM); do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL

UI = D000832

 

Animals, Suckling

AN = suckled by mother or by bottle; coord with specific suckling; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; suckling of animals (the act, as in the eff of suckling on animal physiol) goes under LACTATION; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL

MS = Young, unweaned mammals. Refers to nursing animals whether nourished by their biological mother, foster mother, or bottle fed.

UI = D000833

 

Animals, Transgenic

AN = GEN or unspecified; coord with specific transgenic animal; NIM when exper animal; MICE, TRANSGENIC is available

MS = Animals, or the offspring of such animals, into which cloned genetic material has been experimentally transferred by microinjection of foreign DNA, either directly or into embryos or differentiated cell types. Transgenic rabbits, mice, fish, Xenopus, sheep, pigs, and chickens have been produced using genes of sea urchins, Candida, Drosophila, and mice.

UI = D000834

 

Animals, Wild

AN = GEN or unspecified; do not index as coord with animals ordinarily considered wild, as LIONS, BEARS, etc.; coord IM with animal not usually wild (IM) as wild dogs; IM; qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL

MS = Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which ANIMALS, ZOO is available.

UI = D000835

 

Animals, Zoo

AN = IM; qualif permitted; coord IM with specific zoo animal (IM); do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL

UI = D000836

 

Animation [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for animation as a subject, index under main heading MOTION PICTURES

MS = A film or video wholly or partially created by photographing drawings, sculptures, or other inanimate things in sequence to create the illusion of motion. Animations are also generated by computers. (From Moving Image Materials: Genre Terms, 1988)

UI = D019486

 

Anion Exchange Resins

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = High-molecular-weight insoluble polymers that contain functional anionic groups capable of undergoing exchange reactions. These resins are used for ion exchange chromatography, as gastric antacids, hypocholesteremics, etc.

UI = D000837

 

Anions

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.

UI = D000838

 

Aniridia

AN = rudimentary iris; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A congenital abnormality in which there is only a rudimentary iris. This is due to the failure of the optic cup to grow. Aniridia also occurs in a hereditary form, usually autosomal dominant.

UI = D015783

 

Anisakiasis

AN = roundworm infect of intestines

MS = Infection with roundworms of the genus ANISAKIS. Human infection results from the consumption of fish harboring roundworm larvae. The worms may cause acute nausea and vomiting or may penetrate into the wall of the digestive tract, where they give rise to eosinophilic granulomas in the stomach, intestine, or the omentum.

UI = D017129

 

Anisakis

AN = a genus of nematodes found in marine animals & birds; infection = ANISAKIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A genus of nematodes of the superfamily ASCARIDOIDEA. Its organisms are found in the stomachs of marine animals and birds. Human infection occurs by ingestion of raw fish that contain larvae.

UI = D017163

 

Aniseikonia

AN = refractive error in which each eye sees a different size & shape of an object

MS = A condition in which the ocular image of an object as seen by one eye differs in size and shape from that seen by the other.

UI = D000839

 

Anisocoria

AN = abnorm pupillary reflex where pupils are of unequal size

MS = A condition of abnormal pupillary reflexes in which pupils are of unequal size and the difference in diameter between the two is between 1 and 2 mm. Pathologic anisocoria reflects an abnormality in the musculature of the iris or in the parasympathetic or sympathetic pathway.

UI = D015875

 

Anisoles

MS = A group of compounds that are structurally related to methoxybenzene and contain the general formula R-C7H70.

UI = D000840

 

Anisometropia

AN = refractive error where each eye is different

MS = A difference in the refractive power of the two eyes. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D015858

 

Anisomycin

AN = an antibiotic

MS = An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.

UI = D000841

 

Anisotropy

AN = NIM; no qualif; coord with specific determinative technique (IM or NIM) like NMR, MRI, CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, etc.

MS = A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. In crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. It is also called acolotropy and colotropy. The opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions.

UI = D016880

 

Anistreplase

AN = a plasminogen activator; first X ref shows derivation of heading

MS = An acylated inactive complex of streptokinase and human lysine-plasminogen. After injection, the acyl group is slowly hydrolyzed, producing an activator that converts plasminogen to plasmin, thereby initiating fibrinolysis. Its half-life is about 90 minutes compared to 5 minutes for TPA (TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR), 16 minutes for UROKINASE and 23 minutes for STREPTOKINASE. If treatment is initiated within 3 hours of onset of symptoms for acute myocardial infarction, the drug preserves myocardial tissue and left ventricular function and increases coronary artery patency. Bleeding complications are similar to other thrombolytic agents.

UI = D016255

 

Ankle

AN = primates only; TN 238: differentiation from ANKLE JOINT & indexing instructions; use TARSUS, ANIMAL for non-primate vertebrates; TN 117: other animal joints; ankle bone = TARSAL BONES

MS = That part of the lower limb directly above the foot.

UI = D000842

 

Ankle Injuries

AN = consider also TARSAL BONES /inj

MS = Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.

UI = D016512

 

Ankle Joint

AN = primates only; TN 238: differentiation from ANKLE & indexing instructions; use TARSUS, ANIMAL for non-primate vertebrates; TN 117: other animal joints

MS = The joint that is formed by the inferior articular and malleolar articular surfaces of the tibia, the malleolar articular surface of the fibula, and the medial malleolar, lateral malleolar, and superior surfaces of the talus.

UI = D000843

 

Ankylosis

AN = consolidation & immobility of a joint

MS = Immobility and consolidation of a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000844

 

Ankyrin Repeat

AN = an amino acid seq in ANKYRINS (see note there)

MS = Protein domains that contain 33-amino acid long sequences that often occur in tandem arrays. This repeating sequence of 33-amino acids was discovered in ANKYRIN and is involved in interaction with the anion exchanger (BAND 3 PROTEIN) and may perform a role in molecular recognition in diverse proteins.

UI = D017089

 

Ankyrins

AN = membrane proteins; from the Greek word for anchor with ref to their role in attachment of the cytoskeleton; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A family of membrane-associated proteins responsible for the attachment of the cytoskeleton. Erythrocyte-related isoforms of ankyrin attach the SPECTRIN cytoskeleton to a transmembrane protein (BAND 3 PROTEIN) in the erythrocyte plasma membrane. Brain-related isoforms of ankyrin also exist.

UI = D017487

 

Annelida

AN = a phylum of segmented worms; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = A phylum of metazoan invertebrates comprising the segmented worms, and including marine annelids (POLYCHAETA), freshwater annelids, earthworms (OLIGOCHAETA), and LEECHES. Only the leeches are of medical interest. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000845

 

Annexin I

AN = a calcium-binding protein

MS = Protein of the annexin family exhibiting lipid interaction and steroid-inducibility.

UI = D017305

 

Annexin II

AN = a calcium-binding protein

MS = Protein (p36) of the annexin family that is a substrate for a tyrosine kinase (ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC)) and for the cellular protein p11.

UI = D017306

 

Annexin III

AN = a calcium-binding protein

MS = A protein of the annexin family that catalyzes the conversion of 1-D-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate and water to 1-D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate. EC 3.1.4.36.

UI = D017318

 

Annexin IV

AN = a calcium-binding protein

MS = Protein of the annexin family originally isolated from the electric organ of the electric ray Torpedo marmorata. It has also been found in a wide range of mammalian tissues.

UI = D017314

 

Annexin V

MS = A protein of the annexin family isolated from human placenta and other tissues. It inhibits cytosolic phospholipase A2, and displays anticoagulant activity.

UI = D017304

 

Annexin VI

AN = a calcium-binding protein

MS = Protein of the annexin family with a probable role in exocytotic and endocytotic membrane events.

UI = D017317

 

Annexin VII

AN = a calcium-binding protein

MS = Protein of the annexin family that promotes the aggregation and fusion of chromaffin granules and can also act as a voltage-dependent calcium channel.

UI = D017310

 

Annexins

AN = calcium- & phospholipid-binding proteins

MS = Family of calcium- and phospholipid-binding proteins which are structurally related and exhibit immunological cross-reactivity. Each member contains four homologous 70 kD repeats. The annexins are differentially distributed in vertebrate tissues (and lower eukaryotes) and appear to be involved in membrane fusion and signal transduction.

UI = D017302

 

Anniversaries and Special Events

AN = NIM; no qualif; note X ref below: do not index here for anniversaries, centennials, etc. in historical articles; do not coord here for ANNIVERSARY REACTION; DF: ANNIVERSARIES

MS = Occasions to commemorate an event or occasions designated for a specific purpose.

UI = D000846

 

Annual Reports

AN = NIM; no qualif; coord with specific organiz or society (IM) + geog; do not confuse with Publication Type ANNUAL REPORTS

MS = Annual statements concerning the administrative and operational functions of an institution or organization.

UI = D000847

 

Annual Reports [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for annual reports as a subject, index under main heading ANNUAL REPORTS; Manual 17.10

MS = Annual statements concerning the administrative and operational functions of an institution or organization.

UI = D019487

 

Anodontia

AN = congen absence of teeth; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; congen absence of one or more teeth: do not confuse with JAW, EDENTULOUS (total lack of teeth in either jaw through disease or extraction), JAW, EDENTULOUS, PARTIALLY (partial lack in either jaw) or MOUTH, EDENTULOUS (total lack of teeth in both jaws through disease or extraction) CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital absence of the teeth; it may involve all (total anodontia) or only some of the teeth (partial anodontia, hypodontia), and both the deciduous and the permanent dentition, or only teeth of the permanent dentition. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000848

 

Anomia

AN = inability to name objects: do not confuse with ANOMIE ("state of social disorganization & demoralization in society...", often called "anomia")

MS = Loss of the power of naming objects or of subjectively recognizing and recalling their names. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000849

 

Anomie

AN = no qualif; "state of social disorganization & demoralization in society..."; sometimes called "anomia" but do not confuse with ANOMIA ("inability to name objects")

MS = A state of social disorganization and demoralization in society which is largely the result of disharmony between cultural goals and the means for attaining them. This may be reflected in the behavior of the individual in many ways - non-conformity, social withdrawal, deviant behavior, etc.

UI = D000850

 

Anonyms and Pseudonyms

AN = no qualif; DF: ANONYMS

MS = Designations for persons whose names are not known or who wish to remain anonymous (anonyms) and for persons who wish to conceal or obscure their identity by assuming a fictitious name (pseudonyms).

UI = D000851

 

Anopheles

AN = mosquito; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

MS = A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) that are known vectors of MALARIA.

UI = D000852

 

Anophthalmos

AN = absence of one or both eyes; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital absence of the eye or eyes.

UI = D000853

 

Anoplura

AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

MS = An order of insects comprising the sucking lice, which are blood-sucking ectoparasites of mammals. Recognized families include: Echionphthiriidae, Haematopinidae, and Pediculidae. The latter contains the medically important genera affecting humans: PEDICULUS and PHTHIRUS.

UI = D000854

 

Anorexia

AN = loss of appetite

MS = Lack of or loss of the appetite for food. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000855

 

Anorexia Nervosa

AN = a severe eating disord

MS = Syndrome in which the primary features include excessive fear of becoming overweight, body image disturbance, significant weight loss, refusal to maintain minimal normal weight, and amenorrhea. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)

UI = D000856

 

Anosmia

AN = loss of sense of smell

MS = Absence of the sense of smell. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000857

 

Anovulation

AN = absence of ovulation; human & animal; only Cat C qualif

MS = Suspension or cessation of ovulation in animals and humans.

UI = D000858

 

Anoxemia

AN = differentiate from ANOXIA

MS = Reduction of oxygen content of the blood below physiologic levels. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000859

 

Anoxia

AN = differentiate from ANOXEMIA; do not confuse X ref HYPOXIA with HYPEROXIA; fetal anoxia = FETAL ANOXIA; CEREBRAL ANOXIA is also available; restrict to dis or clin state in human & higher animals: do not confuse with anoxic or hypoxic state in lower animals or micro-organisms ( = OXYGEN or ANAEROBIOSIS); TN 145: ANOXIA & HYPOXIA see ANOXIA as clin entities in C23 & not for decrease of oxygen in tissues & cells ( = CELL HYPOXIA)

MS = A total lack of oxygen; often used interchangeably with hypoxia to mean a reduced supply of oxygen to the tissues. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000860

 

Anserine

AN = a dipeptide

UI = D000861

 

Ant Venoms

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted

MS = Venoms from the superfamily Formicoidea, Ants. They may contain protein factors and toxins, histamine, enzymes, and alkaloids and are often allergenic or immunogenic.

UI = D000862

 

Antacids

MS = Substances that counteract or neutralize acidity. They are used mainly for the treatment of gastrointestinal irritation or ulcers.

UI = D000863

 

Antarctic Regions

AN = note spelling: -ARCTIC: neither spelled nor pronounced "antartic"

MS = The continent lying around the South Pole and the southern waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. It includes the Falkland Islands Dependencies. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p55)

UI = D000864

 

Antazoline

AN = a histamine H1 antag

MS = An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.

UI = D000865

 

Antelopes

AN = includes dik-dik, eland, gazelle, gnu, hartebeest, impala, springbok, wildebeest; IM; qualif permitted

MS = Any of various ruminant mammals of the order Bovidae. They include numerous species in Africa and the American pronghorn.

UI = D000866

 

Anterior Chamber

AN = the space between the cornea & lens which contains the aqueous humor; do not confuse with ANTERIOR EYE SEGMENT; hemorrhage within anterior chamber = HYPHEMA; anterior chamber endothelium = ENDOTHELIUM, ANTERIOR CHAMBER see ENDOTHELIUM, CORNEAL

MS = The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and that part of the crystalline lens which presents through the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p109)

UI = D000867

 

Anterior Compartment Syndrome

AN = in tibia; note X ref: restricted to anterior muscle

MS = Rapid swelling, increased tension, pain, and ischemic necrosis of the muscles of the anterior tibial compartment of the leg, often following excessive exertion.

UI = D000868

 

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

AN = a ligament of the knee

MS = A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the femur, passes anteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the depression in front of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia.

UI = D016118

 

Anterior Eye Segment

AN = do not confuse with ANTERIOR CHAMBER

MS = That part of the eyeball anterior to the lens.

UI = D000869

 

Anterior Horn Cells

AN = motor neurons in the spinal cord; A 11 qualif

MS = Motor neurons in the anterior (ventral) horn of the spinal cord which project to skeletal muscles.

UI = D000870

 

Anthelmintics

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific anthelmintic; consider also HELMINTHS /drug eff & HELMINTHIASIS /drug ther or pertinent specifics

MS = Agents destructive to parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of HELMINTHIASIS in man and animal.

UI = D000871

 

Anthocyanins

AN = pigments

MS = Glycosidic pigments in blue, red, and purple flowers and also found as metabolic byproducts in blood and urine.

UI = D000872

 

Anthracenes

AN = carcinogens; D25-26 qualif

MS = A family of aromatic hydrocarbons derived from coal tar distillation.

UI = D000873

 

Anthracosilicosis

AN = anthracosis with silicosis; do not coord with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

MS = A mixed condition of anthracosis and silicosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000874

 

Anthracyclines

AN = in ther of dis is likely to be ANTIBIOTICS, ANTHRACYCLINE

MS = Organic compounds that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.

UI = D018943

 

Anthralin

AN = an anti-inflamm agent

MS = An anti-inflammatory anthracene derivative used for the treatment of dermatoses, especially psoriasis. It may cause folliculitis.

UI = D000875

 

Anthramycin

AN = an antineoplastic antibiotic

MS = 3-(5,10,11,11a-Tetrahydro-9,11-dihydroxy-8-methyl-5-oxo-1H-pyrrolo(2,1-c)(1,4)benzodiazepin-2-yl)-2-propenamide. A broad-spectrum spectrum antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces refuineus var. thermotolerans. It has low toxicity, some activity against Trichomonas and Endamoeba, and inhibits RNA and DNA synthesis. It binds irreversibly to DNA.

UI = D000876

 

Anthranilate Phosphoribosyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of N-5'-phosphoribosylanthranilic acid from anthranilate and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate, the first step in tryptophan synthesis in E. coli. It exists in a complex with ANTHRANILATE SYNTHASE in bacteria. EC 2.4.2.18.

UI = D000877

 

Anthranilate Synthase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of anthranilate (o-aminobenzoate) and pyruvic acid from chorismate and glutamine. Anthranilate is the biosynthetic precurser of tryptophan and numerous secondary metabolites, including inducible plant defense compounds. EC 4.1.3.27.

UI = D000878

 

Anthranilic Acids

MS = Benzoic acids which are substituted with an amino group in the C-2 position.

UI = D000879

 

Anthraquinones

MS = An anthracene ring which contains two ketone moieties in any position. Can be substituted in any position except on the ketone groups.

UI = D000880

 

Anthrax

AN = Bacillus infect; human & animal; /vet permitted

MS = An acute bacterial infection caused by ingestion of BACILLUS organisms. Carnivores may become infected from ingestion of infected carcasses. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The most common form in humans is cutaneous anthrax.

UI = D000881

 

Anthropology

AN = IM as SPEC: SPEC qualif; HOMINIDAE is available as taxonomic Man; NIM as coord with no qualif; med anthropology: do not coord with MEDICINE; DF: ANTHROPOL CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The science devoted to the comparative study of man.

UI = D000883

 

Anthropology, Cultural

AN = IM as SPEC: SPEC qualif; NIM as coord with no qualif; DF: ANTHROPOL CULTURAL CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The study of social phenomena which characterize the learned, shared, and transmitted social activities of a particular ethnic group.

UI = D000884

 

Anthropology, Physical

AN = IM as SPEC: SPEC qualif; NIM as coord, no qualif; DF: ANTHROPOL PHYSICAL CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The comparative science dealing with the physical characteristics of man as related to his origin, evolution, and development in his total environment.

UI = D000885

 

Anthropometry

AN = primate only; consider also specific terms under BODY WEIGHTS AND MEASURES; SKINFOLD THICKNESS is also available

MS = The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body.

UI = D000886

 

Anthroposophy

MS = Knowledge of the nature of man. A spiritual and mystical doctrine that grew out of theosophy and derives mainly from the philosophy of Rudolph Steiner, Austrian social philosopher (1861-1925). (Webster, 3d ed)

UI = D000887

 

Anti-Allergic Agents

AN = consider also HYPERSENSITIVITY /drug ther

MS = Agents that are used to treat allergic reactions. Most of these drugs act by preventing the release of inflammatory mediators or inhibiting the actions of released mediators on their target cells. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p475)

UI = D018926

 

Anti-Allergic and Respiratory System Agents

AN = not used for indexing; consider also HYPERSENSITIVITY /drug ther; consider also RESPIRATORY SYSTEM /drug eff & RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES /drug ther or their specifics CATALOG: do not use

MS = A collective term for drugs used to treat allergic reactions as well as those drugs that produce an effect on the respiratory system.

UI = D018944

 

Anti-Anxiety Agents

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also ANXIETY /drug ther

MS = Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here.

UI = D014151

 

Anti-Anxiety Agents, Benzodiazepine

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Substances with a benzodiazepine ring structure widely used to treat anxiety and neuroses. Drugs in this class also generally have sedative or weak hypnotic properties and may be effective as muscle relaxants, anticonvulsants, and anesthesia adjuvants.

UI = D001568

 

 

Anti-Arrhythmia Agents

AN = consider also ARRHYTHMIA /drug ther

MS = Agents used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. They may affect the polarization-repolarization phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibers. Anti-arrhythmia agents are often classed into four main groups according to their mechanism of action: sodium channel blockade, beta-adrenergic blockade, repolarization prolongation, or calcium channel blockade.

UI = D000889

 

Anti-Asthmatic Agents

AN = consider also ASTHMA /drug ther

MS = Drugs that are used to treat asthma.

UI = D018927

 

Antibiotic Prophylaxis

AN = IM; coord with specific antibiotic /ther use (IM)

MS = Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications.

UI = D019072

 

Antibiotics, Anthracycline

MS = Antibiotics which have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to a sugar molecule. These antibiotics have potent antineoplastic activity. The two best known members of this group are daunorubicin and doxorubicin. Since these agents intercalate with DNA, many DNA functions are adversely affected. Futhermore they interact with cell membranes thereby altering their functions and also generate hydrogen peroxide and hydroxy radicals which are highly destructive to cells.

UI = D015249

 

Antibiotics, Combined

AN = admin simultaneously or sequentially; IM; coord with specific antibiotics (IM), using same qualifs

MS = Combinations of antibiotics used against difficult-to-treat infections. Antibiotic combinations have been used mainly to broaden the antibacterial spectrum and prevent development of resistance. In some instances these combinations have shown lower toxicity, but drug antagonism may be one of the problems encountered by their use. They may be given simultaneously or sequentially. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.

UI = D015261

 

Antibiotics, Glycopeptide

MS = Antibiotics whose structure contains one or more cyclic peptides to which are attached to one or more deoxy sugars in glycosidic linkage. They are generally effective against gram-positive bacteria and act by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls.

UI = D017333

 

Antibiotics, Macrolide

MS = A group of antibiotics containing a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. These antibiotics are produced by certain species of Streptomyces. They often inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunits of 70S ribosomes.

UI = D015548

 

Antibiotics, Peptide

AN = effective against gram-pos bacteria; ANTIBIOTICS, GLYCOPEPTIDE is also available

MS = Antibiotics whose structure contains one or more peptides, usually cyclic. They are generally effective against gram-positive bacteria and act by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls.

UI = D017561

 

Antibiotics, Tetracycline

MS = Broad-spectrum natural and semisynthetic antibiotics with a naphthacene structure obtained from various Streptomyces species.

UI = D019088

 

Antibodies, Anticardiolipin

AN = autoantibodies; do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

MS = Antiphospholipid antibodies found in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME, and in a variety of other diseases as well as in healthy individuals. The antibodies are detected by solid-phase immunoassay employing the purified phospholipid antigen cardiolipin.

UI = D017153

 

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic

AN = only anti-immunoglobulin antibodies: anti-IGA antibodies, anti-IGG antibodies, etc.: coord IM with IGA (IM), IGG (IM), etc.; caution: anti-liver antibodies (& others of this type) = ANTIBODIES, not ANTI-ANTIBODIES; DF: note short X ref

MS = Antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies.

UI = D000888

 

Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic

AN = autoantibodies; do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn; DF: note short X ref

MS = Autoantibodies directed against cytoplasmic constituents of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and/or monocytes. They are used as specific markers for Wegener's granulomatosis and other diseases, though their pathophysiological role is not clear. ANCA are routinely detected by indirect immunofluorescence with three different patterns: c-ANCA (cytoplasmic), p-ANCA (perinuclear), and atypical ANCA.

UI = D019268

 

Antibodies, Antiphospholipid

AN = autoantibodies; do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

MS = Autoantibodies directed against phospholipids. These antibodies are characteristically found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME, related autoimmune diseases, some non-autoimmune diseases, and also in healthy individuals.

UI = D017152

 

Antibodies, Archaeal

AN = coord IM with specific archaeon /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

MS = Immunoglobulins induced by substances elaborated by archaea that have an antigenic activity.

UI = D019844

 

Antibodies, Bispecific

AN = do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

MS = Antibodies, often monoclonal, in which the two antigen-binding sites are specific for separate antigenic determinants. They are artificial antibodies produced by chemical crosslinking, fusion of hybridoma cells, or by molecular genetic techniques. They function as the main mediators of targeted cellular cytotoxicity and have been shown to be efficient in the targeting of drugs, toxins, radiolabeled haptens, and effector cells to diseased tissue, primarily tumors.

UI = D018033

 

Antibodies, Blocking

AN = antibodies inhibiting reaction between antigen and other antibodies or sensitized T-lymphocytes: not for any antibody reaction to an antigen ( = ANTIBODIES or specific antibody); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

MS = Antibodies that inhibit the reaction between antigen and other antibodies or sensitized T-lymphocytes (e.g., antibodies of the IgG class that compete with IgE antibodies for antigen, thereby blocking an allergic response). Blocking antibodies that bind tumors and prevent destruction of tumor cells by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes have also been called enhancing antibodies. (Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)

UI = D019138

 

Antibodies, Catalytic

AN = do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

MS = Antibodies that can catalyze a wide variety of chemical reactions. They are characterized by high substrate specificity and share many mechanistic features with enzymes.

UI = D017151

 

Antibody-Dependent Enhancement

AN = enhancement of viral infectivity: read MeSH definition

MS = Enhancement of viral infectivity caused by non-neutralizing antibodies. There are at least two mechanisms known to account for this: mediation by Fc receptors (RECEPTORS, FC) or by complement receptors (RECEPTORS, COMPLEMENT). Either the virus is complexed with antiviral IgG and binds to Fc receptors, or virus is coated with antiviral IgM and binds to complement receptors.

UI = D019067

 

Anticarcinogenic Agents

AN = do not confuse with ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS which treat or affect cancer already developed while ANTICARCINOGENIC AGENTS prevent or reduce the development of cancer

MS = Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced tumors independently of the mechanism involved. They differ from antineoplastic agents in that they prevent neoplasms from forming. The anticarcinogenic substances can be divided into three categories. The first consists of compounds that prevent the formation of carcinogens from precursor substances. The second group consists of "blocking agents" which inhibit carcinogenesis by preventing carcinogenic agents from reaching or reacting with critical target sites in the tissues. The third group is the "suppressor agents" which act by suppression of expression of neoplasia in cells previously exposed to carcinogens that would otherwise cause neoplasms.

UI = D016588

 

Anticipation, Genetic

MS = The apparent tendency of certain diseases to appear at earlier onset ages and with increasing severity in successive generations. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

UI = D020132

 

Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = A structurally and mechanistically diverse group of drugs that are not tricyclics or monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The most clinically important appear to act selectively on serotonergic systems, especially by inhibiting serotonin reuptake.

UI = D018687

 

Anti-Dyskinesia Agents

MS = Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders. Most of these act centrally on dopaminergic or cholinergic systems. Among the most important clinically are those used for the treatment of Parkinson disease (ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS) and those for the tardive dyskinesias.

UI = D018726

 

Antigen p150,95

AN = a differentiation antigen; DF: ANTIGEN P15095

MS = A major adhesion-associated heterodimer molecule expressed by human monocytes, granulocytes, NK cells, and some lymphocytes. The alpha subunit is the CD11c antigen (also called Leu-M5), a surface antigen expressed on some myeloid cells. The beta subunit is the CD18 antigen (ANTIGENS, CD18). The p150,95 antigen has been shown to play an important role in cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesive interactions.

UI = D016167

 

Antigen Presentation

AN = process whereby an antigen is made recognizable to a lymphocyte

MS = The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)

UI = D017951

 

Antigenic Modulation

MS = Loss of detectable antigen from the surface of a cell after incubation with antibodies. This is one method in which some tumors escape detection by the immune system. Antigenic modulation of target antigens also reduces the therapeutic effectiveness of treatment by monoclonal antibodies.

UI = D016525

 

Antigens, Archaeal

AN = coord IM with specific archaeon /immunol (IM)

MS = Substances of archaeal origin that have antigenic activity.

UI = D019845

 

Antigens, CD

AN = human differentiation antigens only

MS = Differentiation antigens residing on human leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similiar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

UI = D015703

 

Antigens, CD1

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens; but read MeSH definition

MS = Glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some dendritic cells and B-cells. Their structure is similar to that of MHC Class I and their function has been postulated as similar also. CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS.

UI = D018949

 

Antigens, CD2

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

MS = Glycoprotein members of the immunoglobulin superfamily which participate in T-cell adhesion and activation. They are expressed on most peripheral T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and thymocytes, and function as co-receptors or accessory molecules in the T-cell receptor complex.

UI = D018801

 

Antigens, CD3

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

MS = Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).

UI = D017252

 

Antigens, CD4

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens; human differentiation antigens only: for mouse use ANTIGENS, DIFFERENTIATION, T-LYMPHOCYTE

MS = 55-kD Glycoproteins originally defined as differentiation antigens on T-lymphocytes, but also found on other cells including monocytes/macrophages. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as HIV receptors, binding directly to the envelope protein gp120 on HIV.

UI = D015704

 

Antigens, CD5

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens; but read MeSH definition

MS = Glycoproteins expressed on all mature T-cells, thymocytes, and a subset of mature B-cells. Antibodies specific for CD5 can enhance T-cell receptor-mediated T-cell activation. The B-cell-specific molecule CD72 is a natural ligand for CD5. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156)

UI = D018956

 

Antigens, CD7

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

MS = Differentiation antigens expressed on pluripotential hematopoietic cells, most human thymocytes, and a major subset of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes. They have been implicated in integrin-mediated cellular adhesion and as signalling receptors on T-cells.

UI = D019011

 

Antigens, CD8

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

MS = Differentiation antigens found on thymocytes and on cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. CD8 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I-restricted interactions.

UI = D016827

 

Antigens, CD11

AN = a group of differentiation antigens

MS = A group of three different alpha chains (CD11a, CD11b, CD11c) that are associated with an invariant CD18 beta chain (ANTIGENS, CD18). The three resulting leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION) are LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1, MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN, and ANTIGEN, P150,95.

UI = D018845

 

Antigens, CD13

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

MS = Glycoproteins expressed on human granulocyte-monocyte progenitor colony forming units (CFU-GM) and their more differentiated progeny. The enzymes are also found in a large number of tissues, often associated with membranes. EC 3.4.11.2

UI = D018826

 

Antigens, CD14

AN = myelomonocytic differentiation antigen

MS = Glycolipid-anchored membrane glycoproteins expressed on cells of the myelomonocyte lineage including monocytes, macrophages, and some granulocytes. They function as receptors for the complex of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS-binding protein.

UI = D018950

 

Antigens, CD15

AN = carbohydrate tumor-assoc antigen; do not coord FUCOSYL SSEA-1 or SIALYL SSEA-1 with FUCOSE or SIALIC ACID unless particularly discussed; DF: SSEA1

MS = Carbohydrate antigen which is accumulated in various human cancer tissues and secreted into the blood stream. The carbohydrate moiety can be further modified with fucose or sialic acid. Monoclonal antibodies have been determined which can discriminate each subgroup of this antigen in the sera of cancer patients. Sialyl SSEA-1 antigen is particularly elevated in the sera of patients with a variety of tumors.

UI = D016256

 

Antigens, CD18

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

MS = Cell-surface glycoprotein beta-chains that are non-covalently linked to specific alpha-chains of the CD11 family of leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION). A defect in the gene encoding CD18 causes LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION DEFICIENCY SYNDROME.

UI = D018821

 

Antigens, CD19

AN = B-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

MS = Differentiation antigens expressed on B-lymphocytes and B-cell precursors. They are involved in regulation of B-cell proliferation.

UI = D018941

 

Antigens, CD20

AN = B-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

MS = Unglycosylated phosphoproteins expressed only on B-cells. They are regulators of transmembrane Ca2+ conductance and thought to play a role in B-cell activation and proliferation.

UI = D018951

 

Antigens, CD26

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

MS = Cell-surface glycoproteins and serine protease, also known as dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, that play a role in T-lymphocyte activation. CD26 binds to adenosine deaminase on the T-cell surface. EC 3.4.14.5

UI = D018819

 

Antigens, CD27

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

MS = Dimeric membrane glycoproteins found on most T-lymphocytes. Activation of T-cells by the antigen receptor increases CD27 surface expression.

UI = D018127

 

Antigens, CD28

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

MS = T-cell differentiation antigens that serve as the receptors for the B7 antigen (ANTIGENS, CD80) which modulates T-cell lymphokine production.

UI = D018106

 

Antigens, CD29

AN = differentiation antigens

MS = Integrin beta-1 chains which are expresssed as heterodimers noncovalently associated with specific alpha-chains of the CD49 family (CD49a-f). CD29 is expressed on resting and activated leukocytes and is a marker for total very late activation antigens on cells. (Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p164)

UI = D019012

 

Antigens, CD30

AN = human differentiation antigens only

MS = Differentiation antigens normally present in a small number of cells in the lymph nodes and tonsils in vivo, but also capable of being induced in a wide range of cells in vitro. They are clinically useful as tumor markers for Ki-1 lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, LARGE-CELL, KI-1) and some cases of LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS, MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES, and HODGKIN'S DISEASE.

UI = D017730

 

Antigens, CD31

MS = Cell adhesion molecules present on virtually all monocytes, platelets, and granulocytes. CD31 is highly expressed on endothelial cells and concentrated at the junctions between them.

UI = D019408

 

Antigens, CD34

AN = differentiation antigens

MS = Glycoproteins found on immature hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. They are the only molecules to date whose expression within the blood system is restricted to a small number of progenitor cells in the bone marrow.

UI = D018952

 

Antigens, CD36

AN = differentiation antigens

MS = Leukocyte differentiation antigens and major platelet membrane glycoproteins present on monocytes, endothelial cells, platelets, mammary epithelial cells, and a variety of cultured cell lines. They play major roles in adhesion phenomena, signal transduction, and hematopathology. CD36 is also the receptor for thrombospondin and malaria-infected erythrocytes.

UI = D018955

 

Antigens, CD40

AN = B-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

MS = Differentiation antigens found on all mature B-lymphocytes and some epithelial cells, carcinomas, and lymphoid dendritic cells. This is a member of the TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR superfamily. Evidence suggests that CD40-dependent activation of B-cells is important for generation of memory B-cells within the germinal centers.

UI = D019013

 

Antigens, CD44

AN = lymphocyte homing receptors

MS = Acidic sulfated integral membrane glycoproteins expressed in several alternatively spliced and variable glycosylated forms on a wide variety of cell types including mature T-cells, B-cells, medullary thymocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, erythrocytes, and fibroblasts. CD44 antigens are the principle cell surface receptors for hyaluronate and this interaction mediates binding of lymphocytes to high endothelial venules. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156)

UI = D018960

 

Antigens, CD45

AN = human & mouse differentiation antigens

MS = High-molecular weight glycoproteins uniquely expressed on the surface of all leukocytes and their hemopoietic progenitors. The CD45 family consists of multiple members that are all products of a single gene. CD45 expression is necessary for signalling through the T-cell receptor.

UI = D017493

 

Antigens, CD55

AN = differentiation antigens

MS = Glycoproteins broadly distributed among hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD55 prevents the assembly of C3 convertase or accelerates the disassembly of preformed convertase, thus blocking the formation of the membrane attack complex.

UI = D018958

 

Antigens, CD56

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

MS = The 140-kD isoform of NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule) containing a transmembrane domain and short cytoplasmic tail. It is expressed by all lymphocytes mediating non-MHC restricted cytotoxicity and is present on some neural tissues and tumors.

UI = D019002

 

Antigens, CD57

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

MS = Oligosaccharide antigenic determinants found principally on NK cells and T-cells. Their role in the immune response is poorly understood.

UI = D018959

 

Antigens, CD58

AN = differentiation antigens

MS = Glycoproteins with a wide distribution on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells and strongly expressed on macrophages. CD58 mediates cell adhesion by binding to CD2 (ANTIGENS, CD2) and this enhances antigen-specific T-cell activation.

UI = D018968

 

Antigens, CD59

AN = differentiation antigens

MS = Small glycoproteins found on both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD59 restricts the cytolytic activity of homologous complement by binding to C8 and C9 and blocking the assembly of the membrane attack complex. (From Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p234)

UI = D018957

 

Antigens, CD80

AN = differentiation antigens

MS = The natural ligand for the T-cell antigen CD28 (ANTIGENS, CD28) mediating T- and B-cell adhesion. CD80 is expressed on activated B-cells and gamma-interferon-stimulated monocytes. The binding of CD80 to CD28 and CTLA-4 provides a co-stimulatory signal to T-cells and leads to greatly upregulated lymphokine production.

UI = D018122

 

Antigens, CD95

AN = differentiation antigens; in X ref FAS ANTIGENS, fas stands for Folic Acid Synthesis

MS = Differentiation antigens expressed on a variety of cell lines including myeloid and lymphoblastoid cell lines. Their primary role is to regulate peripheral immune responses, which is achieved by triggering APOPTOSIS.

UI = D019014

 

Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic

AN = DF: MM DIFFER ANTIGENS or ANTIGENS DIFFER MM

MS = Surface antigens expressed on myeloid cells of the granulocyte-monocyte-histiocyte series during differentiation. Analysis of their reactivity in normal and malignant myelomonocytic cells is useful in identifying and classifying human leukemias and lymphomas.

UI = D015214

 

Antigens, Heterophile

AN = coord IM with specific antigen/organism heading (IM)

MS = Antigens stimulating the formation of, or combining with heterophile antibodies. They are cross-reacting antigens found in phylogenetically unrelated species.

UI = D015478

 

Antigens, Human Platelet

AN = restrict to antigens expressed on only platelets: do not confuse with HLA & other antigens expressed on platelets or other blood cells

MS = Human alloantigens expressed only on platelets, specifically on platelet membrane glycoproteins. These platelet-specific antigens are immunogenic and can result in pathological reactions to transfusion therapy.

UI = D016824

 

Antigens, Thy-1

AN = differentiation antigens; Thy stands for "THYmocyte"

MS = A group of differentiation surface antigens, among the first to be discovered on thymocytes and T-lymphocytes. Originally identified in the mouse, they are also found in other species including humans, and are expressed on brain neurons and other cells.

UI = D018800

 

Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: note short X ref

MS = Carbohydrate antigens expressed by malignant tissue. They are useful as tumor markers and are measured in the serum by means of a radioimmunoassay employing monoclonal antibodies.

UI = D015295

 

Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease

AN = a type of glomerulonephritis; DF: note short X ref

MS = Glomerulonephritis, usually of a generalized proliferative crescent-forming histologic type with a rapidly progressive course, marked by circulating anti-GBM antibodies and linear deposits of immunoglobulin and complement along the glomerular basement membrane. When associated with pulmonary hemorrhage the condition is called GOODPASTURE SYNDROME. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019867

 

Anti-HIV Agents

AN = consider also AIDS /drug ther; may be used for articles on simian acquired immunodefic syndrome & simian immunodefic virus

MS = Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.

UI = D019380

 

Anti-Infective Agents

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific anti-infective agent; consider also INFECTION /drug ther or its specifics

MS = Substances capable of killing infectious agents or of preventing them from spreading and causing infection. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000890

 

Anti-Infective Agents, Fluoroquinolone

MS = Synthetic antimicrobial agents with the characteristic 4-quinolone ring structure and containing a fluorine moiety at the 6-position. Some members also have a 1-piperazinyl group at the 7-position. Fluoroquinolone agents have greater intrinsic antibacterial activity and a broader antibacterial spectrum than the quinolone agents.

UI = D017372

 

Anti-Infective Agents, Quinolone

MS = A group of synthetic antimicrobial agents which usually contain a 4-quinolinone ring structure. A few compounds belonging to this group have related nitrogen heterocyclic ring structures such as naphthyridine or phthalazine groups. All compounds in this group are substituted with an oxo group at the 4-position. The second-generation quinolones are also substituted with a 1-piperazinyl group at the 7-position and a fluorine moiety at the 6-position. The quinolones inhibit the A subunit of DNA gyrase and thus interfere with the ability of the enzyme to repair bacterial DNA breaks during replication. The compounds have a broad spectrum of activity against a variety of aerobic bacteria.

UI = D015364

 

Anti-Infective Agents, Local

MS = Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects.

UI = D000891

 

Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary

AN = consider also URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS /drug ther

MS = Substances capable of killing agents causing urinary tract infections or of preventing them from spreading.

UI = D000892

 

Anti-Inflammatory Agents

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; consider also INFLAMMATION /drug ther; DF: ANTI INFLAMM AGENTS or ANTIINFLAMM AGENTS

MS = Agents that counteract or suppress the inflammatory process. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000893

 

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antirheumatic Agents, and Inflammation Mediators

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

MS = Both endogenous and exogenous substances used to counteract the inflammatory process or alleviate or prevent rheumatic diseases, and the compounds that mediate the inflammation process.

UI = D018372

 

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; DF: NSAID

MS = Anti-inflammatory agents that are not steroids. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions. They are used primarily in the treatment of chronic arthritic conditions and certain soft tissue disorders associated with pain and inflammation. They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects. Certain NSAIDs also may inhibit lipoxygenase enzymes or phospholipase C or may modulate T-cell function. (AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p 1814-5)

UI = D000894

 

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Steroidal

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: AIAS

MS = Steroidal agents capable of suppressing or counteracting the inflammatory process by acting on body mechanisms, without directly antagonizing the causative agents. (From Stedman, 26th ed; From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000895

 

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Topical

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: AIAT

MS = Anti-inflammatory agents that are applied to the skin and whose pharmacological effect only occurs at the area of application.

UI = D000896

 

Antimanic Agents

AN = tranquilizing agents; consider also BIPOLAR DISORDER /drug ther

MS = Agents that are used to treat bipolar disorders or mania associated with other affective disorders.

UI = D018692

 

Antimutagenic Agents

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced mutations independently of the mechanism involved.

UI = D016587

 

Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating

MS = A class of drugs that differs from other alkylating agents used clinically in that they are monofunctional and thus unable to cross-link cellular macromolecules. Among their common properties are a requirement for metabolic activation to intermediates with antitumor efficacy and the presence in their chemical structures of N-methyl groups, that after metabolism, can covalently modify cellular DNA. The precise mechanisms by which each of these drugs acts to kill tumor cells are not completely understood. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2026)

UI = D018906

 

Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal

AN = consider also NEOPLASMS, HORMONE-DEPENDENT /drug ther

MS = Antineoplastic agents that are used to treat hormone-sensitive tumors. Hormone-sensitive tumors may be hormone-dependent, hormone-responsive, or both. A hormone-dependent tumor regresses on removal of the hormonal stimulus, by surgery or pharmacological block. Hormone-responsive tumors may regress when pharmacologic amounts of hormones are administered regardless of whether previous signs of hormone sensitivity were observed. The major hormone-responsive cancers include carcinomas of the breast, prostate, and endometrium; lymphomas; and certain leukemias. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1994, p2079)

UI = D018931

 

Anti-Obesity Agents

AN = consider also OBESITY /drug ther

MS = Agents that increase energy expenditure and weight loss by neural and chemical regulation. Beta-adrenergic agents and serotoninergic drugs have been experimentally used in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) to treat obesity.

UI = D019440

 

Antiphospholipid Syndrome

AN = an autoimmune dis, not a metab dis

MS = The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).

UI = D016736

 

Antiporters

AN = carrier proteins

MS = Membrane glycoproteins that transport substrates across the membrane in a tightly coupled stoichiometric manner. The stoichiometry of influx of one substrate and the efflux of another is fixed by a single transport catalytic cycle; that is, the membrane is not freely permeable to either substrate. Antiporters mediate secondary active transport, using the electrochemical energy of a primary gradient (mostly for sodium) that is built up by an ATP-consuming transporter (mostly sodium, potassium ATPase) to maintain transmembrane gradients for other electrolytes or metabolic substrates.

UI = D017920

 

Antipsychotic Agents

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; consider also PSYCHOSES /drug ther

MS = Agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in schizophrenia, senile dementia, transient psychosis following surgery or myocardial infarction, etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus.

UI = D014150

 

Antipsychotic Agents, Butyrophenone

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Those butyrophenone derivatives used in the treatment of psychoses.

UI = D002089

 

Antipsychotic Agents, Phenothiazine

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Phenothiazine derivatives used in the treatment of psychoses.

UI = D010639

 

Antirheumatic Agents

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; consider also RHEUMATIC DISEASES /drug ther; DF: note short X ref

MS = Drugs that are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.

UI = D018501

 

 

Antirheumatic Agents, Gold

AN = DF: ARAG

MS = Gold salts that are effective in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. These compounds usually do not have analgesic activity. Since these compounds are poorly absorbed from the intestinal tract, they are usually given intramuscularly.

UI = D016043

 

Antisense Elements (Genetics)

AN = DF: ANTISENSE ELEMENTS

MS = Nucleic acids which hybridize to complementary sequences in other target nucleic acids causing the function of the latter to be affected.

UI = D016375

 

Antithrombin III Deficiency

MS = An absence or reduced level of Antithrombin III leading to an increased risk for thrombosis.

UI = D020152

 

 

 

Antithyroid Agents

AN = consider also HYPERTHYROIDISM /drug ther

MS = Agents that are used to treat hyperthyroidism by reducing the excessive production of thyroid hormones.

UI = D013956

 

Antitrust Laws

AN = specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Those federal and state laws, and their enforcement, that protect trade and commerce from unlawful restraints and monopolies or unfair business practices.

UI = D016363

 

Anti-Ulcer Agents

AN = restrict to gastrointestinal ulcers; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also PEPTIC ULCER /drug ther & /drug ther with pertinent specifics

MS = Various agents with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate ulcers or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.

UI = D000897

 

Antibiosis

AN = micro-organisms only

MS = A property of microorganisms which enables one microorganism to kill, injure, or inhibit the growth of a different microorganism.

UI = D000898

 

Antibiotics

AN = "chem substance produced by microorganisms": not a synonym for "antibacterials"; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific antibiotic groups or specific antibiotic; /biosyn permitted only if by living matter; /pharmacol: resistance to antibiotics in general goes under ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE see DRUG RESISTANCE, MICROBIAL; preop use of antibiotics for prev of infect: index under ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS (IM) + specific antibiotic /ther use (IM)

MS = Chemical substances produced by microorganisms, that have the capacity, in dilute solutions, to inhibit the growth of or to kill other organisms. Antibiotics that are sufficiently nontoxic to the host are used as chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of infectious diseases of man, animals, and plants. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000900

 

Antibiotics, Aminoglycoside

MS = Antibiotics whose structure contains amino sugars attached to an aminocyclitol ring (hexose nucleus) by glycosidic bonds. Aminoglycoside antibiotics are derived from various species of Streptomyces and Micromonospora or are produced synthetically. They act by inhibiting protein synthesis.

UI = D000901

 

Antibiotics, Antifungal

MS = Antibiotics inhibiting the growth of or killing fungi and used in the treatment of various fungal diseases.

UI = D000902

 

Antibiotics, Antineoplastic

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; do not use /biosyn unless by living matter; TN 4: relation to ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS

MS = Chemical substances, produced by microorganisms, inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms.

UI = D000903

 

Antibiotics, Antitubercular

MS = Substances obtained from various species of microorganisms that are, alone or in combination with other agents, of use in treating various forms of tuberculosis; most of these agents are merely bacteriostatic, induce resistance in the organisms, and may be toxic.

UI = D000904

 

Antibiotics, Lactam

AN = GEN: prefer specifics;

MS = Compounds containing a four-membered ring with an amide nitrogen and a keto group. This configuration includes bacteriostatic, cell-wall inhibiting antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephalosporins, their analogs and derivatives, such as the penem (or penam) compounds, clavulanic acids, and monobactams. They are substrates for and may act as inhibitors of bacterial beta-lactamases.

UI = D000905

 

Antibodies

AN = "blocking antibodies" is ANTIBODIES (IM) + BINDING, COMPETITIVE (NIM); antibodies to IGA, IGG etc. = ANTI-ANTIBODIES (IM) + IGA, IGG, etc. (IM); ANTIBODY-TOXIN CONJUGATES is available as toxin carrier: see note there

MS = Immunoglobulin molecules that have a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS), or with an antigen closely related to it. Antibodies are classified according to their mode of action as AGGLUTININS, bacteriolysins, HEMOLYSINS, OPSONINS, PRECIPITINS, etc. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000906

 

Antibodies, Bacterial

AN = coord IM with specific bacterium /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn; DF: ANTIBODIES BACT

MS = Immunoglobulins induced by substances elaborated by bacteria that have an antigenic activity.

UI = D000907

 

Antibodies, Fungal

AN = coord IM with specific fungus /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

MS = Immunoglobulins induced by substances elaborated by fungi that have an antigenic activity.

UI = D000908

 

Antibodies, Helminth

AN = coord IM with specific helminth /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

MS = Antibodies produced by human or animal cells following clinical or experimental exposure to parasitic helminth antigens. The IgE class of immunoglobulins is usually formed and released, but IgG, IgM, and IgA may also occur.

UI = D000909

 

Antibodies, Heterophile

AN = do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

MS = Antibodies elicited in a different species from which the antigen originated. These antibodies are directed against a wide variety of interspecies-specific antigens, the best known of which are Forssman, Hanganutziu-Deicher (H-D), and Paul-Bunnell (P-B). Incidence of antibodies to these antigens--i.e., the phenomenon of heterophile antibody response--is useful in the serodiagnosis, pathogenesis, and prognosis of infection and latent infectious states as well as in cancer classification.

UI = D000910

 

Antibodies, Monoclonal

AN = do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for biosyn; ANTIBODY-TOXIN CONJUGATES is available as a toxin carrier: see note there

MS = Antibodies produced by clones of cells such as those isolated after hybridization of activated B lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. These hybrids are often referred to as hybridomas.

UI = D000911

 

Antibodies, Neoplasm

AN = coord IM with required neopl coords with /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn; DF: ANTIBODIES NEOPL

MS = Immunoglobulins induced by antigens specific for tumors other than the normally occurring histocompatibility antigens.

UI = D000912

 

Antibodies, Protozoan

AN = coord IM with specific protozoan /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

MS = Antibodies produced by human or animal cells following clinical or experimental exposure to parasitic protozoan antigens.

UI = D000913

 

Antibodies, Viral

AN = coord IM with specific virus /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

MS = Immunoglobulins produced as a response to viral antigens; includes all classes of immunoglobulins elicited by all viral components.

UI = D000914

 

Antibody Affinity

AN = do not confuse with BINDING SITES, ANTIBODY or ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS

MS = A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes.

UI = D000915

 

Antibody Diversity

AN = for theories see MeSH definition

MS = The phenomenon of immense variability characteristic of antibodies, which enables the immune system to react specifically against the essentially unlimited kinds of antigens it encounters. Antibody diversity is accounted for by three main theories: 1) the Germ Line Theory, which holds that each antibody-producing cell has genes coding for all possible antibody specificities, but expresses only the one stimulated by antigen; 2) the Somatic Mutation Theory, which holds that antibody-producing cells contain only a few genes, which produce antibody diversity by mutation; and 3) the Gene Rearrangement Theory, which holds that antibody diversity is generated by the rearrangement of variable region gene segments during the differentiation of the antibody-producing cells.

UI = D000916

 

Antibody Formation

AN = GEN only: do not use as coord for formation of specific antibodies; coord NIM with specific dis /immunol (IM): TN 242

UI = D000917

 

Antibody Specificity

AN = coord IM with specific antibody (IM)

MS = The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some antigenic determinants and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

UI = D000918

 

Antibody-Coated Bacteria Test, Urinary

AN = DF: ACBU

MS = Fluorescent antibody technique for visualizing antibody-bacteria complexes in urine. The presence or absence of antibody-coated bacteria in urine correlates with localization of urinary tract infection in the kidney or bladder, respectively.

UI = D000919

 

Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity

AN = DF: note short X ref

MS = The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IgG whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent.

UI = D000920

 

Antibody-Producing Cells

AN = A 11 qualif

MS = Cells of the lymphoid series that can react with antigen to produce specific cell products called antibodies. Various cell subpopulations, often B-lymphocytes, can be defined, based on the different classes of immunoglobulins that they synthesize.

UI = D000921

 

Anticestodal Agents

AN = consider also CESTODA /drug eff & CESTODE INFECTIONS /drug ther or pertinent specifics

MS = Agents used to treat tapeworm infestations in man or animals.

UI = D000923

 

Anticholesteremic Agents

AN = consider also HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA & specifics /drug ther

MS = Substances that promote a reduction of blood cholesterol levels. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000924

 

Anticoagulants

AN = not for circulating natural anticoagulants; consider also BLOOD COAGULATION /drug eff & THROMBOSIS /drug ther or related dis with /drug ther; DF: ANTICOAG

MS = Agents that prevent blood clotting. Naturally occurring agents in the blood are included only when they are used as drugs.

UI = D000925

 

Anticodon

AN = in transfer RNA; IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A set of three nucleotides in transfer RNA that associates by complementary base pairing with a specific triplet (codon) in messenger RNA during its translation in the ribosome.

UI = D000926

 

Anticonvulsants

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also CONVULSIONS /drug ther

MS = Drugs used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity.

UI = D000927

 

Antidepressive Agents

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific antidepressive agents; consider also DEPRESSION /drug ther

MS = Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, SECOND-GENERATION) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems.

UI = D000928

 

Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Substances that contain a fused three-ring moiety and are used in the treatment of depression. These drugs block the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into axon terminals and may block some subtypes of serotonin, adrenergic, and histamine receptors. However the mechanism of their antidepressant effects is not clear because the therapeutic effects usually take weeks to develop and may reflect compensatory changes in the central nervous system.

UI = D000929

 

Antidiarrheals

AN = consider also DIARRHEA /drug ther

MS = Miscellaneous agents found useful in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. They have no effect on the agent(s) that cause diarrhea, but merely alleviate the condition.

UI = D000930

 

Antidotes

AN = D25-26 qualif; consider also POISONING /drug ther

MS = Agents counteracting or neutralizing the action of poisons. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D000931

 

Antiemetics

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also NAUSEA /drug ther & VOMITING /drug ther

MS = Drugs used to prevent nausea or vomiting. Antiemetics act by a wide range of mechanisms. Some act on the medullary contol centers (the vomiting center and the chemoreceptive trigger zone) while others affect the peripheral receptors.

UI = D000932

 

Antifibrinolytic Agents

MS = Agents that prevent fibrinolysis or lysis of a blood clot or thrombus. Several endogenous antiplasmins are known. The drugs are used to control massive hemorrhage and in other coagulation disorders.

UI = D000933

 

Antifoaming Agents

AN = D25-26 qualif; consider also FLATULENCE /drug ther

MS = Agents used to prevent the formation of foam or to treat flatulence or bloat.

UI = D000934

 

Antifungal Agents

AN = used in ther: differentiate from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL; consider also FUNGI /drug eff & MYCOSES /drug ther or pertinent specific antifungal agent

MS = Agents destructive to fungi, suppressing their growth or reproduction, and effective against fungal infections. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL in that antifungal agents are restricted to action against fungi present in human or animal tissues. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000935

 

Antigen-Antibody Complex

MS = The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

UI = D000936

 

Antigen-Antibody Reactions

UI = D000937

 

Antigen-Presenting Cells

AN = A 11 qualif

MS = Heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediates the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cell receptor. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES, DENDRITIC CELLS, LANGERHANS CELLS, and B-LYMPHOCYTES.

UI = D000938

 

Antigenic Variation

AN = microbes only

MS = Change in the surface antigen of a microorganism. There are two different types. One is a phenomenon, especially associated with the influenza virus, where it undergoes spontaneous antigenic variation both as slow antigenic drift and sudden emergence of a new strain (antigenic shift). The second type is when certain parasites, especially trypanosomes, plasmodia, and Borrelia, survive the immune response of the host by changing the surface coat (antigen switching). (From Herbert et al., The Dictionary of Immunology, 4th ed)

UI = D000940

 

Antigens

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics

MS = Substances which are capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibodies or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulates, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (EPITOPES) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000941

 

Antigens, Bacterial

AN = coord IM with specific bacterium /immunol (IM); DF: ANTIGENS BACT

MS = Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

UI = D000942

 

Antigens, Differentiation

AN = GEN: prefer specific groups & specific differentiation antigens; note X ref LEU ANTIGENS but several specific Leu antigens are also available; DF: ANTIGENS DIFFER

MS = Antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living cells during sequential stages of maturation and differentiation. As immunologic markers they have high organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic transformation.

UI = D000943

 

Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte

AN = DF: B CELL DIFFER ANTIGENS

MS = Membrane antigens associated with maturation stages of B-lymphocytes, often expressed in tumors of B-cell origin.

UI = D000944

 

Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte

AN = DF: T CELL DIFFER ANTIGENS

MS = Antigens expressed on the cell membrane of T-lymphocytes during differentiation, activation, and normal and neoplastic transformation. Their phenotypic characterization is important in differential diagnosis and studies of thymic ontogeny and T-cell function.

UI = D000945

 

Antigens, Fungal

AN = coord IM with specific fungus /immunol (IM)

MS = Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.

UI = D000946

 

Antigens, Helminth

AN = coord IM with specific helminth /immunol (IM)

MS = Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes.

UI = D000947

 

Antigens Class II, Histocompatibility (see: Histocompatibility Antigens Class II)

 

Antigens, Ly

MS = A group of lymphocyte surface antigens differentially located on subpopulations of mouse lymphocytes. This localization has been useful in distinguishing different functional subpopulations of lymphocytes. For example, cytotoxic T-cells bear primarily Lyt-23 on their surface and not Lyt-1, whereas helper cells bear Lyt-1 and not Lyt-23.

UI = D000950

 

Antigens, Neoplasm

AN = coord IM with required neopl coords with /immunol (IM); Manual 24.4.4.1+

MS = Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

UI = D000951

 

Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming

AN = coord IM with specific polyoma virus /immunol (IM); DF: PVTA

MS = Polyomavirus antigens which cause infection and cellular transformation. The large T antigen is necessary for the initiation of viral DNA synthesis, repression of transcription of the early region and is responsible in conjunction with the middle T antigen for the transformation of primary cells. Small T antigen is necessary for the completion of the productive infection cycle.

UI = D000952

 

Antigens, Protozoan

AN = coord IM with specific protozoan /immunol (IM)

MS = Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.

UI = D000953

 

Antigens, Surface

AN = coord NIM with specific antigen/organism heading (IM)

MS = Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

UI = D000954

 

Antigens, T-Independent

MS = Antigens which may directly stimulate B lymphocytes without the cooperation of T lymphocytes.

UI = D000955

 

Antigens, Viral

AN = coord IM with specific virus /immunol (IM)

MS = Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

UI = D000956

 

Antigens, Viral, Tumor

AN = coord IM with specific virus /immunol (IM)

MS = Those proteins recognized by antibodies from serum of animals bearing tumors induced by viruses; these proteins are presumably coded for by the nucleic acids of the same viruses that caused the neoplastic transformation.

UI = D000957

 

Antigua

AN = an island in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies

MS = An island in the Lesser Antilles, one of the Leeward Islands. With Barbuda and Redonda, an uninhabited island, it constitutes the independent state of Antigua and Barbuda. Its capital is St. Johns. It was discovered by Columbus in 1493, settled by the English in 1632, occupied by the French in 1666, returned to the British in 1667, became self-governing in 1967 and independent in 1981. It was named by Columbus after the church of Santa Maria la Antigua (St. Mary the Ancient) in Seville. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p56; Antigua and Barbuda Embassy (telephone 202-362-5122); Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p24)

UI = D000958

 

Antihypertensive Agents

AN = consider also HYPERTENSION /drug ther

MS = Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE), ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS, CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS, GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS, and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

UI = D000959

 

Antilipemic Agents

AN = consider also HYPERLIPIDEMIA & specifics /drug ther

MS = Substances that counteract high levels of lipids in the blood. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000960

 

Antilymphocyte Serum

AN = antithymocyte & anti-theta serum: ANTILYMPHOCYTE SERUM (IM) + T LYMPHOCYTES /immunol (IM); for "lymphocytotoxins" check text: if antibody to lymphocytes index under ANTILYMPHOCYTE SERUM, if toxin released by lymphocyte index under LYMPHOTOXIN

MS = Serum containing gamma-globulins which are antibodies for lymphocyte antigens. It is used both as a test for histocompatibility and therapeutically in transplantation.

UI = D000961

 

Antimalarials

AN = consider also PLASMODIUM /drug eff & MALARIA /drug ther or pertinent specifics

MS = Agents used in the treatment of malaria. They are usually classified on the basis of their action against plasmodia at different stages in their life cycle in the human. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1585)

UI = D000962

 

Antimetabolites

MS = Drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites, but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033)

UI = D000963

 

Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic

AN = TN 4: relation to ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS

MS = Antimetabolites that are useful in cancer chemotherapy.

UI = D000964

 

Antimony

AN = Sb-121; Sb-123 = ANTIMONY (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Sb-112-120, 122, 124-133 = ANTIMONY (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

MS = Antimony. A crystalline metallic element with a bluish luster, symbol Sb, atomic number 51, atomic weight 121.57, forming various medicinal and poisonous salts. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000965

 

Antimony Potassium Tartrate

AN = a schistosomicide

MS = Bis(mu-(2,3-dihydroxybutanedioato(4-)-O(1),O(2):O(3),O(4)))diantimonate(2-) dipotassium trihydrate, stereoisomer. A schistosomicide possibly useful against other parasites. It has irritant emetic properties and may cause lethal cardiac toxicity among other adverse effects.

UI = D000966

 

Antimony Sodium Gluconate

AN = an antiprotozoal agent

MS = Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.

UI = D000967

 

Antimycin A

MS = An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and mitocide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)

UI = D000968

 

Antinematodal Agents

AN = consider also NEMATODA /drug eff & NEMATODE INFECTIONS /drug ther or pertinent specifics

MS = Substances used in the treatment or control of nematode infestations. They are used also in veterinary practice.

UI = D000969

 

Antineoplastic Agents

AN = consider also NEOPLASMS /drug ther; /admin: various admin procedures are available, as PERFUSION, REGIONAL, CHEMOEMBOLIZATION, THERAPEUTIC & INFUSIONS, INTRA-ARTERIAL; do not confuse with ANTICARCINOGENIC AGENTS which prevent or reduce the development of cancer while ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS treat or affect cancer already developed; TN 4: definition & relation to antineopl antibiotics, phytogens & antimetabolites; for combined anticancer agents, ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, COMBINED is available; Manual 24.4.2.1+

MS = Agents inhibiting or preventing the growth of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000970

 

Antineoplastic Agents, Combined

AN = admin simultaneously or sequentially; IM; coord with specific antineoplastics /admin (NIM): see TN 5 on indexing instructions

MS = The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.

UI = D000971

 

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic

AN = from plants of Cat B6 only, not from lower plants (Cat B5: algae & fungi); /biosyn permitted if by plant; TN 4: coverage

MS = Agents obtained from higher plants that have demonstrable cytostatic or antineoplastic activity.

UI = D000972

 

Antineoplastic and Immunosuppressive Agents

AN = not used for indexing; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS & IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS are available CATALOG: do not use

MS = Collective grouping for substances used to arrest the proliferation of malignant cells and those that suppress the immune response.

UI = D000973

 

Antibodies, Antinuclear

AN = autoantibodies; coord with specific nuclear antigen /immunol (IM) (see MeSH definition); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

MS = Autoantibodies directed against various nuclear antigens including DNA, RNA, histones, acidic nuclear proteins, or complexes of these molecular elements. Antinuclear antibodies are found in systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease.

UI = D000974

 

Antioxidants

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = Synthetic or natural substances added to products to prevent or delay their deterioriation by action of oxygen in air. In biochemistry and medicine, antioxidants are enzymes or other organic substances, such as vitamin E or beta-carotene, that are capable of counteracting the damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissue. (From Dorland, 28th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D000975

 

Antipain

AN = nothing to do with pain: a bacterial protease inhibitor

MS = An oligopeptide produced by various bacteria which acts as a protease inhibitor.

UI = D000976

 

Antiparasitic Agents

MS = Drugs used to treat or prevent parasitic infections.

UI = D000977

 

Antiparkinson Agents

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also PARKINSON DISEASE /drug ther

MS = Agents used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The most commonly used drugs act on the dopaminergic system in the striatum and basal ganglia or are centrally acting muscarinic antagonists.

UI = D000978

 

Antiplasmin

AN = a serpin; a specific proteinase inhib: do not confuse with ANTIPLASMINS see ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A member of the serpin superfamily found in human plasma that inhibits the lysis of fibrin clots induced by plasminogen activator. It is a glycoprotein, molecular weight approximately 70,000 that migrates in the alpha 2 region in immunoelectrophoresis. It is the principle plasmin inactivator in blood, rapidly forming a very stable complex with plasmin.

UI = D000979

 

Antiplatyhelmintic Agents

AN = consider also PLATYHELMINTHS /drug eff or pertinent specifics

MS = Agents used to treat cestode, trematode, or other flatworm infestations in man or animals.

UI = D000980

 

Antiprotozoal Agents

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific antiprotozoal agent; consider also PROTOZOA /drug eff & PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS /drug ther or pertinent specifics

MS = Agents destructive to protozoans or that check their growth or reproduction, especially those causing protozoan infections in man and animal. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000981

 

Antipruritics

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; D25-26 qualif; consider also PRURITUS /drug ther

MS = Agents, usually topical, that relieve itching (pruritus).

UI = D000982

 

Antipyrine

AN = a non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent

MS = An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29)

UI = D000983

 

Antisepsis

AN = differentiate from ASEPSIS: ANTISEPSIS is the destruction of pathogens, ASEPSIS is the prev of their invasion

MS = The destruction of germs causing disease.

UI = D000985

 

Antisickling Agents

AN = consider also ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL /drug ther

MS = Agents used to prevent or reverse the pathological events leading to sickling of erythrocytes in sickle cell conditions.

UI = D000986

 

Antisocial Personality Disorder

MS = A personality disorder whose essential feature is a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. The individual must be at least age 18 and must have a history of some symptoms of CONDUCT DISORDER before age 15. (From DSM-IV, 1994)

UI = D000987

 

Antispermatogenic Agents

AN = MeSH definition says "mechanical or chemical"; consider also SPERMATOZOA /drug eff & SPERMATOGENESIS /drug eff, etc.

MS = Agents, either mechanical or chemical, which destroy spermatozoa in the male genitalia and block spermatogenesis.

UI = D000988

 

Antistreptolysin

UI = D000989

 

Antithrombin III

MS = A plasma alpha 2 glycoprotein that accounts for the major antithrombin activity of normal plasma and also inhibits several other enzymes; it was formerly called Antithrombin II (AT II) which has now been shown to be identical to AT III; deficiency of AT III (ANTITHROMBIN III DEFICIENCY), hereditary or acquired, results in thromboembolism. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. Some authors use the term antithrombin to refer to antithrombin III.

UI = D000990

 

Antithrombins

AN = serpins & anticoagulants

MS = An endogenous family of proteins belonging to the serpin superfamily that neutralizes the action of thrombin. Six naturally occuring antithrombins have been identified and are designated by Roman numerals I to VI. Of these, Antithrombin I (see FIBRIN) and ANTITHROMBIN III appear to be of major importance.

UI = D000991

 

Antitoxins

AN = antibodies; coord IM with specific toxin (IM or NIM)

MS = Purified antisera from animals (usually horses) immunized by injections of TOXINS or TOXOIDS, administered as a passive immunizing agent to neutralize a specific bacterial toxin, e.g., botulinus, tetanus, or diphtheria. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000992

 

Antitreponemal Agents

MS = Agents used to treat infections with bacteria of the genus TREPONEMA. This includes SYPHYLIS & YAWS.

UI = D000993

 

Antitrichomonal Agents

AN = consider also TRICHOMONAS /drug eff & TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS /drug ther or pertinent specifics

MS = Agents used to treat trichomonas infections.

UI = D000994

 

alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency

AN = Pi or PiZZ goes here + PHENOTYPE; DF: ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN DEFIC

MS = Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN, leading primarily to degradation of elastin of the alveolar walls, as well as other structural proteins of a variety of tissues. (From Scriver, Beaudet, Sly, & Valle, The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, 7th ed, p4125)

UI = D019896

 

Antitubercular Agents

AN = consider also MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS /drug eff & TUBERCULOSIS /drug ther

MS = Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis. They are divided into two main classes: "first-line" agents, those with the greatest efficacy and acceptable degrees of toxicity used successfully in the great majority of cases; and "second-line" drugs used in drug-resistant cases or those in which some other patient-related condition has compromised the effectiveness of primary therapy.

UI = D000995

 

Antitussive Agents

AN = GEN or unspecified; consider also COUGH /drug ther

MS = Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.

UI = D000996

 

Antivenins

AN = coord IM with specific venom (IM or NIM); /ther use in (usually) bites: coord with specific bite or other heading /ther, not /drug ther

MS = Proteinaceous materials used in the treatment of poisoning by animal venom. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D000997

 

Antiviral Agents

AN = consider also VIRUSES /drug eff & VIRUS DISEASES /drug ther or pertinent specifics; do not confuse with VIRUS INHIBITORS (substances found in normal serum, body fluids, etc.)

MS = Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. They may act to prevent viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; blocking late stages of virus assembly; etc.

UI = D000998

 

Antlers

AN = a type of horn, on males of the deer family

MS = The horn of an animal of the deer family, typically present only in the male. It differs from the HORNS of other animals in being a solid, generally branched bony outgrowth that is shed and renewed annually. The word antler comes from the Latin anteocularis, ante (before) + oculus (eye). (From Webster, 3d ed)

UI = D000999

 

Ants

AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

MS = Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)

UI = D001000

 

Anura

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific available families & genera; frogs & toads; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

MS = An order of the class Amphibia, which includes several families of frogs and toads. They are characterized by well developed hind limbs adapted for jumping, fused head and trunk and webbed toes. The term "toad" is ambiguous and is properly applied only to the family Bufonidae.

UI = D001001

 

Anuria

AN = absence of urine formation; do not confuse with OLIGURIA, diminished amount

MS = Complete suppression of urinary secretion by the kidneys. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001002

 

Anus

AN = inflammation = PROCTITIS; do not confuse X ref ANAL GLAND with anal gland in animals

UI = D001003

 

Anus Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = PROCTITIS

UI = D001004

 

Anus Neoplasms

AN = do not confuse with ANAL GLAND NEOPLASMS (in animals only); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D001005

 

Anus, Imperforate

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Persistence of the anal membrane, so that the anus is closed. The defect is not always complete; sometimes a narrow opening permits the passage of the bowel contents. When completely imperforate, the anus is seen as a dimple (the proctodeal pit) in the skin of the perineum. The latter condition is often associated with atresia of the lower rectum. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001006

 

Anxiety

AN = human & animal; note Cat F1: differentiate from ANXIETY DISORDERS, Cat F3, a psychiatric diag, but use Cat F3 qualif

MS = Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster.

UI = D001007

 

Anxiety Disorders

MS = Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance.

UI = D001008

 

Anxiety, Castration

MS = Anxiety due to fantasied injuries to or loss of the genitals.

UI = D001009

 

Anxiety, Separation

MS = Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to him.

UI = D001010

 

Aorta

AN = /surg: consider also CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS; inflammation = AORTITIS but note also AORTITIS, SYPHILITIC see SYPHILIS, CARDIOVASCULAR

MS = The main trunk of the systemic arteries.

UI = D001011

 

Aorta, Abdominal

AN = coord NIM with aortic dis terms (IM)

MS = The aorta from the diaphragm to the bifurcation into the right and left common iliac arteries.

UI = D001012

 

 

 

Aorta, Thoracic

AN = coord NIM with aortic dis terms (IM)

MS = The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the diaphragm.

UI = D001013

 

Aortic Aneurysm

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific sites; ruptured aortic aneurysm = AORTIC RUPTURE; for dissecting aneurysm of aorta, coord IM with ANEURYSM, DISSECTING (IM)

MS = Aneurysm of the aorta.

UI = D001014

 

Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal

AN = dissecting aneurysm: coord IM with ANEURYSM, DISSECTING (IM); rupture: coord IM with AORTIC RUPTURE (IM)

MS = An aneurysm in that part of the aorta continuing from the thoracic region and giving rise to the inferior phrenic, lumbar, median sacral, mesenteric, renal, and ovarian or testicular arteries.

UI = D017544

 

Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic

AN = dissecting aneurysm, coord IM with ANEURYSM, DISSECTING (IM); rupture: coord IM with AORTIC RUPTURE (IM)

MS = An aneurysm in the proximal portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and giving rise to the bronchial, esophageal, pericardiac, and mediastinal branches.

UI = D017545

 

Aortic Arch Syndromes

AN = occlusion of aortic arch from various causes

MS = Any of a group of disorders leading to occlusion of the arteries arising from the aortic arch. Such occlusion may be caused by atherosclerosis, arterial embolism, syphilitic or tuberculous arteritis, etc. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001015

 

Aortic Bodies

AN = nonchromaffin paraganglia; do not confuse with PARA-AORTIC BODIES

MS = Small clusters of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the aortic arch, the pulmonary arteries, and the coronary arteries. The aortic bodies sense pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and participate in the control of respiration.

UI = D001016

 

Aortic Coarctation

AN = narrowing of the aorta lumen; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Narrowing of the lumen of the aorta, caused by deformity of the aortic media.

UI = D001017

 

Aortic Diseases

AN = locate as AORTA, ABDOMINAL or AORTA, THORACIC (NIM); inflamm dis = AORTITIS but note AORTITIS, SYPHILITIC see SYPHILIS, CARDIOVASCULAR

UI = D001018

 

Aortic Rupture

AN = spontaneous or traumatic; do not coord with RUPTURE, SPONTANEOUS unless particularly discussed & then only NIM

MS = Tearing of aortic tissue. It may be rupture of an aneurysm or it may be due to trauma.

UI = D001019

 

Aortic Subvalvular Stenosis

UI = D001020

 

Aortic Valve

AN = dis: coord IM with HEART VALVE DISEASES (IM) but note specific aortic valve dis; atresia: index AORTIC VALVE /abnorm

MS = The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle.

UI = D001021

 

Aortic Valve Insufficiency

AN = imperfect closing of valve

MS = Backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle, owing to imperfect functioning of the aortic semilunar valve.

UI = D001022

 

Aortic Valve Prolapse

MS = The downward displacement of the cuspal material (misalignment of the cusps) below a line joining points of attachment of the aortic valve leaflets. The prolapsed cusp may occlude the ventricular septal defect during ventricular diastole.

UI = D001023

 

Aortic Valve Stenosis

AN = atresia = AORTIC VALVE /abnorm

MS = Narrowing of the orifice of the aortic valve or of the supravalular or subvalvular regions. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001024

 

Aortitis

AN = inflamm of aorta

MS = Inflammation of the wall of the aorta.

UI = D001025

 

Aortography

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: AORTOGR

MS = Radiographic visualization of the aorta and its branches by injection of contrast media, using percutaneous puncture or catheterization procedures.

UI = D001027

 

Aortopulmonary Septal Defect

AN = abnorm commun between aorta & pulm artery; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: AORTOPULM SEPTAL DEFECT CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A congenital anomaly in which there is abnormal communication between the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery just above the semilunar valves.

UI = D001028

 

Aotinae

AN = New World monkeys; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A subfamily of the New World monkeys, CEBIDAE, inhabiting the forests of South and Central America. The Aotinae are also referred to as night monkeys or owl monkeys. There are two species occurring in this subfamily: Aotus azarae (Southern night monkeys) and AOTUS TRIVIRGATUS (Northern night monkeys).

UI = D016645

 

Aotus trivirgatus

AN = New World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM); DF: AOTUS

MS = A species of the subfamily AOTINAE, family CEBIDAE, inhabiting the forested regions of Central and South America (from Panama to the Amazon). Vocalizations occur primarily at night when they are active, thus they are also known as Northern night monkeys.

UI = D001029

 

APACHE

AN = an acronym explained by X ref; no qualif

MS = An acronym for Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, a scoring system using routinely collected data and providing an accurate, objective description for a broad range of intensive care unit admissions, measuring severity of illness in critically ill patients. This classification system is composed of two parts: a physiology score representing the degree of acute illness and a preadmission health evaluation indicating health status before acute illness. Development of APACHE began in 1978 under a 3-year research grant from the U.S. Health Care Financing Administration. Revision and streamlining resulted in APACHE II. Its 12 routinely measured physiological variables were later amplified to become APACHE III. (From Crit Care Med 1981 Aug;9(8):591; 1989 Dec;17(12 Pt 2):S181, S199)

UI = D018806

 

Apamin

AN = a bee venom; /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; do not confuse with drug Apamide ( = METHAMPHETAMINE)

MS = A highly neurotoxic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It consists of 18 amino acids with two disulfide bridges and causes hyperexcitability resulting in convulsions and respiratory paralysis.

UI = D001030

 

Apansporoblastina

AN = a suborder of protozoa

MS = A suborder of parasitic protozoa commonly lacking a pansporoblastic membrane. The sporoblast is usually dinucleate.

UI = D016817

 

 

Apatites

AN = a group of phosphate minerals

MS = A group of phosphate minerals that includes ten mineral species and has the general formula X5(YO4)3Z, where X is usually calcium or lead, Y is phosphorus or arsenic, and Z is chlorine, fluorine, or OH-. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D001031

 

Apazone

AN = a non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent & uricosuric

MS = An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.

UI = D001032

 

Ape Diseases

AN = dis of apes, gorillas, chimpanzees & orangutans; coord IM with specific animal (IM) + specific dis /vet (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under specific ape heading /abnorm or /inj; don't forget also PONGIDAE (NIM) if no specific ape is indexed; also check tag ANIMAL; DF: APE DIS

MS = Diseases of apes (PONGIDAE). This term includes diseases of chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.

UI = D018420

 

Apgar Score

AN = no qualif; check the tags HUMAN & INFANT, NEWBORN

MS = A numerical expression of the condition of a newborn infant, usually determined at 60 seconds after birth, being the sum of points gained on assessment of the heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color. The score is named for the American anesthesiologist Virginia Apgar, 1909-1974. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001034

 

Aphakia

AN = absence of lens from any cause (congen, inj, dis); /congen permitted; after cataract extract = APHAKIA, POSTCATARACT; "aphakic eye" is probably APHAKIA, POSTCATARACT but PSEUDOPHAKIA is available for the postcataract eye fitted with an intraocular lens

MS = Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of LENS DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION.

UI = D001035

 

Aphakia, Postcataract

AN = "aphakic eye" probably goes here unless truly congen ( = APHAKIA /congen); do not coord with CATARACT EXTRACTION unless particularly discussed; PSEUDOPHAKIA is available for the postcataract eye with an intraocular lens

MS = Absence of the crystalline lens resulting from cataract extraction.

UI = D001036

 

Aphasia

AN = loss of power of expression or comprehension of speech, writing & signs; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Defect or loss of the power of expression by speech, writing, or signs, or of comprehending spoken or written language, due to injury or disease of the brain centers. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001037

 

Aphasia, Broca

AN = subject understands language but cannot express it; do not confuse with APHASIA, WERNICKE where subject does not understand language

MS = Loss of ability to speak and write caused by damage to the motor association cortex in the frontal lobe (Broca's area). The deficit in language production ranges from almost complete muteness to a slowed, deliberate speech constructed from very simple grammatical structures. Patients use only key words: for "the large gray cat" the patient with Broca's aphasia may say "gray cat". (Kandel et al., Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p847)

UI = D001039

 

Aphasia, Conduction

AN = subject understands language but repeats words incorrectly

MS = A type of fluent aphasia in which there is normal comprehension of spoken language but words are repeated incorrectly. It results from a lesion of the arcuate fasciculus connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas. Like patients with Wernicke's aphasia (APHASIA, WERNICKE), patients with conduction aphasia are fluent but have many paraphasic errors (incorrect words or sounds substituted for correct ones). The degree of fluency is less than that in Wernicke's aphasia, but comprehension is good. (Dorland 27th ed; from Brain and Bannister's Clinical Neurology, 7th ed, p142 & Kandel, et al., Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p848)

UI = D018886

 

Aphasia, Primary Progressive

AN = a clin entity: do not confuse with descriptions of the progression of aphasia in case reports

MS = A type of aphasia appearing gradually and gradually worsening without any major change in other cognitive functions. It is regarded by some authors as a syndrome which may be due to various degenerative diseases of the cerebral cortex (notably ALZHEIMER DISEASE, owing to its frequency), while others see in it an autonomous disease related to a neuropathological process that is distinct from the main degenerative dementias. The principal clinical peculiarity of primary progressive aphasia is that it spares the patient's autonomy for a long time, but ultimately turns into global dementia. (From Presse Med 1993 Apr;44(3):327-48)

UI = D018888

 

Aphasia, Wernicke

AN = subject does not understand language; do not confuse with APHASIA, BROCA where subject understands language but cannot express it

MS = Impairment in the comprehension of speech and meaning by words, both spoken and written, and of the meanings conveyed by their grammatical relationship in sentences. It is caused by a lesion primarily affecting Wernicke's area, the left posterior portion of the temporal lobe. (From Brain and Bannister's Clinical Neurology, 7th ed, p141 & Kandel et al., Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p846)

UI = D001041

 

Aphidicolin

AN = an enzyme inhib & antiviral

MS = Tetradecahydro-3,9-dihydroxy-4,11b-dimethyl-8,11a-methano-11aH-cyclohepta(a)naphthalene-4,9-dimethanol. An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.

UI = D016590

 

Aphids

AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

MS = A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants.

UI = D001042

 

Aphonia

AN = loss of voice

MS = Loss of voice.

UI = D001044

 

Aphorisms and Proverbs

AN = no qualif; includes fables & maxims; DF: APHORISMS

MS = Short popular sayings effectively expressing or astutely professing general truths or useful thoughts. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, p97, p1556)

UI = D001045

 

Aphrodisiacs

MS = Chemical agents or odors that stimulate sexual desires. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D001046

 

Aphthovirus

AN = a genus of the family Picornaviridae; infection = FOOT-AND- MOUTH DISEASE

MS = A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE causing FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE in cloven-hoofed animals.

UI = D005537

 

Aphyllophorales

MS = An order of fungi in the phylum BASIDIOMYCOTA having macroscopic basidiocarps. The members are characterized by their saprophytic activities as decomposers, particularly in the degradation of cellulose and lignin. A large number of species in the order have been used medicinally. (From Alexopoulos, Introductory Mycology, 4th ed, pp504-68)

UI = D020072

 

Apiaceae

AN = the parsley family of plants; note common names as X refs

MS = Also called Umbelliferae, the parsley family, in the order Apiales, includes CARROTS, HEMLOCK, celery, parsnips, fennel (FERULA), and plants used as herbs including anise, dill, and cumin.

UI = D019661

 

Apicoectomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Excision of the apical portion of a tooth through an opening made in the overlying labial, buccal, or palatal alveolar bone. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001047

 

Apicomplexa

AN = a phylum of protozoa; GEN: prefer specifics

MS = A phylum of protozoa characterized by the presence of complex apical organelles generally consisting of a conoid that aids in penetrating host cells, rhoptries that possibly secrete a proteolytic enzyme, and subpellicular microtubules that may be related to motility. The phylum comprises two classes: Perkinsea and SPOROZOEA.

UI = D016782

 

Aplysia

AN = mollusk; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = An opisthobranch mollusk of the order Anaspidea. It is used frequently in studies of nervous system development because of its large identifiable neurons. Aplysiatoxin and its derivatives are not biosynthesized by Aplysia, but acquired by ingestion of Lyngbya (seaweed) species.

UI = D001048

 

Apnea

AN = do not confuse APNEA with other resp disord: use only when text uses APNEA; apnea neonatorum = APNEA + check tags INFANT, NEWBORN + HUMAN

MS = Absence or cessation of breathing. (Stedman, 25th ed; Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001049

 

Apocrine Glands

AN = /secret: consider also SWEAT or SWEATING; TN 181

MS = Large, branched, specialized sweat glands that empty into the upper portion of a hair follicle instead of directly onto the skin.

UI = D001050

 

Apoenzymes

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific enzyme (IM)

MS = The protein components of the enzyme minus any cofactors or prosthetic groups that might be required for the enzyme to be functional (HOLOENZYMES).

UI = D001051

 

Apoferritin

UI = D001052

 

Apolipoproteins

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

MS = The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism.

UI = D001053

 

Apolipoproteins A

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Lipoproteins found in human blood serum in the high-density and very-high-density lipoprotein fraction (HDL, VHDL). They consist of several different polypeptides, the most important of which are apolipoprotein A-I and A-II. They maintain the structural integrity of the HDL particles and are activators of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Atherosclerotic patients show low apolipoprotein A levels and these apolipoproteins are either absent or present in extremely low plasma concentration in TANGIER DISEASE.

UI = D001054

 

Apolipoprotein A-I

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

MS = The major protein component of high density lipoproteins. It is instrumental in promoting efflux of cholesterol from extrahepatic tissue to the liver where it is metabolized and excreted from the body. The compound is the activator of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase which forms cholesteryl esters in HDL. The gene for this apolipoprotein is found on the long arm of chromosome 11.

UI = D016632

 

Apolipoprotein A-II

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

MS = A component of high density lipoproteins. It is instrumental in promoting efflux of cholesterol from extrahepatic tissue to the liver where it is metabolized and excreted from the body. This protein modulates the activation of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase in the presence of apolipoprotein A-I.

UI = D016633

 

 

Apolipoproteins B

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Structural proteins of chylomicrons, VLDL, and LDL. They are important in the secretion and transport of these lipoproteins and represent the binding proteins for the LDL receptor pathway. Atherosclerotic patients show high levels of Apo B in the blood while in the case of abetalipoproteinemia they are not detectable in serum.

UI = D001055

 

Apolipoproteins C

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Lipoproteins located on the surface of VLDL. They are transferred to HDL throughout the catabolism of VLDL and affect lipoprotein lipase activity. A genetic lack of Apo C-II results in hyperglyceridemia and low levels of HDL. Another form of hyperglyceridemia with normal Apo C-II levels is caused by a high concentration of Apo C-III in VLDL.

UI = D001056

 

Apolipoproteins E

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Prominent protein constituents of plasma VLDL, chylomicrons, and a subfraction of HDL as well as of remnant lipoproteins which are derived from the lipoprotein lipase-mediated intravascular catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Apolipoproteins E are recognized by the LDL receptor and Apo E receptor. Any defect in the Apo E metabolism leads to increased plasma Apo E levels. A strong association has been found between high levels of Apo E and type III hyperlipoproteinemia.

UI = D001057

 

Apomorphine

AN = an emetic & antiparkinson agent; apomorphine derivatives = APOMORPHINE /analogs

MS = A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.

UI = D001058

 

Apoptosis

AN = the physiol mechanism of cell death: do not confuse with NECROSIS, pathol cell death; see MeSH definition

MS = One of the two mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (the other being the pathological process of NECROSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA FRAGMENTATION) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

UI = D017209

 

Apoproteins

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D001059

 

Aporphines

AN = alkaloids

UI = D001060

 

Appalachian Region

AN = includes northeast Ala, northwest Ga, northwest S Carolina, western N Carolina, eastern Ky, eastern Tenn, western Va, West Virginia, western Md, southwest Pa, south Ohio, south NY; specify as needed but use APPALACHIAN REGION when text uses the term & when the region is the intent of the author CATALOG: use for 4 or more states

MS = A geographical area of the United States with no definite boundaries but comprising northeastern Alabama, northwestern Georgia, northwestern South Carolina, western North Carolina, eastern Kentucky, eastern Tennessee, western Virginia, West Virginia, western Maryland, southwestern Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, and southern New York.

UI = D001061

 

Appendectomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical removal of the vermiform appendix. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001062

 

Appendiceal Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D001063

 

Appendicitis

AN = ruptured or perforated appendix goes here (IM) + INTESTINAL PERFORATION (IM) + RUPTURE, SPONTANEOUS (NIM)

MS = Acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix.

UI = D001064

 

Appendix

AN = /surg: probably APPENDECTOMY; diseases: coord IM with CECAL DISEASES (IM); inflammation = APPENDICITIS; "ruptured" or "perforated" appendix: see note under APPENDICITIS

UI = D001065

 

Appetite

AN = /drug eff: consider also APPETITE DEPRESSANTS

MS = Natural recurring desire for food.

UI = D001066

 

Appetite Depressants

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also APPETITE /drug eff & OBESITY /drug ther

MS = Agents that are used to decrease appetite.

UI = D001067

 

Appetite Regulation

AN = DF: APPETITE REG

MS = Physiologic mechanisms which regulate or control the appetite and food intake.

UI = D001069

 

Appetite Stimulants

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also APPETITE /drug eff

MS = Agents that are used to stimulate appetite. These drugs are frequently used to treat anorexia associated with cancer and AIDS.

UI = D019167

 

Appetitive Behavior

AN = usually animal; introduct phase of instinctive behav; nothing to do with APPETITE, the desire for food

MS = Animal searching behavior. The variable introductory phase of an instinctive behavior pattern or sequence, e.g., looking for food, or sequential courtship patterns prior to mating.

UI = D001070

 

Appointments and Schedules

AN = no qualif; DF: APPOINTMENTS

MS = The different methods of scheduling patient visits, appointment systems, individual or group appointments, waiting times, waiting lists for hospitals, walk-in clinics, etc.

UI = D001071

 

Apraxia

AN = inability to perform purposeful acts despite absence of dis

MS = Neurological disorder characterized by the inability to perform purposeful movements although no muscular paralysis or sensory disturbance is present.

UI = D001072

 

Aprindine

AN = an anti-arrhythmic

MS = A cardiac depressant used in arrhythmias.

UI = D001073

 

Aprocarb

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = A carbamate insecticide.

UI = D001074

 

Aprotinin

AN = a trypsin inhib; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A single-chain polypeptide derived from bovine tissues consisting of 58 amino-acid residues. It is an inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes including chymotrypsin, kallikrein, plasmin, and trypsin. It is used in the treatment of hemorrhage associated with raised plasma concentrations of plasmin. It is also used to reduce blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients at high risk of major blood loss during and following open heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)

UI = D007611

 

Aptitude

MS = The ability to acquire general or special types of knowledge or skill.

UI = D001076

 

Aptitude Tests

MS = Primarily non-verbal tests designed to predict an individual's future learning ability or performance.

UI = D001077

 

APUD Cells

AN = named APUD from Amine Precursor Uptake & Decarboxylation; use term only when used by author; A 11 qualif

MS = Cells derived from primitive cell types in the neural crest. During ontogeny they migrate to the foregut and specific locations of the neuroendocrine system. Properly located these cells form part of the normal hormone producing tissues of the neuroendocrine system. If misdirected these cells may become hyperplastic, adenomatous, or malignant (cf. APUDOMA).

UI = D001078

 

Apudoma

AN = for derivation of word see note on APUD; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with organ /neopl term (IM)

MS = A general term collectively applied to tumors associated with the APUD cell series irrespective of their specific identification.

UI = D001079

 

Apurinic Acid

MS = Hydrolysate of DNA in which purine bases have been removed.

UI = D001080

 

Apyrase

MS = A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.

UI = D001081

 

Aquabirnavirus

AN = a genus of the family Birnaviridae; infection: coord IM with BIRNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A genus of RNA viruses in the family BIRNAVIRIDAE infecting fish, mollusks, and crustaceans. It is transmitted both vertically and horizontally with no known vectors. The natural hosts are salmonids and the type species is INFECTIOUS PANCREATIC NECROSIS VIRUS.

UI = D019201

 

Aquaculture

AN = restrict to fauna in waters

MS = Cultivation of natural faunal resources of water. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D017756

 

Aquaporins

MS = Membrane proteins which facilitate the passage of water. They are members of the family of membrane channel proteins which includes the lens major intrinsic protein and bacterial glycerol transporters.

UI = D020346

 

Aqueous Humor

AN = in the eye

MS = The clear, watery fluid which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It has a refractive index lower than the crystalline lens, which it surrounds, and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea and the crystalline lens. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p319)

UI = D001082

 

Arab World

AN = note category; lands & peoples under influence of Arab civilization & culture; IM; not restricted to hist articles; do not confuse with ARABIA, a Category Z hist geog term

MS = A historical and cultural entity dispersed across a wide geographical area under the administrative, intellectual, social, and cultural domination of the Arab empire. The Arab world, under the impetus of Islam, by the eighth century A.D., extended from Arabia in the Middle East to all of northern Africa, southern Spain, Sardinia, and Sicily. Close contact was maintained with Greek and Jewish culture. While the principal service of the Arabs to medicine was the preservation of Greek culture, the Arabs themselves were the originators of algebra, chemistry, geology, and many of the refinements of civilization. (From A. Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2d ed, p260; from F. H. Garrison, An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 4th ed, p126)

UI = D018643

 

Arabia

AN = a hist name; do not confuse with SAUDI ARABIA nor with ARAB WORLD, the culture & civilization; Manual 36.13

MS = The great peninsula of southwest Asia comprising most of the present countries of the Middle East. It has been known since the first millenium B.C. In early times it was divided into Arabia Petraea, the northwest part, the only part ever conquered, becoming a Roman province; Arabia Deserta, the northern part between Syria and Mesopotamia; and Arabia Felix, the main part of the peninsula but by some geographers restricted to modern Yemen. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p63)

UI = D001083

 

Arabidopsis

AN = used in study of plant physiol & genet

MS = A genus of flowering plants found in north temperate regions. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

UI = D017360

 

Arabinofuranosylcytosine Triphosphate

AN = a cytarabine analog; DF: note short X ref

MS = A triphosphate nucleotide analog which is the biologically active form of CYTARABINE. It inhibits nuclear DNA synthesis.

UI = D001085

 

Arabinofuranosyluracil

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyluracil. A pyrimidine nucleoside formed in the body by the deamination of cytarabine.

UI = D001086

 

Arabinonucleosides

MS = Nucleosides containing arabinose as their sugar moiety.

UI = D001087

 

Arabinonucleotides

MS = Nucleotides containing arabinose as their sugar moiety.

UI = D001088

 

Arabinose

UI = D001089

 

Arabs

AN = IM; specify geog if relevant; as ethnic group: Manual 30.6.2, 34.7 CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Members of a Semitic people inhabiting the Arabian peninsula or other countries of the Middle East and North Africa. The term may be used with reference to ancient, medieval, or modern ethnic or cultural groups. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D018912

 

Arachidonate Lipoxygenases

MS = Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- .

UI = D001091

 

Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31.

UI = D001092

 

Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33.

UI = D001093

 

Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase

AN = /antag permitted

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 5-hydroperoxyarachidonate (5-HPETE) which is rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoate (5-HETE). The 5-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in leukocytes. EC 1.13.11.34.

UI = D001094

 

Arachidonic Acid

AN = a specific drug: do not confuse with ARACHIDONIC ACIDS

MS = An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.

UI = D016718

 

Arachidonic Acids

AN = do not confuse with the specific drug ARACHIDONIC ACID

UI = D001095

 

Arachnid Vectors

AN = coord IM with specific arachnid (IM); specify both infecting organism & vector if pertinent; in the rickettsial-tick-dog relationship, the tick is the arachnid vector, not the dog

MS = Members of the class Arachnida, especially SPIDERS, SCORPIONS, MITES, and TICKS, which transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.

UI = D001096

 

Arachnida

AN = includes SPIDERS, SCORPIONS, MITES & TICKS; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = A class of the Arthropoda, including the SPIDERS, TICKS, MITES, and SCORPIONS. Unlike insects, they have no antennae, wings, or compound eyes, nor are their bodies divided into head, thorax, and abdomen. (Dorland, 27th ed; Smith, Insects and Other Arthropods of Medical Importance, 1973, p417)

UI = D001097

 

Arachnidism

AN = from bite of poisonous spider; includes scorpion stings but add SCORPIONS (NIM)

MS = The condition produced by the bite of a venomous spider; spider envenomation. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001098

 

Arachnoid

AN = inflammation = ARACHNOIDITIS

UI = D001099

 

Arachnoid Cysts

AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Fluid-filled sacs between the layers of the pia mater and arachnoid. These lesions, which often mimic intracranial neoplasms, present clinically at all ages but are probably congenital in origin.

UI = D016080

 

Arachnoiditis

AN = meningitis affecting the arachnoid

MS = Inflammation of the arachnoid, the membrane between the dura mater and pia mater. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001100

 

Arbaprostil

AN = a synthetic prostaglandin E anti-ulcer agent

MS = (5Z,11 alpha,13E,15R)-11,15-Dihydroxy-15-methyl-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid. A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and can inhibit the growth of experimental tumors.

UI = D001101

 

Arbovirus Infections

AN = GEN; consider also 2 major groups, BUNYAVIRUS INFECTIONS & TOGAVIRUS INFECTIONS or specifics

MS = Infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified.

UI = D001102

 

Arboviruses

AN = GEN; from ARthropod-BOrne; infection = ARBOVIRUS INFECTIONS

MS = Arthropod-borne viruses. A non-taxonomic designation for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. Included are some members of the following families: ARENAVIRIDAE, BUNYAVIRIDAE, REOVIRIDAE, TOGAVIRIDAE, and FLAVIVIRIDAE. (From Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed)

UI = D001103

 

Arbutin

UI = D001104

 

Archaea

AN = in taxonomy, one of the 3 domains of life along with BACTERIA & Eucarya

MS = One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: CRENARCHAEOTA, EURYARCHAEOTA, and KORARCHAEOTA.

UI = D001105

 

Archaeal Proteins

AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; /physiol permitted for function within the archaeon; coord IM with specific protein (IM) + specific archaeon (IM)

MS = Proteins found in any species of archaeon.

UI = D019843

 

Archaeoglobales

AN = an order of the kingdom of Euryarchaeota, of the domain of Archaea

MS = An order of extremely thermophilic, sulfate-reducing archaea, in the kingdom EURYARCHAEOTA. The single family Archaeoglobaceae contains one genus ARCHAEOGLOBUS.

UI = D019608

 

Archaeoglobus

AN = a genus of archaea, extremely thermophilic

MS = A genus of extremely thermophilic, sulfate-reducing archaea, in the family Archaeoglobaceae.

UI = D019609

 

Archaeoglobus fulgidus

AN = a species of archaea

MS = A species of extremely thermophilic, sulfur-reducing archaea. It grows at a maximum temperature of 95 degrees C. in marine or deep-sea geothermal areas.

UI = D019611

 

Archaeology

AN = IM; SPEC; SPEC qualif; pre-Columbian: nothing later; DF: ARCHAEOL

MS = The scientific study of past societies through artifacts, fossils, etc.

UI = D001106

 

Architectural Accessibility

AN = for approaching inside or outside areas; DF: note short X ref

MS = Designs for approaching areas inside or outside facilities.

UI = D001107

 

Architectural Drawings [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for architectural drawings as a subject, index under main heading ARCHITECTURE

MS = Drawings of architecture and architectural projects, whether the project was executed or not. (Art & Architecture Thesaurus, 1990, v.2)

UI = D019488

 

Architecture

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D001108

 

Archives

AN = for "medical archives" do not coord with MEDICINE; note PICTURE ARCHIVING, RADIOLOGIC see RADIOLOGY INFORMATION SYSTEMS

UI = D001109

 

Arctic Regions

AN = note spelling: ARCTIC: neither spelled nor pronounced "artic"

MS = The Arctic Ocean and the lands in it and adjacent to it. It includes Point Barrow, Alaska, most of the Franklin District in Canada, two thirds of Greenland, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Lapland, Novaya Zemlya, and Northern Siberia. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p66)

UI = D001110

 

Arcuate Nucleus

AN = in the HYPOTHALAMUS, MIDDLE

MS = A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. Its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma.

UI = D001111

 

Arcus Senilis

AN = cholesterol or hyalin deposits in cornea causing opacity; frequent in those over 50

MS = A corneal disease in which there is a deposition of phospholipid and cholesterol in the corneal stroma and anterior sclera.

UI = D001112

 

Area Health Education Centers

AN = specify geog if pertinent; DF: AHEC CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Education centers authorized by the Comprehensive Health Manpower Training Act, 1971, for the training of health personnel in areas where health needs are the greatest. May be used for centers other than those established by the United States act.

UI = D001113

 

Area Under Curve

AN = a measure of drug bioavailability after a single dose; DF: note short X ref

MS = A statistical means of summarizing information from a series of measurements on one individual. It is frequently used in clinical pharmacology where the AUC from serum levels can be interpreted as the total uptake of whatever has been administered. As a plot of the concentration of a drug against time, after a single dose of medicine, producing a standard shape curve, it is a means of comparing the bioavailability of the same drug made by different companies. (From Winslade, Dictionary of Clinical Research, 1992)

UI = D019540

 

Areca

AN = X ref BETEL is also called betel nut

MS = A small genus of East Indian palms (Palmae) whose leaves and nuts yield ARECOLINE. Its leaves and nuts have been used as masticatories, stimulants, and astringents in traditional medicine.

UI = D001114

 

Arecoline

AN = an alkaloid from Areca catechu, the betel nut

MS = An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetycholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.

UI = D001115

 

Arenaviridae

AN = a family of RNA viruses; from Latin arenosus, sandy, from its granular appearance; infection = ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

MS = Family of RNA viruses naturally infecting rodents and consisting of one genus (ARENAVIRUS) with two groups: LCM-LASSA COMPLEX VIRUSES and TACARIBE COMPLEX VIRUSES. Infection in rodents is persistent and silent. Vertical transmission is through milk-, saliva-, or urine-borne routes. Horizontal transmission to humans, monkeys, and other animals is important. Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies causing the sandy appearance (Latin arenosus = sandy), consist of ribosome masses.

UI = D001116

 

Arenaviridae Infections

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Virus diseases caused by the ARENAVIRIDAE.

UI = D001117

 

Arenavirus

AN = a genus of the family Arenaviridae; infection = ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

MS = The only genus in the family ARENAVIRIDAE. It contains two groups LCM-LASSA COMPLEX VIRUSES and TACARIBE COMPLEX VIRUSES, which are distinguished by antigenic relationships and geographic distribution.

UI = D018050

 

Argentina

UI = D001118

 

Arginase

AN = /defic: consider also ARGININE /blood (IM) + AMINO ACID METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS (IM)

MS = A ureahydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of arginine and canavanine to yield L-ornithine and urea. EC 3.5.3.1.

UI = D001119

 

Arginine

AN = an essential amino acid; /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted

MS = An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. It has also been used diagnostically as an indicator of pituitary function.

UI = D001120

 

Arginine Kinase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of the guanidine nitrogen of arginine in the presence of ATP and a divalent cation with formation of phosphorylarginine and ADP. EC 2.7.3.3.

UI = D001122

 

Argininosuccinate Lyase

AN = /defic: consider also ARGININOSUCCINIC ACID /urine (IM) + AMINO ACID METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS (IM)

MS = An enzyme of the urea cycle which splits argininosuccinate to fumarate plus arginine. Its absence leads to the metabolic disease argininosuccinic acidemia in man. EC 4.3.2.1.

UI = D001123

 

Argininosuccinate Synthase

AN = /defic: consider also CITRULLINE /blood (IM) + AMINO ACID METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS (IM)

MS = An enzyme of the urea cycle that catalyzes the formation of argininosuccinic acid from citrulline and aspartic acid in the presence of ATP. Absence or defect of this enzyme causes the metabolic disease citrullinemia in man. EC 6.3.4.5.

UI = D001124

 

Argininosuccinic Acid

AN = an amino acid

MS = This amino acid is formed during the urea cycle from citrulline, aspartate and ATP. This reaction is catalyzed by argininosuccinic acid synthetase.

UI = D001125

 

Arginine-tRNA Ligase

MS = An enzyme that activates arginine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.19.

UI = D001126

 

Argipressin

AN = a neurotransmitter vasopressin; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2, cyclic 1-6 disulfide. The usual mammalian antidiuretic hormone, it is a cyclic nonapeptide with arginine in position 8 of the chain. Argipressin is used to treat diabetes insipidus and as hemostatic because of its vasoconstrictor action.

UI = D001127

 

Argon

AN = a rare gas; Ar-40; Ar-36, 38 = ARGON (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Ar-35, 37, 39, 41, 42 = ARGON (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

MS = Argon. A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.

UI = D001128

 

Argyria

AN = caused by prolonged use of silver salts

MS = A permanent ashen-gray discoloration of the skin, conjunctiva, and internal organs resulting from long-continued use of silver salts. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001129

 

Arizona

UI = D001130

 

Arkansas

UI = D001131

 

Arm

AN = primates only; for whole arm or upper arm; FOREARM is also available; TN 117: extremities of humans & animals; NIM when merely locational as in skin dis (IM)

UI = D001132

 

Arm Injuries

AN = GEN or unspecified; consider also /inj with specific bones of arm; also available are FOREARM INJURIES, HAND INJURIES, FINGER INJURIES, WRIST INJURIES & many specific organ/fract precoords

MS = General or unspecified injuries involving the arm.

UI = D001134

 

Armadillos

AN = IM; qualif permitted

MS = Burrowing, chiefly nocturnal mammals of the family Dasypodidae having bodies and heads encased in small bony plates. They are widely distributed in the warmer parts of the Americas.

UI = D001135

 

Armenia

AN = includes present and historical contexts

MS = An ancient country in western Asia, by the twentieth century divided among the former USSR, Turkey, and Iran. It was attacked at various times from before the 7th century B.C. to 69 B.C. by Assyrians, Medes, Persians, the Greeks under Alexander, and the Romans. It changed hands frequently in wars between Neo-Persian and Roman Empires from the 3d to 7th centuries and later under Arabs, Seljuks, Byzantines, and Mongols. In the 19th century Armenian nationalism arose but suffered during Russo-Turkish hostilities. It became part of the Soviet Republic in 1921, with part remaining under Turkey. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988)

UI = D001136

 

Armin

AN = a cholinesterase inhib

MS = Ethyl-p-nitrophenyl ethylphosphonate. A reversible organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It also affects the presynaptic membrane and inhibits membrane postsynaptic cholinergic receptors. The compound had former use as a miotic.

UI = D001138

 

Arnica

AN = plant source of drugs with various uses

MS = Of the DORONICUM genus of composite-flowered plants, known also as leopard's bane, wolf's bane, and mountain tobacco. The dried flowerheads of Arnica montana contain a volatile oil, arnicin, arnisterol, and anthoxanthine, tannin, and resin. It is used topically as a tincture for contusions, sprains, and superficial wounds, and as a counterirritant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018650

 

Arnold-Chiari Deformity

AN = a neural tube defect; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A congenital anomaly in which the cerebellum and medulla oblongata, which is elongated and flattened, protrude down into the spinal canal through the foramen magnum. It may be associated with many other defects, including spina bifida occulta and meningomyelocele. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001139

 

Aroclor 1254

AN = AROCLORS is also available

MS = A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.

UI = D020111

 

Aroclors

AN = indust chem, a widespread environ pollutant; TN 111: eff on insects; AROCLOR 1254 also available

MS = Industrial chemicals which have become widespread environmental pollutants. Each aroclor is a mixture of chlorinated biphenyls (1200 series) or chlorinated terphenyls (5400 series) or a combination of both (4400 series).

UI = D001140

 

Aromatase

AN = a cytochrome P-450 enzyme

MS = An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogen-producing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-.

UI = D001141

 

Aromatherapy

AN = use of essential oils to treat dis in alternative med; coord IM with disease /ther (IM) & specific plant or essential oil /ther use (IM) if available & if pertinent; DF: AROMATHER

MS = The use of fragrances and essences from plants to affect or alter a person's mood or behavior and to facilitate physical, mental, and emotional well-being. The chemicals comprising essential oils in plants has a host of therapeutic properties and has been used historically in Africa, Asia, and India. Its greatest application is in the field of alternative medicine. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; from Dr. Atiba Vheir, Dove Center, Washington, D.C.)

UI = D019341

 

Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases

AN = DF: AAAD

MS = An enzyme group with broad specificity. The enzymes decarboxylate a range of aromatic amino acids including dopa (DOPA DECARBOXYLASE), tryptophan, and hydroxytryptophan. EC 4.1.1.28.

UI = D001142

 

Arousal

AN = human & animal

MS = Cortical vigilance or readiness of tone, presumed to be in response to sensory stimulation via the reticular activating system.

UI = D001143

 

Arrestin

AN = an eye protein; do not confuse with ARRESTINS

MS = A 48-Kd protein of the outer segment of the retinal rods and a component of the phototransduction cascade. Arrestin quenches G-protein activation by binding to phosphorylated photolyzed rhodopsin. Arrestin causes experimental autoimmune uveitis when injected into laboratory animals.

UI = D019393

 

Arrestins

AN = regulatory proteins; do not confuse with ARRESTIN

MS = Regulatory proteins that down-regulate phosphorylated G-protein membrane receptors, including rod and cone photoreceptors and adrenergic receptors.

UI = D019390

 

Arrhythmia

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; /drug ther: consider also ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS

MS = Any variation from the normal rhythm of the heart beat.

UI = D001145

 

Arrhythmia, Sinus

AN = sinus refers to sinoatrial node; sinus parasystole: coord IM with PARASYSTOLE (IM)

MS = Irregularity of the heart rate related to functioning of the sinoatrial node.

UI = D001146

 

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia

AN = a congen myocardial dis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: ARVD CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A congenital cardiomyopathy in which transmural infiltration of adipose tissue results in weakness and aneurysmal bulging of the infundibulum, apex, and posterior basilar region of the right ventricle and leads to ventricular tachycardia arising in the right ventricle. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019571

 

Arsanilic Acid

AN = an arsenical feed additive

MS = (4-Aminophenyl)-arsonic acid monosodium salt. An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals.

UI = D001147

 

Arsenamide

AN = a filaricide

MS = Proposed chemotherapeutic agent against filaria and trichomonas.

UI = D001148

 

Arsenates

AN = do not confuse with ARSENITES

MS = Inorganic or organic salts and esters of arsenic acid.

UI = D001149

 

Arsenazo III

AN = an indicator; D25-26 qualif

MS = Metallochrome indicator that changes color when complexed to the calcium ion under physiological conditions. It is used to measure local calcium ion concentrations in vivo.

UI = D001150

 

Arsenic

AN = a trace element; As-75; As-69-81, except As-75 = ARSENIC (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

MS = Arsenic. A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D001151

 

Arsenicals

AN = inorganic or organic arsenic cpds

MS = Inorganic or organic compounds that contain arsenic.

UI = D001152

 

Arsenites

AN = do not confuse with ARSENATES

MS = Inorganic salts or oganic esters of arsenious acid.

UI = D018053

 

Arsphenamine

AN = an antitreponemal

UI = D001153

 

Art

AN = works of art, the field of fine arts, artistic production; art as therapy = ART THERAPY

UI = D001154

 

Art Therapy

AN = a psychother technique; DF: ART THER

MS = The use of art as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of neurological, mental, or behavioral disorders.

UI = D001155

 

Artemia

AN = a crustacean used in genet & hematol studies; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = A genus of crustaceans of the order Anostraca found in briny pools and lakes and often cultured for fish food. It has 168 chromosomes and differs from most crustaceans in that its blood contains hemoglobin.

UI = D001156

 

Artemisia

AN = a medicinal plant

MS = A genus of composite-flowered plants, including A. abrotanum (southernwood), A. absinthium (wormwood), and A. maritima (A. pauciflora), from which SANTONIN is derived. The oil of A. absinthium was formerly used in the preparation of the alcoholic beverage, absinthe, but because it contains neurotoxic agents (1-thujone and d-isothujone) its use has been discontinued. Absinthin is the active bitter principle. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019306

 

Arterial Occlusive Diseases

AN = IM for general or specific artery occlusion (as POPLITEAL ARTERY (IM) + ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES (IM))

MS = Diseases in which arterial vessels are partially or completely obstructed or in which the blood flow through the vessels is impeded.

UI = D001157

 

Arteries

AN = IM GEN only; NIM as coord to indicate specific artery, as "pancreatic artery" = PANCREAS /blood supply (IM) + ARTERIES (NIM); /surg: consider also ENDARTERECTOMY; inflammation = ARTERITIS; arterial blood: index only if significant & coord BLOOD (NIM) + ARTERIES or specific artery (NIM); arterial pressure = BLOOD PRESSURE (IM) only: specify specific artery only if pertinent

MS = The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.

UI = D001158

 

Arterio-Arterial Fistula

AN = abnorm passage between 2 arteries; coord IM with specific arteries /abnorm (IM) or precoord artery/dis term (IM); Manual 23.19.6+

MS = Abnormal communication between two arteries. It may result from injury or occur as a congenital abnormality.

UI = D001159

 

Arterioles

AN = IM GEN only; NIM as coord with specific organ /blood supply (IM)

MS = The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries.

UI = D001160

 

Arteriosclerosis

AN = CORONARY ARTERIOSCLEROSIS & CEREBRAL ARTERIOSCLEROSIS are also available; TN 11: relation to "obliterative arterial disease"

UI = D001161

 

Arteriosclerosis Obliterans

AN = TN 11: relation to other obliterative arterial dis

MS = Arteriosclerosis in which proliferation of the intima leads to occlusion of the lumen of the arteries.

UI = D001162

 

Arteriovenous Anastomosis

AN = note category: do not confuse with ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; Manual 23.19.6.2

MS = A vessel that directly interconnects an artery and a vein, and that acts as a shunt to bypass the capillary bed. Not to be confused with surgical anastomosis, nor with arteriovenous fistula.

UI = D001163

 

Arteriovenous Fistula

AN = abnorm passage between an artery & a vein; do not confuse with ARTERIOVENOUS ANASTOMOSIS (Cat A); coord IM with specific artery /abnorm + specific vein /abnorm (IM) or precoord vessel/dis headings (IM); Manual 23.19.6+; congen cerebral arteriovenous fistula = CEREBRAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS (IM) + ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA /congen (IM); surgically created arteriovenous fistula = ARTERIOVENOUS SHUNT, SURGICAL

MS = An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein.

UI = D001164

 

Arteriovenous Malformations

AN = GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific artery /abnorm (IM) + specific vein /abnorm (IM) or specific available precoord arterial or venous abnorm (IM); do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Abnormal, tangled collections of dilated blood vessels that result from congenitally malformed vascular structures in which arterial afferents flow directly into venous efferents without the usual resistance of an intervening capillary bed. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula (ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA /congenital). For arteriovenous malformations in the brain, CEREBRAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS is available. (From Merck Manual, 15th ed)

UI = D001165

 

Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; Manual 23.19.6.2

MS = Surgical shunt allowing direct passage of blood from an artery to a vein. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001166

 

Arteritis

AN = GEN on unspecified inflamm of an artery; coord IM with specific artery (IM)

MS = Inflammation of an artery.

UI = D001167

 

Arteritis Virus, Equine

AN = an arterivirus; infection = ARTERIVIRUS INFECTIONS /vet (IM) + HORSE DISEASES (IM) + HORSES (NIM) + check tag ANIMAL

MS = The type species of the genus ARTERIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of an important equine respiratory disease causing abortion, pneumonia, or other infections. ARTERIVIRUS will probably be classed as a Coronaviridae or in a new family.

UI = D007240

 

Arterivirus

AN = an unclassified RNA virus; from ARTERItis virus causing infectious arteritis in animals; infection = ARTERIVIRUS INFECTIONS

MS = A genus that is currently unclassified, Arterivirus is likely to be part of Coronaviridae or a new family. It was previously classified under Togaviridae. The type species is ARTERITIS VIRUS, EQUINE.

UI = D018018

 

Arterivirus Infections

AN = caused by an RNA virus

MS = Infections caused by viruses of the genus ARTERIVIRUS.

UI = D018174

 

Arthralgia

AN = non-inflamm joint pain: do not confuse with ARTHRITIS which is inflamm; term used more in foreign lit than in Amer; coord IM with specific joint (IM)

MS = Severe pain in a joint, especially one not inflammatory in character. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D018771

 

Arthritis

AN = inflamm: do not confuse with ARTHRALGIA which is non-inflamm; note X ref POLYARTHRITIS but polyarthrite chronique âevolutive (PCE) = ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; septic arthritis = ARTHRITIS, INFECTIOUS; tends to be chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE; degenerative arthritis = OSTEOARTHRITIS; ARTHRITIS, PSORIATIC is also available CATALOG: form qualif permitted

UI = D001168

 

Arthritis, Adjuvant

AN = exper in animals

MS = An arthritis experimentally induced in animals with Freund's adjuvant.

UI = D001169

 

Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine

AN = a species of Lentivirus; infection: coord IM with LENTIVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: CAEV

MS = A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus ovine-caprine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, OVINE-CAPRINE), closely related to VISNA-MAEDI VIRUS and causing acute encephalomyelitis, chronic arthritis, pneumonia, mastitis, and glomerulonephritis in goats. It is transmitted mainly in the colostrum and milk.

UI = D016088

 

Arthritis, Gouty

AN = arthritis caused by gout

MS = Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular.

UI = D015210

 

Arthritis, Infectious

AN = not restricted to bact infect; coord IM with specific infection (IM) & site (IM)

MS = Arthritis caused by bacteria, rickettsiae, mycoplasmas, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Bacterial arthritis is frequently caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Viral arthritis is less common than bacterial arthritis and may be a manifestation of such viral diseases as mumps, rubella, hepatitis, etc.

UI = D001170

 

Arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid

AN = for subtypes read MeSH definition; do not confuse X ref STILL'S DISEASE, JUVENILE-ONSET with STILL'S DISEASE, ADULT-ONSET CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Rheumatoid arthritis of children occurring in three major subtypes defined by the symptoms present during the first six months following onset: systemic-onset (Still's Disease, Juvenile-Onset) polyarticular-onset, and pauciarticular-onset. Adult-onset cases of Still's disease (STILL'S DISEASE, ADULT-ONSET) are also known. Only one subtype of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.

UI = D001171

 

Arthritis, Psoriatic

MS = Syndrome in which psoriasis is associated with arthritis, often involving inflammation in terminal interphalangeal joints. A rheumatoid factor is not usually present in the sera of affected individuals.

UI = D015535

 

Arthritis, Reactive

AN = coord IM with specific infect or organism/infect precoord (IM)

MS = An abacterial form of arthritis developing after infection at a site distant from the affected joint or joints. The causative bacteria cannot be cultured from synovial specimens but bacterial antigens have been demonstrated in cells from the synovial fluid and membrane. It often follows Yersinia infection.

UI = D016918

 

Arthritis, Rheumatoid

AN = in children = ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE RHEUMATOID; includes PCE: polyarthrite chronique âevolutive; tends to be chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE CATALOG: do not use /in inf ( = ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE RHEUMATOID)

MS = A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.

UI = D001172

 

Arthrobacter

AN = in soil

MS = A genus of asporogenous bacteria isolated from soil that displays a distinctive rod-coccus growth cycle.

UI = D001173

 

Arthrodermataceae

AN = infection = DERMATOMYCOSES

MS = A family of ascomycetous fungi, order Onygenales, characterized by smooth ascospores. The two genera in the fmaily are Arthroderma and Ctenomyces. Several well-known anamorphic forms are parasitic upon the skin.

UI = D003883

 

Arthrodesis

AN = a method of joint surg; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; vertebral or spinal arthrodesis = SPINAL FUSION

MS = The surgical fixation of a joint by a procedure designed to accomplish fusion of the joint surfaces by promoting the proliferation of bone cells. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001174

 

Arthrography

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ARTHROGR

MS = Roentgenography of a joint, usually after injection of either positive or negative contrast medium.

UI = D001175

 

Arthrogryposis

AN = "persistent flexure or contracture of a joint"; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Persistent flexure or contracture of a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001176

 

Arthropathy, Neurogenic

MS = Chronic progressive degeneration of the stress-bearing portion of a joint, with bizarre hypertrophic changes at the periphery. It is probably a complication of a variety of neurologic disorders, particularly TABES DORSALIS, involving loss of sensation, which leads to relaxation of supporting structures and chronic instability of the joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001177

 

Arthroplasty

AN = surg reconstruct of a joint; total or partial joint replacement = ARTHROPLASTY, REPLACEMENT or its specifics; joint revision (see REOPERATION) = ARTHROPLASTY (IM) + REOPERATION (NIM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion.

UI = D001178

 

Arthroplasty, Replacement

AN = ARTHROPLASTY, REPLACEMENT, HIP & ARTHROPLASTY, REPLACEMENT, KNEE are also available; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ARTHROPLASTY REPLACE

MS = Partial or total replacement of a joint.

UI = D019643

 

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ARTHROPLASTY REPLACE HIP

MS = Replacement of the hip joint.

UI = D019644

 

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ARTHROPLASTY REPLACE KNEE

MS = Replacement of the knee joint.

UI = D019645

 

Arthropod Vectors

AN = coord IM with specific arthropod (IM); specify both infecting organism & vector if pertinent; ARACHNID VECTORS and INSECT VECTORS are also avail

MS = Arthropods, other than insects and arachnids, which transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.

UI = D001179

 

Arthropod Venoms

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted; coord IM with specific arachnid or insect (IM or NIM) but note available specifics: ANT VENOMS, BEE VENOMS, SCORPION VENOMS, SPIDER VENOMS & WASP VENOMS & their indentions

MS = Venoms from animals of the phylum Arthropoda. Those most investigated are from scorpions and spiders of the class Arachnidae and from ant, bee, and wasp families of the Insecta order Hymenoptera. The venoms contain protein toxins, enzymes, and other bioactive substances and may be lethal to man.

UI = D001180

 

Arthropods

AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = Members of the phylum Arthropoda of the animal kingdom, composed of organisms having a hard, jointed exoskeleton and paired jointed legs, and including among other classes, the ARACHNIDA and INSECTS, many species of which are important medically as parasites or as vectors of organisms capable of causing disease in man. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001181

 

Arthroscopy

AN = NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Endoscopic examination of the interior of a joint.

UI = D001182

 

Arthus Reaction

AN = note category; an inflamm skin reaction to antibody excess

MS = A dermal inflammatory reaction produced under conditions of antibody excess, when a second injection of antigen produces intravascular antigen-antibody complexes which bind complement, causing cell clumping, endothelial damage, and vascular necrosis.

UI = D001183

 

Articulation Disorders

AN = note categories: "articulation" refers to speech, not to joints

MS = Disorders of speech sound production characterized by substitution, omission, and distortion of sounds.

UI = D001184

 

Artifacts

AN = restrict to histol, microsc, radiogr, ECG, EEG & other procedures: not for products of human workmanship in arts & crafts; no qualif; coord IM with specific procedure (IM)

MS = Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis.

UI = D016477

 

Artificial Intelligence

AN = no qualif

MS = The study and implementation of techniques and methods for designing computer systems to perform functions normally associated with human intelligence, such as understanding language, learning, reasoning, problem solving, etc.

UI = D001185

 

Artificial Limbs

AN = coord ARM or LEG (NIM) if pertinent

MS = Prosthetic replacements for arms, legs, and parts therof.

UI = D001186

 

Artificial Organs

AN = usually to replace function, as HEART, ARTIFICIAL or KIDNEY, ARTIFICIAL: do not confuse with PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS which is usually cosmetic; not for injections, like silicones, to replace substance; coord IM with specific organ (IM) with no qualif but note available precoords

MS = Devices intended to replace non-functioning organs. They may be temporary or permanent. Since they are intended always to function as the natural organs they are replacing, they should be differentiated from PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS and specific types of prostheses which, though also replacements for body parts, are frequently cosmetic (EYE, ARTIFICIAL) as well as functional (ARTIFICIAL LIMBS).

UI = D001187

 

Artiodactyla

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; includes giraffe, hippopotamus, peccary; IM; qualif permitted

UI = D001188

 

Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases

AN = a cytochrome P-450 enzyme

MS = A group of cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) proteins which utilize reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor and incorporate one atom of oxygen. They act on many aromatic compounds. They are a component part of the mixed-function oxidase system and are important for the oxidation of many drugs and toxins such as phenobarbital, carcinogens, and insecticides. These enzymes are considered to be an aspect of EC 1.14.14.1.

UI = D001189

 

Arylsulfonates

MS = Organic sulfonic acid esters or salts which contain an aromatic hydrocarbon radical.

UI = D001190

 

Arylsulfonic Acids

MS = Organic sulfonic acid derivatives which contain an aromatic hydrocarbon radical.

UI = D017739

 

Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA to arylamines. They have wide specificity for aromatic amines, particularly serotonin, and can also catalyze acetyl transfer between arylamines without CoA. EC 2.3.1.5.

UI = D001191

 

Arylformamidase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of N-formyl-L-kynurenine and water to formate and L-kynurenine. It also acts on other aromatic formylamines. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.5.1.9.

UI = D005558

 

Arylsulfatases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phenol sulfate to yield a phenol and sulfate. Arylsulfatase A, B, and C have been separated. A deficiency of arylsulfatases is one of the causes of metachromatic leukodystrophy (LEUKODYSTROPHY, METACHROMATIC). EC 3.1.6.1.

UI = D001192

 

Arylsulfotransferase

MS = A sulfotransferase that catalyzes the sulfation of a phenol in the presence of 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate as sulfate donor to yield an aryl sulfate and adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate. A number of aromatic compounds can act as acceptors; however, organic hydroxylamines are not substrates. Sulfate conjugation by this enzyme is a major pathway for the biotransformation of phenolic and catechol drugs as well as neurotransmitters. EC 2.8.2.1.

UI = D015239

 

Arytenoid Cartilage

MS = One of a pair of small pyramidal cartilages that articulate with the lamina of the cricoid cartilage. The corresponding vocal ligament and several muscles are attached to it.

UI = D001193

 

Asbestos

AN = a silicate used in insulation & fireproofing; carcinogenic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /adv eff: consider also ASBESTOSIS; disease coord with ASBESTOS /adv eff is dis /etiol, not dis /chem ind; for emphasis on asbestos fibers, MINERAL FIBERS is available: see note there

MS = Asbestos. Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms.

UI = D001194

 

Asbestos, Amosite

AN = an amphibole asbestos; D25-26 qualif

MS = Asbestos, grunerite. A monoclinic amphibole form of asbestos having long fibers and a high iron content. It is used in insulation. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D017639

 

Asbestos, Amphibole

AN = brittle fibers which can't be spun; resistant to chemicals & heat; D25-26 qualif

MS = A class of asbestos that includes silicates of magnesium, iron, calcium, and sodium. The fibers are generally brittle and cannot be spun, but are more resistant to chemicals and heat than ASBESTOS, SERPENTINE. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

UI = D017636

 

Asbestos, Crocidolite

AN = an amphibole asbestos; D25-26 qualif

MS = Crocidolite. A lavender, acid-resistant asbestos.

UI = D017638

 

Asbestos, Serpentine

AN = serpentine refers to the mottled or spotted surface resembling a serpent's skin

MS = A type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. It exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. The latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p.893)

UI = D017632

 

Asbestosis

AN = pneumoconiosis from asbestos fibers; do not coord with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; for emphasis on presence of asbestos fibers, MINERAL FIBERS is available: see note there

MS = A form of lung disease (pneumoconiosis) caused by inhaling fibers of asbestos and marked by interstitial fibrosis of the lung varying in extent from minor involvement of the basal areas to extensive scarring. It is associated with pleural mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001195

 

Ascariasis

AN = nematode infect caused by ASCARIS; do not confuse with ACARIASIS, mite infestation or ASCARIDIASIS, infection with ASCARIDIA; coord IM with species (IM)

MS = Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.

UI = D001196

 

Ascaridia

AN = a genus of nematodes; do not confuse with the order ASCARIDIDA; infection = ASCARIDIASIS (do not confuse with ASCARIASIS or ACARIASIS); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A genus of nematode worms. A. galli and A. lineata are important intestinal parasites of domestic fowl.

UI = D001197

 

Ascaridida Infections

AN = nematoda infect caused by ASCARIDIDA; do not confuse with ASCARIDIASIS (caused by ASCARIDIA)

MS = Infections with nematodes of the order ASCARIDIDA.

UI = D017191

 

Ascaridiasis

AN = nematode infect caused by ASCARIDIA; do not confuse with ASCARIASIS (caused by ASCARIS) or ACARIASIS (caused by ACARI or ACARUS) or with ASCARIDIDA INFECTIONS

MS = Infection with nematodes of the genus ASCARIDIA. This condition usually occurs in fowl, often manifesting diarrhea.

UI = D001198

 

Ascaridida

AN = an order of nematodes; do not confuse with the genus ASCARIDIA; infection = ASCARIDIDA INFECTIONS

MS = An order of nematodes of the subclass SECERNENTEA. Its organisms possess two or three pairs of dorsolateral caudal papillae.

UI = D017162

 

 

 

Ascaridoidea

AN = a superfamily of nematodes; do not confuse with ASCARIDIA nor ASCARIS, both nematode genera; infection: coord IM with ASCARIDIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A superfamily of polymyarian nematode worms. An important characteristic of this group is the presence of three prominant lips around the mouth of the organism.

UI = D001199

 

Ascaris

AN = a genus of nematodes; do not confuse with ASCARIDIA, another genus, both belonging to the superfamily of ASCARIDOIDEA; do not confuse with ACARI (mites & ticks) or ACARUS (mites); infection = ASCARIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A genus of nematodes of the superfamily ASCARIDOIDEA whose species usually inhabit the intestine.

UI = D001200

 

Ascaris lumbricoides

AN = a species of nematode, the largest found in the human intestine; infection: coord IM with ASCARIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A species of parasitic nematode that is the largest found in the human intestine. Its distribution is worldwide, but it is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation. Human infection with A. lumbricoides is acquired by swallowing fully embryonated eggs from contaminated soil.

UI = D017164

 

Ascaris suum

AN = a species of nematode usually found in pigs, transmissible to humans; infection: coord IM with ASCARIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A species of parasitic nematode usually found in domestic pigs and a few other animals. Human infection can also occur, presumably as result of handling pig manure, and can lead to intestinal obstruction.

UI = D017165

 

Ascites

AN = accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity; do not index here for routine liver cirrhosis or Ehrlich ascites tumor; text must discuss ascites especially; chylous ascites: index CHYLOPERITONEUM

MS = Accumulation of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.

UI = D001201

 

Ascitic Fluid

AN = the fluid in the peritoneal cavity in ascites; /chem /cytol /pathol permitted

MS = The serous fluid which accumulates in the peritoneal cavity in ascites.

UI = D001202

 

Ascomycota

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; infection coord IM with MYCOSES (IM) or specific mycosis (IM)

MS = A phylum of fungi which have cross-walls or septa in the mycelium. The perfect state is characterized by the formation of a saclike cell (ascus) containing ascospores. Most pathogenic fungi with a known perfect state belong to this phylum.

UI = D001203

 

Ascorbate Oxidase

MS = An enzyme that converts ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid. EC 1.10.3.3.

UI = D001204

 

Ascorbic Acid

AN = /defic = ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY or SCURVY

MS = A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.

UI = D001205

 

Ascorbic Acid Deficiency

AN = note X ref; DF: ASCORBIC ACID DEFIC

MS = A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)

UI = D001206

 

Asepsis

AN = differentiate from ANTISEPSIS: ANTISEPSIS is the destruction of pathogens, ASEPSIS is the prev of their invasion

MS = The prevention of access by infecting organisms to the locus of potential infection.

UI = D001207

 

Asia

AN = several geog subdivisions & all Asiatic countries are available as headings

MS = The largest of the continents. It was known to the Romans more specifically as what we know today as Asia Minor. The name comes from at least two possible sources: from the Assyrian asu (to rise) or from the Sanskrit usa (dawn), both with reference to its being the land of the rising sun, i.e., eastern as opposed to Europe, to the west. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p82 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p34)

UI = D001208

 

Asia, Central

AN = a geog area; prefer specific countries

MS = The geographical area of Asia comprising KAZAKHSTAN, KYRGYZSTAN, TAJIKISTAN, TURKMENISTAN, and UZBEKISTAN. The desert region of Kara Kum (Qara Qum) is largely in Turkmenistan and the desert region of Kyzyl Kum (Kizil Kum or Qizil Qum), is in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p233, 590, 636)

UI = D001209

 

Asia, Southeastern

AN = a geog area; prefer specific countries

MS = The geographical area of Asia comprising BORNEO, BRUNEI, CAMBODIA, INDONESIA, LAOS, MALAYSIA, the MEKONG VALLEY, MYANMAR (formerly Burma), the PHILIPPINES, SINGAPORE, THAILAND, and VIETNAM.

UI = D001210

 

Asia, Western

AN = a geog area; prefer specific countries; MIDDLE EAST is also available

MS = The geographical designation for the countries of the MIDDLE EAST and the countries BANGLADESH, BHUTAN, INDIA, NEPAL, PAKISTAN, and SRI LANKA. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, 1993 & Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988)

UI = D001211

 

Asialoglycoproteins

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Endogenous glycoproteins from which sialic acid has been removed by the action of sialidases. They bind tightly to their cell surface receptor which is located on hepatocyte plasma membranes. After internalization by adsorptive endocytosis they are delivered to lysosomes for degradation. Therefore receptor-mediated clearance of asialoglycoproteins is an important aspect of the turnover of plasma glycoproteins. They are elevated in serum of patients with hepatic cirrhosis or hepatitis.

UI = D001212

 

Asian Americans

AN = US residents of Asiatic culture or origin; Asian includes Far East, Southeast Asia, Pacific Islands & the Indian subcontinent; despite X refs specify NIM CHINA /ethnol, JAPAN /ethnol or other Asiatic country with /ethnol when pertinent

MS = Persons living in the United States having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, or the Indian subcontinent.

UI = D001213

 

Asparaginase

AN = an antineoplastic

MS = An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the conversion of L-asparagine and water to L-aspartate and NH3. This reaction occurs in normal mammalian and bacterial cells. The enzyme, preprared from bacterial sources, is used clinically in the treatment of childhood leukemia. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.5.1.1.

UI = D001215

 

Asparagine

AN = an amino acid; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D001216

 

Aspartate-Ammonia Ligase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of asparagine from ammonia and aspartic acid, in the presence of ATP. EC 6.3.1.1.

UI = D001217

 

Aspartame

AN = a sweetening agent; D25-26 qualif

MS = Flavoring agent sweeter than sugar, metabolized as phenylalanine and aspartic acid.

UI = D001218

 

Aspartate Transaminase

AN = /blood = SGOT /blood (not just SGOT); DF: note short X ref

MS = An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the reaction of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to yield oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. The enzyme is a pyridoxal phosphate protein. In the liver the reaction transfers excess metabolic nitrogen into aspartate for disposal in the urea cycle. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 2.6.1.1.

UI = D001219

 

Aspartate Ammonia-Lyase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of aspartic acid to ammonia and fumaric acid in plants and some microorganisms. EC 4.3.1.1.

UI = D001220

 

Aspartate Carbamoyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of carbamoyl phosphate and L-aspartate to yield orthophosphate and N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.1.3.2.

UI = D001221

 

Aspartate Kinase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of beta-aspartyl phosphate from aspartic acid and ATP. Threonine serves as an allosteric regulator of this enzyme to control the biosynthetic pathway from aspartic acid to threonine. EC 2.7.2.4.

UI = D001222

 

Aspartate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde, orthophosphate, and NADP+ to yield L-4-aspartyl phosphate and NADPH. EC 1.2.1.11.

UI = D001223

 

Aspartic Acid

AN = an amino acid; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

UI = D001224

 

Aspartic Proteinases

MS = A sub-subclass of proteolytic enzymes which, because of the involvement of an acidic residue in the catalytic process, hydrolyzes the peptide bonds at a pH optimum below 5. EC 3.4.23.

UI = D016282

 

Aspartokinase Homoserine Dehydrogenase

MS = An enzyme complex consisting of aspartokinase, EC 2.7.2.4, and homoserine dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.1.3. The complex has been isolated from E. coli and consists of four identical subunits with a molecular weight of 85,000. The enzyme complex is involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids of the aspartate family.

UI = D001225

 

Aspartate-tRNA Ligase

MS = An enzyme that activates aspartic acid with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.12.

UI = D001226

 

Aspartylglucosylaminase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine and water to N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine and L-aspartate. It acts only on asparagine oligosaccharides containing one amino acid, i.e. the asparagine has free alpha-amino and alpha-carboxyl groups. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.5.1.26.

UI = D001227

 

Aspergillosis

AN = fungus dis; specify species (IM) if pertinent; coord IM with precoord organ/dis term (IM); of lung = ASPERGILLOSIS (IM) + LUNG DISEASES, FUNGAL (IM) for non-allergic pulm aspergillosis but ASPERGILLOSIS, ALLERGIC BRONCHOPULMONARY for allergic pulm aspergillosis

MS = Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.

UI = D001228

 

Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary

AN = fungus dis; do not coord with BRONCHIAL DISEASES nor with LUNG DISEASES, FUNGAL; note "allergic": non-allergic pulm aspergillosis = ASPERGILLOSIS (IM) + LUNG DISEASES, FUNGAL (IM); DF: ABPA or BRONCHOPULM ASPERG

MS = Aspergillosis of the lung occurring in an individual with long-standing bronchial asthma. It is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, eosinophilia, elevated serum IgE and immediate type skin reactivity to aspergillus antigen.

UI = D001229

 

Aspergillus

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific genera; infection = ASPERGILLOSIS

MS = A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family Trichocomaceae.

UI = D001230

 

Aspergillus flavus

AN = infection: coord IM with ASPERGILLOSIS (IM)

MS = A species of imperfect fungi which grows on peanuts and other plants and produces the carcinogenic substance aflatoxin. It is also used in the production of the antibiotic flavicin.

UI = D001231

 

Aspergillus fumigatus

AN = infection: coord IM with ASPERGILLOSIS (IM)

MS = A species of imperfect fungi from which the antibiotic fumigatin is obtained. Its spores may cause respiratory infection in birds and mammals.

UI = D001232

 

Aspergillus nidulans

AN = infection: coord IM with ASPERGILLOSIS (IM)

MS = A species of imperfect fungi from which the antibiotic nidulin is obtained. Its teleomorph is Emericella nidulans.

UI = D001233

 

Aspergillus niger

AN = infection: coord IM with ASPERGILLOSIS (IM)

MS = An imperfect fungus causing smut or black mold of several fruits, vegetables, etc.

UI = D001234

 

Aspergillus Nuclease S1

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage to 5-phosphomononucleotides and 5-phosphooligonucleotide end-products. It has a preference for single-stranded substrates but is active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.1.30.1.

UI = D015719

 

Aspergillus ochraceus

MS = An imperfect fungus that produces ochratoxins and contaminates cereals and coffee beans.

UI = D001235

 

Aspergillus oryzae

MS = An imperfect fungus present on most agricultural seeds and often responsible for the spoilage of seeds in bulk storage. It is also used in the production of fermented food or drink, especially in Japan.

UI = D001236

 

Asphyxia

AN = in newborn inf = ASPHYXIA NEONATORUM + tag INFANT, NEWBORN; choking: use AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION

MS = A condition due to lack of oxygen in respired air, resulting in impending or actual cessation of apparent life. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001237

 

Asphyxia Neonatorum

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; tag INFANT, NEWBORN CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001238

 

Aspiration

AN = "the act of inhaling"; note category & read definition; differentiate from ASPIRATION, MECHANICAL & DRAINAGE

MS = The act of inhaling.

UI = D001239

 

Aspirations (Psychology)

AN = no qualif; DF: ASPIRATIONS

MS = Strong desires to accomplish something. This usually pertains to greater values or high ideals.

UI = D001240

 

Aspirin

MS = The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5)

UI = D001241

 

Assertiveness

AN = no qualif; assertiveness training: coord IM with BEHAVIOR THERAPY (IM)

MS = Strongly insistent, self-assured, and demanding behavior.

UI = D001242

 

Assisted Circulation

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not confuse with EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION or its specifics; DF: ASSISTED CIRC

MS = Pumping that aids the natural activity of the heart. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001243

 

Association

AN = a psychol or learning context; no qualif; DF: ASSOC

MS = A functional relationship between psychological phenomena of such nature that the presence of one tends to evoke the other; also, the process by which such a relationship is established.

UI = D001244

 

Association Learning

AN = a form of learning; DF: ASSOC LEARNING

MS = The principle that items experienced together enter into a connection, so that one tends to reinstate the other.

UI = D001245

 

Astatine

AN = naturally radioactive; IM

MS = Astatine. A radioactive halogen with the atomic symbol At, atomic number 85, and atomic weight 210. Its isotopes range in mass number from 200 to 219 and all have an extremely short half-life. Astatine may be of use in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.

UI = D001246

 

Astemizole

AN = a histamine H1 antag

MS = 1-((4-Fluorophenyl)methyl)-N-(1-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl-4-piperidinyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-amine. A long-acting, non-sedative antihistaminic used in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, and chronic idiopathic urticaria. The drug is well tolerated and has no anticholinergic side effects.

UI = D016589

 

Asteraceae

AN = a large family of flowering plants, many used medicinally; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = The single, large family of flowering plants in the order Asterales. The family is also known as Compositae.

UI = D019659

 

Asthenia

AN = loss of strength; NEUROCIRCULATORY ASTHENIA also exists

MS = Lack or loss of strength and energy; weakness. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001247

 

Asthenopia

AN = ocular fatigue

MS = Term generally used to describe complaints related to refractive error, ocular muscle imbalance, including pain or aching around the eyes, burning and itchiness of the eyelids, ocular fatigue, and headaches.

UI = D001248

 

Asthma

AN = do not coord with BRONCHIAL DIS for X ref ASTHMA, BRONCHIAL; /drug ther: consider also ANTI-ASTHMATIC AGENTS

MS = A form of bronchial disorder associated with airway obstruction, marked by recurrent attacks of paroxysmal dyspnea, with wheezing due to spasmodic contraction of the bronchi.

UI = D001249

 

Asthma, Exercise-Induced

MS = Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).

UI = D001250

 

Astigmatism

AN = refractive error

MS = Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001251

 

Astringents

MS = Agents that cause contraction, usually locally after topical application. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001252

 

Astrocytes

AN = largest & most numerous neuroglial cells of brain & spinal cord; A 11 qualif

MS = The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood.

UI = D001253

 

Astrocytoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord brain/neopl term (IM) + site (IM)

MS = A relatively well differentiated glioma composed of neoplastic cells that resemble one of the types of astrocytes, with varying amounts of fibrillary stroma. There are many grading systems. One popularly used is based on a classification in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In children and persons under 20 years of age, astrocytomas usually arise in a cerebellar hemisphere; in adults, they occur usually in the cerebrum, sometimes growing rapidly and invading extensively. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)

UI = D001254

 

Astrology

AN = a form of occultism; DF: ASTROL CATALOG: /geog /form

UI = D001255

 

Astronauts

AN = for crew or travelers

MS = Members of spacecraft crew including those who travel in space, and those in training for space flight. (From Webster, 10th ed; Jane's Aerospace Dictionary, 3d ed)

UI = D018480

 

Astronomy

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

MS = The science concerned with celestial bodies and the observation and interpretation of the radiation received in the vicinity of the earth from the component parts of the universe (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

UI = D001256

 

Astroviridae

AN = a family of RNA viruses; infection = ASTROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

MS = A family of RNA viruses with one genus: ASTROVIRUS. They cause gastroenteritis in humans and also infect other vertebrates.

UI = D019200

 

Astroviridae Infections

AN = caused by Astrovirus

MS = Infections with ASTROVIRUS, causing gastroenteritis in human infants, calves, lambs, and piglets.

UI = D019350

 

Astrovirus

AN = a genus of the family Astroviridae; named for their star shape; infection = ASTROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

MS = A genus of small, circular RNA viruses in the family ASTROVIRIDAE. They cause gastroenteritis and are found in the stools of several vertebrates including humans. Transmission is by the fecal-oral route. There are at least seven human serotypes and the type species is human astrovirus 1.

UI = D001257

 

Ataxia

AN = a movement disord; enzootic = SWAYBACK; familial: consider also SPINOCEREBELLAR DEGENERATIONS

MS = Failure of muscular coordination or irregularity of muscular action. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001259

 

Ataxia Telangiectasia

AN = cerebellar ataxia with telangiectasis & other disord

MS = A syndrome characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive cerebellar ataxia, telangiectasis of conjunctiva and skin, slowly progressive mental deterioration and increasing cerebellar degeneration.

UI = D001260

 

Atelectasis

AN = = lung collapse, any part of the lung

UI = D001261

 

Atenolol

AN = an antihypertensive & anti-arrhythmic

MS = 4-(2-Hydroxy-3-((1-methylethyl)amino)propoxy)benzeneacetamide. A cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.

UI = D001262

 

Atherectomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Endovascular procedure in which atheromatous plaque is excised by a cutting or rotating catheter. It differs from balloon and laser angioplasty procedures which enlarge vessels by dilation but frequently do not remove much plaque. If the plaque is removed by surgical excision under general anesthesia rather than by an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called ENDARTERECTOMY.

UI = D017073

 

Atherectomy, Coronary

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Percutaneous transluminal procedure for removing atheromatous plaque from the coronary arteries. Both directional (for removing focal atheromas) and rotational (for removing concentric atheromatous plaque) atherectomy devices have been used.

UI = D017225

 

Atherosclerosis

AN = a common form of arteriosclerosis

MS = A common form of arteriosclerosis characterized by deposits of plaques (atheromas) containing lipids, carbohydrates, blood and blood products, fibrous tissue, and calcium deposits. These plaques are found in the intima of large- and medium-sized arteries.

UI = D001263

 

Athetosis

AN = slow, writhing, involuntary movements of hands & feet; choreoathetosis = CHOREA (IM) + ATHETOSIS (IM)

MS = A derangement marked by ceaseless occurrence of slow, sinuous, writhing movements, especially severe in the hands and performed involuntarily. It may occur after hemiplegia, and is then known as posthemiplegic chorea. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001264

 

Athletic Injuries

AN = GEN only: prefer specific sport /inj; when GEN, coord IM with specific inj (IM); Manual 30.15.1: relation to SPORTS MEDICINE; consider also TENNIS ELBOW but see note there

MS = Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.

UI = D001265

 

Atlantic Islands

AN = in addition to indentions here & under CARIBBEAN REGION, see MeSH definition for other specific islands; in titles & translations use accents on island names as in author's text

MS = Widely scattered islands in the Atlantic Ocean as far north as the AZORES and as far south as the South Sandwich Islands, with the greatest concentration found in the CARIBBEAN REGION. They include Annobon Island, Ascension, Canary Islands, Falkland Islands, Fernando Po (also called Isla de Bioko and Bioko), Gough Island, Madeira, Sao Tome and Principe, Saint Helena, and Tristan da Cunha.

UI = D001266

 

Atlantic Ocean

AN = no qualif

UI = D001267

 

Atlanto-Axial Joint

MS = The joint involving the atlas and axis bones.

UI = D001268

 

Atlanto-Occipital Joint

UI = D001269

 

Atlas

AN = a bone; do not confuse with ATLASES, a bound volume of maps

UI = D001270

 

Atlases

AN = a cataloging term; do not confuse with ATLAS, a bone; use for geographic atlases only: anatomical atlases go under MEDICAL ILLUSTRATION (IM) + ANATOMY, ARTISTIC (IM) CATALOG: form qualif /atlases is available

UI = D001271

 

Atlases [Publication Type]

MS = Collections of illustrative plates, charts, etc. usually with explanatory captions.

UI = D020466

 

Atmosphere

AN = /anal /chem permitted

MS = The gaseous envelope surrounding a planet or similar body. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D001272

 

Atmosphere Exposure Chambers

UI = D001273

 

Atmospheric Pressure

AN = no qualif

MS = The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned.

UI = D001274

 

ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase

MS = An enzyme that, in the presence of ATP and CoA, catalyzes the cleavage of citrate to yield acetyl CoA, oxaloacetate, ADP, and orthophosphate. This reaction represents an important step in fatty acid biosynthesis. EC 4.1.3.8.

UI = D001275

 

ATP Phosphoribosyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the pathway for histidine biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium. ATP reacts reversibly with 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate to yield N-1-(5'-phosphoribosyl)-ATP and pyrophosphate. EC 2.4.2.17.

UI = D001276

 

ATPase, Ca(2+)-Transporting (see: Ca(2+)-Transporting ATPase)

 

ATPase,Na(+)-K(+)-Exchanging (see: Na(+)-K(+)-Exchanging ATPase)

 

 

 

 

Atractyloside

MS = A highly toxic glycoside isolated from Atractylis gummifera and other thistles. It inhibits mitochondrial translocase. Its inhibitory action blocks oxidative phosphorylation of adenosine nucleotides through mitochondrial membranes.

UI = D001278

 

Atracurium

AN = a neuromusc nondepolarizing agent

MS = A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.

UI = D001279

 

Atrazine

AN = an herbicide

MS = A selective triazine herbicide. Inhalation hazard is low and there are no apparent skin manifestations or other toxicity in humans. Acutely poisoned sheep and cattle may show muscular spasms, faciculations, stiff gait, increased respiratory rates, adrenal degeneration, and congestion of the lungs, liver, and kidneys. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D001280

 

Atrial Fibrillation

AN = do not confuse with ATRIAL FLUTTER

MS = Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions.

UI = D001281

 

Atrial Flutter

AN = do not confuse with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

MS = Rapid, irregular atrial contractions due to an abnormality of atrial excitation.

UI = D001282

 

Atrial Function

MS = The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the atria.

UI = D016275

 

Atrial Function, Left

MS = The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the left atrium.

UI = D016279

 

Atrial Function, Right

MS = The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the right atrium.

UI = D016280

 

 

Atrial Natriuretic Factor

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight peptides derived from a common precursor and secreted by the heart atria. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 amino acids.

UI = D009320

 

Atrial Premature Complexes

AN = a type of arrhythmia

MS = Premature contractions of the heart arising from an ectopic atrial focus. With ventricular premature complexes, they represent one of the most common causes of irregular pulse. They are more apt to occur if there is atrial or conduction system disease such as left atrial enlargement in mitral stenosis. In community prospective studies, atrial premature complexes are not related to sudden death, as are ventricular premature beats in coronary disease. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Braunwald, Heart Disease, 4th ed, p679; Sokolow, et al., Clinical Cardiology, 5th ed, p472)

UI = D018880

 

Atrioventricular Node

MS = A small nodular mass of specialized muscle fibers located in the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus. It gives rise to the atrioventricular bundle of the conduction system of the heart.

UI = D001283

 

Atrophy

AN = NIM; coord with organ/pathol (IM)

UI = D001284

 

Atropine

MS = A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae.

UI = D001285

 

Atropine Derivatives

MS = Analogs and derivatives of atropine.

UI = D001286

 

Attachment Sites (Microbiology)

AN = attachment of phage DNA to bacterial DNA; for attachment of a virus to a cell membrane, index under RECEPTORS, VIRUS; DF: note short X ref

MS = Particular loci in both bacterial and phage DNA molecules at which phage DNA is integrated into the bacterial DNA by recombination between these sites.

UI = D001287

 

Attention

MS = Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.

UI = D001288

 

Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders

AN = DF:DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR DIS

UI = D019958

 

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity

AN = not confined to children; do not confuse with HYPERKINESIS: note X refs under both; DF: ADDH or ADHD CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-IV)

UI = D001289

 

Attitude

MS = An enduring, learned predisposition to behave in a consistent way toward a given class of objects, or a persistent mental and/or neural state of readiness to react to a certain class of objects, not as they are but as they are conceived to be.

UI = D001290

 

Attitude of Health Personnel

MS = Attitudes of personnel toward their patients, other professionals, toward the medical care system, etc.

UI = D001291

 

Attitude to Computers

AN = /ethnol permitted

MS = The attitude and behavior associated with an individual using the computer.

UI = D001292

 

Attitude to Death

MS = Conceptual response of the individual to the various aspects of death, which are based on his psychosocial and cultural experience.

UI = D001293

 

Attitude to Health

AN = includes attitude to disease

MS = Public attitudes toward health, disease, and the medical care system.

UI = D001294

 

Atypical Bacterial Forms

AN = DF: ATYPICAL BACT FORMS

MS = Microorganisms that have undergone greater changes than normal in morphology, physiology, or cultural characteristics.

UI = D001295

 

Audiovisual Aids

AN = TEACHING MATERIALS is also available CATALOG: form qualif /audiovisual aids & double forms, /multimedia kits, /slides & /transparencies are available

MS = Auditory and visual instructional materials.

UI = D001296

 

Audioanalgesia

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D001297

 

Audiology

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; do not confuse with HEARING (physiol process) or HEARING TESTS or AUDIOMETRY (a specific type of hearing test); AMERICAN SPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOCIATION is also available; DF: AUDIOL

MS = The study of hearing and hearing impairment.

UI = D001298

 

Audiometry

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; a specific type of hearing test: do not use as a general term for "the measurement of hearing" ( = HEARING TESTS)

MS = Measurement of hearing using an audiometer. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001299

 

Audiometry, Evoked Response

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; also called "electric response audiometry"

MS = A form of electrophysiologic audiometry in which an analog computer is included in the circuit to average out ongoing or spontaneous brain wave activity. A characteristic pattern of response to a sound stimulus may then become evident. Evoked response audiometry is known also as electric response audiometry.

UI = D001300

 

Audiometry, Pure-Tone

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; note X ref: spell in titles & translations with accents: Bâekâesy

MS = Measurement of hearing based on the use of pure tones of various frequencies and intensities as auditory stimuli.

UI = D001301

 

Audiometry, Speech

MS = Measurement of the ability to hear speech under various conditions of intensity and noise interference using sound-field as well as earphones and bone oscillators.

UI = D001302

 

Auditory Cortex

AN = dis: coord NIM with AUDITORY DISEASES, CENTRAL (IM)

MS = Area of the temporal lobe concerned with hearing.

UI = D001303

 

Auditory Diseases, Central

AN = dis of auditory nerve pathways; coord IM with site (NIM)

MS = Diseases of the auditory pathways from the bulbar cochlear nuclei to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe. Structures involved include the medial and lateral lemnisci, inferior colliculus, and the medial geniculate nucleus.

UI = D001304

 

Auditory Fatigue

MS = Loss of sensitivity to sounds as a result of auditory stimulation, manifesting as a temporary shift in auditory threshold. The temporary threshold shift, TTS, is expressed in decibels.

UI = D001305

 

Auditory Pathways

AN = dis: coord NIM with AUDITORY DISEASES, CENTRAL (IM)

UI = D001306

 

Auditory Perception

AN = differentiate from HEARING: aud percept takes place in the brain, hearing takes place in the ear: TN 98

MS = The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized and interpreted by the organism; includes speech discrimination.

UI = D001307

 

Auditory Perceptual Disorders

MS = Disorders of auditory perception manifesting as difficulties with auditory memory, speech perception and sound localization. Lesions are usually in the temporal lobe.

UI = D001308

 

Auditory Threshold

MS = The audibility limit of discriminating sound intensity and pitch.

UI = D001309

 

Auranofin

AN = a gold antirheumatic

MS = (1-Thio-beta-D-glucopyranose-2,3,4,6-tetraacetato-S)(triethylphosphine)gold. An oral chrysotherapeutic agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Its exact mechanism of action is unknown, but it is believed to act via immunological mechanisms and alteration of lysosomal enzyme activity. Its efficacy is slightly less than that of injected gold salts, but it is better tolerated, and side effects which occur are potentially less serious.

UI = D001310

 

Aurintricarboxylic Acid

MS = 5-((3-Carboxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)(3-carboxy-4-oxo-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene)methyl)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid. A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.

UI = D001312

Aurodox

AN = an antibiotic

MS = Antibiotic obtained from a Streptomyces variant considered as possibly effective against Streptococcus pyogenes infections. It may promote growth in poultry.

UI = D000899

 

Aurothioglucose

AN = a gold antirheumatic

MS = (1-Thio-D-glucopyranosato)gold. A thioglucose derivative used as an antirheumatic and experimentally to produce obesity in animals.

UI = D006051

 

Aurovertins

AN = uncoupling agents; D25-26 qualif

MS = Very toxic and complex pyrone derivatives from the fungus Calcarisporium arbuscula. They bind to and inhibit mitochondrial ATPase, thereby uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. They are used as biochemical tools.

UI = D001313

 

Auscultation

AN = /instrum: STETHOSCOPES is also available

MS = Act of listening for sounds within the body.

UI = D001314

 

Australia

AN = each of the states is available; Australasia = Oceania + Australia + New Zealand: do not confuse with Australia, check text & index probably under AUSTRALIA or NEW ZEALAND or both; aborigines are of the AUSTRALOID RACE

MS = The smallest continent and the only one existing as an independent country, comprising six states and one territory. Its capital is Canberra. It was first sighted by the Spanish in the early 17th century and at that time explored by the Dutch who named it New Holland. Stories dating from the 2d century A.D. tell of a "terra australis incognita", unknown southern land. In the 19th century, the continent was circumnavigated by the English explorer Matthew Finders, who gave it its original name modified as Terra Australis (no longer "incognita"), shortened later to Australia. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p96 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p39)

UI = D001315

 

Australoid Race

AN = IM; includes Australian aborigines, Pre-Dravidians, Veddahs; specify geog if pertinent; policy on race: Manual 30.6.2.1, 30.6.4; for Australian aborigines as a racial group index under ABORIGINES (IM) + AUSTRALOID RACE (IM) + AUSTRALIA or specific Australian territory CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A racial group that includes the Australian aborigines, the Veddahs of Ceylon, the pre-Dravidian people of India, and possibly some other remnant populations of Malaysia. (From Molnar, Races, Types, and Ethnic Groups, 1975, p17)

UI = D001316

 

Austria

UI = D001317

 

Autacoids

AN = slow-reacting substances: note X ref; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities.

UI = D012898

 

Authoritarianism

AN = no qualif

MS = The personality pattern or syndrome consisting of behavioral and attitudinal characteristics reflecting a preoccupation with the factors of power and authority in interpersonal relationships.

UI = D001318

 

Authorship

AN = identity or establishment of being the author; do not confuse with WRITING or PUBLISHING: see notes there; no qualif

MS = The profession of writing. Also the identity of the writer as the creator of a literary production.

UI = D001319

 

Autistic Disorder

MS = A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-IV)

UI = D001321

 

Autoanalysis

AN = NIM

UI = D001322

 

Autoantibodies

AN = produced by body's own tissue in response to AUTOANTIGENS; do not confuse with ANTIBODIES, ANTI-IDIOTYPIC

MS = Antibodies directed against self antigens, i.e., against a normal tissue constituent. An antibody (immunoglobulin) formed in response to, and reacting against, one of the individual's own normal antigenic endogenous body constituents. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001323

 

Autoantigens

AN = tissue antigens causing endogenous production of AUTOANTIBODIES

MS = Antigens that, despite being normal tissue constituents, are the target of a humoral or cell-mediated immune response, as in AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001324

 

Autobiography

AN = IM as literary form only; NIM for specific biographee; no qualif; Manual 32.11, 32.18.7; includes memoirs; DF: AUTOBIOG or AUTOBIOGR

MS = The life of a person written by himself or herself. (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed)

UI = D001325

 

Autocrine Communication

MS = Denoting a type of cellular communication in which a hormone binds to receptors on and affects the function of the cell type that produced it. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019898

 

Autocrine Motility Factor

AN = "secreted by tumor cells"; /biosyn/ drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A member of the class of cytokines secreted by tumor cells. It elicits increases in cell motility and phosphoinositide metabolism in the secreting or producing cell via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein signal transduction pathway. The factor has also been used as a marker for bladder cancer.

UI = D016554

 

Autogenic Training

AN = a psychother technique

MS = Technique based on muscle relaxation during self-hypnotic exercises. It is used in conjunction with psychotherapy.

UI = D001326

 

Autoimmune Diseases

AN = immune response directed against self antigens; GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific dis (IM), even one indented here in Cat C20 when that dis is discussed as an autoimmune dis

MS = A disorder caused by an immune response directed against self antigens. Ideally there should be not only demonstrable circulating autoantibodies or cell-mediated immunity against autoantigens in conjunction with inflammatory lesions caused by immunologically competent cells or immune complexes in tissues containing the autoantigens, but also clinical or experimental evidence that the autoimmune process is pathogenic, not secondary to other tissue damage. In practice many diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, are often classified as autoimmune diseases although their pathogenesis is unclear. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001327

 

Autoimmunity

MS = Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

UI = D015551

 

Autolysis

AN = spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells; use qualif with discretion

MS = The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.

UI = D001329

 

Automatic Data Processing

AN = GEN & unspecified only: prefer specific informatics & computer terms available

MS = Data processing largely performed by automatic means.

UI = D001330

 

Automation

AN = for automation as a concept in technol: not for "automated" equipment or "automated" processes & techniques ( = specific technique without AUTOMATION unless especially discussed)

MS = Controlled operation of an apparatus, process, or system by mechanical or electronic devices that take the place of human organs of observation, effort, and decision. (From Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 1993)

UI = D001331

 

Automatism

MS = Automatic, mechanical, and apparently undirected behavior which is outside of conscious control.

UI = D001332

 

Automobile Driver Examination

AN = DF: AUTO DRIVER EXAM

MS = Government required written and driving test given to individuals prior to obtaining an operator's license.

UI = D001333

 

Automobile Driving

MS = The effect of environmental or physiological factors on the driver and driving ability. Included are driving fatigue, and the effect of drugs, disease, and physical disabilities on driving.

UI = D001334

 

Automobiles

MS = A usually four-wheeled automotive vehicle designed for passenger transportation and commonly propelled by an internal-combustion engine using a volatile fuel. (Webster, 1973)

UI = D001336

 

Autonomic Agents

AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; consider also AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYTEM /drug eff

MS = Agents affecting the function of, or mimicking the actions of, the autonomic nervous system and thereby having an effect on such processes as respiration, circulation, digestion, body temperature regulation, certain endocrine gland secretions, etc.

UI = D001337

 

Autonomic Denervation

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with specific nerve /surg or plexus /surg (IM or NIM)

MS = The removal or interruption of some part of the autonomic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes.

UI = D017763

 

Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic

AN = do not confuse with AUTONOMIC FIBERS, PREGANGLIONIC

MS = Nerve fibers which project from cell bodies of autonomic ganglia to synapses on target organs.

UI = D001338

 

Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic

AN = do not confuse with AUTONOMIC FIBERS, POSTGANGLIONIC

MS = Nerve fibers which project from the central nervous system to autonomic ganglia. In the sympathetic division most preganglionic fibers originate with neurons in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord, exit via ventral roots from upper thoracic through lower lumbar segments, and project to the paravertebral ganglia; there they either terminate in synapses or continue through the splanchnic nerves to the prevertebral ganglia. In the parasympathetic division the fibers originate in neurons of the brain stem and sacral spinal cord. In both divisions the principal transmitter is acetylcholine but peptide cotransmitters may also be released.

UI = D001339

 

Autonomic Nerve Block

AN = NERVE BLOCK is also available; coord with substance (with no qualif) used to induce the block if particularly discussed

MS = Interruption of sympathetic pathways, by local injection of an anesthetic agent, at any of four levels: peripheral nerve block, sympathetic ganglion block, extradural block, and subarachnoid block.

UI = D001340

 

Autonomic Nervous System

AN = dysfunction = AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES but consider also DYSAUTONOMIA, FAMILIAL

MS = The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself.

UI = D001341

 

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases

AN = note X ref ( = autonomic dysfunction) but consider also DYSAUTONOMIA, FAMILIAL; DF: ANS DIS

MS = Diseases that have their major effects on the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system may be seriously affected in many other disorders including other peripheral nervous system diseases, infectious diseases (e.g., tetanus, diphtheria), immunologic diseases (e.g., acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), and systemic disorders (e.g., diabetic neuropathy, amyloid neuropathy, thyroid diseases). Disorders of central autonomic control also contribute substantially to a wide variety of problems (e.g., eating disorders, panic disorder, water-electrolyte imbalance, cardiovascular diseases).

UI = D001342

 

Autonomic Pathways

MS = Nerves and plexuses of the autonomic nervous system. The central nervous system structures which regulate the autonomic nervous system are not included.

UI = D017776

 

Autophagocytosis

MS = The segregation and degradation of damaged or unwanted cytoplasmic constituents by autophagic vacuoles (cytolysosomes) composed of lysosomes containing cellular components in the process of digestion; it plays an important role in metamorphosis of amphibians, in the removal of bone by osteoclasts, and in the degradation of normal cell components in nutritional deficiency states.

UI = D001343

 

Autopsy

AN = NIM; no qualif when NIM; when IM, qualif permitted; not an automatic routine coord for postmortem pathol ( = /pathol): discussion must be on autopsy as a procedure

MS = Postmortem examination of the body.

UI = D001344

 

Autoradiography

AN = NIM, usually no qualif; DF: AUTORADIOGR

MS = The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001345

 

Autoreceptors

AN = presynaptic receptors; DF: AUTORECEPT

MS = Transmitter receptors on or near presynaptic terminals (or varicosities) which are sensitive to the transmitter(s) released by the terminal itself. Receptors for the hormones released by hormone-releasing cells are also included.

UI = D017660

 

Autosuggestion

AN = no qualif

MS = Suggestion coming from the subject himself.

UI = D001346

 

Auxins

AN = plant growth regulators

MS = Organic compounds found in plant sprouts. They promote tissue growth through cell elongation rather than multiplication.

UI = D001347

 

Aversive Therapy

AN = a psychother technique; DF: AVERSIVE THER

MS = A treatment that suppresses undesirable behavior by simultaneously exposing the subject to unpleasant consequences.

UI = D001348

 

Aviadenovirus

AN = a genus of the family Adenoviridae affecting birds (avi-); infection: coord IM with ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A genus of ADENOVIRIDAE that infects birds. The type species is Fowl Adenovirus 1 also called CELO Virus (chick embryo lethal orphan virus).

UI = D000259

 

Avian Encephalomyelitis Virus(see: Encephalomyelitis Virus, Avian)

 

Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus(see: Infectious Bronchitis Virus, Avian)

 

Avian Leukosis

AN = caused by a retrovirus; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; don't forget also BIRDS (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL

MS = A group of transmissible, virus-induced diseases of chickens, characterized by proliferation of immature erythroid, myeloid, or lymphoid cells. It includes both leukemic and solid-tumor forms. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001353

 

Avian Leukosis Virus (see: Leukosis Virus, Avian)

Avian Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (see:Reticuloendotheliosis Virus, Avian)

Avian Retroviruses Type C (see:Retroviruses Type C, Avian)

Avian Sarcoma (see:Sarcoma, Avian)

Avian Sarcoma Viruses (see:Sarcoma Viruses, Avian

 

Aviation

AN = for med, physiol, psychol aspects of flying index AEROSPACE MEDICINE; SPEC: SPEC qualif; Manual 28.8

MS = Design, development, manufacture, and operation of heavier-than-air aircraft.

UI = D001359

 

 

Avibirnavirus

AN = a genus of the family Birnaviridae; infection: coord IM with BIRNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A genus of RNA viruses in the family BIRNAVIRIDAE infecting birds. It is transmitted horizontally with no known vectors. The type species is INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS.

UI = D019202

 

Avidin

AN = in egg albumin

MS = A specific protein in egg albumin that interacts with biotin to render it unavailable to mammals, thereby producing biotin deficiency.

UI = D001360

 

Avihepadnavirus

AN = from AVIan HEPAtotropic DNA virus; a genus of the family Hepadnaviridae infecting birds; infection: coord IM with HEPADNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A genus of HEPADNAVIRIDAE infecting birds but rarely causing clinical problems. Transmission is predominantly vertical. HEPATITIS B VIRUS, DUCK is the type species.

UI = D017917

 

Avipoxvirus

AN = a genus of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae; infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A genus of the family POXVIRIDAE, subfamily CHORDOPOXVIRINAE, comprising bird poxviruses. The type species is FOWLPOX VIRUS. Transmission is mechanical by arthropods.

UI = D018150

 

Avitaminosis

AN = includes hypovitaminosis; GEN: prefer specifics: avitaminosis A = VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY, etc.

MS = A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001361

 

Avoidance Learning

MS = A response to a cue that is instrumental in avoiding a noxious experience.

UI = D001362

 

Awards and Prizes

AN = IM; no qualif; awards & prizes in field of medicine: do not coord with MEDICINE but coord with specific med specialty or other field (IM); DF: AWARDS CATALOG: /geog /form

UI = D001363

 

Awareness

MS = The act of "taking account" of an object or state of affairs. It does not imply assessment of nor attention to the qualities or nature of the object.

UI = D001364

 

Axilla

AN = "axillary lymph nodes" = LYMPH NODES (IM) + AXILLA (NIM, no qualif)

UI = D001365

 

Axillary Artery

MS = The continuation of the subclavian artery; it distributes over the upper limb, axilla, chest and shoulder.

UI = D001366

 

Axillary Vein

MS = The venous trunk of the upper limb; a continuation of the basilar and brachial veins running from the lower border of the teres major muscle to the outer border of the first rib where it becomes the subclavian vein.

UI = D001367

 

Axis

UI = D001368

 

Axons

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; NERVE FIBERS is available; giant squid axon: coord IM with SQUID (NIM)

MS = That process of a neuron by which impulses travel away from the body. At the terminal arborization of the axon, the impulses are transmitted to other nerve cells or to effector organs. In the peripheral nervous system, the larger (myelinated) axons are surrounded by a myelin sheath formed by concentric layers of plasma membrane of the Schwann cell. In the central nervous system, the function of the Schwann cell is supplied by oligodendrocytes (OLIGODENDROGLIA). (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001369

 

Axonal Transport

AN = also called axoplasmic streaming, axoplasmic transport

MS = Directed transport of organelles and molecules along a nerve cell axon. Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, pG3)

UI = D001370

 

Axotomy

AN = transection of an axon, a type of denervation; NIM when an exper technique; coord with specific neuron or specific nerve or specific organ /innerv (IM) with probably /physiol (IM) in experiments or /surg (IM) in ther; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Transection or severing of an axon. This type of denervation is used often in experimental studies on neuronal physiology and neuronal death or survival, toward an understanding of nervous system disease.

UI = D019771

 

AY-9944

AN = an anticholesteremic

MS = N,N-Bis(o-chlorobenzyl)-trans-1,4-cyclohexanebis(methylamine). An anticholesteremic agent that inhibits sterol biosynthesis in animals.

UI = D001371

 

Aza Compounds

AN = do not confuse with AZO COMPOUNDS; DF: AZA CPDS

UI = D001372

 

Azacosterol

MS = Diaza derivative of cholesterol which acts as a hypocholesteremic agent by blocking delta-24-reductase, which causes the accumulation of desmosterol.

UI = D001373

 

Azacitidine

MS = A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.

UI = D001374

 

Azaguanine

AN = an antineoplastic antimetabolite

MS = 5-Amino-1,4-dihydro-7H-1,2,3-triazolo(4,5-d)pyrimidin-7-one. One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.

UI = D001375

 

Azaperone

AN = an antipsychotic agent

MS = A butyrophenone used in the treatment of psychoses.

UI = D001376

 

Azaserine

AN = /biosyn permitted

MS = Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.

UI = D001377

 

Azasteroids

MS = Steroidal compounds in which one or more carbon atoms in the steroid ring system have been substituted with nitrogen atoms.

UI = D001378

 

Azathioprine

AN = an antirheumatic antimetabolite & immunosuppressant

MS = 6-((1-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)thio)-1H-purine. An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D001379

 

Azauridine

AN = an antineoplastic antimetabolite

MS = A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.

UI = D001380

 

Azepines

UI = D001381

 

Azerbaijan

AN = use this spelling in translations

UI = D001382

 

Azetidinecarboxylic Acid

MS = 2-Azetidinecarboxylic Acid. A proline analog. Acts as a stoichiometric replacement of proline causing the production of abnormal proteins having impaired biological activity.

UI = D001383

 

Azetidines

AN = do not confuse with AZETINES

UI = D001384

 

Azetines

AN = do not confuse with AZETIDINES

UI = D001385

 

Azides

MS = Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.

UI = D001386

 

Azinphosmethyl

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.

UI = D001387

 

Aziridines

AN = do not confuse with AZIRINES

MS = Saturated azacyclopropane compounds. Any substitutions on carbon or nitrogen atoms are permitted.

UI = D001388

 

Azirines

AN = do not confuse with AZIRIDINES

UI = D001389

 

Azithromycin

AN = a macrolide antibiotic

MS = (2R-(2R*,3S*,4R*,5R*,8R*,10R*,11R*,12S*,13S*,14R*))-13-((2,6-Dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl)oxy)-2-ethyl-3,4,10-trihydroxy-3,5,6,8,10,12,14-heptamethyl-11-((3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl)oxy)-1-oxa-6-azacyclopentadecan-15-one. A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.

UI = D017963

 

Azlocillin

AN = an ampicillin

MS = A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin proposed for opportunistic Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients.

UI = D001390

 

Azo Compounds

AN = do not confuse with AZA COMPOUNDS; DF: AZO CPDS

UI = D001391

 

p-Azobenzenearsonate

AN = used in immunol studies

MS = 4,4'-Azodibenzenearsonic acid. A hapten capable of eliciting both antibody formation and delayed hypersensitivity when bound to aromatic amino acids, polypeptides or proteins. It is used as an immunologic research tool.

UI = D010132

 

Azocines

UI = D001392

 

Azoles

UI = D001393

 

Azores

AN = a group of 9 Atlantic islands off the coast of Portugal

MS = A group of nine islands and several islets belonging to Portugal in the north Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Portugal. The islands are named after the acores, the Portuguese for goshawks, living there in abundance. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p102 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p42)

UI = D001394

Azospirillum

AN = a genus of gram-neg aerobic bacteria found in soil & on cereal roots

MS = A genus of gram-negative bacteria that occurs free-living in the soil or associated with the roots of cereal crops or grasses.

UI = D016949

 

Azospirillum brasilense

AN = in soil

MS = Motile, free-living, gram-negative bacteria that occur in the soil. They are aerobic or microaerophilic and are sometimes capable of nitrogen fixation.

UI = D015806

 

Azotobacter

AN = in soil & water

MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria found in soil and water. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs or irregular clumps, and sometimes in chains of varying lengths.

UI = D001395

 

Azotobacter vinelandii

AN = first isolated in Vineland, NJ soil

MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria first isolated from Vineland, New Jersey. Ammonium and nitrate are used as nitrogen sources by this bacterium.

UI = D016948

 

Azotobacteraceae

AN = in soil & water

MS = A family of motile, gram-negative bacteria found in soil and water and capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen.

UI = D001396

 

Azoxymethane

AN = a carcinogen

MS = A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.

UI = D001397

 

Aztreonam

AN = a lactam antibiotic; do not use /biosyn unless by living matter

MS = A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.

UI = D001398

 

Azure Stains

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = Green crystals or powder used as biological stains.

UI = D001399

 

Azurin

AN = a bact protein; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A bacterial protein from Pseudomonas, Bordetella, or Alcaligenes which operates as an electron transfer unit associated with the cytochrome chain. The protein has a molecular weight of approximately 16,000, contains a single copper atom, is intensively blue, and has a fluorescence emission band centered at 308nm.

UI = D001400

 

Azygos Vein

MS = A vein which arises from the right ascending lumbar vein or the vena cava, enters the thorax through the aortic orifice in the diaphragm, and terminates in the superior vena cava.

UI = D001401