Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms

C

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Ca(2+) Mg(2+)-ATPase

AN = DF: CA MG ATPASE

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP and is activated by millimolar concentrations of either Ca(2+) or Mg(2+). Unlike CA(2+)-TRANSPORTING ATPASE it does not require the second divalent cation for its activity, and is not sensitive to orthovanadate. (Prog Biophys Mol Biol 1988;52(1):1). A subgroup of EC 3.6.1.3.

UI = D017301

 

CA-15-3 Antigen

AN = a carbohydrate antigen assoc with various tumors & other dis; CA stands for Cancer-Associated

MS = Carbohydrate antigen elevated in patients with tumors of the breast, ovary, lung, and prostate as well as other disorders. The mucin is expressed normally by most glandular epithelia but shows particularly increased expression in the breast at lactation and in malignancy. It is thus an established serum marker for breast cancer.

UI = D018396

 

CA-19-9 Antigen

AN = a carbohydrate antigen assoc with digestive tract cancer; CA stands for Cancer-Associated

MS = Sialylated Lewis blood group carbohydrate antigen found in many adenocarcinomas of the digestive tract, especially pancreatic tumors.

UI = D018395

 

 

 

CA-125 Antigen

AN = a carbohydrate antigen assoc with various tumors but also normal tissue; CA stands for Cancer-Associated

MS = Carbohydrate antigen most commonly seen in tumors of the ovary and occasionally seen in breast, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract tumors and normal tissue. CA 125 is clearly tumor-associated but not tumor-specific.

UI = D018394

 

 

Cachexia

AN = general weight loss & wasting; WASTING SYNDROME is also available: do not make diagnoses, use words of text

MS = A profound and marked state of constitutional disorder; general ill health and malnutrition. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002100

 

 

Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase

AN = DF: ERKS

MS = A calmodulin-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on calcium. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including vimentin, synapsin, glycogen synthase, myosin light chains, and the microtubule-associated proteins. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277) EC 2.7.10.-

UI = D017871

 

Cacao

AN = as plant & as chocolate or cocoa; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2; coord IM with CANDY (IM) for chocolate candy or with BEVERAGES (IM) for chocolate drinks

MS = A tree of the family Sterculiaceae (or Byttneriaceae), usually Theobroma cacao, or its seeds, which after fermentation and roasting, yield cocoa and chocolate.

UI = D002099

 

 

 

Caco-2 Cells

AN = Caco stands for adenoCArcinoma of the COlon; check HUMAN & do not add ADENOCARCINOMA or COLONIC NEOPLASMS

MS = Human colonic adenocarcinoma cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells, such as enterocytes or mucus cells. These cells are valuable in vitro tools for studies related to intestinal cell function and differentiation.

UI = D018938

 

 

 

 

Cacodylic Acid

AN = an herbicide

MS = An arsenical that has been used as a dermatologic agent and as an herbicide.

UI = D002101

 

Cadaver

AN = IM; use of cadaveric organs in transpl is NIM; do not use for post mortem studies ( = probably AUTOPSY if as a technique); not for routine postmortem pathol ( = probably /pathol); must be on cadaver as a corpse; no qualif

UI = D002102

 

Cadaverine

MS = 1,5-Pentanediamine. A foul-smelling diamine formed by bacterial decarboxylation of lysine.

UI = D002103

 

 

 

 

 

Cadherins

AN = glycoproteins in calcium-dependent cell-to-cell adhesion, the action being the source of the name: Calcium-dependent ADHesion; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A group of functionally related glycoproteins responsible for the calcium-dependent cell-to-cell adhesion mechanism. They are divided into subclasses E-, P-, and N-cadherins, which are distinct in immunological specificity and tissue distribution. They promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These compounds play a role in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.

UI = D015820

 

 

Cadmium

AN = Cd-114; Cd-106, 108, 110-113, 116 = CADMIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Cd-103-105, 107, 109, 115, 117-119 = CADMIUM RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

MS = An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.

UI = D002104

 

Cadmium Chloride

MS = A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

UI = D019256

 

Cadmium Compounds

AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CADMIUM CPDS

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain cadmium as an integral part of the molecule.

UI = D019187

 

 

 

Cadmium Poisoning

AN = occup cadmium pois: coord IM with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES (IM) but not also ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE (see note there)

MS = Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.

UI = D002105

 

Cadmium Radioisotopes

AN = Cd-103-105, 107, 109, 115, 117-119; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

MS = Unstable isotopes of cadmium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cd atoms with atomic weights 103-105, 107, 109, 115, and 117-119 are radioactive cadmium isotopes.

UI = D002106

 

Caenorhabditis

AN = a genus of nematodes used in exper

MS = A genus of small free-living nematodes. Two species, CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS and C. briggsae are much used in studies of genetics, development, aging, muscle chemistry, and neuroanatomy.

UI = D002107

 

Caenorhabditis elegans

AN = a species of nematode used in exper

MS = A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.

UI = D017173

 

 

Caerulein

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; do not confuse X ref CERULEIN with CERULENIN

MS = A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.

UI = D002108

 

 

Caffeic Acids

AN = "involved in plant growth regulation"

MS = 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acids. A class of phenolic acids related to chlorogenic acid,p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, etc., which are found in plant tissues. It is involved in plant growth regulation.

UI = D002109

 

Caffeine

AN = a CNS stimulant

MS = A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling.

UI = D002110

 

Cafe-au-Lait Spots

AN = a pigmentation disord; spell in titles & translations with hyphens & accent: cafâe-au-lait

MS = Pigmented macules of a distinctive light brown color, like coffee with milk, as in NEUROFIBROMATOSIS and Albright's syndrome (see FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC). (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019080

 

 

Calcaneus

AN = the heel-bone: differentiate from HEEL, the area

MS = The largest of the tarsal bones and is situated at the lower and back part of the foot forming the heel.

UI = D002111

 

Calcifediol

AN = a major metabolite of vitamin D3; /physiol permitted

MS = The major circulating metabolite of vitamin D3 produced in the liver and the best indicator of the body's vitamin D stores. It is effective in the treatment of rickets and osteomalacia, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties.

UI = D002112

 

Calcification, Physiologic

AN = TOOTH CALCIFICATION is also available; DF: CALCIFICATION PHYSIOL

MS = Process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts.

UI = D002113

 

Calcimycin

AN = an uncoupling agent & antibiotic

MS = An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.

UI = D000001

 

 

Calcineurin

AN = a calcium- & calmodulin-binding protein in the CNS; DF: note short X ref

MS = A calcium- and calmodulin-binding protein present in highest concentrations in the central nervous system. Calcineurin is composed of two subunits. A catalytic subunit, calcineurin A, and a regulatory subunit, calcineurin B, with molecular weights of about 60 kD and 19 kD, respectively. Calcineurin has been shown to dephosphorylate a number of phosphoproteins including histones, myosin light chain, and the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. It is involved in the regulation of signal transduction and is the target of an important class of immunophilin-immunosuppressive drug complexes in T-lymphocytes that act by inhibiting T-cell activation. EC 3.1.3.-.

UI = D019703

 

 

Calcinosis

AN = deposition of calcium salts in tissues; most texts will say "calcification"; coord IM with organ/diseases term (IM); for calcinosis of the heart, coord IM with MYOCARDIAL DISEASES (IM), not HEART DISEASES

MS = Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.

UI = D002114

 

Calciphylaxis

AN = hypersensitivity with sudden local calcification

MS = Condition of induced systemic hypersensitivity in which tissues respond to appropriate challenging agents with a sudden local calcification.

UI = D002115

 

Calcitonin

AN = a neurotransmitter hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults.

UI = D002116

 

 

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide

AN = a neurotransmitter; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: CGRP

MS = Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.

UI = D015740

 

 

 

Calcitriol

AN = /defic permitted but coord IM with VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY (IM)

MS = The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (CALCIFEDIOL). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption.

UI = D002117

 

Calcium

AN = Ca-40; /antag permitted but consider also CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; /blood: note see related terms; /defic: consider also HYPOCALCEMIA & note that CALCIUM, DIETARY is also available; /metab: consider also CALCIUM CHANNELS & CALCIUM PUMP: see CA(2+)-TRANSPORTING ATPASE; metab disord = CALCIUM METABOLISM DISORDERS; CALCIUM SIGNALING is available for calcium mobilization in the context of signal transduction

MS = A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

UI = D002118

 

Calcium Carbonate

AN = occurs in nature as chalk, limestone or marble; used in med as a buffer in hemodialysis

MS = Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.

UI = D002119

 

Calcium Channel Agonists

AN = vasoconstrictors; DF: CALCIUM CHANNEL AGON or CALCIUM CHANNEL AG

MS = Agents that increase calcium influx into calcium channels of excitable tissues. This causes vasoconstriction in vascular smooth muscle and/or cardiac muscle cells as well as stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic islets. Therefore, tissue-selective calcium agonists have the potential to combat cardiac failure and endocrinological disorders. They have been used primarily in experimental studies in cell and tissue culture.

UI = D002120

 

Calcium Channel Blockers

AN = vasodilators; D25-26 qualif; DF: CA CHANNEL BLOCK

MS = A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms.

UI = D002121

 

 

Calcium Channels

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; DF: CA CHANNELS

MS = Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L, T, N, or P types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins.

UI = D015220

 

 

Calcium Chloride

AN = a calcium replenisher; antidote in magnesium pois

MS = Calcium chloride (CaCl2). A salt that occurs as white, hard fragments or granules. It is used as a calcium replenisher, administered intravenously, has been used as an acid-producing diuretic and urinary acidifier and to control bleeding in such conditions as purpura, intestinal bleeding, and small multiple hemorrhages. It is also a specific antidote for magnesium poisoning, administered intravenously. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002122

 

 

Calcium Citrate

AN = occurs in citrus fruits; a flavoring agent & antioxidant

MS = A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D019355

 

 

 

Calcium Compounds

AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CALCIUM CPDS

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain calcium as an integral part of the molecule.

UI = D017610

 

 

Calcium Dobesilate

AN = a hemostatic

MS = A drug used to reduce hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy.

UI = D002123

 

Calcium Fluoride

AN = in nature as mineral fluorite or fluorspar; used in fluoridation of drinking water

MS = Calcium fluoride. Occurring in nature as the mineral fluorite or fluorspar. It is the primary source of fluorine and its compounds. Pure calcium fluoride is used as a catalyst in dehydration and dehydrogenation and is used to fluoridate drinking water. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D002124

 

Calcium Gluconate

MS = D-Gluconic acid calcium salt (2:1). The calcium salt of gluconic acid. The compound has a variety of uses, including its use as a calcium replenisher in hypocalcemic states.

UI = D002125

 

Calcium Hydroxide

AN = wide use in med, agric & industry

MS = Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). A white powder that has many therapeutic uses. Because of its ability to stimulate mineralization, it is found in many dental formulations.

UI = D002126

 

Calcium Isotopes

AN = Ca-42-44, 46, 48; NIM; no qualif

MS = Stable calcium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element calcium, but differ in atomic weight. Ca-42-44, 46, and 48 are stable calcium isotopes.

UI = D002127

 

Calcium Metabolism Disorders

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CALCIUM METAB DIS

MS = Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.

UI = D002128

 

Calcium Oxalate

AN = OXALATES is also available

MS = The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.

UI = D002129

 

Calcium Phosphates

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; often used as calcium supplement

MS = Calcium salts of phosphoric acid. These compounds are frequently used as calcium supplements.

UI = D002130

 

Calcium Pyrophosphate

AN = affects calcium metab in mammals; deposition = CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE DIHYDRATE DEPOSITION see CHONDROCALCINOSIS

MS = Diphosphoric acid, calcium salt. An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably hypophosphatasia and pseudogout.

UI = D002131

 

Calcium Radioisotopes

AN = Ca-37-39, 41, 45, 47, 49, 50; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

MS = Unstable isotopes of calcium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ca atoms with atomic weights 39, 41, 45, 47, 49, and 50 are radioactive calcium isotopes.

UI = D002132

 

Calcium Signaling

AN = calcium mobilization in context of signal transduction goes here, in other cases index CALCIUM/metab

MS = Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.

UI = D020013

 

 

 

 

Calcium Sulfate

AN = note X refs; use in indust, & dent & med technol; do not confuse selenite, a form of calcium sulfate, with SELENITE see SODIUM SELENITE, a selenium cpd

MS = It exists in an anhydrous form and in various states of hydration: the hemihydrate is plaster of Paris, the dihydrate is gypsum. It is used in building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient.

UI = D002133

 

Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: CABP

MS = A protein that plays a fundamental role in the Vitamin D mediated transport of calcium in reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals. It is found in the intestine, kidneys, egg shell gland, brain, and possibly other organs. Its molecular weight is species dependent.

UI = D002134

 

Calcium-Binding Proteins

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

MS = Proteins to which calcium ions are bound. They can act as transport proteins, regulator proteins or activator proteins.

UI = D002135

 

Calcium, Dietary

AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind; /ther use: coord with disease /diet ther

MS = Calcium compounds used as food supplements or in food to supply the body with calcium. Dietary calcium is needed during growth for bone development and for maintenance of skeletal integrity later in life to prevent osteoporosis.

UI = D002136

 

Calculi

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; coord IM with organ/diseases term (IM); chem composition of calculi: use /chem; /ultrastruct permitted; chemolysis of calculi: coord dis with /ther, not /drug ther

MS = An abnormal concretion occurring within the animal body and usually composed of mineral salts.

UI = D002137

 

Calibration

AN = NIM; coord with specific scale (IM) if relevant

MS = Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency or other output.

UI = D002138

 

Caliciviridae

AN = a family of RNA viruses; from "calic-", cup, from its cup-like appearance under staining; infection = CALICIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

MS = A family of RNA viruses. They possess a characteristic six-pointed starlike shape whose surfaces have cup-shaped (chalice) indentions. They differ from picornaviruses in size and shape, and most importantly, in genomic expression during replication cycles. Caliciviruses include the HEPATITIS E VIRUS, VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE VIRUS, San Miguel sea lion viruses, feline calicivirus (CALICIVIRUS, FELINE), NORWALK VIRUS, and the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE VIRUS, RABBIT).

UI = D002139

 

Caliciviridae Infections

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E, VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE, acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.

UI = D017250

 

Calicivirus

AN = a genus of the family Caliciviridae; infection = CALICIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

MS = A genus in the family Caliciviridae containing many species including feline calicivirus (CALICIVIRUS, FELINE), VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE VIRUS, and San Miguel sea lion viruses.

UI = D017926

 

Calicivirus, Feline

AN = a species of Calicivirus; infection: coord IM with CALICIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of the genus CALICIVIRUS, an RNA virus infecting cats. Transmission occurs via air and mechanical contact.

UI = D017927

 

 

 

California

AN = LOS ANGELES is also available

UI = D002140

 

California Group Viruses

AN = a group of encephalitis viruses of the genus Bunyavirus; infection = ENCEPHALITIS, CALIFORNIA; DF: note short X ref

MS = A group of viruses in the BUNYAVIRUS genus of the BUNYAVIRIDAE family. They are found in temperate and arctic regions and each is closely associated with a single species of vector mosquito. The vertebrate hosts are usually small mammals but several virus species infect humans.

UI = D002141

 

Californium

AN = man-made radioactive element; IM

MS = Californium. A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cf, atomic number 98, and atomic weight 251. Its valence can be +2 or +3. Californium has medical use as a radiation source for radiotherapy.

UI = D002142

 

 

 

 

Callimiconinae

AN = New World monkeys; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A subfamily of the family of New World monkeys, CEBIDAE, inhabiting the upper Amazon basin. Members of the genus Callimico (Goeldi's marmosets) constitute this subfamily.

UI = D016647

 

 

Callitrichinae

AN = New World monkeys; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A subfamily of the order PRIMATES that consists of four genera: CALLITHRIX (marmosets), Cebuella (pygmy marmosets), Leontopithecus (golden tamarins), and SAGUINUS (tamarins). The members of this subfamily inhabit the tropical forests of South and Central America.

UI = D002143

 

Callithrix

AN = New World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A genus of CALLITRICHINAE occurring in forests of Brazil and Bolivia and containing eight species. They are C. jacchus (common marmoset), C. argentata (black-tailed marmoset), C. chrysoleuca (yellow-legged or golden marmoset), C. aurita (white-eared marmoset), C. flaviceps (buff-headed marmoset), C. penicillata (black-pencilled or black-eared marmoset), C. geoffroyi (white-fronted or Geoffrey's marmoset) and C. santaremensis (Santarem marmoset).

UI = D002144

 

Callosities

AN = callous goes here: do not confuse with CALLUS, post-fract bone formation

MS = Localized hyperplasia of the horny layer of the epidermis due to pressure or friction. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002145

 

Callus

AN = post-fract bone formation; do not confuse with "callous" ( = CALLOSITIES)

MS = An unorganized meshwork of woven bone developed on the pattern of the original fibrin clot, which is formed following fracture of a bone and is normally ultimately replaced by hard adult bone. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002146

 

Calmodulin

AN = a calcium-binding protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels.

UI = D002147

 

Calmodulin-Binding Proteins

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

MS = Proteins which bind calmodulin. They are found in many tissues and have a variety of functions including F-actin cross-linking properties, inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and calcium and magnesium ATPases.

UI = D002148

 

Caloric Tests

AN = vestib funct test using heat or cold; note X ref: spell in titles & transl with accents: Bâarâany

MS = Elicitation of a rotatory nystagmus by stimulating the semicircular canals with water or air which is above or below body temperature. In warm caloric stimulation a rotatory nystagmus is developed toward the side of the stimulated ear; in cold, away from the stimulated side. Absence of nystagmus indicates the labyrinth is not functioning.

UI = D002150

 

Calorimetry

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM

MS = The measurement of the quantity of heat involved in various processes, such as chemical reactions, changes of state, and formations of solutions, or in the determination of the heat capacities of substances. The fundamental unit of measurement is the joule or the calorie (4.184 joules). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D002151

 

Calorimetry, Differential Scanning

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: CALORIMETRY DIFFER SCAN

MS = Differential thermal analysis in which the sample compartment of the apparatus is a differential calorimeter, allowing an exact measure of the heat of transition independent of the specific heat, thermal conductivity, and other variables of the sample.

UI = D002152

 

Calorimetry, Indirect

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM

MS = Calculation of the energy expenditure in the form of heat production of the whole body or individual organs based on respiratory gas exchange.

UI = D002153

 

Calpain

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including neuropeptides, cytoskeletal proteins, proteins from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, liver, platelets and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase.

UI = D002154

 

Calsequestrin

AN = a muscle protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Acidic protein found in sarcoplasmic reticulum that binds calcium to the extent of 700-900 nmoles/mg. It plays the role of sequestering calcium transported to the interior of the intracellular vesicle.

UI = D002155

 

 

 

Calymmatobacterium

AN = infection: probably GRANULOMA INGUINALE or other granuloma, otherwise coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: CALYMMATOBACT

MS = A genus of bacteria causing GRANULOMA INGUINALE and other granulomatous lesions.

UI = D002157

 

Camallanina

AN = a suborder of nematodes; infection: coord IM with SPIRURIDA INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A suborder of nematodes characterized by larvae lacking cephalic hooks and a tail that is generally long and pointed.

UI = D017175

 

 

Cambendazole

AN = an antinematodal agent

MS = A nematocide effective against a variety of gastrointestinal parasites in cattle, sheep, and horses.

UI = D002159

 

Cambodia

UI = D002160

 

Camelids, New World

AN = note X refs; IM; qualif permitted

MS = Ruminant mammals of South America. They are related to camels.

UI = D002161

 

Camels

AN = IM; qualif permitted

UI = D002162

 

Cameroon

AN = a republic in central Africa

MS = A republic in central Africa lying east of CHAD and the CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC. Its capital is Yaounde. As the Cameroons, it existed from 1884 under German, British, French, and UN mandates until it achieved independence in 1960. It united with the former British trust territory of Southern Cameroons in 1961. Its name is from the river that runs through it, Rio dos Camaroes, river of prawns, so called by 16th century Portuguese explorers impressed by the abundance of prawns in its waters. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p208 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p93)

UI = D002163

 

Camphor

AN = an antipruritic & local anti-infective agent

MS = A ketone obtained from the wood of Cinnamomum camphora, an evergreen tree native to eastern Asia, or produced synthetically, with a penetrating characteristic odor and a pungent, aromatic taste. It is applied topically to the skin as an antipruritic and anti-infective and is used as a pharmaceutic necessity in certain pharmaceutic preparations. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002164

 

Camphor 5-Monooxygenase

AN = a cytochrome P-450 enzyme

MS = A monooxygenase heme-thiolate (cytochrome P-450) with camphor bound at the active site. It acts as the terminal monooxygenase in the d-camphor monooxygenase system. Under anaerobic conditions, this enzyme reduces the polyhalogenated compounds bound at the camphor-binding site. Additionally, it is the only cytochrome P-450 enzyme with a known crystal structure. (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86(20):7823-7; Proteins 1991;11(3):184-204) EC 1.14.15.1.

UI = D019475

 

 

Camping

MS = Living outdoors as a recreational activity.

UI = D002165

 

Camptothecin

MS = An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA TOPOISOMERASE. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity.

UI = D002166

 

Campylobacter

AN = infection = CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS; do not confuse CAMPYLOBACTER PYLORI see HELICOBACTER PYLORI with true Campylobacter species indented; C. pylori infect = HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM) + HELICOBACTER PYLORI (IM)

MS = A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic.

UI = D002167

 

 

Campylobacter coli

AN = in intestines of man, swine & poultry; infection: coord IM with CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the intestinal tract of swine, poultry, and man. It may be pathogenic.

UI = D017000

 

 

 

 

Campylobacter fetus

AN = causes abortion in cattle & sheep; infection: coord IM with CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of bacteria present in man and many kinds of animals and birds, often causing infertility and/or abortion.

UI = D002168

 

 

 

Campylobacter Infections

AN = gram-neg bact infect

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus CAMPYLOBACTER.

UI = D002169

 

 

 

Campylobacter jejuni

AN = causes abortion in sheep & enteritis in man & other animals; infection: coord IM with CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of bacteria that resemble small tightly coiled spirals. Its organisms are known to cause abortion in sheep and fever and enteritis in man and may be associated with enteric diseases of calves, lambs, and other animals.

UI = D016123

 

Canada

AN = each of the provinces & territories is available as a heading

MS = The largest country in North America, comprising 10 provinces and two territories. Its capital is Ottawa. It was discovered by Norsemen as early as 1000 A.D. and was the object of Anglo-French rivalry in the 17th century, but by 1867 became one dominion. Canada is from an indigenous Huron or Iroquois word, kanata, meaning camp or village. The French explorers assumed this was the name of the entire country. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p210 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p94)

UI = D002170

 

Canaries

AN = IM; qualif permitted

UI = D002171

 

 

Canavan Disease

AN = a demyelinating dis & leukodystrophy; do not confuse X ref CANAVAN-VAN BOGAERT-BERTRAN SYNDROME with VAN BOGAERT'S LEUKOENCEPHALITIS see SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS; DF: CANAVAN DIS

MS = Spongy degeneration of cerebral white matter, a rare autosomal recessive form of leukodystrophy. It is characterized by early onset, widespread demyelination and vacuolation of the white matter that gives rise to a spongy appearance, severe mental retardation, megalocephaly, atony of the neck muscles, spasticity of the extremities, and blindness. Death occurs at about 18 months of age. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D017825

 

 

 

 

Canavanine

AN = an amino acid

UI = D002172

 

Cancer Care Facilities

MS = Institutions specializing in the care of cancer patients.

UI = D002173

 

 

Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1245)

UI = D015266

Cardiac Output, High

AN = note category: do not confuse with CARDIAC OUTPUT, a physiol concept

MS = A state of elevated cardiac output. Conditions that lower peripheral vascular resistance, such as anemia, arteriovenous fistulas, thyrotoxicosis, and pregnancy, are among the most important factors augmenting the venous return and therefore elevating cardiac output. Increased cardiac output also occurs in muscular exercise, fever, and severe anoxia.

UI = D016534

 

Cancer Vaccines

AN = coord IM with specific cancer histol type (IM) + organ/neopl precoord (IM)

MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent or treat cancer. Vaccines are produced using the patient's own whole tumor cells as the source of antigens, or using tumor-specific antigens, often recombinantly produced.

UI = D019496

 

 

 

 

Candicidin

AN = a macrolide antifungal antibiotic

MS = Mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides from Streptomyces griseus or Actinomyces levoris used topically in candidiasis. The antibiotic complex is composed of candicidins A, B, C, and D, of which D is the major component.

UI = D002174

 

Candida

AN = infection = CANDIDIASIS or its indentions; for specific mycoses in scope note: coord CANDIDIASIS (IM) or its indentions (IM) with specific mycosis (IM)

MS = A genus of yeast-like mitosporic Saccharomycetales fungi characterized by producing yeast cells, mycelia, pseudomycelia, and blastophores. It is commonly part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina, but can cause a variety of infections, including CANDIDIASIS, ONYCHOMYCOSIS, vulvovaginal candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, VULVOVAGINAL), and thrush (see CANDIDIASIS, ORAL). (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002175

 

Candida albicans

AN = infection = CANDIDIASIS or its indentions & do not coord with CANDIDA ALBICANS unless particularly discussed

MS = A unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing CANDIDIASIS (moniliasis).

UI = D002176

 

Candidiasis

AN = fungus dis; do not bother to coord with CANDIDA or CANDIDA ALBICANS

MS = Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002177

 

Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous

AN = fungus dis of skin; do not bother to coord with CANDIDA or CANDIDA ALBICANS

MS = A clinical syndrome characterized by development, usually in infancy or childhood, of a chronic, often widespread candidiasis of skin, nails, and mucous membranes. It may be secondary to one of the immunodeficiency syndromes, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, or associated with defects in cell-mediated immunity, endocrine disorders, dental stomatitis, or malignancy.

UI = D002178

 

Candidiasis, Cutaneous

AN = fungus dis of skin; do not bother to coord with CANDIDA or CANDIDA ALBICANS

MS = Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002179

 

Candidiasis, Oral

AN = fungus dis of mouth; do not bother to coord with CANDIDA or CANDIDA ALBICANS

MS = Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002180

 

Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal

AN = fungus dis; do not bother to coord with CANDIDA or CANDIDA ALBICANS

MS = Infection of the vulva and vagina with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.

UI = D002181

 

Candy

MS = Sweet food products combining cane or beet sugars with other carbohydrates and chocolate, milk, eggs, and various flavorings. In the United States, candy refers to both sugar- and cocoa-based confections and is differentiated from sweetened baked goods; elsewhere the terms sugar confectionary, chocolate confectionary, and flour confectionary (meaning goods such as cakes and pastries) are used.

UI = D002182

 

Canes

MS = Sticks used as walking aids. The canes may have three or four prongs at the end of the shaft.

UI = D002183

 

Canid Herpesvirus 1 (see Herpesvirus 1, Canid)

 

Cannabidiol

AN = an anticonvulsant

MS = 2-(3-Methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)-5-pentyl-1,3-benzenediol. Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.

UI = D002185

 

Cannabinoids

AN = hallucinogens

MS = Compounds extracted from Cannabis sativa L. and metabolites having the cannabinoid structure. The most active constituents are TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL, CANNABINOL, and CANNABIDIOL.

UI = D002186

 

Cannabinol

MS = A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L.

UI = D002187

 

Cannabis

AN = plant only; X ref HEMP refers to commercial fiber; note X refs for names of preparations derived from the plant; for chemicals derived from CANNABIS, consider CANNABINOIDS; marijuana ther of dis = CANNABIS with no qualif (IM) + dis /drug ther (IM)

MS = The hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Products prepared from the dried flowering tops of the plant include marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja.

UI = D002188

 

(see also Marijuana Abuse)

 

Cannibalism

AN = animal and human

MS = Eating other individuals of one's own species.

UI = D002190

 

Canrenoate Potassium

AN = an aldosterone antag

MS = A synthetic pregnadiene derivative with anti-aldosterone activity.

UI = D002191

 

Canrenone

AN = an aldosterone antag

MS = A synthetic pregnadiene compound with anti-aldosterone activity.

UI = D002192

 

Cantharidin

MS = A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.

UI = D002193

 

 

 

Canthaxanthin

AN = a pigment & antioxidant

MS = A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. It is believed that it inhibits development of tumor cells and neoplastic transformation through its antioxidant properties. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.

UI = D016644

 

 

 

 

Capgras Syndrome

AN = a psychosis wherein patient thinks familiar persons are doubles of themselves or imposters

MS = A psychotic disorder characterized by the patient's conviction that certain important or familiar persons in his environment are not real but are "doubles" of themselves or imposters.

UI = D002194

 

Capillaria

AN = a genus of nematodes in liver & intestines of birds & mammals including man; infection: coord IM with ENOPLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A genus of trichuroid nematodes parasitic in the liver and intestines of many mammals and birds. Two species, C. hepatica and C. philippinensis, produce often fatal infections in man.

UI = D002195

 

Capillaries

AN = IM GEN only; NIM as coord with specific organ /blood supply; not for lymphatic capillaries

MS = The minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules.

UI = D002196

 

Capillarity

AN = a surface property; NIM

MS = The action by which the surface of a liquid where it contacts a solid is elevated or depressed, because of the relative attraction of the molecules of the liquid for each other and for those of the solid. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D002197

 

Capillary Fragility

MS = The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress.

UI = D002198

 

Capillary Leak Syndrome

AN = "extravasation of plasma fluid & proteins into the extravasc space"

MS = Extravasation of plasma fluid and proteins into the extravascular space, resulting in sometimes fatal hypotension and reduced oxygen perfusion (Dorland, 28th ed). Clinical capillary leak syndrome is observed in patients who demonstrate a state of generalized leaky capillaries following shock syndromes, low-flow states, ischemia-reperfusion injuries, toxemias, or poisoning. It can lead to generalized edema and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. (Zikria, et al. (eds.), Reperfusion Injuries and Clinical Capillary Leak Syndrome, pp. 470-72, 1994)

UI = D019559

 

 

 

 

Capillary Permeability

AN = coord with substance /pharmacokin (IM)

MS = Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement.

UI = D002199

 

Capillary Resistance

AN = vasc resistance at capillary level

MS = The resistance offered to the flow of blood through the capillary portion of the peripheral vascular bed.

UI = D002200

 

Capital Expenditures

AN = not restricted to health care; NIM

MS = Those funds disbursed for facilities and equipment, particularly those related to the delivery of health care.

UI = D002201

 

Capital Financing

MS = Institutional funding for facilities and for equipment which becomes a part of the assets of the institution.

UI = D002202

 

Capital Punishment

AN = X ref ELECTROCUTION, JUDICIAL: do not index also under the electricity aspect unless particularly discussed

MS = The use of the death penalty for certain crimes.

UI = D002203

 

Capitation Fee

AN = "capitation" refers to "a fixed per capita amt without regard to no. or nature of serv provided"

MS = A method of payment for health services in which an individual or institutional provider is paid a fixed, per capita amount without regard to the actual number or nature of services provided to each patient.

UI = D002204

 

Caplan's Syndrome

AN = "pneumoconiosis assoc with rheum arthritis"; do not coord with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

MS = Pneumoconiosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

UI = D002205

 

Capnocytophaga

AN = an oral bacterium; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A gram-negative gliding bacterium isolated from the oral cavity. It is a pathogen for PERIODONTITIS.

UI = D002206

 

 

Capnography

AN = to measure concentration of exhaled CO2; DF: CAPNOGR

MS = Monitoring the concentration of exhaled carbon dioxide in order to assess the physiologic status of patients with acute respiratory problems or who are receiving mechanical ventilation and to determine the adequacy of ventilation in anesthetized patients. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019296

 

 

Capreomycin Sulfate

AN = a peptide antituberc antibiotic

MS = Cyclic peptide antibiotic similar to VIOMYCIN. It is produced by Streptomyces capreolus.

UI = D002207

 

 

Capripoxvirus

AN = a genus of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae; affects sheep & cattle as well as goats (Latin capri-); infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A genus of the family POXVIRIDAE, subfamily CHORDOPOXVIRINAE, comprising poxviruses infecting sheep, goats, and cattle. Transmission is usually mechanical by arthropods, but also includes contact, airborne routes, and non-living reservoirs (fomites).

UI = D018151

 

Caproates

UI = D002208

 

Caprolactam

MS = Hexahydro-2H-azepin-2-one. Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.

UI = D002209

 

Caprylates

UI = D002210

 

Capsaicin

MS = Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae.

UI = D002211

 

Capsicum

AN = = a genus of pepper as food, condiment & rubefacient; includes Tabasco & jalape no; note pepper X refs: do not confuse with genus Piper for BLACK PEPPER see SPICES & WHITE PEPPER see SPICES; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = A genus of Solanaceous shrubs that yield CAPSAICIN. Several varieties have sweet or pungent edible fruits that are used as vegetables when fresh and spices when the pods are dried.

UI = D002212

 

Capsid

AN = a shell of protein protecting viral nucleic acid; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

MS = The shell of protein that protects the nucleic acid of a virus. It may have helical or icosahedral symmetry and is composed of structural units, or capsomers. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002213

 

Capsules

AN = IM for general only, qualif permitted; NIM (no qualif) with specific drug IM (with qualif); /adv eff permitted but be careful: it may be the adv eff of the drug in capsule form, not the capsule; note X ref MICROCAPSULES: do not confuse with MICROENCAPSULATION see DRUG COMPOUNDING

MS = Hard or soft, soluble containers of a suitable substance, for enclosing a dose of medicine, usually for oral administration. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002214

 

Capsulorhexis

AN = incision of the lens during cataract surg; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with PHACOEMULSIFICATION unless particularly discussed

MS = The making of a continuous circular tear in the anterior capsule during cataract surgery in order to allow expression or phacoemulsification of the nucleus of the lens. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019923

 

 

 

Captan

AN = an indust fungicide

MS = An industrial fungicide.

UI = D002215

 

Captopril

AN = an ACE inhib & antihypertensive

MS = An orally active inhibitor of angiotensin I-converting enzyme. It reduces elevated blood pressure by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system and also inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin I.

UI = D002216

 

Carbachol

MS = A slowly hydrolyzed cholinergic agonist that acts at both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.

UI = D002217

 

Carbadox

AN = an anti-infective

MS = An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)

UI = D002218

 

Carbamates

MS = Salts or esters of carbamic acid. They contain the general formula NH2-COO-. (From Merck, 11th ed)

UI = D002219

 

Carbamazepine

MS = An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of PHENYTOIN; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar.

UI = D002220

 

Carbamyl Phosphate

MS = Phosphate salt of carbamic acid.

UI = D002221

 

Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia)

AN = /defic: consider AMMONIA /blood (IM) + AMINO ACID METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS (IM); DF: AMMONIA CP SYNTHASE

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ATP, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. This enzyme is specific for arginine biosynthesis or the urea cycle. EC 6.3.4.16.

UI = D002222

 

Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Glutamine-Hydrolyzing)

AN = DF: GLUTAMINE CP SYNTHASE

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ATP, carbon dioxide, and glutamine. This enzyme is important in the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines. EC 6.3.5.5.

UI = D002223

 

Carbanilides

UI = D002224

 

 

 

Carbapenems

MS = A group of beta-lactam antibiotics in which the sulfur atom in the thiazolidine ring of the penicillin molecule is replaced by a carbon atom. THIENAMYCINS are a subgroup of carbapenems which have a sulfur atom as the first constituent of the side chain.

UI = D015780

 

 

 

Carbaryl

AN = a cholinesterase inhib; TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.

UI = D012721

 

 

 

Carbazilquinone

AN = an alkylating antineoplastic

MS = An alkylating agent structurally similar to MITOMYCIN C and found to be effective in the treatment of leukemia and various other neoplasms in mice. It causes leukemia and thrombocytopenia in almost all human patients.

UI = D002225

 

Carbazoles

UI = D002227

 

Carbenicillin

AN = a penicillin G

MS = Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.

UI = D002228

 

Carbenoxolone

AN = an anti-ulcer agent from licorice root; /biosyn permitted if by plant

MS = An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.

UI = D002229

 

Carbidopa

AN = a dopa decarboxylase inhib & antiparkinson agent

MS = A peripheral inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE. It is given in parkinsonism along with LEVODOPA to inhibit the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby reducing the peripheral adverse effects, increasing the amount of levodopa that reaches the central nervous system, and reducing the dose needed. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.

UI = D002230

 

Carbimazole

AN = a thyroid antag

MS = An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.

UI = D002231

 

Carbocyanines

AN = a dye; D25-26 qualif

MS = Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.

UI = D002232

 

Carbocysteine

AN = an expectorant

MS = A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.

UI = D002233

 

Carbodiimides

AN = do not confuse CARBODIIMIDES (a group term) with "carbodiimide" (a specific chemical)

UI = D002234

 

Carbofuran

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D002235

 

Carbohydrate-Deficient Glycoprotein Syndrome

AN = an inborn error of carbohydrate metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: CARB DEFIC GLYCOPROTEIN SYNDROME CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism manifesting as a genetic multisystem disorder of autosomal recessive inheritance. A predominant feature is severe central and peripheral nervous system involvement resulting in psychomotor retardation, seizures, cerebellar ataxia, and other symptoms which include growth retardation, retinitis pigmentosa, hypothyroidism, and fatty liver. The notable biochemical feature is the deficiency of a large number of blood glycoproteins and decreased activities of various blood coagulation factors.

UI = D018981

 

 

 

Carbohydrate Conformation

AN = IM general only; coord NIM with specific carbohydrate (IM); do not confuse CARBOHYDRATE LINKAGE see CARBOHYDRATE CONFORMATION with CARBOHYDRATE SEQUENCE: conform = spatial or 3-dimensional struct, sequ = order in which components are arranged

MS = The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate.

UI = D002236

 

Carbohydrate Dehydrogenases

MS = Reversibly catalyze the oxidation of a hydroxyl group of carbohydrates to form a keto sugar, aldehyde or lactone. Any acceptor except molecular oxygen is permitted. Includes EC 1.1.1.; EC 1.1.2.; and 1.1.99.

UI = D002237

 

Carbohydrate Epimerases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the epimerization of chiral centers within carbohydrates or their derivatives. EC 5.1.3.

UI = D002238

 

Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Errors

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific carbohydrate /metab (IM); FRUCTOSE METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS & PYRUVATE METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are also available; DF: CARB METAB INBORN ERR CATALOG: do not use /in inf

UI = D002239

 

Carbohydrate Sequence

AN = IM for general only; coord NIM with specific carbohydrate (IM); do not confuse with CARBOHYDRATE LINKAGE see CARBOHYDRATE CONFORMATION: sequ = order in which components are arranged, conform = spatial or 3-dimensional struct; when to index with MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA: see note there; DF: CARB SEQ

MS = The sequence of carbohydrates within polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.

UI = D002240

 

Carbohydrates

AN = GEN only; avoid: prefer specifics; glucides go here but could also be GLYCOSIDES; carbohydrates in the diet = DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES

MS = A class of aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohols, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, Cn(H2O)n. The most important include the small sugars as well as the large starches, glycogens, celluloses, and gums. Carbohydrates with reference to nutrition and diet are DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002241

 

Carbohydrates and Hypoglycemic Agents

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

MS = A collective term for carbohydrates and agents used to lower the level of glucose in the blood.

UI = D002242

 

Carbolines

MS = A group of pyridoindole compounds. Allowed are any points of fusion of pyridine with the five-membered ring of indole and any derivatives of these compounds.

UI = D002243

 

Carbon

AN = C-12

MS = A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight 12.011. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND, CHARCOAL, and GRAPHITE.

UI = D002244

 

Carbon Compounds, Inorganic

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain carbon as an integral part of the molecule but are not derived from hydrocarbons.

UI = D017554

 

 

 

Carbon Dioxide

AN = in respiration, /physiol permitted; /metab permitted for cell & tissue resp & non-lung tissue but do not use /metab for gas exchange in lung ( = PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE) or blood CO2 transport ( = /blood but consider also HYPERCAPNIA & HYPOCAPNIA)

MS = A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

UI = D002245

 

Carbon Disulfide

AN = a poisonous liquid; a solvent & counterirritant

MS = Carbon disulfide (CS2). A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.

UI = D002246

 

Carbon Isotopes

AN = C-13; NIM; no qualif

MS = Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

UI = D002247

 

Carbon Monoxide

AN = a poisonous gas; /tox permitted but consider also CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING

MS = Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D002248

 

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

MS = Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.

UI = D002249

 

Carbon Radioisotopes

AN = C-10,11,14-16; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

MS = Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.

UI = D002250

 

Carbon Tetrachloride

AN = /tox permitted but consider also CARBON TETRACHLORIDE POISONING; DF: CCL4

MS = Tetrachloromethane. A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D002251

 

Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning

AN = DF: CCL4 POIS

UI = D002252

 

 

Carbon-Carbon Double Bond Isomerases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the shifting of a carbon-carbon double bond from one position to another within the same molecule. EC 5.3.3.

UI = D019748

 

Carbon-Carbon Lyases

AN = DF: C C LYASES

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. This subclass contains the DECARBOXYLASES, the ALDEHYDE-LYASES, and the OXO-ACID-LYASES. EC 4.1.

UI = D019755

 

Carbon-Oxygen Ligases

AN = do not confuse with CARBON-OXYGEN LYASES; DF: C O LIGASES

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-oxygen bond. EC 6.1.

UI = D019729

 

 

 

Carbon-Oxygen Lyases

AN = DF: C O LYASES

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. EC 4.2.

UI = D019757

 

 

Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases

AN = DF: C N LIGASES

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.

UI = D019731

 

 

Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases

AN = DF: C N LYASES

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. Subclasses are the AMMONIA-LYASES, the AMIDINE-LYASES, the amine-lyases, and other carbon-nitrogen lyases. EC 4.3.

UI = D019759

 

 

Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases with Glutamine as Amide-N-Donor

AN = DF: C N LIGASES GLN DONOR

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the joining of glutamine-derived ammonia and another molecule. The linkage is in the form of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.5.

UI = D019733

 

Carbon-Carbon Ligases

AN = DF: C C LIGASES

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-carbon bond. These are the carboxylating enzymes and are mostly biotinyl-proteins. EC 6.4.

UI = D019735

 

Carbon-Sulfur Ligases

AN = DF: C S LIGASES

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-sulfur bond. EC 6.2.

UI = D019730

 

Carbon-Sulfur Lyases

AN = DF: C S LYASES

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-sulfur bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. EC 4.4.

UI = D013437

 

Carbonated Beverages

MS = Drinkable liquids combined with or impregnated with carbon dioxide.

UI = D002253

 

Carbonates

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D002254

 

Carbonic Acid

AN = "the hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide & water"

MS = Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D002255

 

Carbonate Dehydratase

AN = /antag = CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS

MS = A zinc-containing enzyme of erythrocytes with molecular weight of 30 kD. It is among the most active of known enzymes and catalyzes the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide, which is significant in the transport of CO2 from the tissues to the lungs. The enzyme is inhibited by ACETAZOLAMIDE. EC 4.2.1.1.

UI = D002256

 

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

AN = DF: CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIB

MS = A class of compounds that reduces the secretion of H+ ions by the proximal kidney tubule through inhibition of carbonic anhydrase (CARBONATE DEHYDRATASE).

UI = D002257

 

Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone

AN = an uncoupling agent

MS = A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.

UI = D002258

 

Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone

AN = an uncoupling agent

MS = A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.

UI = D002259

 

Carboplatin

AN = an antineoplastic

MS = An organoplatinum compound that is advocated for use in the treatment of patients with ovarian cancer, small-cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, and seminomas. The compound has comparable efficacy with cisplatin but shows much lower toxicity. Nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and ototoxicity occur only infrequently with carboplatin. Its dose-limiting toxicity is myelosuppression with severe thrombocytopenia and less often leukopenia.

UI = D016190

 

Carboprost

AN = a synthetic prostaglandin F abortifacient

MS = An abortifacient effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.

UI = D002260

 

Carboxin

AN = an agric fungicide

MS = A systemic agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.

UI = D002261

 

1-Carboxyglutamic Acid

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Found in various tissues, particularly in four blood-clotting proteins including prothrombin, in kidney protein, in bone protein, and in the protein present in various ectopic calcifications.

UI = D015055

 

Carboxyl and Carbamoyl Transferases

MS = A group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of carboxyl- or carbamoyl- groups. EC 2.1.3.

UI = D019878

 

 

Carboxy-Lyases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the nonhydrolytic addition or removal of a carboxyl group to or from a compound. They include the carboxylases and decarboxylases. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 4.1.1.

UI = D002262

 

Carboxyhemoglobin

UI = D002263

 

Carboxylic Acids

AN = do not confuse with CARBOCYCLIC ACIDS see ACIDS, CARBOCYCLIC

MS = Organic acids containing the carboxy (-COOH) group, including amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acid is used both as a class name and a suffix. (Dorland, 28th ed; Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D002264

 

Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases

MS = Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of carboxylic acid esters with the formation of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid anion.

UI = D002265

 

Carboxymethylcellulose

AN = a pharmaceutic aid; D25-26 qualif

MS = Polycarboxymethyl ether of cellulose. It is used as an emulsifier, thickener, suspending agent, etc., in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; in research as a culture medium; in chromatography as a stabilizer for reagents; and therapeutically as a bulk laxative with antacid properties.

UI = D002266

 

Carboxypeptidases

AN = GEN or unspecified; note CARBOXYPEPTIDASE N see LYSINE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE

UI = D002268

 

Carbuncle

AN = usually caused by Staph; malignant carbuncle = ANTHRAX

MS = An infection of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue that consists of a cluster of boils. Commonly, the causative agent is STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. Carbuncles produce fever, leukocytosis, extreme pain, and prostration.

UI = D002270

 

Carbutamide

AN = a hypoglycemic

MS = A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)

UI = D002271

 

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

AN = DF: CEA

MS = Serum glycoprotein secreted into the glycocalyx coating the luminal surface of the gastrointestinal epithelia. Originally thought to be a specific antigen of the fetal digestive tract and adenocarcinoma of the colon, CEA is now known to occur normally in feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and to appear in the plasma in a diverse group of neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions. The primary use of CEA is in monitoring response to treatment of colorectal cancer. (From Dorland, 28th ed) CEA and other members of the CEA family appear to mediate intercellular adhesion.

UI = D002272

 

Carcinogenicity Tests

AN = NIM; Manual 24.5.6.2+

MS = Tests to experimentally measure the tumor-producing/cancer cell-producing potency of an agent by administering the agent (e.g., benzanthracenes) and observing the quantity of tumors or the cell transformation developed over a given period of time. The carcinogenicity value is usually measured as milligrams of agent administered per tumor developed. Though this test differs from the DNA-repair and bacterial microsome MUTAGENICITY TESTS, researchers often attempt to correlate the finding of carcinogenicity values and mutagenicity values.

UI = D015197

 

Carcinogens

AN = D LIST qualif except /adv eff /pois; be careful: "carcinogenic effect" of a drug or chem in dis or clin context is probably neopl term(s) /chem ind + drug or chem named (with required qualif) & not CARCINOGENS; Manual 24.5.6.2+

MS = Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.

UI = D002273

 

Carcinogens, Environmental

AN = DF: CARCINOGENS ENVIR

MS = Carcinogenic substances that are found in the environment.

UI = D002274

 

Carcinoid Heart Disease

AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct

MS = Cardiac manifestation of MALIGNANT CARCINOID SYNDROME. It is a unique form of fibrosis involving the endocardium, primarily of the right heart. The fibrous deposits tend to cause constriction of the tricuspid and pulmonary valves. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1307)

UI = D002275

 

Carcinoid Tumor

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); consider also MALIGNANT CARCINOID SYNDROME or CARCINOID HEART DISEASE

MS = A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)

UI = D002276

 

Carcinoma

AN = do not use for "cancer" routinely: use only for carcinoma as a histological type: Manual 24.2.1.3; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); X ref CARCINOMA, ANAPLASTIC: do not coord with ANAPLASIA unless anaplasia is particularly discussed

MS = A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002277

 

see also adenocarcinoma)

 

Carcinoma, Adenosquamous

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.

UI = D018196

 

Carcinoma, Acinar Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A malignant tumor arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. Racemose (Latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (Latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. Acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid gland. Lymph node metastasis occurs in about 16% of cases. Local recurrences and distant metastases many years after treatment are common. This tumor appears in all age groups and is most common in women. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575)

UI = D018267

 

Carcinoma, Adrenal Cortical

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with ADRENAL CORTEX NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A malignant neoplasm of adrenal cortical cells demonstrating partial or complete histological and functional differentiation. They are rare, comprising between only 0.05% and 0.2% of all cancers. Women develop functional adrenal cortical carcinomas more commonly than men, but men develop nonfunctioning ones more often than women. Hypercortisolism is the most common presentation for this cancer. Virilism and Cushing's syndrome may also result. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1286)

UI = D018268

 

Carcinoma, Basal Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM); X ref RODENT ULCER: do not coord with ULCER

MS = A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). More than 95% of these carcinomas occur in patients over 40. They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)

UI = D002280

 

Carcinoma, Basosquamous

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A skin carcinoma that histologically exhibits both basal and squamous elements. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002281

 

 

Carcinoma, Bronchogenic

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LUNG NEOPLASMS (IM), not BRONCHIAL NEOPLASMS; do not confuse X ref CARCINOMA, BRONCHIAL with BRONCHIAL NEOPLASMS

MS = A cancer of the lung, so-called because it arises from the epithelium of the bronchial tree. It is not a histologic designation despite the name.

UI = D002283

 

Carcinoma, Brown-Pearce

AN = exper neopl; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; don't forget check tag ANIMAL

UI = D002284

 

Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating

AN = intraductal refers to mammary ducts only; do not confuse X ref CARCINOMA, INTRADUCTAL with CARCINOMA, DUCTAL see CARCINOMA, INFILTRATING DUCT; coord IM with BREAST NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.

UI = D002285

 

Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor

AN = exper neopl; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; note X ref: do not also index under ASCITES; don't forget check tag ANIMAL

MS = A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.

UI = D002286

 

Carcinoma, Embryonal

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM) or TESTICULAR NEOPLASMS (IM) & appropriate check tags

MS = A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)

UI = D018236

 

 

Carcinoma, Endometrioid

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = Ovarian carcinoma which resembles typical carcinoma of the endometrium and may be seen with a synchronous endometrial carcinoma. When they appear together, both tend to be of low stage. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1665)

UI = D018269

 

 

Carcinoma, Giant Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = An epithelial neoplasm characterized by unusually large anaplastic cells. It is highly malignant with fulminant clinical course, bizarre histologic appearance and poor prognosis. It is most common in the lung and thyroid. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

UI = D018286

 

 

 

 

 

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular

AN = human & vet only: note X ref HEPATOMA: also available is HEPATOMA, EXPERIMENTAL see LIVER NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL for exper anim; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LIVER NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = Primary carcinoma of the liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor difficult to distinguish from normal hepatocytes to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic or may form giant cells. Several classification schemes have been suggested. Hepatocellular carcinoma is very rare in the United States and western Europe, but it is one of the most common cancers in eastern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The cases are preponderantly male and, racially, whites have the lowest rates. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p836; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp1430-41)

UI = D006528

 

 

Carcinoma in Situ

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A neoplastic entity wherein the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane. It is popularly applied to such cells in the uterine cervix. It is also called preinvasive carcinoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002278

 

 

 

 

 

 

Carcinoma, Infiltrating Duct

AN = duct refers to mammary ducts only; do not confuse X ref CARCINOMA, DUCTAL with CARCINOMA, INTRADUCTAL see CARCINOMA, INTRADUCTAL, NONINFILTRATING; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BREAST NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = An invasive (infiltrating) carcinoma of the breast. This carcinoma in which no special histological feature is recognized is designated NOS or Not Otherwise Specified and is by far the most common ductal tumor, accounting for almost 70% of breast cancers. It is characterized by stony hardness upon palpation. It commonly metastasizes to the axillary lymph nodes and its prognosis is the poorest of the various ductal types. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1205)

UI = D018270

 

Carcinoma, Islet Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A carcinoma of the islets of Langerhans.

UI = D018273

 

 

 

Carcinoma, Krebs 2

AN = exper neopl; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; don't forget check tag ANIMAL

UI = D002287

 

 

 

Carcinoma, Large Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term but probably LUNG NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018287

 

 

Carcinoma, Lewis Lung

AN = exper neopl; do not confuse text ref LLC for Lewis Lung Carcinoma with LLC-PK1 CELLS where LLC stands for Lilly Laboratories Cell; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; don't forget check tag ANIMAL

MS = A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.

UI = D018827

 

Carcinoma, Lobular

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BREAST NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A infiltrating (invasive) breast cancer, relatively uncommon, accounting for only 5%-10% of breast tumors in most series. It is often an area of ill-defined thickening in the breast, in contrast to the dominant lump characteristic of ductal carcinoma. It is typically composed of small cells in a linear arrangement with a tendency to grow around ducts and lobules. There is likelihood of axillary nodal involvement with metastasis to meningeal and serosal surfaces. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1205)

UI = D018275

 

Carcinoma, Medullary

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

UI = D018276

 

 

Carcinoma, Merkel Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A carcinoma arising from MERKEL CELLS located in the basal layer of the epidermis and occurring most commonly as a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Merkel cells are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin and histologically show neurosecretory granules. The skin of the head and neck are a common site of Merkel cell carcinoma, occurring generally in elderly patients. (Holland et al.,

 

 

 

Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)

UI = D018277

 

Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine

AN = blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round "blue cells", granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small ("oat") cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

UI = D018278

 

 

 

 

Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LUNG NEOPLASMS (IM); do not confuse with CARCINOMA, LARGE CELL or CARCINOMA, SMALL CELL; DF: NSCLC

MS = A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. They are dealt with collectively because of the shared properties of poor response to conventional chemotherapy and the potential for cure with surgical resection in a fraction of patients.

UI = D002289

 

Carcinoma, Papillary

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D002291

 

Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with THYROID NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A thyroid neoplasm of mixed papillary and follicular arrangement. Its biological behavior and prognosis is the same as that of a papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1271)

UI = D018265

 

Carcinoma, Renal Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with KIDNEY NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = Carcinoma of the renal parenchyma usually occurring in middle age or later and composed of tubular cells in varying arrangements. It was first described in 1826. Possible causal factors are environmental, hormonal, cellular, and genetic. Smoking is a definite risk factor and obesity is associated with increased risk. Renal cell carcinoma accounts for approximately 3% of adult cancer; the male-female ratio is 2:1. It is more common among urban residents than rural. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p979)

UI = D002292

 

Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A highly malignant, mucus-secreting tumor in which the mucus-secreting cells are anaplastic and appear rounded, with the nucleus displaced to one side by a globule of mucus in the cytoplasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018279

 

Carcinoma, Skin Appendage

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + SKIN APPENDAGE DISEASES (IM) or specific precoord skin appendage/neopl term (IM) or specific skin appendage (IM)

MS = A malignant tumor of the skin appendages, which include the hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and the mammary glands. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018280

 

 

Carcinoma, Small Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LUNG NEOPLASMS (IM); do not confuse with CARCINOMA, NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG; DF: SCLC

MS = An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. There are admixtures of small cell lung carcinoma with other types of lung cancer. Small cell carcinomas are distinguished by their distinctive biological features, response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and by their nearly universal tendency to develop overt or subclinical metastases, which frequently eliminates surgery in most patients. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)

UI = D018288

 

 

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A carcinoma derived from stratified squamous epithelium. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D002294

 

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A malignant neoplasm derived from transitional epithelium, occurring chiefly in the urinary bladder, ureters or renal pelves (especially if well differentiated), frequently papillary. Transitional cell carcinomas are graded 1 to 3 or 4 according to the degree of anaplasia, grade 1 appearing histologically benign but being liable to recurrence. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D002295

 

Carcinoma, Verrucous

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A variant of well-differentiated epidermoid carcinoma that is most common in the oral cavity, but also occurs in the larynx, nasal cavity, esophagus, penis, anorectal region, vulva, vagina, uterine cervix, and skin, especially on the sole of the foot. Most intraoral cases occur in elderly male abusers of smokeless tobacco. The treatment is surgical resection. Radiotherapy is not indicated, as up to 30% treated with radiation become highly aggressive within six months. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

UI = D018289

 

 

 

Carcinoma 256, Walker

AN = exper neopl; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; don't forget check tag ANIMAL

MS = A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D002279

 

 

Carcinosarcoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D002296

 

Cardanolides

AN = do not confuse with CARDENOLIDES

MS = The aglycone constituents of CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES. The ring structure is basically a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus attached to a lactone ring at the C-17 position.

UI = D002297

 

Cardenolides

AN = includes cardadienolides & cardatrienolides; do not confuse with CARDANOLIDES

MS = C(23)-steroids with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a five-membered lactone at C-17. They are aglycone constituents of CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES and must have at least one double bond in the molecule. The class includes cardadienolides and cardatrienolides. Members include DIGITOXIN and DIGOXIN and their derivatives and the STROPHANTHINS.

UI = D002298

 

Cardia

AN = the opening of the stomach; adjective form = "cardial": do not confuse with "cardiac" (heart); diseases: coord NIM with STOMACH DISEASES (IM); neoplasms: coord NIM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = The part of the stomach immediately adjacent to and surrounding the cardiac opening of the esophagus, distinguished only by the presence of the cardiac glands, and lacking acid (parietal) and pepsin (chief) cells. (Dorland, 27th ed, p1234)

UI = D002299

 

Cardiac Care Facilities

MS = Institutions specializing in the care of patients with heart disorders.

UI = D002300

 

 

 

Cardiac Complexes, Premature

AN = a type of arrhythmia; GEN or unspecified: atrial = ATRIAL PREMATURE COMPLEXES & ventric = VENTRICULAR PREMATURE COMPLEXES

MS = Premature contractions of the heart that are independent of the normal rhythm and arise in response to an impulse in some part of the heart other than the sinoatrial node. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D005117

 

 

Cardiac Glycosides

AN = cardiotonics

MS = Substances obtained from species of Digitalis, Strophanthus, and other plants that contain specific steroid glycosides or their semisynthetic derivatives and used in congestive heart failure. They increase the force of cardiac contraction without significantly affecting other parameters, but are very toxic at larger doses. Their mechanism of action usually involves inhibition of the Na(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase and they are often used in cell biological studies for that purpose.

UI = D002301

 

Cardiac Output

AN = a physiol concept: do not confuse with the C14 diseases CARDIAC OUTPUT, HIGH or CARDIAC OUTPUT, LOW

MS = The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat).

UI = D002302

 

Cardiac Output, Low

AN = note category: do not confuse with CARDIAC OUTPUT, a physiol concept; note X ref LOW CARDIAC OUTPUT SYNDROME: do not add SYNDROME

MS = A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output, usually seen in patients with heart failure secondary to coronary artery, hypertensive, primary myocardial, valvular, or pericardial disease.

UI = D002303

 

Cardiac Pacing, Artificial

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Regulation of the rate of contraction of the heart muscles by an artificial pacemaker.

UI = D002304

 

 

Cardiac Surgical Procedures

AN = GEN only: do not use for surg of specific part of heart ( = specific heart term /surg) or specific heart dis ( = disease /surg); HEART TRANSPLANTATION & HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION are also available

MS = Surgery performed on the heart.

UI = D006348

 

 

 

 

Cardiac Tamponade

AN = compression of heart from pericardial effusion or hemopericardium

UI = D002305

 

Cardiac Volume

AN = usually refers to the volume of blood in heart at various periods of the cardiac cycle

MS = The volume of the heart, usually relating to the volume of blood contained within it at various periods of the cardiac cycle. The amount of blood ejected from a ventricle at each beat is STROKE VOLUME.

UI = D002306

 

Cardiography, Impedance

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CARDIOGR IMPEDANCE

MS = A type of impedance plethysmography in which bioelectrical impedance is measured between electrodes positioned around the neck and around the lower thorax. It is used principally to calculate stroke volume and cardiac volume, but it is also related to myocardial contractility, thoracic fluid content, and circulation to the extremities.

UI = D002307

 

 

 

 

Cardiolipins

MS = Acidic phospholipids composed of two molecules of phosphatidic acid covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol. They occur primarily in mitochondrial inner membranes and in bacterial plasma membranes. They are the main antigenic components of the Wassermann-type antigen that is used in nontreponemal SYPHILIS SERODIAGNOSIS.

UI = D002308

 

Cardiology

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: CARDIOL

MS = The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions.

UI = D002309

 

 

 

Cardiology Service, Hospital

AN = DF: CARDIOL SERV HOSP

MS = The hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of diagnostic and therapeutic services for the cardiac patient.

UI = D016507

 

 

Cardiomyopathy, Alcoholic

MS = Cardiomyopathy resulting from: 1) a toxic effect of alcohol on the myocardium; 2) thiamine deficiency due to malnutrition in alcoholics; or 3) a toxic effect of cobalt additives in beer in heavy beer drinkers. This disease is usually manifested by dyspnea and palpitations with cardiomegaly and congestive heart failure.

UI = D002310

 

Cardiomyopathy, Congestive

AN = heart enlargement with congestive heart failure; do not confuse with HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE

MS = A syndrome characterized by cardiac enlargement and congestive heart failure. It probably represents the end result of many forms of myocardial damage produced by a variety of toxic, metabolic, or infectious agents.

UI = D002311

 

Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic

AN = heart hypertrophy involving interventric septum; DF: SUBVALV STENOSIS

MS = A myocardial disease characterized by hypertrophy, involving mainly the interventricular septum, interfering with left ventricular emptying.

UI = D002312

 

Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive

AN = rigid ventricle walls of heart

MS = Myocardial disease in which the ventricular walls are excessively rigid, impeding ventricular filling; it is marked by abnormal diastolic function but by normal or nearly normal systolic function.

UI = D002313

 

Cardiomyoplasty

AN = a technique in heart surg using autol skeletal muscle

MS = An operation that uses stimulated latissimus dorsi muscle (SKELETAL MUSCLE VENTRICLE) to assist cardiac function. The latissimus dorsi muscle is mobilized from the chest wall and moved into the thorax through the bed of the resected 2nd or 3rd rib. The muscle is then wrapped around the left and right ventricles and stimulated to contract during cardiac systole by means of an implanted burst-stimulator. (Stedman, 26th ed)

UI = D018421

 

Cardioplegic Solutions

AN = D25-26 qualif; coord IM with specific drug in solution (IM); DF: CARDIOPLEGIC SOL

MS = Solutions which, upon administration, will temporarily arrest cardiac activity. They are used in the performance of heart surgery.

UI = D002314

 

Cardiopulmonary Bypass

AN = diverts blood from right atrium: consider also HEART BYPASS, LEFT which diverts blood from left atrium; /instrum: consider also HEART-LUNG MACHINE; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CARDIOPULM BYPASS

MS = Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs.

UI = D002315

 

 

 

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: note short X ref

MS = The artificial substitution of heart and lung action as indicated for cardiac arrest or apparent sudden death resulting from electric shock, drowning, respiratory arrest, and other causes. The two major components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are artificial ventilation and closed-chest cardiac massage. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D016887

 

 

Cardiotocography

AN = monitors fetal heart rate; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CARDIOTOCOGR

MS = Monitoring of fetal heart frequency before birth in order to assess impending prematurity in relation to the pattern or intensity of antepartum UTERINE CONTRACTION.

UI = D015148

 

 

 

Cardiotonic Agents

MS = Agents that have a tonic effect on the heart or increase cardiac output. They may be glycosidic steroids related to Digitalis products, sympathomimetics, or other drugs and are used after myocardial infarcts, cardiac surgery, in shock, or in congestive heart failure.

UI = D002316

 

Cardiovascular Agents

MS = Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.

UI = D002317

 

Cardiovascular Abnormalities

AN = for congen struct abnorm only; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics or specific organ /abnorm but article is more likely to be on HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL: check text; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: CARDIOVASC ABNORM CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital structural abnormalities of the cardiovascular system.

UI = D018376

 

Cardiovascular Deconditioning

AN = change in cardiovasc funct; common in weightlessness

MS = A change in cardiovascular function, especially after periods of actual or simulated weightlessness or diminished power or strength, probably related to the shift of a quantity of blood from the lower limbs to the thorax, resulting in reflex diuresis and a reduction of blood volume. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018493

 

 

 

Cardiovascular Diseases

AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; /diag: consider also DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, CARDIOVASCULAR; DF: CARDIOVASC DIS

UI = D002318

 

 

 

 

Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also /surg with specific parts of the cardiovasc system; also CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES /surg or /surg with specific cardiovasc dis; DF: CARDIOVASC SURG PROCEDURES

MS = Surgery performed on the heart or blood vessels.

UI = D013504

 

 

 

Cardiovascular System

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /abnorm = CARDIOVASCULAR ABNORMALITIES but consider also specific artery or vein with /abnorm; DF: CARDIOVASC SYSTEM

MS = The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body.

UI = D002319

 

Cardiovascular Physiology

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CARDIOVASC PHYSIOL

MS = Functions and activities of the cardiovascular system as a whole or of any of its parts.

UI = D002320

 

Cardiovirus

AN = a genus of the family Picornaviridae; infection = CARDIOVIRUS INFECTIONS

MS = A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE causing encephalitis and myocarditis in rodents. ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS is the type species.

UI = D017943

 

 

 

Cardiovirus Infections

AN = caused by a picornavirus

MS = Infections caused by viruses of the genus CARDIOVIRUS, family PICORNAVIRIDAE.

UI = D018188

 

 

 

Career Choice

AN = no qualif

MS = Selection of a type of occupation or profession.

UI = D002321

 

Career Mobility

AN = no qualif CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The upward or downward mobility in an occupation or the change from one occupation to another.

UI = D002322

 

 

 

Caregivers

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specific caregiver as NURSES, PHYSICIANS, etc.; IM; coord with specific field if pertinent (IM): "the teacher as caregiver" = CAREGIVERS (IM) + TEACHING (IM)

MS = Persons who provide care to those who need supervision or assistance in illness or disability. They may provide the care in the home, in a hospital, or in an institution. Although caregivers include trained medical, nursing, and other health personnel, the concept also refers to parents, spouses, or other family members, friends, members of the clergy, teachers, social workers, fellow patients, etc.

UI = D017028

 

 

 

 

Carfecillin

AN = a penicillin G

MS = The phenyl ester of CARBENICILLIN that, upon oral administration, is broken down in the intestinal mucosa to the active antibacterial. It is used for urinary tract infections.

UI = D002323

 

Caribbean Region

AN = GEN or unspecified for Caribbean Sea, region, islands or population; do not confuse X ref WEST INDIES REGION with WEST INDIES or any of its specific islands; DF: CARIBBEAN

MS = The area that lies between continental North and South America and comprises the Caribbean Sea, the West Indies, and the adjacent mainland regions of southern Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela.

UI = D017691

 

 

Caricatures

AN = IM; coord with subject (IM) or person with required biog and hist headings & check tags; do not confuse with Publication Type CARICATURES; CARTOONS is also available

MS = Works portraying in a critical or facetious way a real individual or group, or a figure representing a social, political, ethnic, or racial type. The effect is usually achieved through distortion or exaggeration of characteristics. (Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special Collections Cataloguing, 2d ed)

UI = D002325

 

 

Caricatures [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for caricatures as a subject, index under main heading CARICATURES; Publication Type CARTOONS is also available

MS = Works portraying in a critical or facetious way a real individual or group, or a figure representing a social, political, ethnic, or racial type. The effect is usually achieved through distortion or exaggeration of characteristics. (Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special Collection Cataloguing, 2d ed)

UI = D019492

 

 

Cariogenic Agents

AN = consider also DENTAL CARIES /etiol

MS = Substances conducive to the production of DENTAL CARIES. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002326

 

Cariostatic Agents

AN = D25-26 qualif; consider also DENTAL CARIES /prev or /drug ther

MS = Substances that inhibit or arrest DENTAL CARIES formation. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

UI = D002327

 

Carisoprodol

AN = a central muscle relaxant

MS = A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202)

UI = D002328

 

 

 

Carlavirus

AN = a group of plant viruses; from CARnation LAtent virus; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)

MS = A group of plant viruses with slightly flexuous filaments, often transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent manner.

UI = D017788

 

Carmine

AN = a food, cosmetic & drug dye; D25-26 qualif

MS = Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.

UI = D002329

 

Carmovirus

AN = a genus of plant viruses; from CARnation MOttle virus; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)

MS = A genus in the family TOMBUSVIRIDAE mostly found in temperate regions. Some species infecting legumes are reported from tropical areas. Most viruses are soil-borne, but some are transmitted by the fungus Olpidium radicale and others by beetles. Carnation mottle virus is the type species.

UI = D019184

 

Carmustine

AN = an alkylating antineoplastic

MS = A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D002330

 

Carnitine

MS = Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias.

UI = D002331

 

Carnitine O-Acetyltransferase

AN = do not confuse with CARNITINE ACYLTRANSFERASES

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of O-acetylcarnitine from acetyl-CoA plus carnitine. EC 2.3.1.7.

UI = D002332

 

Carnitine Acyltransferases

AN = do not confuse with CARNITINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE see CARNITINE O-ACETYLTRANSFERASE

MS = Acyltransferases in the inner mitochondrial membrane that catalyze the reversible transfer of acyl groups from acyl-CoA to L-carnitine and thereby mediate the transport of activated fatty acids through that membrane. EC 2.3.1.

UI = D002333

 

Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the conversion of palmitoyl-CoA to palmitoylcarnitine in the inner mitochondrial membrane. EC 2.3.1.21.

UI = D002334

 

Carnivora

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; qualif permitted; do not confuse X ref RACCOON DOGS with RACCOONS

UI = D002335

 

 

Carnosine

AN = a neurotransmitter

MS = A naturally occurring dipeptide found in muscle of man and numerous animals, but some animals, e.g., pigeons and geese, have N-methylcarnosine in their muscles. (From Merck Index, 11th ed.)

UI = D002336

 

 

 

Caroli's Disease

AN = congen cystic dilat of intrahepatic bile ducts; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: CAROLI DIS CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. It consists of 2 types: simple, with bile duct dilatation or ectasia alone, and complex, with associated extensive hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension. Benign renal tubular ectasia is associated with both types.

UI = D016767

 

 

Carotene

AN = a pigment in fruits & vegetables

MS = The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall.

UI = D002337

 

Carotenoids

AN = pigments

UI = D002338

 

Carotid Arteries

AN = /radiogr: consider also CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY

MS = Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery.

UI = D002339

 

Carotid Artery, Common

AN = disease: coord NIM with CAROTID ARTERY DISEASES (IM)

MS = The two principal arteries supplying the structures of the head and neck. They ascend in the neck, one on each side, and at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage, each divides into two branches, the external (CAROTID ARTERY, EXTERNAL) and internal (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL) carotid arteries.

UI = D017536

 

 

 

Carotid Artery Diseases

AN = GEN or unspecified; coord IM with CAROTID ARTERY, COMMON, CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL or CAROTID ARTERY, EXTERNAL (NIM) if pertinent

MS = Diseases of the common, internal and external carotid arteries.

UI = D002340

 

Carotid Artery Thrombosis

AN = coord IM with CAROTID ARTERY, EXTERNAL (NIM) or CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL (NIM) if pertinent

MS = Formation of a clot in a carotid artery, often resulting from atherosclerosis.

UI = D002341

 

Carotid Artery, External

AN = disease: coord NIM with CAROTID ARTERY DISEASES (IM)

MS = Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the exterior of the head, the face, and the greater part of the neck.

UI = D002342

 

Carotid Artery, Internal

AN = disease: coord NIM with CAROTID ARTERY DISEASES (IM)

MS = Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the anterior part of the brain, the eye and its appendages, the forehead and nose.

UI = D002343

 

Carotid Body

AN = a nonchromaffin paraganglion

MS = A small cluster of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The carotid body, which is richly supplied with fenestrated capillaries, senses the pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and plays a crucial role in their homeostatic control.

UI = D002344

 

Carotid Body Tumor

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; organ/neopl & histol coords not necessary

MS = An invariably benign, encapsulated, firm round mass at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, with nests of large polyhedral cells in alveolar or organoid arrangement. It is usually asymptomatic but large masses may encroach upon the parapharyngeal space and produce dysphagia, pain, and cranial nerve palsies. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp570-71)

UI = D002345

 

Carotid Sinus

MS = The dilated portion of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation into external and internal carotids. It contains baroreceptors which, when stimulated, cause slowing of the heart, vasodilatation, and a fall in blood pressure.

UI = D002346

 

 

Carotid Stenosis

AN = refers to a carotid artery; coord IM with CAROTID ARTERY, EXTERNAL (NIM) or CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL (NIM)

MS = The narrowing or stricture of a carotid artery that may lead to transient ischemic attacks (see CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA, TRANSIENT) and stroke (see CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS).

UI = D016893

 

 

 

Carp

AN = IM; qualif permitted

UI = D002347

 

Carpal Bones

AN = the 8 bones of the wrist of which SEMILUNAR BONE is available; do not confuse with WRIST (the area) or WRIST JOINT; see note on CARPUS, ANIMAL; /inj permitted: not necessarily WRIST INJURIES

UI = D002348

 

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

AN = median nerve compression

MS = A complex of symptoms resulting from compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel, with pain and burning or tingling paresthesias in the fingers and hand, sometimes extending to the elbow. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002349

 

Carpus, Animal

AN = a joint in the quadruped forelimb; TN 117 & table: animal extremities

MS = In quadrupeds the forelimb joint corresponding to the WRIST JOINT in humans. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002350

 

Carrageenan

AN = a polysaccharide from seaweed; seen in texts also as carrageenin

MS = A water-soluble extractive from carragheen, Irish moss, a seaweed from the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America. It is used as a stabilizer, for suspending cocoa in chocolate manufacture, and to clarify beverages. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D002351

 

Carrier Proteins

AN = do not confuse BINDING PROTEINS (X ref) with PROTEIN BINDING; do not use CARRIER PROTEINS if the protein functions as a receptor: use instead the pertinent RECEPTORS term; not for antigenic carriers ( = ANTIGENS)

MS = Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

UI = D002352

 

Carrier State

AN = disease carriers, not genetic carriers ( = CARRIERS, GENETIC see HETEROZYGOTE); coord with disease, not organism

MS = The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissable to another susceptible host.

UI = D002353

 

Carrots

AN = as plant & food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = A widely cultivated plant, Daucus carota sativa, having finely divided leaves, flat clusters of small white flowers, and an edible, yellow-orange root and also the long tapering root of the carrot, eaten as a vegetable. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)

UI = D018552

 

Carteolol

AN = an antihypertensive & anti-arrhythmic beta-adrenergic antag

MS = A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.

UI = D002354

 

Carticaine

AN = a local anesthetic

MS = A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE.

UI = D002355

 

Cartilage

AN = inflammation (chondritis) is likely to be OSTEOCHONDRITIS; CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR is also available

MS = A specialized, fibrous connective tissue, forming most of the temporary skeleton of the embryo, providing a model in which most of the bones develop, and constituting an important part of the growth mechanism of the organism. It exists in several types, the most important of which are hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. Also used as a general term to designate a mass of such tissue in a particular site in the body. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002356

 

Cartilage Diseases

AN = GEN; inflamm dis (chondritis) is likely to be OSTEOCHONDRITIS

UI = D002357

 

Cartilage, Articular

AN = inflammation (chondritis) is likely to be OSTEOCHONDRITIS

UI = D002358

 

Cartoons

AN = IM; do not confuse with Publication Type CARTOONS; CARICATURES is also available CATALOG: form qualif /cartoons is available

MS = Sketches or drawings, usually humorous, symbolizing, satirizing, or caricaturing some action, subject, or person of popular interest. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D002359

 

Cartoons [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for cartoons as a subject, index under main heading CARTOONS; Publication Type CARICATURES is also available

MS = Humorous, satirical, or ridiculing images executed in a broad or abbreviated manner.

UI = D019493

 

 

 

Carubicin

AN = an anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic

MS = A very toxic anthracycline-type antibiotic related to DAUNORUBICIN, obtained from Actinomadura carminata. It is used in soft tissue neoplasms and leukemias.

UI = D002360

 

Cascara

AN = a cathartic; from bark of buckthorn (Rhamnus purshiana) used as medication; index plant under RHAMNUS; in translations use "cascara sagrada", not "sacred bark"

MS = Component of the dried bark of a buckthorn (Rhamnus purshiana) that contains the anthraquinone EMODIN. It is used as a laxative.

UI = D002362

 

Case Management

AN = all health professionals' activities to insure coord of services for the patient

MS = A traditional term for all the activities which a physician or other health care professional normally performs to insure the coordination of the medical services required by a patient. It also, when used in connection with managed care, covers all the activities of evaluating the patient, planning treatment, referral, and follow-up so that care is continuous and comprehensive and payment for the care is obtained. (From Slee & Slee, Health Care Terms, 2nd ed)

UI = D019090

 

 

Case Report

AN = check tag only: do not confuse with REVIEW OF REPORTED CASES, a type of review article; any article containing a case report is checked here: policy: Manual 18.11+; permitted for vet case rep but not for historical articles; case reports as a form of writing or their value is indexed under MEDICAL RECORDS or specific records term (IM) CATALOG: do not use: for indexers only; form qualif /case studies & double forms are available for clinical medicine & related fields: do not confuse with /cases which is restricted to law reports

UI = D002363

 

 

Case-Control Studies

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

MS = Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

UI = D016022

 

 

 

 

Caseins

MS = A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.

UI = D002364

 

Caspase 1

MS = A member of the caspase family that is highly specific for interleukin-1beta (INTERLEUKIN-1). It plays a role in inflammation and mammalian APOPTOSIS. Interleukin-1beta converting enzyme is frequently abbreviated ICE. EC 3.4.22.36

UI = D020170

Chondrogenesis

MS = The formation of cartilage. This process is directed by CHONDROCYTES which continually divide and lay down matrix during development. It is sometimes a precursor to OSTEOGENESIS.

UI = D020219

 

 

 

 

 

Caspases

AN = CASPASE 1 is also available

MS = A family of intracellular cysteine proteinases. They play a key role in inflammation and mammalian APOPTOSIS. They are specific for aspartic acid at the P1 position. They are divided into two classes based on the lengths of their N-terminal prodomains. Caspases-1,-2,-4,-5,-8, and -10 have long prodomains and -3,-6,-7,-9 have short prodomains. EC 3.4.22.-.

UI = D020169

 

 

Cassava

AN = as plant & food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = Any of several species of the tropical plant, family Euphorbiaceae, that grow starchy roots used for food. Manihot esculenta is most often used, but contains high amounts of hydrogen cyanide and few essential nutrients.

UI = D002365

 

Cassia

AN = plant from which SENNA is derived

MS = Leguminous plants Cassia senna L. (or C. acutifolia) and C. angustifolia that contain anthraquinones which are used as laxatives.

UI = D002366

 

 

Catalogs [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for catalogs as a subject, index under main heading CATALOGS

MS = Files of bibliographic records, created according to specific and uniform principles of construction and under the control of an authority file, which describe the materials contained in a collection, library, or group of libraries. Catalogs include also lists of materials prepared for a particular purpose, such as exhibition catalogs, sales catalogs, garden catalogs, medical supply catalogs. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Sciences, 1983)

UI = D019494

 

Catalytic Domain

MS = The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

UI = D020134

 

 

 

 

Catechol Oxidase

MS = An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction between catechol and oxygen to yield benzoquinone and water. It is a complex of copper-containing proteins that acts also on a variety of substituted catechols. EC 1.10.3.1.

UI = D004156

 

 

Cathepsin E

MS = An aspartic endopeptidase of the hydrolase class that is similar to cathepsin D but has a slightly broader specificity. EC 3.4.23.34.

UI = D020059

 

 

 

Catheter Ablation

AN = removal of tissue by electrode-fitted catheter; used often in heart surg to treat tachycardia; coord organ or dis with /surg; DF: CATH ABLATION

MS = Removal of tissue with electrical current delivered via electrodes positioned at the distal end of a catheter. Energy sources are commonly direct current (DC-shock) or alternating current at radiofrequencies (usually 750 kHz). The technique is used most often to ablate the AV junction and/or accessory pathways in order to interrupt AV conduction and produce AV block in the treatment of various tachyarrhythmias.

UI = D017115

 

Castor Bean

AN = yields castor oil

MS = The seed of the CASTOR BEAN or castor oil plant, Ricinus communis, which yields CASTOR OIL. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002367

 

Castor Oil

AN = from the seeds of Ricinus communis

MS = An oil obtained from the seed of Ricinus communis. It is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer for pharmaceutical preparations, and has been used as a bland emollient to the skin in certain dermatoses. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002368

 

Castration

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer OVARIECTOMY or ORCHIECTOMY; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical removal or artificial destruction of gonads.

UI = D002369

 

Casts, Surgical

AN = "cast syndrome" (duodenal compression caused by wearing a body cast) = SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY SYNDROME if confirmed by text but do not index under CASTS, SURGICAL /adv eff unless particularly discussed

MS = Dressings made of fiberglass, plastic, or bandage impregnated with plaster of paris used for immobilization of various parts of the body in cases of fractures, dislocations, and infected wounds. In comparison with plaster casts, casts made of fiberglass or plastic are lightweight, radiolucent, able to withstand moisture, and less rigid.

UI = D002370

 

Cat Diseases

AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM) or specific cat dis (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under CATS /abnorm or CATS /inj; does not include diseases of the so-called "big cats" (LIONS, CHEETAHS, tigers, panthers, etc.); don't forget also check tags CATS (NIM) & ANIMAL; DF: CAT DIS

MS = Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS, LIONS, tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.

UI = D002371

 

Cat-Scratch Disease

AN = caused by Afipia felis or Bartonella henselae, gram-neg bact, mainly via cat scratch; when caused by B. henselae, coord IM with BARTONELLA HENSELAE (IM)

MS = A self-limiting bacterial infection of the regional lymph nodes caused by Afipia felis, a gram-negative bacterium recently identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and by BARTONELLA HENSELAE. It usually arises one or more weeks following a feline scratch, with raised inflammatory nodules at the site of the scratch being the primary symptom.

UI = D002372

 

 

 

Caudovirales

AN = an order of tailed (caudo-) bacteriophages

MS = An order comprising three families of tailed bacteriophages: MYOVIRIDAE, PODOVIRIDAE, and SIPHOVIRIDAE.

UI = D017899

 

Caulimovirus

AN = a group of mosaic viruses; from CAULIflower MOsaic virus; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)

MS = A group of plant viruses that are transmitted by aphids in a semipersistent manner. Aphid-borne transmission of some caulimoviruses requires certain virus-coded proteins termed transmission factors.

UI = D017796

 

 

 

 

Caulobacter

AN = found in fresh water & soil

MS = A genus of rod- or vibroid-shaped or fusiform bacteria that commonly produce a stalk. They are found in fresh water and soil and divide by binary transverse fission.

UI = D016934

 

Caulobacter crescentus

MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that consist of slender vibroid cells.

UI = D016935

 

 

Causality

AN = an epidemiol concept: do not confuse with the cause of a disease ( = /etiol); IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM), not /etiol; no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

MS = The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors.

UI = D015984

 

 

Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein

MS = A transcriptional regulator in prokaryotes which, when activated by binding cyclic AMP, acts at several promoters. Cyclic AMP receptor protein was originally identified as a catabolite gene activator protein. It was subsequently shown to regulate several functions unrelated to catabolism, and to be both a negative and a positive regulator of transcription. Cell surface cyclic AMP receptors are not included (CYCLIC AMP RECEPTORS), nor are the eukaryotic cytoplasmic cyclic AMP receptor proteins, which are the regulatory subunits of CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES.

UI = D002373

 

Catalase

AN = /defic: consider also CATALASE /blood (IM) + METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS (IM)

UI = D002374

 

Catalepsy

MS = Sustained immobility of postures or physical attitude.

UI = D002375

 

Cataloging

AN = IM

UI = D002376

 

Catalogs

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; no qualif; do not confuse with Publication Type CATALOGS CATALOG: form qualif /catalogs & double forms are available

MS = Ordered compilations of item descriptions and sufficient information to afford access to them.

UI = D002377

 

Catalogs, Booksellers'

AN = no qualif CATALOG: /geog /form

UI = D002378

 

Catalogs, Commercial

AN = no qualif CATALOG: /geog /form

UI = D002379

 

Catalogs, Drug

AN = no qualif CATALOG: /geog /form

UI = D002380

 

Catalogs, Library

AN = no qualif CATALOG: /geog /form

UI = D002381

 

Catalogs, Publishers'

AN = no qualif CATALOG: /geog /form

UI = D002382

 

Catalogs, Union

AN = no qualif CATALOG: /geog /form

UI = D002383

 

Catalysis

AN = NIM

UI = D002384

 

Cataplexy

AN = abrupt attack of musc weakness & hypotonia of emotional origin

MS = A condition in which there are abrupt attacks of muscular weakness and hypotonia triggered by an emotional stimulus such as mirth, anger, fear, or surprise. It is often associated with narcolepsy. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002385

 

Cataract

AN = lens opacity; do not confuse X ref PSEUDOAPHAKIA (a synonym for membranous cataract) with PSEUDOPHAKIA, the presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction

MS = Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002386

 

Cataract Extraction

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical removal of a cataractous lens. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002387

 

Catastrophic Illness

AN = usually GEN & IM; if a specific catastrophic illiness, coord IM with specific dis (IM)

MS = An acute or prolonged illness usually considered to be life-threatening or with the threat of serious residual disability. Treatment may be radical and is frequently costly.

UI = D002388

 

Catatonia

MS = Reaction characterized by muscular rigidity or stupor sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)

UI = D002389

 

Catchment Area (Health)

AN = specify geog; DF: CATCHMENT AREA CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A geographic area defined and served by a health program or institution.

UI = D002391

 

Catechin

AN = from plants; /biosyn permitted if by plant

MS = 3,3',4',5,7-Flavanpentol. Extracted from Uncaria gambier, Acacia catechu and other plants; it stabilizes collagen and is therefore used in tanning and dyeing; it prevents capillary fragility and abnormal permeability, but was formerly used as an antidiarrheal. Synonyms: Cachou; Cashoo; Cutch.

UI = D002392

 

Catechol Estrogens (see Estrogens, Catechol)

 

Catechol O-Methyltransferase

MS = An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to a catechol or catecholamine such as dopa, dopamine, epinephrine, or norepinephrine. The enzyme occurs in the cytoplasm, particularly in the kidney, liver, and central nervous system. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1.6.

UI = D002394

 

Catecholamines

AN = if only EPINEPHRINE & NOREPINEPHRINE are discussed index under each & not also here

MS = A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine.

UI = D002395

 

Catechols

MS = A group of 1,2-benzenediols that contain the general formula R-C6H5O2.

UI = D002396

 

Catfish

AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; channel catfish (called ICTALURUS) does not go here: note CHANNEL CATFISH see ICTALURIDAE

MS = Common name to express the order Siluriformes. This order contains many families and over 2,000 species, including venomous species. Heteropneustes and Plotosus genera have dangerous stings and are aggressive. Most species are passive stingers.

UI = D002397

 

Catgut

MS = Sterile collagen strands obtained from healthy mammals. They are used as absorbable surgical ligatures and are frequently impregnated with chromium or silver for increased strength. They tend to cause tissue reaction.

UI = D002398

 

Catharsis

AN = no qualif

MS = The release of ideas, thoughts, and repressed material from the unconscious, accompanied by an emotional response and relief. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002399

 

Cathartics

MS = Agents that promote and/or ease defecation by accelerating the passage of feces through the large intestine, by influencing the consistency and amount of stool, and by facilitating the elimination of feces from the rectum. The terms laxative and cathartic reflect the typical intensity and latency of effect. A cathartic usually produces prompt fluid evacuation, while a laxative usually produces a soft formed stool over a protracted period; the same drug may act as a laxative or a cathartic depending on the dose administered or individual patient sensitivity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p941)

UI = D002400

 

Cathepsin B

MS = A lysosomal cysteine proteinase which hydrolyzes proteins, with a specificity resembling that of papain. The enzyme is present in a variety of tissues and is important in many physiological and pathological processes. In pathology, cathepsin B has been found to be involved in demyelination, emphysema, rheumatoid arthritis, and neoplastic infiltration. EC 3.4.22.1.

UI = D002401

 

Cathepsin D

MS = An intracellular proteinase found in a variety of tissue. It has specificity similar to but narrower than that of pepsin A. The enzyme is involved in catabolism of cartilage and connective tissue. EC 3.4.23.5. (Formerly EC 3.4.4.23).

UI = D002402

 

Cathepsins

MS = A group of lysosomal proteinases or endopeptidases found in aqueous extracts of a variety of animal tissue. They function optimally within an acidic pH range.

UI = D002403

 

Catheterization

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CATH

MS = Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.

UI = D002404

 

Catheterization, Central Venous

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CATH CENTRAL

MS = Placement of an intravenous catheter in the subclavian, jugular, or other central vein for central venous pressure determination, chemotherapy, hemodialysis, or hyperalimentation.

UI = D002405

 

Catheterization, Peripheral

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CATH PERIPHERAL

MS = Insertion of a catheter into a peripheral artery, vein, or airway for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

UI = D002406

 

Catheterization, Swan-Ganz

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CATH SWAN GANZ

MS = Placement of a flow-directed catheter (developed by cardiologists Swan and Ganz) for measuring pulmonary arterial pressures. The catheter is introduced into the venous system via the basilic, internal jugular, or subclavian vein, and is guided by blood flow into the superior vena cava, the right atrium and ventricle, and into the pulmonary artery. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002407

 

Catheters, Indwelling

AN = NIM; when IM, coord with specific site (NIM) if pertinent

MS = Catheters designed to be left within an organ or passage for an extended period of time.

UI = D002408

 

Cathexis

AN = no qualif

MS = Attachment, conscious or unconscious, of emotional feeling and significance to an idea, object or most commonly a person.

UI = D002409

 

Catholicism

AN = IM; specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The Christian faith, practice, or system of the Catholic Church, specifically the Roman Catholic, the Christian church that is characterized by a hierarchic structure of bishops and priests in which doctrinal and disciplinary authority are dependent upon apostolic succession, with the pope as head of the episcopal college. (From Webster, 3d ed; American Heritage Dictionary, 2d college ed)

UI = D002410

 

Cation Exchange Resins

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = High molecular weight insoluble polymers which contain functional cationic groups that are capable of undergoing exchange reactions; used in various types of chromatography; also to treat hyperkalemia.

UI = D002411

 

Cations

AN = GEN or unspecified; avoid as too general: prefer specifics; use qualif discreetly: few apply

MS = Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

UI = D002412

 

Cations, Divalent

AN = NIM: avoid as IM except when general only: prefer specifics; use qualif discreetly: few apply

MS = Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms with a valence of plus 2, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

UI = D002413

 

Cations, Monovalent

AN = NIM: avoid as IM except when general only: prefer specifics; use qualif discreetly: few apply

MS = Positively charged atoms, radicals or group of atoms with a valence of plus 1, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

UI = D002414

 

 

Ca(2+)-Transporting ATPase

AN = DF: CA ATPASE

MS = An enzyme found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicle membrane. During the relaxation of skeletal muscles and muscle rich in mitochondria, this enzyme catalyzes the active transport of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles from the sarcoplasm. It requires micromolar concentrations of Ca(2+) and utilizes MgATP as a substrate. (Prog Biophys Mol Biol 1988;52(1):1). EC 3.6.1.38.

UI = D000252

 

 

Cats

AN = check tag: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; restrict to domestic cat (Felis catus): not for the so-called "big cats" (leopards, panthers, etc.: see X refs at CARNIVORA); CAT DISEASES is also available

MS = The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family Felidae, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1192)

UI = D002415

 

Cattell Personality Factor Questionnaire

MS = Self report questionnaire which yields 16 scores on personality traits, such as reserved vs. outgoing, humble vs. assertive, etc.

UI = D002416

 

Cattle

AN = check tag: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; not for all Bovidae: only cows, yaks & zebus

MS = Domesticated bovine animals usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

UI = D002417

 

Cattle Diseases

AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM) or specific cattle dis (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under CATTLE /abnorm or CATTLE /inj; includes diseases of yaks & zebus but does not include diseases of BISON or BUFFALOES; don't forget also check tags CATTLE (NIM) & ANIMAL; DF: CATTLE DIS

MS = Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.

UI = D002418

 

Caucasoid Race

AN = includes Europeans, Hamites, Indo-Dravidians, Lapps, Middle East natives, Polynesians (Maori are Polynesians native to New Zealand), Ainus in Japan; do not index here routinely: use only when point of article in a racial (i.e., genetic or physiol) context; specify geog if pertinent; differentiate from WHITES (a cultural or ethnic concept; see note there); Manual 30.6.4: restricted indexing; Manual 30.6.7: policy on race & sample indexing CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A major racial group distinguished by classification according to physical features. This group, also called Europoid, centers around the Mediterranean Sea but includes central and northern Europe. They are indigenous also to northern Africa, southwestern Asia, and India. (Winick: Dictionary of Anthropology, 1972; American Heritage Dictionary, 2d College ed)

UI = D002419

 

Cauda Equina

AN = a collection of spinal nerve roots; Latin for horse's tail; dis: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM); cauda equina syndrome: coord IM with NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES (IM)

MS = The collection of spinal roots that descend from the lower part of the spinal cord and occupy the vertebral canal below the cord; their appearance resembles the tail of a horse. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002420

 

Caudate Nucleus

AN = part of the neostriatum

MS = Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain.

UI = D002421

 

Causalgia

AN = a form of neuralgia; GEN or unspecified (IM); coord (IM) with specific nerve (IM)

MS = A burning pain, often accompanied by trophic skin changes, due to injury of a peripheral nerve. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002422

 

Cause of Death

AN = note categories; do not use for cause of death in every clinical case; restrict to cause of death as an epidemiological consideration: "mortality by cause of death", "certification of cause of death"; probably IM in such cases; coord NIM with specific disease /mortal (IM); specify geog if pertinent

MS = Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint.

UI = D002423

 

Caustics

AN = usually but not always hydroxides of light metals; D25-26 qualif; caustic inj: coord CAUSTICS /adv eff + BURNS, CHEMICAL + organ /inj; see also note on ESOPHAGEAL STENOSIS

MS = Strong alkaline chemicals that destroy soft body tissues resulting in a deep, penetrating type of burn, in contrast to corrosives, that result in a more superficial type of damage via chemical means or inflammation. Caustics are usually hydroxides of light metals. SODIUM HYDROXIDE and potassium hydroxide are the most widely used caustic agents in industry. Medically, they have been used externally to remove diseased or dead tissues and destroy warts and small tumors. The accidental ingestion of products (household and industrial) containing caustic ingredients results in thousands of injuries per year.

UI = D002424

 

Cautery

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord Cat A or C term with /surg

MS = The application of a caustic substance, a hot instrument, an electric current, or other agent to destroy tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002425

 

Cavernous Sinus

AN = a cranial sinus; thrombosis: coord IM with SINUS THROMBOSIS (IM)

MS = An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone.

UI = D002426

 

 

CD4 Immunoadhesins

AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Chimeric molecules resulting from the fusion of recombinant soluble CD4 to the Fc portion of immunoglobulins. These have potential use in the therapy of AIDS since they possess both the gp120-binding and HIV-blocking properties of rCD4 as well as the long plasma half-life and Fc receptor-binding functions of immunoglobulin.

UI = D016860

 

 

 

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes

AN = A 11 qualif; selective target of HIV causing depletion of these lymphocytes in AIDS & other HIV infect; subpopulations: coord IM with T-LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS (IM); count: coord IM with CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT (NIM); DF: note short X ref

MS = A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes, which includes both the helper-inducer (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER) and suppressor-inducer (T-LYMPHOCYTES, SUPPRESSOR-INDUCER) T-cells.

UI = D015496

 

CD4-CD8 Ratio

AN = ratio of T-Lymphocytes expressing CD4 antigen to CD8 antigen

MS = Ratio of T-lymphocytes that express the CD4 antigen to those that express the CD8 antigen. This value is commonly assessed in the diagnosis and staging of diseases affecting the immune system including HIV infection.

UI = D016516

 

 

CDPdiacylglycerol-Serine O-Phosphatidyltransferase

AN = DF: note short X ref

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of phosphatidylserine and CMP from CDPdiglyceride plus serine. EC 2.7.8.8.

UI = D010717

 

 

CD-ROM

AN = a type of compact disk; X ref explains acronym; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = An optical disk storage system for computers on which data can be read or from which data can be retrieved but not entered or modified. A CD-ROM unit is almost identical to the compact disk playback device for home use.

UI = D016251

 

 

CD4 Lymphocyte Count

AN = NIM; coord with disease /immunol, not /physiopathol

MS = A count of the number of CD4-positive lymphocytes in the blood. Determination requires the use of a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer.

UI = D018791

 

 

CD-I

AN = a type of compact disk; X ref explains acronym; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = An optical disk storage system used on specialized players that combine the functions of computer and CD player in a self-contained box, designed to be connected to a television set and a home stereo for video and sound output. The player is controlled with a hand-held remote unit resembling a television remote control. (J Allied Health 1993 Winter;22(1):131-8)

UI = D019034

 

 

CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes

AN = A 11 qualif; a subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes; subpopulations: coord IM with T-LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS (IM); count: coord IM with LYMPHOCYTE COUNT (NIM); DF: note short X ref

MS = A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and suppressor T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, SUPPRESSOR-EFFECTOR).

UI = D018414

 

 

CDC28 Protein Kinase

MS = A protein kinase encoded by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC28 gene and required for progression from the G1 to the S phase in the cell cycle. It is a complex of approximately 160 kD containing a substrate called p40. (Cell 1988 Sep 23;54(7):1061) EC 2.7.1.-.

UI = D017489

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cebidae

AN = New World monkeys; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = The family of New World monkeys consisting of nine subfamilies: ALOUATTINAE (howler monkeys), AOTINAE (night monkeys), Atelinae (spider monkeys), Callicebinae (titis), CALLIMICONINAE (Goeldi's marmosets), CALLITRICHINAE (marmosets), CEBINAE (capuchin monkeys), Pithecinae (sakis), and SAIMIRINAE (squirrel monkeys). They inhabit the forests of South and Central America, comprising the largest family of South American monkeys.

UI = D002427

 

 

Cebinae

AN = New World monkeys; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A subfamily of New World monkeys in the family CEBIDAE. They inhabit the forests of South and Central America and comprise members of the genus CEBUS.

UI = D016646

 

 

 

 

Cebus

AN = New World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A genus of the family CEBIDAE, subfamily CEBINAE, consisting of four species which are divided into two groups, the tufted and untufted. C. apella has tufts of hair over the eyes and sides of the head. The remaining species are without tufts - C. capucinus, C. nigrivultatus, and C. albifrons. Cebus inhabits the forests of Central and South America.

UI = D002428

 

Cecal Diseases

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; cecitis = CECAL DISEASES (IM) + INFLAMMATION (NIM)

UI = D002429

 

Cecal Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D002430

 

Cecostomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical construction of an opening into the cecum with a tube through the abdominal wall (tube cecostomy) or by skin level approach, in which the cecum is sewn to the surrounding peritoneum. Its primary purpose is decompression of colonic obstruction.

UI = D002431

 

Cecum

AN = cecitis = CECAL DISEASES (IM) + INFLAMMATION (NIM)

UI = D002432

 

Cefaclor

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN proposed for oral use.

UI = D002433

 

Cefadroxil

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative proposed especially for children with upper respiratory infections.

UI = D002434

 

Cefamandole

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.

UI = D002435

 

Cefatrizine

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.

UI = D002436

 

Cefazolin

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine. Side effects are similar to those of other cephalosporins.

UI = D002437

 

 

Cefmenoxime

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A cephalosporin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is active against most common gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, is a potent inhibitor of Enterobacteriaceae, and is highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. The drug has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.

UI = D015281

 

Cefmetazole

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.

UI = D015311

 

Cefonicid

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is effective in the treatment of urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.

UI = D015790

 

 

 

Cefoperazone

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed especially against Pseudomonas infections.

UI = D002438

 

Cefotaxime

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin proposed for Pseudomonas infections.

UI = D002439

 

 

Cefotetan

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infections and to date no severe side effects have been noted.

UI = D015313

 

 

 

Cefotiam

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A cephalosporin antibiotic that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It is the drug of choice for biliary tract infections and is a safe drug for perinatal infections.

UI = D015310

 

 

 

Cefoxitin

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.

UI = D002440

 

Cefsulodin

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients.

UI = D002441

 

Ceftazidime

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial derived from CEPHALORIDINE and used especially for Pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients.

UI = D002442

 

 

 

Ceftizoxime

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic which can be administered intravenously or by suppository. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It has few side effects and is reported to be safe and effective in aged patients and in patients with hematologic disorders.

UI = D015296

 

 

 

Ceftriaxone

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to usually inaccessible infections, including those involving the meninges, eyes, inner ears, and urinary tract.

UI = D002443

 

Cefuroxime

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, gonorrhea, and haemophilus.

UI = D002444

 

Celiac Artery

MS = The arterial trunk that arises from the abdominal aorta and after a short course divides into the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries.

UI = D002445

 

Celiac Disease

AN = intestinal malabsorpt in child or adult; non-tropical sprue: do not confuse X ref SPRUE with SPRUE, TROPICAL

MS = A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure.

UI = D002446

 

Celiac Plexus

AN = the largest autonomic plexus; in the abdomen

MS = A complex network of nerve fibers including sympathetic and parasympathetic efferents and visceral afferents. The celiac plexus is the largest of the autonomic plexuses and is located in the abdomen surrounding the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries.

UI = D002447

 

Celiprolol

AN = an antihypertensive & anti-arrhythmic

MS = A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic antagonist that may act as a partial agonist at some adrenergic sites.

UI = D017272

 

 

 

 

 

Cell Adhesion

AN = NIM; permitted with micro-organisms but BACTERIAL ADHESION is available

MS = Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

UI = D002448

 

Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuron-Glia

AN = do not confuse with CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, NEURONAL

MS = Cell adhesion molecules that mediate neuron-neuron adhesion and neuron-astrocyte adhesion. They are expressed on neurons and Schwann cells, but not astrocytes and are involved in neuronal migration, neurite fasciculation, and outgrowth. Ng-CAM is immunologically and structurally distinct from NCAM (Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules).

UI = D019062

 

 

Cell Aggregation

AN = NIM; not for micro-organisms

MS = The phenomenon by which dissociated cells intermixed in vitro tend to group themselves with cells of their own type.

UI = D002449

 

 

Cell Adhesion Molecules

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CAMS

MS = Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis.

UI = D015815

 

 

 

Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal

AN = do not confuse with CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, NEURON-GLIA; do not confuse X ref NEURONAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES with NCAM for X ref NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULE

MS = Surface ligands that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion and function in the assembly and interconnection of the vertebrate nervous system. These molecules promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These are not to be confused with NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule), now known to be expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types in addition to nervous tissue.

UI = D015816

 

Cell Aging

AN = not for micro-organisms

MS = The decrease in the cell's ability to proliferate with the passing of time. Each cell is programmed for a certain number of cell divisions and at the end of that time proliferation halts. The cell enters a quiescent state after which it experiences CELL DEATH via the process of APOPTOSIS.

UI = D016922

 

Cell Communication

AN = not for micro-organisms

MS = Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP.

UI = D002450

 

Cell Compartmentation

AN = permitted with micro-organisms

MS = A partitioning within cells due to the selectively permeable membranes which enclose each of the separate parts, e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.

UI = D002451

 

Cell Count

AN = NIM; not for micro-organisms

MS = A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample.

UI = D002452

 

Cell Culture

AN = note category: do not confuse with CELLS, CULTURED (Cat A); NIM; ORGAN CULTURE & TISSUE CULTURE are also available

MS = A technique for maintenance or growth of animal cells in vitro. It refers to cultures derived from dispersed cells taken from the original tissue, from a primary culture, or from a cell line or cell strain by enzymatic, mechanical, or chemical disaggregation. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Freshney, Culture of Animal Cells, 3d ed, p1)

UI = D018929

 

 

 

Cell Cycle

AN = NIM specific cell when merely test cell; coord with specific cell /cytol; permitted with micro-organisms; for various phases see note on CELL DIVISION; INTERPHASE is also available: see X refs there

MS = The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells.

UI = D002453

 

Cell Cycle Proteins

AN = DNA-binding proteins; control cell division cycle; DF: note short X ref

MS = Proteins that control the cell division cycle. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and phosphoprotein phosphatases (PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASE) as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, and transcription factors.

UI = D018797

 

Cell Death

AN = NIM; not for micro-organisms

MS = The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

UI = D016923

 

 

 

Cell Degranulation

AN = "the process of losing cytoplasmic granules"; IM; coord with specific cell /physiol (IM)

MS = The process of losing cytoplasmic granules. This occurs in mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and platelets when secretory products are released from the granules.

UI = D015550

 

 

Cell Differentiation

AN = NIM; cell differentiation is a normal process in morphogenesis: do not confuse with CYTOPATHOGENIC EFFECT, VIRAL or CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; the specific differentiating cell: coord CELL DIFFERENTIATION with specific cell /cytol, not /growth; not for micro-organisms; DF: CELL DIFFER

MS = Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

UI = D002454

 

Cell Division

AN = NIM; coord with specific cell /cytol; permitted with micro-organisms; 1st phase = PROPHASE, 2d phase = METAPHASE, 3d phase = ANAPHASE, final phase = TELOPHASE; INTERPHASE (a stage of CELL CYCLE, not CELL DIVISION) & its indentions are also available

MS = The fission of a cell.

UI = D002455

 

Cell Division Phases

AN = not used for indexing

MS = The stages which a cell undergoes when dividing. There are four successive phases: PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, and TELEPHASE.

UI = D002456

 

Cell Extracts

AN = extracts of cells or cell fractions containing uncharacterized factors; do not confuse with chemical substances "extracted" from cells; not for micro-organisms

MS = Preparations of cell constituents or subcellular materials, isolates, or substances.

UI = D002457

 

Cell Fractionation

AN = separation of cell components within the cell: do not confuse with CELL SEPARATION; NIM, no qualif; when IM, /instrum /methods permitted; permitted with micro-organisms

UI = D002458

 

Cell Fusion

AN = NIM; not for micro-organisms; somatic cells only: not for sperm-ovum fusion ( = fertilization)

MS = Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization.

UI = D002459

 

 

 

 

Cell Hypoxia

AN = NIM; not for micro-organisms

MS = A condition of decreased oxygen content at the cellular level.

UI = D015687

 

Cell Line

AN = almost never IM; no qualif when NIM, A 11 qualif when IM; TN 183: relation to CELLS, CULTURED & TISSUE CULTURE; policy: Manual 21.57, 22.26.1

UI = D002460

 

Cell Line, Transformed

AN = a cell line which "undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor; occurs spontaneously or with viruses, oncogenes, radiation or drugs/chemicals"; almost never IM; no qualif when NIM, A 11 qualif when IM

MS = Eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. It occurs spontaneously or through interaction with viruses, oncogenes, radiation, or drugs/chemicals.

UI = D002461

 

 

Cell Lineage

AN = note category: developmental hist of cell from first division of original cell; do not confuse with CELL LINE which is derived from cultured cells; IM GEN only

MS = The developmental history of cells as traced from the first division of the original cell or cells in the embryo.

UI = D019070

 

 

Cell Membrane

AN = NIM: coord with specific cell /ultrastruct (IM); IM only if point of article irrespective of identity of cell /ultrastruct (NIM); A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; permitted with micro-organisms

MS = The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In most types of microbial cell it is bordered externally by the CELL WALL. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

UI = D002462

 

Cell Membrane Permeability

AN = coord with substance /pharmacokin (IM) or /metab (IM)

MS = A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

UI = D002463

 

Cell Migration Inhibition

AN = no qualif; do not confuse with LEUKOCYTE ADHERENCE INHIBITION TEST

MS = Phenomenon of cell-mediated immunity measured by in vitro inhibition of the migration or phagocytosis of antigen-stimulated leukocytes or macrophages. Specific assays have been developed to estimate levels of migration inhibitory factor, immune reactivity against tumor-associated antigens, and immunosuppressive effects of infectious microorganisms.

UI = D002464

 

Cell Movement

AN = not for micro-organisms; coord IM with cell term (IM or NIM)

MS = The movement of cells from one location to another.

UI = D002465

 

Cell Nucleolus

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

MS = Within most types of eukaryotic CELL NUCLEUS, a distinct region, not delimited by a membrane, in which some species of rRNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) are synthesized and assembled into ribonucleoprotein subunits of ribosomes. In the nucleolus rRNA is transcribed from a nucleolar organizer, i.e., a group of tandemly repeated chromosomal genes which encode rRNA and which are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

UI = D002466

 

Cell Nucleus

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

MS = Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

UI = D002467

 

Cell Physiology

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CELL PHYSIOL

MS = Characteristics and physiological processes of cells from cell division to cell death.

UI = D002468

 

 

 

Cell Polarity

AN = orientation of intracell struct to plasma membrane

MS = Orientation of intracellular structures especially with respect to the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. Polarized cells must direct proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the appropriate domain since tight junctions prevent proteins from diffusing between the two domains.

UI = D016764

 

 

Cell Respiration

AN = NIM; not for micro-organisms; for plant resp, coord NIM with PLANTS /metab (IM) or specific plant /metab (IM); CELL HYPOXIA is also available

MS = The exergonic metabolic processes in living cells, animal or plant, by which molecular oxygen is taken in, organic substances are oxidized, free energy is released, and carbon dioxide, water, and other oxidized products are given off by the cell. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1448)

UI = D019069

 

 

 

 

Cell Separation

AN = separation of 2 or more cells; do not confuse with CELL FRACTIONATION; NIM, no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; not for micro-organisms; flow cell sorting & fluorescence- activated cell sorting: coord with FLOW CYTOMETRY

UI = D002469

 

Cell Size

AN = not for micro-org; NIM; coord with organ /cytol or /pathol (IM) or specific cell /cytol or /pathol (IM)

MS = The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells.

UI = D017226

 

 

 

Cell Survival

AN = NIM; not for micro-organisms

MS = The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

UI = D002470

 

Cell Transformation, Neoplastic

AN = do not confuse with CELL DIFFERENTIATION, a normal process in morphogenesis; Manual 24.4.1.10+; DF: CELL TRANSFORM NEOPL

MS = Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.

UI = D002471

 

Cell Transformation, Viral

AN = "changes in cell divis & growth ... & cell surface properties, induced by infection with transforming virus": do not confuse with CYTOPATHOGENIC EFFECT, VIRAL, morphol changes in cells or tissue during virus cultivation; DF: CELL TRANSFORM VIRAL

MS = An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.

UI = D002472

 

Cell Transplantation

AN = GEN & unspecified only: prefer /transpl with specific cells except blood cells (index under BLOOD COMPONENT TRANSFUSION or specific indention) (Manual 19.7+, 19.8.75); for transpl of cells of organs (lung cells), coord IM with organ /cytol (IM) (LUNG /cytol); available also are several types of technical transpl terms (e.g., TRANSPLANTATION, HETEROLOGOUS); immunol of cell transpl = TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY; DF: CELL TRANSPL

MS = Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species.

UI = D017690

 

 

 

Cell Wall

AN = NIM; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

MS = In most algae, bacteria, and fungi, the structure which forms a (usually rigid) layer external to the CELL MEMBRANE and which is responsible for the shape of the organism and for protecting it from mechanical damage, osmotic lysis, etc. It may also serve as a permeability barrier, e.g., to antibiotics and other substances. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

UI = D002473

 

Cell Wall Skeleton

AN = restrict to bacteria; a mucoprotein of the bact cell wall: do not confuse with CYTOSKELETON, a network within the cytoplasm; coord IM with specific bacterium /ultrastruct, /chem or other pertinent qualif

MS = A mucoprotein found in the cell wall of various types of bacteria. It has adjuvant and antitumor activities and has been used to augment the production of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells.

UI = D017358

 

 

Cell-Free System

AN = for study of subcellular fractions; not for micro-organisms; NIM; use A 11 qualif discreetly

MS = A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)

UI = D002474

 

Cellobiose

AN = a disaccharide

MS = A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose.

UI = D002475

 

Cellophane

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = A generic name for film produced from wood pulp by the viscose process. It is a thin, transparent sheeting of regenerated cellulose, moisture-proof and sometimes dyed, and used chiefly as food wrapping or as bags for dialysis. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D002476

 

Cells

AN = GEN: avoid: /cytol is available with Cat A, as liver cell or hepatocyte = LIVER /cytol; /cytol is available also with Cat B; cell cycle, cell stages = CELL CYCLE; cell synchronization: index under CYTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES (NIM) CATALOG: form qualif permitted

MS = Minute protoplasmic masses that make up organized tissue, consisting of a nucleus which is surrounded by protoplasm which contains the various organelles and is enclosed in the cell or plasma membrane. Cells are the fundamental, structural, and functional units of living organisms. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002477

 

Cells, Cultured

AN = note category: do not confuse with CELL CULTURE (Cat E); not for bact or other micro-organisms; almost never IM; no qualif when NIM; A 11 qualif when IM; cell density in cultures & cell culture density: coord with CELL COUNT (NIM); TUMOR CELLS, CULTURED is available

MS = Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

UI = D002478

 

 

Cells, Immobilized

AN = NIM; specify cell if relevant, probably NIM; A 11 qualif

MS = Microbial, plant, or animal cells which are immobilized by attachment to solid structures, usually a column matrix. A common use of immobilized cells is in biotechnology for the bioconversion of a substrate to a particular product. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

UI = D018914

 

 

Cellulase

MS = An enzyme isolated from fungi and bacteria. It catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans. EC 3.2.1.4.

UI = D002480

 

Cellulitis

AN = "inflammation of loose connective tissue"; "cellulite" in Amer or Eng lit is indexed under OBESITY (IM) + ADIPOSE TISSUE (IM), in French lit "cellulite" can be "cellulite" or CELLULITIS

MS = An acute, diffuse, suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle. It occurs most commonly as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesion by various bacteria, but may also occur in previously normal skin especially in the presence of edema of lymphatic, renal, or hypostatic origin.

UI = D002481

 

Cellulose

MS = A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in CELLOBIOSE. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations.

UI = D002482

 

Cellulose, Oxidized

AN = a hemostatic; D25-26 qualif

MS = A cellulose of varied carboxyl content retaining the fibrous structure. It is used as a local hemostatic and as a matrix for normal blood coagulation.

UI = D002483

 

Cementation

MS = The joining of objects by means of a cement (e.g., in fracture fixation, such as in hip arthroplasty for joining of the acetabular component to the femoral component). In dentistry, it is used for the process of attaching parts of a tooth or restorative material to a natural tooth or for the attaching of orthodontic bands to teeth by means of an adhesive.

UI = D002484

 

Cementoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = An odontogenic fibroma in which cells have developed into cementoblasts and which consists largely of cementum.

UI = D002485

 

 

Censuses

AN = for modern & hist censuses; IM; specify geog

MS = Enumerations of populations usually recording identities of all persons in every place of residence with age or date of birth, sex, occupation, national origin, language, marital status, income, relation to head of household, information on the dwelling place, education, literacy, health-related data (e.g., permanent disability), etc. The census or "numbering of the people" is mentioned several times in the Old Testament. Among the Romans, censuses were intimately connected with the enumeration of troops before and after battle and probably a military necessity. (From Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 3d ed; Garrison, An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 4th ed, p66, p119)

UI = D019352

 

 

Centchroman

AN = a contraceptive

MS = A non-steroidal anti-fertility agent with anti-hormonal properties.

UI = D002486

 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)

AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as NIH/PHS SUP; DF: CDC or CDCP CATALOG: use NAF entry

MS = An agency of the UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE that conducts and supports programs for the prevention and control of disease and provides consultation and assistance to health departments and other countries.

UI = D002487

 

Central African Republic

AN = a country in central Africa, formerly Ubangi-Shari

MS = A republic in central Africa lying south of CHAD, west of SUDAN, north of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, and east of CAMEROON. In 1906 it united with Chad to form the French colony of Ubangi-Shari-Chad and, through various changes in status, achieved independence in 1960. The earlier name Ubangi-Shari comes from the Bantu u (land or country) + bangi (rapid), with reference to the current of the river and territory through which it flows, and Shari or Chari, a native word for river. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p233 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p370, 562)

UI = D002488

 

Central America

UI = D002489

 

Central Nervous System

AN = text must discuss both brain & spinal cord; prefer BRAIN or SPINAL CORD; neural tube: index CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM /embryol; "CNS effects" or "central effects" of drugs in texts usually means BRAIN /drug eff, not CNS /drug eff; /drug eff: consider terms in D14 & D15

MS = That portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002490

 

Central Nervous System Agents

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; consider also CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff & BRAIN /drug eff; DF: CNS AGENTS

MS = A class of drugs producing both physiological and psychological effects through a variety of mechanisms. They can be divided into "specific" agents, e.g., affecting an identifiable molecular mechanism unique to target cells bearing receptors for that agent, and "nonspecific" agents, those producing effects on different target cells and acting by diverse molecular mechanisms. Those with nonspecific mechanisms are generally further classed according to whether they produce behavioral depression or stimulation. Those with specific mechanisms are classed by locus of action or specific therapeutic use. (From Gilman AG, et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p252)

UI = D002491

 

Central Nervous System Depressants

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; consider also CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff or BRAIN /drug eff; DF: CNS DEPRESS

MS = A very loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system. The major groups included here are ethyl alcohol, anesthetics, hypnotics and sedatives, narcotics, and tranquilizing agents (antipsychotics and antianxiety agents).

UI = D002492

 

Central Nervous System Diseases

AN = text must discuss both brain & spinal cord diseases; prefer specifics; DF: CNS DIS

UI = D002493

 

Central Nervous System Infections

AN = must be both brain + spinal cord; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific infect (IM); DF: CNS INFECT

MS = Diseases of the central nervous sytem collectively, caused by pathogenic organisms.

UI = D002494

 

 

Central Nervous System Neoplasms

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer BRAIN NEOPLASMS or SPINAL CORD NEOPLASMS or MENINGEAL NEOPLASMS or their precoord specifics; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); DF: CNS NEOPL

MS = Neoplasms located in the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.

UI = D016543

 

 

Central Nervous System Stimulants

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff & BRAIN /drug eff; DF: CNS STIMULANTS

MS = A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to increase behavioral alertness, agitation, or excitation. They work by a variety of mechanisms, but usually not by direct excitation of neurons. The many drugs that have such actions as side effects to their main therapeutic use are not included here.

UI = D000697

 

 

 

Central Supply, Hospital

AN = do not confuse with CENTRALIZED HOSPITAL SERVICES

MS = Hospital department responsible for receiving, storing, and distributing medical and surgical supplies and equipment.

UI = D002495

 

Central Venous Pressure

MS = The venous pressure as measured at the right atrium, done by means of a catheter introduced through the median cubital vein to the superior vena cava, the distal end of the catheter being attached to a manometer. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002496

 

Centralized Hospital Services

AN = do not confuse with CENTRAL SUPPLY, HOSPITAL; DF: CENTRALIZED HOSP SERV

MS = The coordination of services in one area of a facility to improve efficiency.

UI = D002497

 

 

Centric Relation

AN = NIM; no qualif; DF: CENTRIC RELAT

MS = The location of the maxillary and the mandibular condyles when they are in their most posterior and superior positions in their fossae of the temporomandibular joint.

UI = D016302

 

 

 

Centrifugation

AN = as a lab technique & to simulate gravitational eff in space; NIM

MS = Process of using a rotating machine to generate centrifugal force to separate substances of different densities, remove moisture, or simulate gravitational effects. It employs a large motor-driven apparatus with a long arm, at the end of which human and animal subjects, biological specimens, or equipment can be revolved and rotated at various speeds to study gravitational effects. (From Websters, 10th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D002498

 

Centrifugation, Density Gradient

AN = a type of ultracentrif; NIM; index sucrose density gradient centrif here but ignore SUCROSE

MS = Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D002499

 

Centrifugation, Isopycnic

AN = a type of density gradient centrif; NIM

MS = Centrifugation in which the solvent is of the same density as the substance to be isolated. From the Greek iso-, equal and pyknos, thick. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002500

 

Centrifugation, Zonal

AN = a type of density gradient centrif; NIM

MS = Centrifugation using a rotating chamber of large capacity in which to separate cell organelles by density-gradient centrifugation. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D002501

 

Centrioles

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

MS = Self-replicating, short, fibrous, rod-shaped organelles. Each centriole is a short cylinder containing nine pairs of peripheral microtubules, arranged so as to form the wall of the cylinder.

UI = D002502

 

Centromere

MS = The clear constricted portion of the chromosome at which the chromatids are joined and by which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division.

UI = D002503

 

Centrosome

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol

MS = The cell center, consisting of a pair of centrioles surrounded by a cloud of amorphous material. During interphase, the centrosome nucleates microtubule outgrowth. In prophase the centrosome duplicates and separates to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle (MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS).

UI = D018385

 

 

Cephacetrile

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Derivative of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.

UI = D002505

 

Cephalexin

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.

UI = D002506

 

Cephaloglycin

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A cephalorsporin antibiotic.

UI = D002507

 

Cephalometry

AN = living skull only; for dead skull, use CRANIOMETRY; do not restrict to radiogr cephalometry & do not restrict to dental; NIM

MS = Scientific measurement of the dimensions of the head. In dentistry, certain combinations of measurements developed from tracing the oriented lateral and frontal radiographic head film are used to assess craniofacial growth and development and to determine the nature of the orthodontic treatment response.

UI = D002508

 

Cephaloridine

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A cephalosporin antibiotic.

UI = D002509

 

 

Cephalosporanic Acids

AN = a group of lactams

MS = A family of organic compounds that are composed of a dihydrothiazine ring and a beta-lactam ring.

UI = D018905

 

Cephalosporin Resistance

AN = coord IM with specific cephalosporin (IM)

MS = Non-susceptibility of an organism to the action of the cephalosporins.

UI = D018550

 

Cephalosporinase

UI = D002510

 

Cephalosporins

MS = A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium acremonium). They contain the beta-lactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.

UI = D002511

 

Cephalothin

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A cephalosporin antibiotic.

UI = D002512

 

Cephamycins

MS = Naturally occurring family of beta-lactam cephalosporin-type antibiotics having a 7-methoxy group and possessing marked resistance to the action of beta-lactamases from gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.

UI = D002513

 

Cephapirin

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.

UI = D002514

 

Cephradine

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.

UI = D002515

 

Ceramics

AN = not restricted to dentistry; D25-26 qualif

MS = Products made by baking or firing nonmetallic minerals (clay and similar materials). In making dental restorations or parts of restorations the material is fused porcelain. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

UI = D002516

 

Ceramide Trihexosidase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a ceramidetrihexoside to a ceramidedihexoside plus galactose. EC 3.2.1.47.

UI = D002517

 

Ceramides

AN = carbohydrate ceramides: index under CEREBROSIDES (one carbohydrate group) or GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS (more than one carbohydrate group)

MS = Members of the class of neutral glycosphingolipids. They are the basic units of SPHINGOLIPIDS. They are sphingoids attached via their amino groups to a long chain fatty acyl group. They abnormally accumulate in FABRY DISEASE.

UI = D002518

 

Ceratopogonidae

AN = do not confuse X ref CULICOIDES with CULEX, mosquito; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111; gall midges: index under DIPTERA

MS = A family of biting midges, in the order DIPTERA. It includes the genus Culicoides which transmits filarial parasites pathogenic to man and other primates.

UI = D002519

 

 

Cercocebus

AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE inhabiting the African forests. They are also known as mangabeys.

UI = D016664

 

Cercocebus atys

AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A species of Old World monkeys from the genera CERCOCEBUS that is important in AIDS research. They may be naturally or experimentally infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus. They inhabit African forests from Sierra Leone to the Congo Republic.

UI = D016665

 

 

 

 

 

Cercopithecidae

AN = a family of Old World monkeys: do not confuse with CERCOPITHECINAE, a subfamily; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = The family of Old World monkeys and baboons consisting of two subfamilies: CERCOPITHECINAE and COLOBINAE. They are found in Africa and part of Asia.

UI = D002520

 

 

Cercopithecinae

AN = a subfamily of Old World monkeys: do not confuse with CERCOPITHECIDAE, the family; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A subfamily of the Old World monkeys, CERCOPITHECIDAE. They inhabit the forests and savannas of Africa. This subfamily contains the following genera: CERCOCEBUS, CERCOPITHECUS, ERYTHROCEBUS, MACACA, PAPIO, and THEROPITHECUS.

UI = D016663

 

 

Cercopithecus

AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A genus of Old World monkeys found in Africa although some species have been introduced into the West Indies. This genus is composed of at least twenty species: C. AETHIOPS, C. ascanius, C. campbelli, C. cephus, C. denti, C. diana, C. dryas, C. erythrogaster, C. erythrotis, C. hamlyni, C. lhoesti, C. mitis, C. mona, C. neglectus, C. nictitans, C. petaurista, C. pogonias, C. preussi, C. salongo, and C. wolfi.

UI = D002521

 

Cercopithecus aethiops

AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannas of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIV and is used in AIDS research.

UI = D002522

 

Cereals

AN = the plant, seed or grain; do not restrict to processed grain or cereals such as breakfast food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = Those grasses which yield edible seeds commonly recognized as food grains.

UI = D002523

 

Cerebellar Ataxia

AN = dentate cerebellar ataxia = CEREBELLAR DYSSYNERGIA; familial: consider also SPINOCEREBELLAR DEGENERATION

UI = D002524

 

Cerebellar Cortex

UI = D002525

 

Cerebellar Diseases

AN = GEN: prefer specifics

UI = D002526

 

Cerebellar Dyssynergia

AN = also called dentate cerebellar ataxia & Ramsay Hunt dentate syndrome; note X refs: named for Amer neurologist James Ramsay Hunt: spell Ramsay Hunt in titles & translations without hyphen

MS = A condition marked by generalized intention tremors associated with disturbance of muscle tone and of muscular coordination, caused by a disorder of cerebellar function. (Dorland, 27th ed.)

UI = D002527

 

Cerebellar Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = Neoplasms located in the cerebellum.

UI = D002528

 

Cerebellar Nuclei

MS = Four accumulations of gray substance embedded in the white substance of the cerebellum, comprising the nucleus dentatus, nucleus emboliformis, nucleus globosus, and nucleus fastigii. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002529

 

Cerebellopontine Angle

AN = diseases: coord IM with CEREBELLAR DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord (IM) with CEREBELLAR NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = Junction between the cerebellum and the pons.

UI = D002530

 

Cerebellum

AN = cerebellar artery = CEREBELLUM /blood supply (IM) + ARTERIES (NIM)

UI = D002531

 

 

Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

AN = amyloid deposits in cerebral cortex & meninges

MS = A pathological condition characterized by the deposition of amyloid in the walls of small vessels in the cerebral cortex and meninges. This biochemically heterogeneous entity is most commonly associated with stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, and miscellaneous neurologic conditions. Cerebral hemorrhage is common in persons with this condition.

UI = D016657

 

 

 

Cerebral Aneurysm

AN = aneurysm of cerebral artery; congen cerebral arteriovenous aneurysm = CEREBRAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS

MS = A saccular aneurysm of a cerebral artery, usually at the junction of vessels in the circle of Willis, having a narrow opening into the artery.

UI = D002532

 

Cerebral Angiography

AN = GEN or unspecified only: not a substitute for CEREBRAL ARTERIES /radiogr or CEREBRAL VEINS /radiogr; NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CEREBRAL ANGIOGR

MS = Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium.

UI = D002533

 

Cerebral Anoxia

AN = reduced supply of oxygen to the brain; do not confuse with CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA, reduced blood supply

MS = A reduced supply of oxygen to the brain.

UI = D002534

 

Cerebral Aqueduct

UI = D002535

 

Cerebral Arteries

AN = for cerebral arteries in general or unspecified or for specific cerebral arteries not in MeSH or as coord (IM) for arteries of specific parts of brain indented under CEREBRAL CORTEX in tree (IM); not as coord for non-cerebrum parts of the brain, as cerebellar artery ( = CEREBELLUM /blood supply (IM) + ARTERIES (NIM), not CEREBRAL ARTERIES); /abnorm: consider also CEREBRAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS

MS = The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex.

UI = D002536

 

Cerebral Arteriosclerosis

UI = D002537

 

Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; congen cerebral arteriovenous fistula or aneurysm: coord IM with ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA /congen (IM) CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Vascular anomalies in which tangles of arteries are connected directly to veins without intervening capillaries. The resulting vessels are thin-walled owing to poorly developed elastic and muscle tissue within the media. They can be located anywhere in the brain and can produce headaches, seizures, focal neurologic deficits, or intracranial hemorrhage. Familial cases are rare, indicating that the problem reflects sporadic abnormalities in embryologic development. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2166)

UI = D002538

 

Cerebral Artery Diseases

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; see note under CEREBRAL ARTERIES for scope of "cerebral arteries"

UI = D002539

 

Cerebral Cortex

AN = /surg: probably CEREBRAL DECORTICATION

MS = The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

UI = D002540

 

Cerebral Decortication

AN = "partial or total removal, ablation or destruction of the cerebral cortex; may be chemical"; usually exper; coord IM or NIM with specific part of brain with probably /physiol (IM)

MS = Partial or total removal, ablation, or destruction of the cerebral cortex; may be chemical. It is not used with animals that do not possess a cortex, i.e., it is used only with mammals.

UI = D002541

 

Cerebral Embolism and Thrombosis

AN = DF: CEREBRAL EMBOLISM

MS = Embolism or thrombosis occurring in a cerebral vessel often leading to cerebral infarction.

UI = D002542

 

Cerebral Hemorrhage

UI = D002543

 

Cerebral Infarction

AN = cerebrovasc disord caused by infarct of brain tissue; DF: CEREBRAL INFARCT

MS = Infarction of brain tissue.

UI = D002544

 

Cerebral Ischemia

AN = reduced blood supply to the brain; clin or exper; CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA, TRANSIENT is available; do not confuse with CEREBRAL ANOXIA, reduced oxygen supply

MS = Deficiency in blood supply to the brain.

UI = D002545

 

Cerebral Ischemia, Transient

AN = clin or exper; "nonconvulsive, reversible, focal", lasting from a few minutes up to 24 hrs; note 2d X ref also called TIA

MS = Nonconvulsive, reversible, focal neurologic deficits lasting minutes up to about 24 hours, resulting mainly from arteriosclerosis, emboli, or hypertensive episodes.

UI = D002546

 

Cerebral Palsy

AN = spasticity in cerebral palsy: do not index under MUSCLE SPASTICITY unless especially discussed & then only NIM

MS = A persisting qualitative motor disorder appearing before the age of three years, due to nonprogressive damage to the brain. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002547

 

Cerebral Revascularization

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Microsurgical revascularization to improve intracranial circulation. It usually involves joining the extracranial circulation to the intracranial circulation but may include extracranial revascularization (e.g., subclavian-vertebral artery bypass, subclavian-external carotid artery bypass). It is performed by joining two arteries (direct anastomosis or use of graft) or by free autologous transplantation of highly vascularized tissue to the surface of the brain.

UI = D002548

 

Cerebral Sclerosis, Diffuse

AN = progressive diffuse degen of white matter

MS = Diffuse progressive degeneration of the white matter of the brain, accompanied by mental deterioration, severe motor disturbances, and early death.

UI = D002549

 

Cerebral Veins

MS = Veins draining the cerebrum.

UI = D002550

 

Cerebral Ventricle Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = Neoplasms located in the brain ventricles including the two lateral, third, and fourth ventricles.

UI = D002551

 

Cerebral Ventricles

AN = ventriculitis: coord IM with ENCEPHALITIS (IM)

UI = D002552

 

Cerebral Ventriculography

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CEREBRAL VENTRICULOGR

MS = Radiography of the ventricular system of the brain after injection of air or other contrast medium directly into the cerebral ventricles. It is used also for x-ray computed tomography of the cerebral ventricles.

UI = D014695

 

 

Cerebroside-Sulfatase

AN = /defic: consider also LEUKODYSTROPHY, METACHROMATIC

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cerebroside 3-sulfate (sulfatide) to yield a cerebroside and inorganic sulfate. A marked deficiency of arylsulfatase A, which is considered the heat-labile component of cerebroside sulfatase, has been demonstrated in all forms of metachromatic leukodystrophy (LEUKODYSTROPHY, METACHROMATIC). EC 3.1.6.8.

UI = D002553

 

Cerebrosides

MS = Neutral glycosphingolipids that contain a monosaccharide, normally glucose or galactose, in 1-ortho-beta-glycosidic linkage with the primary alcohol of an N-acyl sphingoid (ceramide). In plants the monosaccharide is normally glucose and the sphingoid usually phytosphingosine. In animals, the monosaccharide is usually galactose, though this may vary with the tissue and the sphingoid is usually sphingosine or dihydrosphingosine. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1st ed)

UI = D002554

 

Cerebrospinal Fluid

AN = IM as substance only: with diseases & drugs, use /csf as qualif: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.12; csf production = /physiol, not /secret; csf pressure = CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PRESSURE; DF: CSF

UI = D002555

 

 

Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure

AN = DF: CSF PRESSURE

MS = Manometric pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid as measured by lumbar, cerebroventricular, or cisternal puncture. Within the cranial cavity it is called INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE.

UI = D015170

 

 

Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins

AN = IM & coord with specific protein /csf (IM)

MS = Proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid, normally albumin and globulin present in the ratio of 8 to 1. Increases in protein levels are of diagnostic value in neurological diseases. (Brain and Bannister's Clinical Neurology, 7th ed, p221)

UI = D002556

 

Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; NIM destination of shunt; VENTRICULOPERITONEAL SHUNT is available

MS = Tubes inserted to create communication between a cerebral ventricle and the internal jugular vein. Their emplacement permits draining of cerebrospinal fluid for relief of hydrocephalus or other condition leading to fluid accumulation in the ventricles.

UI = D002557

 

Cerebrospinal Otorrhea

AN = csf discharge through ear or eustachian tube; DF: CSF OTORRHEA

MS = Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the external auditory meatus or through the eustachian tube into the nasopharynx.

UI = D002558

 

Cerebrospinal Rhinorrhea

AN = csf discharge through nose; DF: CSF RHINORRHEA

MS = Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose.

UI = D002559

 

Cerebrovascular Circulation

AN = consider also BRAIN /blood supply; DF: CEREBROVASCULAR CIRC

MS = The circulation of blood through the vessels of the brain.

UI = D002560

 

Cerebrovascular Disorders

AN = GEN; note X ref APOPLEXY but PITUITARY APOPLEXY is available

UI = D002561

 

Ceremonial Behavior

AN = human & animal; no qualif

MS = A series of actions, sometimes symbolic actions which may be associated with a behavior pattern, and are often indispensable to its performance.

UI = D002562

 

Cerium

AN = a rare earth metal; Ce-140

MS = An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.

UI = D002563

 

Cerium Isotopes

AN = Ce-136, 138, 142; NIM; no qualif

MS = Stable cerium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cerium, but differ in atomic weight. Ce-136, 138, and 142 are stable cerium isotopes.

UI = D002564

 

Cerium Radioisotopes

AN = Ce-132-135, 137, 139, 141-148; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

MS = Unstable isotopes of cerium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ce atoms with atomic weights 132-135, 137, 139, and 141-148 are radioactive cerium isotopes.

UI = D002565

 

 

Cermet Cements

AN = cermet stands for "CERamic" & "METal"; D25-26 qualif

MS = Fluoride-releasing restorative materials made by the sintering of metal (usually silver) particles to glass ionomer powder. Glass ionomers are fluoride-releasing cements that are not very durable. Sintering of the metal particles is a means of improving those physical properties that will make the glass ionomer cement more durable.

UI = D016722

 

 

Ceroid

AN = a lipid pigment

MS = A naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to lipofuscin. It accumulates in various tissues in certain experimental and pathological conditions.

UI = D002566

 

Certificate of Need

AN = regional or area needs, not personal or financial need; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A certificate issued by a governmental body to an individual or organization proposing to construct or modify a health facility, or to offer a new or different service. The process of issuing the certificate is also included.

UI = D002567

 

Certification

AN = by the profession; certif by various bds can go here but consider also LICENSURE; coord IM with specialty or discipline (IM); specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Compliance with a set of standards defined by non-governmental organizations. Certification is applied for by individuals on a voluntary basis and represents a professional status when achieved, e.g., certification for a medical specialty.

UI = D002568

 

Cerulenin

AN = an antifungal antibiotic; do not confuse with CERULEIN see CAERULEIN

MS = 2,3-Epoxy-4-oxo-7,10-dodecadionamide. Antifungal antibiotic isolated from several species, including Acremonium (Cephalosporium), Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function and is used as a biochemical tool.

UI = D002569

 

Ceruloplasmin

AN = an alpha-globulin

UI = D002570

 

Cerumen

MS = The waxlike secretion found within the external meatus of the ear. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002571

 

Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with CERVIX NEOPLASMS (IM); DF: CIN

MS = A malignancy arising in uterine cervical epithelium and confined thereto, representing a continuum of histological changes ranging from well-differentiated CIN 1 (formerly, mild dysplasia) to severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ, CIN 3. The lesion arises at the squamocolumnar cell junction at the transformation zone of the endocervical canal, with a variable tendency to develop invasive epidermoid carcinoma, a tendency that is enhanced by concomitant human papillomaviral infection. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

UI = D018290

 

 

 

Cervical Plexus

AN = a network of spinal nerves

MS = A network of nerve fibers originating in the upper four cervical spinal cord segments. The cervical plexus distributes cutaneous nerves to parts of the neck, shoulders, and back of the head, and motor fibers to muscles of the cervical spinal column, infrahyoid muscles, and the diaphragm.

UI = D002572

 

Cervical Rib Syndrome

AN = a nerve compression syndrome: pain over shoulder radiating down arm & up neck

MS = Pain over the shoulder, often extending down the arm (cervicobrachial) or radiating up the back of the neck due to compression of the nerve and vessels between a cervical rib and the scalenus anticus muscle. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002573

 

Cervical Ripening

MS = A change in the cervix with respect to its readiness to relax. The cervix becomes softer, more flexible, more distensible, and shorter in the final weeks of pregnancy. Though naturally occurring during normal pregnancy, it can also be induced for certain cases of prolonged or high-risk pregnancy by administration of hormones.

UI = D020070

 

 

 

Cervical Vertebrae

AN = do not use as site to locate intraspinal inject or spinal cord inj: restrict to cerv vert as the bones themselves; coord IM with specific spinal disease (IM); inflammation = CERVICAL VERTEBRAE (IM) + SPONDYLITIS (IM)

UI = D002574

 

Cervicitis

AN = inflamm of cervix uteri

MS = Inflammation of the cervix uteri. (Dorland 27th ed)

UI = D002575

 

Cervico-Brachial Neuralgia

MS = Neuralgic pain of acute onset caused by lesions of the peripheral nerves or nerve roots affecting the upper limb, shoulder girdle, or brachial plexus.

UI = D002576

 

Cervix Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = CERVICITIS

UI = D002577

 

Cervix Dysplasia

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A spectrum of histologic changes in the epithelium of the cervix uteri which may begin as a superficial lesion and progress to invasive carcinoma.

UI = D002578

 

Cervix Erosion

UI = D002579

 

Cervix Incompetence

AN = leads to habitual abortion; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

MS = Habitual abortion in which painless bloodless dilatation of the cervix in the second trimester of pregnancy is followed by rupture of membranes and expulsion of a fetus so immature that it usually dies.

UI = D002581

 

Cervix Mucus

MS = A slightly alkaline secretion of the endocervical glands. The consistency and amount are dependent on the physiological hormone changes in the menstrual cycle. It contains the glycoprotein mucin, amino acids, sugar, enzymes, and electrolytes, with a water content up to 90%. The mucus is a useful protection against the ascent of bacteria and sperm into the uterus. (From Dictionary of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1988)

UI = D002582

 

Cervix Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D002583

 

Cervix Uteri

AN = inflammation = CERVICITIS; conization = CERVIX UTERI /pathol (IM) + CONIZATION (IM)

UI = D002584

 

Cesarean Section

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; anesthesia in cesareans: coord IM with ANESTHESIA, OBSTETRICAL (IM)

MS = Extraction of the fetus by means of abdominal hysterotomy.

UI = D002585

 

Cesarean Section, Repeat

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

MS = Extraction of the fetus by abdominal hysterotomy anytime following a previous cesarean.

UI = D017604

 

 

Cesium

AN = an alkali metal; Cs-133

MS = A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.

UI = D002586

 

Cesium Isotopes

AN = Cs-133; NIM; no qualif

MS = Stable cesium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cesium, but differ in atomic weight. Cs-133 is a naturally occurring isotope.

UI = D002587

 

Cesium Radioisotopes

AN = Cs-123,125-32,134-144; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

MS = Unstable isotopes of cesium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cs atoms with atomic weights of 123, 125-132, and 134-145 are radioactive cesium isotopes.

UI = D002588

 

Cestoda

AN = GEN; IM; infection = CESTODE INFECTIONS; /drug eff: consider also ANTICESTODAL AGENTS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A subclass of segmented worms comprising the tapeworms.

UI = D002589

 

Cestode Infections

AN = helminth infect; GEN only; prefer specifics; /drug ther: consider also ANTICESTODAL AGENTS

MS = Infections with true tapeworms of the helminth subclass CESTODA.

UI = D002590

 

Cetacea

AN = mammals; GEN or unspecified; prefer DOLPHINS or PORPOISES or WHALES; IM; qualif permitted

MS = An order of wholly aquatic mammals occurring in all the oceans and adjoining seas of the world, as well as in certain river systems. Some cetaceans are the only animals other than elephants that have a brain larger than man's. Most have eyes well adapted to underwater vision and can also see well above water. They produce numerous underwater sounds used in echolocation. They feed generally on fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans. Most are gregarious and most have a relatively long period of parental care and maturation. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, pp969-70)

UI = D002591

 

 

Cetirizine

AN = a histamine H1 antag

MS = A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.

UI = D017332

 

 

Cetomacrogol

AN = a surfactant; D25-26 qualif

MS = Non-ionic surfactant of the polyethylene glycol family. It is used as a solubilizer and emulsifying agent in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, often as an ointment base, and also as a research tool.

UI = D002592

 

Cetrimonium Compounds

AN = anti-infectives; D25-26 qualif; DF: CETRIMONIUM CPDS

MS = Cetyltrimethylammonium compounds that have cationic detergent, antiseptic, and disinfectant activities. They are used in pharmaceuticals, foods, and cosmetics as preservatives; on skin, mucous membranes, etc., as antiseptics or cleansers, and also as emulsifiers. These compounds are toxic when used orally due to neuromuscular blockade.

UI = D002593

 

Cetylpyridinium

AN = an anti-infective; = Cepacol

MS = Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.

UI = D002594

 

Cevanes

AN = a Veratrum alkaloid

UI = D002595

 

Chad

AN = a republic in central Africa

MS = A republic in central Africa, west of SUDAN. Its capital is N'Djamena, called Fort-Lamy before 1973. Explored in 1891 by the French, it became part of French Equatorial Africa in 1910 and, after many changes of status, became independent in 1960. The republic is named from Lake Chad, from the Arabic tsad, a local word meaning large expanse of water (or lake). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p239, 407 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p104)

UI = D002596

 

Chaetomium

MS = A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Chaetomiaceae, order SORDIRIALES. Many members are cellulolytic and some mycotoxic. They occur naturally on paper and cotton fabric.

UI = D002597

 

Chagas Cardiomyopathy

AN = a cardiac form of trypanosomiasis; coord IM with specific heart disease (NIM)

MS = Cardiomyopathy with conduction defects and cardiac enlargement characteristic of the last phase of CHAGAS DISEASE.

UI = D002598

 

 

Chagas Disease

AN = protozoan infect caused by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI so do not coord with TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI for trypanosomiasis cruzi; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY is also available: see note there

MS = A form of trypanosomiasis endemic in Central and South America, caused by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. It may follow either an acute or chronic course, the former commonly in children.

UI = D014355

 

 

Chalazion

AN = eyelid cyst; non-neoplastic

MS = An eyelid mass that results from chronic inflammation of a meibomian gland and shows a granulomatous reaction to liberated fat when subject to histopathological examination. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D017043

 

Chalcogens

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals; "oxygen, polonium, selenium, sulfur & tellurium" as a group; prefer specifics

MS = The group of elements that form group VI of the periodic table.

UI = D018011

 

 

 

Chalcone

AN = a propriophenone: do not confuse with CHALONES see GROWTH INHIBITORS

MS = 1,3-Diphenyl-2-propen-1-one.

UI = D002599

 

Chancre

AN = primary lesion of syphilis: do not confuse with CHANCROID (caused by Haemophilus ducreyi)

MS = The primary sore of syphilis, a painless indurated, eroded papule, occurring at the site of entry of the infection.

UI = D002601

 

Chancroid

AN = caused by Haemophilus ducreyi; do not confuse with CHANCRE, the primary lesion of syphilis

MS = Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by HAEMOPHILUS DUCREYI, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas.

UI = D002602

 

Channel Islands

AN = Channel refers to the English Channel

MS = A group of four British islands and several islets in the English Channel off the coast of France. They are known to have been occupied prehistorically. They were a part of Normandy in 933 but were united to the British crown at the time of the Norman Conquest in 1066. Guernsey and Jersey originated noted breeds of cattle. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p242)

UI = D002603

 

Chaperonin 10

AN = from bacteria, plastids or mitochondria; DF: note short X ref

MS = Members of the chaperonin heat-shock protein family. Chaperonin 10 purified from bacteria, plastids, or mitochondria occurs as an oligomer of seven identical subunits arranged in a single ring.

UI = D018835

 

Chaperonin 60

AN = from bacteria, plastids or mitochondria; DF: note short X ref

MS = Members of the chaperonin heat-shock protein family. Chaperonin 60 purified from bacteria, plastids, or mitochondria is an oligomeric protein with a distinctive structure of fourteen subunits, arranged in two rings of seven subunits each.

UI = D018834

 

Chaperonins

AN = a class of molecular chaperones; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = A class of sequence-related MOLECULAR CHAPERONES found in bacteria, mitochondria, and plastids. Chaperonins are abundant constitutive proteins that increase in amount after stresses such as heat shock, bacterial infection of macrophages, and an increase in the cellular content of unfolded proteins. Bacterial chaperonins are major immunogens in human bacterial infections because of their accumulation during the stress of infection. Two members of this class of chaperones are CHAPERONIN 10 and CHAPERONIN 60.

UI = D018833

 

 

Chaplaincy Service, Hospital

AN = IM; coord with specific religion (IM) if pertinent; DF: CHAPLAINCY SERV HOSP

MS = Hospital department which administers religious activities within the hospital, e.g., pastoral care, religious services.

UI = D002604

 

Character

AN = no qualif

MS = In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual.

UI = D002605

 

Charcoal

AN = a form of carbon; D25-26 qualif only

MS = An amorphous form of carbon prepared from the incomplete combustion of animal or vegetable matter, e.g., wood. The activated form of charcoal is used in the treatment of poisoning. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D002606

 

Charcot-Marie Disease

AN = a progressive musc atrophy; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (occasionally of the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decades.

UI = D002607

 

Charities

AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Social welfare organizations with programs designed to assist individuals in times of need.

UI = D002608

 

Charts [Publication Type]

MS = Information presented in graphic form, for example, graphs or diagrams.

UI = D020468

 

Charybdotoxin

AN = a scorpion venom; DF: note short X ref

MS = A 37-amino acid residue peptide isolated from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. It is a neurotoxin that inhibits calcium activated potassium channels.

UI = D018999

 

 

 

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

AN = "a form of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunct"

MS = A form of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction characterized by unusual oculocutaneous albinism, high incidence of lymphoreticular neoplasms, and recurrent pyogenic infections. In many cell types, abnormal lysosomes are present leading to defective pigment distribution and abnormal neutrophil functions. The disease is transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance and a similar disorder occurs in the beige mouse, the Aleutian mink, and albino Hereford cattle.

UI = D002609

 

Cheek

AN = for that external portion of face or that internal portion of mouth; NIM for hamster cheek pouch; buccal mucosa = MOUTH MUCOSA (IM) + CHEEK (NIM); cheek bone fracture = ZYGOMATIC FRACTURES

UI = D002610

 

Cheese

MS = A nutritious food consisting primarily of the curd or the semisolid substance formed when milk coagulates.

UI = D002611

 

Cheetahs

AN = IM; qualif permitted

MS = Long-legged, swift-moving felines from Africa (and formerly Asia) about the size of a small leopard.

UI = D002612

 

Cheilitis

AN = inflamm of the lips

MS = Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.

UI = D002613

 

 

Cheirogaleidae

AN = prosimians; do not confuse X refs with genus LEMUR; IM; qualif permitted

MS = A family of the order PRIMATES, suborder Strepsirhini (PROSIMII), containing five genera. All inhabitants of Madagascar, the genera are: Allocebus, Cheirogaleus (dwarf lemurs), Microcebus (mouse lemurs), Mirza, and Phaner.

UI = D016565

 

 

 

Chelating Agents

AN = D25-26 qualif; coord IM with specific chelating agent (IM) + metal being chelated (IM)

MS = Organic chemicals that form two or more coordination bonds with a central metal ion. Heterocyclic rings are formed with the central metal atom as part of the ring. Some biological systems form metal chelates, e.g., the iron-binding porphyrin group of hemoglobin and the magnesium-binding chlorophyll of plants. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed) They are used chemically to remove ions from solutions, medicinally against microorganisms, to treat metal poisoning, and in chemotherapy protocols.

UI = D002614

 

 

Chelation Therapy

AN = coord IM with specific chelating agent /ther use (IM) + metal being chelated with no qualif

MS = Therapy of heavy metal poisoning using agents which sequester the metal from organs or tissues and bind it firmly within the ring structure of a new compound which can be eliminated from the body.

UI = D015913

 

 

Chemexfoliation

MS = Application of a cauterant to the skin for the purpose of causing a superficial destruction of the epidermis and upper layers of the dermis. After healing, the treated area has new epithelium.

UI = D002615

 

Chemical Actions

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

MS = A collective grouping for how the application of drugs and chemicals result in the prevention, treatment, cure or diagnosis of disease. Included here are drugs and chemicals that act by altering normal body functions, such as the REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS and ANESTHETICS. Effects of chemicals on the environment are also included.

UI = D020228

 

 

 

Chemical Actions and Uses

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

MS = A group of pharmacologic activities, effects on living systems and the environment, and modes of employment of drugs and chemicals. They are broken into actions, which describe their effects, and uses, which describe how they are employed.

UI = D020164

 

 

 

 

Chemical Engineering

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D002616

 

Chemical Industry

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: CHEM INDUST

MS = The aggregate enterprise of manufacturing and technically producing chemicals. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D002617

 

Chemical Warfare

AN = DF: CHEM WARFARE

MS = Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases.

UI = D002618

 

Chemical Warfare Agents

MS = Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during war.

UI = D002619

 

Chemical and Pharmacologic Phenomena

AN = not used for indexing; DF: CHEM PHARMACOL PHENOMENA CATALOG: do not use

MS = Chemical, pharmacologic, and metabolic action and interaction of drugs.

UI = D002620

 

Chemiluminescence

AN = NIM; no qualif

MS = Emission of light as a result of a chemical reaction without an apparent change in temperature. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 3d ed)

UI = D017083

 

 

 

Chemistry

AN = SPEC only: prefer /chem: Manual l9.7+, 19.8.15, 19.10+; SPEC qualif; as IM: Manual 29.6; DF: CHEM CATALOG: do not use /dictionaries ( = DICTIONARIES, CHEMICAL)

UI = D002621

 

Chemistry, Agricultural

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; as coord, NIM with no qualif; Manual 29.7

UI = D002622

 

Chemistry, Analytical

AN = SPEC: TN 37; never use as substitute for or reinforcement of /anal: Manual 19.7+, 19.10+, 29.8; as SPEC, SPEC qualif; do not use as NIM coord with specific substance; DF: CHEM ANAL

MS = The branch of chemistry dealing with detection (qualitative) and determination (quantitative) of substances. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D002623

 

Chemistry, Clinical

AN = SPEC: TN 37; SPEC qualif; do not use as NIM coord; DF: CLIN CHEM

MS = The specialty of analytical chemistry applied to assays of physiologically important substances found in blood, urine, tissues, and other biological fluids for the purpose of aiding the physician in making a diagnosis or following therapy.

UI = D002624

 

 

 

Chemistry, Inorganic

AN = SPEC: TN 37; do not use as NIM coord for chemistry or chem struct of an inorganic chemical ( = CHEMISTRY (NIM)); as SPEC, qualif permitted; DF: CHEM INORG

MS = A field of chemistry which pertains to chemical compounds or ions that do not contain the element carbon (with the exception of carbon dioxide and compounds containing a carbonate radical, e.g., calcium carbonate).

UI = D015392

 

Chemistry, Bioinorganic

AN = SPEC: TN 37; do not use as NIM coord for chemistry or chem struct of a bioinorganic chemical ( = CHEMISTRY (NIM)); as SPEC, qualif permitted; DF: CHEM BIOINORG

MS = A field of chemistry which pertains to the study of inorganic compounds or ions in biological systems.

UI = D015393

 

Chemistry, Organic

AN = SPEC: TN 37; do not use as NIM coord for chemistry or chem struct of an organic chemical ( = /chem ); as SPEC, qualif permitted; when not to use: Manual 29.9; DF: CHEM ORG

UI = D002625

 

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical

AN = SPEC qualif; as NIM coord, no qualif; Manual 29.7; do not confuse X ref DRUG FORMULATION with DRUG COMPOUNDING; DF: CHEM PHARM

MS = Chemistry that deals with the composition and preparation of substances used in treatment of patients or diagnostic studies. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002626

 

Chemistry, Physical

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; as NIM coord, no qualif; Manual 29.7

UI = D002627

 

 

 

Chemoembolization, Therapeutic

AN = for admin of antineoplastic agents with embolizing agents; do not use /util (except by MeSH definition); coord IM with disease /ther (IM), not /surg & with antineoplastic /admin (IM or NIM)

MS = Administration of antineoplastic agents together with an embolizing vehicle. This allows slow release of the agent as well as obstruction of the blood supply to the neoplasm.

UI = D016461

 

 

 

Chemokines

AN = a class of cytokines that attract & activate leukocytes; chemokines stands for CHEMOtactic cytoKINES; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (CHEMOKINES, C), CC (CHEMOKINES, CC), and CXC (CHEMOKINES, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif.

UI = D018925

 

 

 

Chemokines, C

AN = do not confuse with CHEMOKINES, CC or CHEMOKINES, CXC

MS = Group of chemokines without adjacent cysteines that are chemoattractants for lymphocytes only.

UI = D019744

 

 

Chemokines, CC

AN = do not confuse with CHEMOKINES, C or CHEMOKINES, CXC

MS = Group of chemokines with adjacent cysteines that are chemoattractants for lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils but not neutrophils.

UI = D019742

 

Chemokines, CXC

AN = do not confuse with CHEMOKINES, C or CHEMOKINES, CC

MS = Group of chemokines with paired cysteines separated by a different amino acid. CXC chemokines are chemoattractants for neutrophils but not monocytes.

UI = D019743

 

 

 

 

Chemoprevention

AN = IM GEN or unspecified only; prefer specific chemother agent /ther use + disease /prev; DF: CHEMOPREV

MS = Use of chemotherapeutic agents as the means of preventing the development of a specific disease. (Dorland, 27th ed at chemoprophylaxis)

UI = D018890

 

 

 

Chemoreceptors

AN = sensory receptors: differentiate from RECEPTORS, DRUG: TN 160; DF: CHEMORECEPT

MS = Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptors may monitor external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

UI = D002628

 

Chemosterilants

MS = Chemical compounds the ingestion of which causes sterility of an organism. Such compounds have been used as a means of controlling various insects and other pests by inducing sterility in the male. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002629

 

Chemotactic Factors

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult.

UI = D002630

 

Chemotactic Factors, Eosinophil

AN = chemotactic substances attracting eosinophils, not liberated by eosinophils; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: ECF A

MS = Cytotaxins liberated from normal or invading cells that specifically attract eosinophils; they may be complement fragments, lymphokines, neutrophil products, histamine or other; the best known is the tetrapeptide ECF-A, released mainly by mast cells.

UI = D002631

 

Chemotactic Factors, Macrophage

AN = chemotactic substances attracting macrophages, not liberated by macrophages; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Cytotaxins liberated from normal or invading cells that specifically attract macrophages. They may be lymphokines, products of antigen, antibody and complement interactions or other.

UI = D002632

 

Chemotaxis

MS = The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient.

UI = D002633

 

Chemotaxis, Leukocyte

AN = coord IM with specific type of leukocyte (IM)

MS = The movement of leukocytes in response to a chemical concentration gradient or to products formed in an immunologic reaction.

UI = D002634

 

 

Chemotherapy, Adjuvant

AN = almost never IM; coordinate with dis /drug ther + specific drug or drugs /ther use + other form of ther to which this is adjuvant; Manual 24.4.2.2.1; DF: CHEMOTHER ADJUVANT

MS = Drug therapy given to augment or stimulate some other form of treatment such as surgery or radiation therapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy is commonly used in the therapy of cancer and can be administered before or after the primary treatment.

UI = D017024

 

 

 

Chenodeoxycholic Acid

AN = a bile acid; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.

UI = D002635

 

 

Chenopodiaceae

AN = note common names as X refs; SPINACH is also available; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = The goosefoot family of plants that includes beets, chard, and SPINACH.

UI = D019663

 

Cherubism

AN = bilateral swelling of mandible causing a cherubic appearance

MS = A fibro-osseous hereditary disease of the jaws. The swollen jaws and raised eyes give a cherubic appearance; multiple radiolucencies are evident upon radiographic examination.

UI = D002636

 

Chest Pain

AN = usually non-cardiac; cardiac = probably ANGINA PECTORIS

MS = Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.

UI = D002637

 

 

Chest Tubes

AN = "used for drainage of air or fluid from the pleural space"

MS = Plastic tubes used for drainage of air or fluid from the pleural space. Their surgical insertion is called tube thoracostomy.

UI = D015505

 

 

 

Chewing Gum

AN = as a confection or as vehicle for admin of med substances

MS = A preparation of chicle, sometimes mixed with other plastic substances, sweetened and flavored. It is masticated usually for pleasure as a candy substitute but it sometimes acts as a vehicle for the administration of medication.

UI = D002638

 

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration

AN = breathing pattern of increased depth & rate with decrease to point of apnea; note category

MS = The pattern of breathing with gradual increase in depth and sometimes in rate to a maximum, followed by a decrease resulting in apnea. The cycles ordinarily are 30 seconds to 2 minutes in duration, with 5 to 30 seconds of apnea. It is characteristically seen in coma from disorders of the nervous centers of respiration. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D002639

 

Ch'i

AN = in Chinese philosophy & traditional med; note X refs; IM; ch'i defic goes here

MS = The vital life force in the body, supposedly able to be regulated by acupuncture. It corresponds roughly to the Greek pneuma, the Latin spiritus, and the ancient Indian prana. The concept of life-breath or vital energy was formulated as an indication of the awareness of man, originally directed externally toward nature or society but later turned inward to the self or life within. (From Comparison between Concepts of Life-Breath in East and West, 15th International Symposium on the Comparative History of Medicine - East and West, August 26-September 3, 1990, Shizuoka, Japan, pp. ix-x)

UI = D019413

 

 

Chiari-Frommel Syndrome

AN = persistent lactation & amenorrhea after pregn

MS = Persistent lactation and amenorrhea following pregnancy.

UI = D002640

 

Chicago

UI = D002641

 

Chick Embryo

AN = check tag: no qualif; when IM, /abnorm /growth /inj permitted as well as usual Cat A qualif; chick embryo heart = CHICK EMBRYO + HEART /embryol (not FETAL HEART); /transpl permitted for chick embryo transfer: do not use EMBRYO TRANSFER since this is mammalian only

UI = D002642

 

 

Chicken Anemia Virus

AN = a species of Circovirus; infection: coord IM with CIRCOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = The type species of CIRCOVIRUS, a small, non-enveloped DNA virus originally isolated from contaminated vaccines in Japan. It causes chicken infectious anemia and may possibly play a key role in hemorrhagic anemia syndrome, anemia dermatitis, and blue wing disease.

UI = D017727

 

Chickenpox

AN = caused by a herpesvirus

MS = A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002644

 

Chickenpox Vaccine

MS = A live, attenuated varicella virus vaccine used for immunization against chickenpox. It is recommended for children between the ages of 12 months and 13 years.

UI = D019433

 

 

Chickens

AN = IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with POULTRY DISEASES (IM); canned chicken: see note on POULTRY PRODUCTS

UI = D002645

 

 

Chicory

AN = as plant & flavoring agent for coffee; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = A thick-rooted perennial (Cichorium intybus) native to Europe but widely grown for its young leaves used as salad greens and for its roots, dried and ground-roasted, used to flavor or adulterate coffee. (From Webster, 3d ed)

UI = D018651

 

 

 

 

Chief Cells, Gastric

MS = Epithelial cells that line the basal half of the gastric glands. Chief cells synthesize and secrete pepsinogen, a precursor of the enzyme pepsin.

UI = D019872

 

 

Chief Executive Officers, Hospital

AN = DF: CEO HOSP

MS = Individuals who have the formal authority to manage a hospital, including its programs and services, in accordance with the goals and objectives established by a governing body (GOVERNING BOARD).

UI = D016542

 

 

 

 

Chikungunya Virus

AN = a species of Alphavirus; chikungunya is a native African word meaning "that which bends", with reference to the contorted position of the sufferer; infection: coord IM with ALPHAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of ALPHAVIRUS causing an acute dengue-like fever.

UI = D002646

 

Chilblains

AN = a form of frostbite

MS = Recurrent localized itching, swelling and painful erythema on the fingers, toes or ears, produced by exposure to cold. It is also called pernio.

UI = D002647

 

Child

AN = age 6-12 yr; IM only as psychol & sociol or social entity: Manual 18.5.11; no qualif; /psychol = CHILD PSYCHOLOGY (Manual 34.9.4) but consider also CHILD BEHAVIOR & other specifics; NIM as check tag: Manual 18.5+; as student: Manual 34.16

MS = A person 6 to 12 years of age. An individual 2 to 5 years old is CHILD, PRESCHOOL.

UI = D002648

 

Child Abuse

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = Abuse of children in a family, institutional, or other setting. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)

UI = D002649

 

Child Abuse, Sexual

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific; for adult survivors of child sexual abuse, check both tags CHILD or specific + relevant adult age

MS = Sexual maltreatment of the child or minor.

UI = D002650

 

Child Advocacy

AN = rights of children; check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = Promotion and protection of the rights of children; frequently through a legal process.

UI = D002651

 

Child Behavior

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific; INFANT BEHAVIOR is also available

MS = Any observable response or action of a child from 24 months through 12 years of age. For neonates or children younger than 24 months, INFANT BEHAVIOR is available.

UI = D002652

 

Child Behavior Disorders

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.

UI = D002653

 

Child Care

AN = in home or institution; check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = Care of children in the home or institution.

UI = D002654

 

Child Custody

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = The formally authorized guardianship or care of a child.

UI = D002655

 

Child Day Care Centers

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Facilities which provide care for pre-school and school-age children.

UI = D002656

 

Child Development

AN = for inf & child; not for adolescents ( = probably ADOLESCENCE /physiol + GROWTH); check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = The continuous sequential physiological and psychological maturing of the child from birth up to but not including adolescence. It includes healthy responses to situations, but does not include growth in stature or size (= GROWTH).

UI = D002657

 

Child Development Disorders, Pervasive

AN = "pervasive" is a psychiatric diag: follow text; check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.

UI = D002659

 

Child Guidance

AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = The psychiatric, sociological and psychological study and treatment of the developing child with emphasis on preventive or prophylactic measures focused on the familial, educational and socio-environmental milieu of the child.

UI = D002660

 

Child Guidance Clinics

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Facilities which administer the delivery of mental health counseling services to children.

UI = D002661

 

Child Health Services

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific; DF: CHILD HEALTH SERV CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Organized services to provide health care for children.

UI = D002662

 

Child Language

AN = no qualif; check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = The language and sounds expressed by a child at a particular maturational stage in development.

UI = D002663

 

Child Nutrition

AN = ages 2-12; check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = Nutrition of children aged 2-12 years.

UI = D002664

 

 

 

Child Nutrition Disorders

AN = check the tag CHILD or specific age group

MS = Malnutrition, occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.

UI = D015362

 

Child of Impaired Parents

AN = coord IM with parental dis (IM with no qualif); restrict to impaired parents: the child with impaired siblings is indexed under CHILD (IM) + disease of sibling (IM) + NUCLEAR FAMILY (IM); interpret "child" as "offspring" & check appropriate age check tags

MS = A child of one or more parents afflicted by an organic, psychiatric, or behavioral disorder. Articles on this subject tend to focus on the child from the social, behavioral, or psychological viewpoint, rather than the genetic.

UI = D016241

 

 

 

 

Child Psychiatry

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; not for mental disord in children ( = MENTAL DISORDERS (IM) + CHILD or other child check tag (NIM) ): Manual 27.9

MS = The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in children.

UI = D002665

 

Child Psychology

AN = SPEC but also the way a normal child thinks & acts; GEN only: consider also /psychol with specific child terms (e.g., CHILD, ABANDONED /psychol, ONLY CHILD /psychol); SPEC qualif; Manual 27.11, 27.12, 34.12; check also tag CHILD or specific; DF: CHILD PSYCHOL

MS = The study of normal and abnormal behavior of children.

UI = D002666

 

Child Reactive Disorders

AN = child reaction to separation from parents: index under ANXIETY, SEPARATION; check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = Reactions to an event or set of events which are considered to be of pathological degree, that have not developed into a neurosis, psychosis, or personality disorder with fixed patterns.

UI = D002667

 

Child Rearing

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific; differentiate from PARENTING which emphasizes the role & responsibility of the parent while CHILD REARING emphasizes the upbringing: read MeSH definitions but if in doubt use term of author

MS = The training or bringing-up of children by parents or parent-substitutes. It is used also for child rearing practices in different societies, at different economic levels, in different ethnic groups, etc. It differs from PARENTING in that in child rearing the emphasis is on the act of training or bringing up the child and the interaction between the parent and child, while parenting emphasizes the responsibility and qualities of exemplary behavior of the parent.

UI = D002668

 

Child Welfare

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Organized efforts by communities or organizations to improve the health and well-being of the child.

UI = D002669

 

Child, Abandoned

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = A child who is deserted by parents or parent substitutes without regard for its future care.

UI = D002670

 

Child, Exceptional

AN = "child who deviates from the average": consider also CHILD, GIFTED & MENTAL RETARDATION; check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = A child who deviates from the average in mental, physical, or social characteristics to such an extent that he requires a modification of services in order to develop his maximum potential.

UI = D002671

 

Child, Gifted

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = A child whose intelligence is in the upper two percent of the total population of his age. A gifted child is a child having outstanding ability in any respect.

UI = D002672

 

Child, Hospitalized

AN = not for dis in child in hosp for diag or ther: use only for hospitalized child as a psychol, sociol or social entity; check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = Child hospitalized for short term care.

UI = D002673

 

Child, Institutionalized

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = The normal or defective child who is being cared for in an institution either because he is homeless or requires special care.

UI = D002674

 

Child, Preschool

AN = age 2-5 yr; IM only as psychol & sociol or social entity: Manual 18.5.11, 34.9.3; NIM as check tag: Manual 18.5+; no qualif for IM but psychol of the preschool child = CHILD PSYCHOLOGY (IM) & check the tag CHILD, PRESCHOOL

MS = A child between the ages of 2 and 5.

UI = D002675

 

Child, Unwanted

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = The child who is not wanted by one or both parents.

UI = D002676

 

Chile

UI = D002677

 

Chimera

MS = An individual whose body contains cell populations derived from different zygotes.

UI = D002678

 

 

Chimeric Proteins

AN = recombinant fusion proteins; nothing to do with CHIMERA

MS = Proteins in individuals that are derived from genetically different zygotes.

UI = D017375

 

 

 

Chin

AN = bone or site; usually NIM as site: submental (beneath the chin) refers to skin, fat & other tissue below the chin as in "submental lipectomy for double chin"; /growth: consider also MAXILLOFACIAL DEVELOPMENT

MS = The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve.

UI = D002680

 

China

AN = mainland China: do not confuse with TAIWAN, the Republic of China; in translations use spelling: People's Republic of China, not Peoples' nor Peoples

MS = A republic in east and central Asia, known also as the People's Republic of China. It is an ancient country, with a civilization existing as early as 3000 B.C. Until 1912 it was known as the Chinese Empire. It was one of the four Great Powers in World War II. By 1950 the Communist regime had gained control. China became a member of the United Nations in 1971. The name may be derived from the qin or Ts'in dynasty (221-206 B.C.) or the Sanskrit name cina or the central province of Shaanxi or Shensi (its capitalis Shian). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p257 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p111)

UI = D002681

 

Chinchilla

AN = a rodent used in otol research; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

MS = A genus of the family Chinchillidae which consists of three genera: Lagidium, Lagostomus, and Chinchilla. They are used extensively in biomedical research.

UI = D002682

 

Chironomidae

AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111; gall midges: index under DIPTERA

MS = A family of nonbiting midges, in the order DIPTERA. Salivary glands of the genus Chironomus are used in studies of cellular genetics and biochemistry.

UI = D002683

 

Chiropractic

AN = SPEC

MS = A system that seeks to utilize the recuperative powers of the body and the relationship between the musculoskeletal structures and functions of the body, particularly of the spinal column and the nervous system, in the restoration and maintenance of health. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D002684

 

Chiroptera

AN = includes flying foxes & vampires; IM; qualif permitted

UI = D002685

 

 

 

Chi-Square Distribution

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

MS = A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.

UI = D016009

 

 

 

Chitin

AN = in shell of crustacea, insects & in some fungi

UI = D002686

 

Chitin Synthase

MS = An enzyme that converts UDP glucosamine into chitin and UDP. EC 2.4.1.16.

UI = D002687

 

Chitinase

UI = D002688

 

Chlamydia

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific species; infection = CHLAMYDIA INFECTIONS

MS = A genus of gram-negative bacteria whose species cause a variety of diseases in humans, other mammals, and birds.

UI = D002689

 

Chlamydia Infections

AN = sexually transmitted; infect by genus Chlamydia: do not confuse with CHLAMYDIACEAE INFECTIONS (family); Chlamydia psittaci infect = ORNITHOSIS; Chlamydia trachomatis infect: see note under CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; DF: CHLAMYDIA INFECT

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.

UI = D002690

 

 

 

Chlamydia pneumoniae

AN = infection: coord IM with CHLAMYDIA INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria that causes acute respiratory infection, especially atypical pneumonia.

UI = D016993

 

 

Chlamydia psittaci

AN = infection = ORNITHOSIS

MS = Parasitic organisms of vertebrate cells. They have been detected in over 100 species of birds and in most domesticated and many wild mammals. They generally produce systemic infections in a broad range of hosts.

UI = D002691

 

Chlamydia trachomatis

AN = infection: coord IM with CHLAMYDIA INFECTIONS (IM) unless text says TRACHOMA or LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM or CONJUNCTIVITIS, INCLUSION

MS = The etiological agent of a variety of ocular and urogenital diseases.

UI = D002692

 

Chlamydiaceae

AN = infection = CHLAMYDIACEAE INFECTIONS

MS = A family of gram-negative, coccoid microorganisms containing the genus CHLAMYDIA.

UI = D002693

 

Chlamydiaceae Infections

AN = rickettsial infect

MS = Infections with bacteria of the family CHLAMYDIACEAE.

UI = D002694

 

Chlamydiales

MS = Gram-negative parasites of vertebrates in which they may cause various diseases; occasionally found in arthropods.

UI = D002695

 

Chlamydomonas

AN = "considered both a protozoon & an alga" (green); in freshwater & damp soil

MS = A genus of organisms considered both a protozoon (Dorland, 27th ed) and an alga (Bold & Wynne, Introduction to the Algae, 2d ed, p84). It consists of solitary biflagellated organisms common in fresh water and damp soil.

UI = D002696

 

 

 

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

AN = considered both a protozoon & a green alga

MS = An organism considered both a protozoon (Dorland, 27th ed) and an alga (Bold & Wynne, Introduction to the Algae, 2d ed, p84). Delicate, hairlike appendages arise from the flagellar surface in these organisms.

UI = D016825

 

 

 

Chloral Hydrate

AN = a nonbarbiturate sedative & intravenous anesthetic

MS = A hypnotic and sedative used in the treatment of insomnia. The safety margin is too narrow for chloral hydrate to be used as a general anesthetic in humans, but it is commonly used for that purpose in animal experiments. It is no longer considered useful as an anti-anxiety medication.

UI = D002697

 

Chloralose

AN = a nonbarbiturate sedative & intravenous anesthetic

MS = A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.

UI = D002698

 

Chlorambucil

AN = an alkylating antineoplastic nitrogen mustard

MS = A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D002699

 

Chloramines

AN = a sulfonamide

UI = D002700

 

Chloramphenicol

AN = an antibiotic

MS = An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)

UI = D002701

 

 

Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. The enzyme, for which variants are known, is found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. EC 2.3.1.28.

UI = D015500

 

 

 

Chloramphenicol Resistance

MS = Nonsusceptibility of a bacterium to the action of CHLORAMPHENICOL, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in the 50S ribosomal subunit where amino acids are added to nascent bacterial polypeptides.

UI = D002702

 

Chloranil

AN = an agric fungicide

MS = A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.

UI = D002703

 

Chlorates

MS = Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.

UI = D002704

 

Chlordan

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D002706

 

 

 

Chlordecone

AN = an organochlorine insecticide; TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = A highly chlorinated polycyclic hydrocarbon insecticide whose large number of chlorine atoms makes it resistant to degradation. It has been shown to be toxic to mammals and causes abnormal cellular changes in laboratory animals.

UI = D007631

 

Chlordiazepoxide

AN = an anti-anxiety agent

MS = An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawl.

UI = D002707

 

Chlorella

AN = a unicellular green alga

MS = Nonmotile unicellular green algae potentially valuable as a source of high-grade protein and B-complex vitamins.

UI = D002708

 

Chlorfenvinphos

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = An organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and an acaricide.

UI = D002709

 

Chlorhexidine

AN = an anti-infective

MS = Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.

UI = D002710

 

Chloride Channels

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /rad eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: CL CHANNELS

MS = Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for chloride ions.

UI = D018118

 

Chlorine Compounds

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain chlorine as an integral part of the molecule.

UI = D017606

 

 

 

Chloride Peroxidase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the chlorination of a range of organic molecules, forming stable carbon-chloride bonds. EC 1.11.1.10.

UI = D002711

 

Chlorides

AN = only for inorganic cpds or chloride ion; /physiol permitted

MS = Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

UI = D002712

 

Chlorine

AN = a halogen; Cl-35; Cl-37 = CHLORINE (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Cl-34, 36, 38-40 = CHLORINE (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

MS = Chlorine. A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching.

UI = D002713

 

Chlorisondamine

AN = a nicotinic antag & ganglionic blocker

MS = A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.

UI = D002714

 

Chlormadinone Acetate

AN = an oral contraceptive

MS = An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive.

UI = D002715

 

Chlormequat

AN = a plant growth regulator

UI = D002716

 

Chlormerodrin

AN = a diuretic

MS = A mercurial compound that has been used as a diuretic but is now superseded by more potent and less toxic drugs. The radiolabeled form has been used as a diagnostic and research tool.

UI = D002717

 

Chlormethiazole

AN = a sedative & anticonvulsant

MS = A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GABA receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.

UI = D002719

 

Chlormezanone

AN = an anti-anxiety agent & central muscle relaxant

MS = A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.

UI = D002720

 

omega-Chloroacetophenone

AN = a tear gas; D25-26 qualif

MS = A potent eye, throat, and skin irritant. One of its uses is as a riot control agent.

UI = D002721

 

 

2-Chloroadenosine

AN = an adenosine recept agonist

MS = 2-Chloroadenosine. A metabolically stable analog of adenosine which acts as an adenosine receptor agonist. The compound has a potent effect on the peripheral and central nervous system.

UI = D015762

 

 

p-Chloroamphetamine

AN = depletes serotonin in the CNS

MS = Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.

UI = D010133

 

 

 

Chlorobenzenes

UI = D002722

 

Chlorobenzoates

MS = Benzoic acid or benzoic acid esters substituted with one or more chlorine atoms.

UI = D002723

 

 

o-Chlorobenzylidenemalonitrile

AN = a tear gas

MS = ((2-Chlorophenyl)methylene)propanedinitrile. A riot control agent which causes temporary irritation of the eyes and the mucosal surface of the respiratory tract. It is a more potent irritant than OMEGA-CHLOROACETOPHENONE, but less incapacitating.

UI = D009763

 

 

Chlorobutanol

MS = A colorless to white crystalline compound with a camphoraceous odor and taste. It is a widely used preservative in various pharmaceutical solutions, especially injectables. Also, it is an active ingredient in certain oral sedatives and topical anesthetics.

UI = D002724

 

 

Chlorofluorocarbons

AN = do not confuse with FLUOROCARBONS nor HYDROCARBONS, CHLORINATED nor HYDROCARBONS, FLUORINATED; DF: CFCS

MS = A series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine. These have been used as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning fluids, solvents, and as fire extinguishing agents. They have been shown to cause stratospheric ozone depletion and have been banned for many uses.

UI = D017402

 

 

 

Chloroform

MS = A colorless, volatile liquid with a strong characteristic odor and a sweetish, burning taste, a common laboratory solvent. It was once widely used as an inhalation anesthetic and analgesic, and as an antitussive, carminative, and counterirritant. It was banned by the FDA from use in drug, cosmetic, and food packaging products in 1976. This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D002725

 

Chlorogenic Acid

MS = A naturally occuring phenolic acid which is a carcinogenic inhibitor. It has also been shown to prevent paraquat-induced oxidative stress in rats. (From J Chromatogr A 1996;741(2):223-31; Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1996;60(5):765-68).

UI = D002726

 

Chloroguanide

AN = an antimalarial

MS = A biguanide compound which has little antimalarial activity until metabolized in the body to the active antimalarial agent cycloguanil. The usefulness of proguanil is limited by the rapid development of drug resistance by the malarial parasite. The hydrochloride is used for the casual prophylaxis of falciparum malaria, to suppress other forms of malaria, and to reduce transmission of infection (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p405)

UI = D002727

 

Chlorohydrins

MS = Any of the compounds derived from a group of glycols or polyhydroxy alcohols by chlorine substitution for part of the hydroxyl groups. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

UI = D002728

 

Chloromercuribenzoates

AN = P-CHLOROMERCURIBENZOIC ACID is available

MS = Chloride and mercury-containing derivatives of benzoic acid.

UI = D002729

 

p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid

AN = CHLOROMERCURIBENZOATES is also available

MS = An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.

UI = D020245

 

 

 

 

Chloromercurinitrophenols

AN = sulfhydryl reagents

MS = Mercuriphenols substituted with one or more chlorine atoms and one or more nitro groups. Some of these are sulfhydryl reagents which act as chromophoric probes in enzymes and other proteins.

UI = D002730

 

4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate

AN = a sulfhydryl reagent; DF: note short X ref

MS = Hydrogen chloro(4-sulfonatophenyl)mercurate(1-). A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.

UI = D002731

 

Chlorophenols

MS = Phenols substituted with one or more chlorine atoms in any position.

UI = D002733

 

Chlorophyll

AN = a metalloporphyrin; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Any of a group of green magnesium-containing porphyrin derivatives occurring in all photosynthetic organisms. Chlorophylls act as respiratory pigments, converting light energy to reducing potential. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002734

 

Chlorophyllides

AN = products of chlorophil hydrolysis

MS = Products of the hydrolysis of chlorophylls in which the phytic acid side chain has been removed and the carboxylic acids saponified.

UI = D002735

 

Chloroplasts

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genetics permitted; coord IM with PLANTS, ALGAE or specific plant or alga usually NIM

MS = Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain chlorophyll. They occur in cells of leaves and young stems. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D002736

 

Chloroprene

AN = a possible carcinogen

MS = 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene. Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2-chlorobutadiene.

UI = D002737

 

 

Chlorpyrifos

AN = an organothiophosphate insecticide; TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.

UI = D004390

 

 

 

Chloroquine

AN = an antimalarial & amebicide

MS = The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.

UI = D002738

 

Chloroquinolinols

AN = amebicides

MS = 8-Hydroxyquinolinols chlorinated on the number 5 and/or 7 carbon atom(s). They are antibacterial, antiprotozoal, and antidiarrheal, especially in amebiasis, and have also been used as antiseborrheics. The compounds are mostly used topically, but have been used also as animal feed additives. They may cause optic and other neuropathies and are most frequently administered in combination with other agents.

UI = D002739

 

Chlorothiazide

AN = a diuretic

MS = A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p812)

UI = D002740

 

Chlorotrianisene

AN = a synthetic non-steroidal estrogen

MS = A powerful synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen.

UI = D002741

 

Chlorphenamidine

AN = an acaricide; TN 111 for eff on insects, etc.

MS = An acaricide used against many organophosphate and carbamate resistant pests. It acts as an uncoupling agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor.

UI = D002742

 

Chlorphenesin

AN = a central muscle relaxant

MS = A centrally acting muscle relaxant. Its mode of action is unknown. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1203)

UI = D002743

 

Chlorpheniramine

AN = a histamine H1 antag & antipruritic

MS = A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.

UI = D002744

 

Chlorphentermine

MS = A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)

UI = D002745

 

Chlorpromazine

AN = an antipsychotic agent

MS = The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.

UI = D002746

 

Chlorpropamide

AN = a hypoglycemic

MS = A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)

UI = D002747

 

Chlorpropham

AN = an herbicide

MS = A carbamate that is used as an herbide and as a plant growth regulator.

UI = D002748

 

Chlorprothixene

AN = an antipsychotic agent

MS = A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.

UI = D002749

 

Chlorquinaldol

AN = an antifungal

MS = Local anti-infective agent used for skin, gastrointestinal, and vaginal infections with fungi, protozoa, and certain bacteria. In animals, it causes central nervous system damage and is not administered parenterally. It is also used as antiseptic, fungistat, or deodorant.

UI = D002750

 

Chlortetracycline

AN = an antibiotic & antiprotozoal

MS = An antibiotic substance isolated from the substrate of Streptomyces aureofaciens and used as an antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent.

UI = D002751

 

Chlorthalidone

AN = a diuretic

MS = A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of the thiazide diuretics even though it does not contain a thiazide ring system. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p813)

UI = D002752

 

Chlorzoxazone

AN = a central muscle relaxant

MS = A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202)

UI = D002753

 

 

CHO Cells

AN = CHO stands for "Chinese Hamster Ovary"; A 11 qualif; check ANIMAL & HAMSTERS but do not add FEMALE or OVARY

MS = Cell line derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus. The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

UI = D016466

 

 

Choanal Atresia

AN = nose abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital bony or membranous occlusion of one or both choanae, due to failure of the embryonic bucconasal membrane to rupture.

UI = D002754

 

Choice Behavior

MS = The act of making a selection among two or more alternatives, usually after a period of deliberation.

UI = D002755

 

Cholagogues and Choleretics

AN = DF: CHOLAGOGUES

MS = Gastrointestinal agents that stimulate the flow of bile into the duodenum (cholagogues) or stimulate the production of bile by the liver (choleretic).

UI = D002756

 

Cholanes

AN = do not confuse with CHOLENES

UI = D002757

 

Cholangiography

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CHOLANGIOGR

MS = Radiographic examination of the bile ducts.

UI = D002758

 

 

Cholangitis, Sclerosing

AN = inflamm narrowing of a bile duct

MS = Chronic, nonbacterial inflammatory narrowing of the bile ducts. About 50% of the cases are associated with ulcerative colitis. Treatment is to relieve the obstruction by balloon dilatation or surgery.

UI = D015209

 

 

Cholangiocarcinoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BILE DUCT NEOPLASMS (IM) + BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC (IM)

MS = A malignant tumor arising from the intrahepatic bile duct epithelium. It is composed of ducts lined by cuboidal or columnar cells that do not contain bile, with abundant stroma. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1455; Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D018281

 

 

 

Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: note short X ref

MS = Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy (SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC) may be performed during this procedure.

UI = D002760

 

Cholangitis

AN = inflamm of a bile duct

MS = Inflammation of a bile duct.

UI = D002761

 

 

Cholates

AN = SODIUM CHOLATE is available

MS = Salts and esters of CHOLIC ACID.

UI = D020355

 

Cholecalciferol

AN = vitamin D3; /defic permitted but coord IM with VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY (IM)

MS = An antirachitic vitamin that undergoes metabolic conversion before exerting biological effects. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002762

 

Cholecystectomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical removal of the gallbladder.

UI = D002763

 

 

Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Excision of the gallbladder through an abdominal incision using a laparoscope.

UI = D017081

 

 

 

Cholecystitis

AN = inflamm of gallbladder; X ref EMPYEMA, GALLBLADDER: restrict to gallbladder; "biliary empyema": unless of gallbladder, index under EMPYEMA (IM) + BILIARY TRACT DISEASES (IM) or specific biliary precoord

MS = Inflammation of the gallbladder.

UI = D002764

 

Cholecystography

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CHOLECYSTOGR

MS = Radiography of the gallbladder after ingestion of a contrast medium.

UI = D002765

 

Cholecystokinin

AN = a neurotransmitter gastrointestinal hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.

UI = D002766

 

Cholecystostomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Establishment of an opening into the gallbladder either for drainage or surgical communication with another part of the digestive tract, usually the duodenum or jejunum.

UI = D002767

 

 

Choledochal Cyst

AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct; this condition may be asymptomatic, or cause vomiting, fever, jaundice, or pain in the right upper quadrant.

UI = D015529

 

 

 

Choledochostomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical formation of an opening (stoma) into the common bile duct for drainage or for direct communication with a site in the small intestine, primarily the duodenum or jejunum.

UI = D002768

 

Cholelithiasis

AN = calculi of gallbladder or bile ducts; assume to be of gallbladder & do not coord with GALLBLADDER DISEASES; calculi of bile ducts: coord IM with BILE DUCT DISEASES (NIM) but calculi of specific bile duct, coord IM with specific duct (IM); chem composition of calculi: use /chem; /ultrastruct permitted; note COMMON BILE DUCT CALCULI is available

MS = Presence or formation of gallstones.

UI = D002769

 

Cholenes

AN = do not confuse with CHOLANES or CHOLINE; includes choladienes, cholatrienes

MS = Unsaturated derivatives of cholane with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a branched five-carbon chain at C-17. They must have at least one double bond in the ring system.

UI = D002770

 

Cholera

AN = caused by Vibrio cholerae

MS = An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.

UI = D002771

 

Cholera Morbus

AN = an old name for a type of gastroenteritis: do not confuse with classical CHOLERA

MS = A once popular name for an acute severe gastroenteritis of unknown etiology, with diarrhea, cramps, and vomiting, occurring in summer or autumn. It should be differentiated from classical CHOLERA which is also characterized by severe gastrointestinal and metabolic manifestations but is caused by a powerful enterotoxin produced by Vibrio cholerae. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D017688

 

 

 

 

Cholera Toxin

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS

MS = The enterotoxin from Vibrio cholerae. It is a protein that consists of two major components, the heavy (H) or A peptide and the light (L) or B peptide or choleragenoid. The B peptide anchors the protein to intestinal epithelial cells, while the A peptide, enters the cytoplasm, and activates adenylate cyclase, and production of cAMP. Increased levels of cAMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells.

UI = D002772

 

Cholera Vaccine

MS = A killed bacteria vaccine containing equal portions of the Inaba and Ogawa strains of Vibrio cholerae, used for immunization against cholera. It enhances protection in adults for about six months, but does not reduce fecal shedding of bacteria or reduce disease transmission. (Dorland, 28th ed) Other cholera vaccines are under development.

UI = D002773

 

Cholestadienes

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTADIENOLS

MS = Cholene derivatives with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a branched 8-carbon chain at C-17. They must have two double bonds in the ring system.

UI = D002774

 

Cholestadienols

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTADIENES

MS = Cholestadiene derivatives containing a hydroxy group anywhere in the molecule.

UI = D002775

 

Cholestanes

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTENES

MS = Derivatives of the saturated steroid cholestane with methyl groups at C-18 and C-19 and an iso-octyl side chain at C-17.

UI = D002776

 

 

Cholestanol

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTANOLS; do not confuse x-ref DIHYDROCHOLESTEROL with DEHYDROCHOLESTEROLS

MS = A cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter.

UI = D004083

 

 

Cholestanols

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTANOL; beta-cholestanol = BETA-CHOLESTANOL see CHOLESTANOL

MS = Cholestanes substituted in any position with one or more hydroxy groups. They are found in feces and bile. In contrast to bile acids and salts, they are not reabsorbed.

UI = D002777

 

Cholestanones

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTENONES; includes cholestanediones, cholestanetriones

MS = CHOLESTANES substituted with any number of keto groups.

UI = D002778

 

Cholestasis

AN = note category: impaired bile flow

MS = Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla.

UI = D002779

 

Cholestasis, Intrahepatic

AN = also called hepatocellular jaundice & medical jaundice

MS = Intrahepatic impairment of bile flow. It is usually due to liver cell damage, but may be due to obstruction of intrahepatic bile ducts. It is also called hepatocellular jaundice and medical jaundice.

UI = D002780

 

Cholesteatoma

AN = non-neoplastic: coord IM with organ/dis (IM) but CHOLESTEATOMA, MIDDLE EAR is available

MS = A cystlike mass with a lining of stratified squamous epithelium, usually of keratinizing type, filled with desquamating debris, frequently including cholesterol. Cholesteatomas occur in the meninges, central nervous system, and bones of the skull, but are most common in the middle ear and mastoid region. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002781

 

Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear

MS = Cholesteatoma associated with chronic infection of the middle ear, formed of the outer desquamating layers of stratified squamous epithelium which has extended inward and upward to line the tympanum, epitympanum, and antrum. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018424

 

 

Cholestenes

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTANES; includes cholestatrienes

MS = Steroids with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a branched 8-carbon chain at C-17. Members include compounds with any degree of unsaturation; however, CHOLESTADIENES is available for derivatives containing two double bonds.

UI = D002782

 

Cholestenones

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTANONES; includes cholestenediones, cholestenetriones

MS = CHOLESTENES with one or more double bonds and substituted by any number of keto groups.

UI = D002783

 

Cholesterol

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted; /blood: consider also HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA & specifics; cholesterol granuloma = CHOLESTEROL + GRANULOMA, FOREIGN-BODY

MS = The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.

UI = D002784

 

 

Cholesterol Ester Storage Disease

AN = a lysosomal storage dis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A rare benign adult form of inherited lysosomal lipid storage disease that is due to deficiency of acid lipase. It results in an accumulation of neutral lipids, particularly cholesterol esters, within cells (particularly leukocytes, fibroblasts, and liver cells). It is an allelic variant of WOLMAN DISEASE.

UI = D015217

 

Cholesterol Monooxygenase (Side-Chain-Cleaving)

AN = a cytochrome P-450 enzyme; DF: note short X ref

MS = Multi-enzyme complex required for the conversion of cholesterol to adrenal cortex hormones. It releases methylpentanoate or isocaproaldehyde and pregnenolone. The complex contains cytochrome P-450, a flavoprotein, a non-heme iron protein, and NADPH. EC 1.14.15.6.

UI = D002786

 

Cholesterol Esterase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cholesterol and some other sterol esters, to liberate cholesterol plus a fatty acid anion. EC 3.1.1.13.

UI = D002787

 

Cholesterol Esters

MS = Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis.

UI = D002788

 

Cholesterol Oxidase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol in the presence of molecular oxygen to 4-cholesten-3-one and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme is not specific for cholesterol, but will also oxidize other 3-hydroxysteroids. EC 1.1.3.6.

UI = D002789

 

Cholesterol 7 alpha-Monooxygenase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of cholesterol to cholest-5-en-3 beta,7 alpha-diol. EC 1.14.13.17.

UI = D002790

 

Cholesterol, Dietary

AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind

MS = Cholesterol present in food, especially in animal products.

UI = D002791

 

Cholestyramine

AN = an anticholesteremic; D25-26 qualif

MS = Strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium as Cl(-) anion. It exchanges chloride ions with bile salts, thus decreasing their concentration and that of cholesterol. It is used as a hypocholesteremic in diarrhea and biliary obstruction and as an antipruritic.

UI = D002792

 

Cholic Acid

AN = CHOLIC ACIDS is available

MS = A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.

UI = D019826

 

 

 

Cholic Acids

AN = cholic acid glycine conjugate = GLYCOCHOLIC ACID; cholic acid taurine conjugate = TAUROCHOLIC ACID; CHOLIC ACID is also available

MS = The 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanic acid family of bile acids in man, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. They act as detergents to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, are reabsorbed by the small intestine, and are used as cholagogues and choleretics.

UI = D002793

 

Choline

AN = a lipotropic factor; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.

UI = D002794

 

Choline O-Acetyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.

UI = D002795

 

Choline Deficiency

AN = a vitamin B defic in animals; DF: CHOLINE DEFIC

MS = A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

UI = D002796

 

Choline Kinase

MS = An enzyme that is active in the first step of choline phosphoglyceride (lecithin) biosynthesis by catalyzing the phosphorylation of choline to phosphorylcholine in the presence of ATP. Ethanolamine and its methyl and ethyl derivatives can also act as acceptors. EC 2.7.1.32.

UI = D002797

 

Choline-Phosphate Cytidylyltransferase

AN = DF: CDP CHOLINE SYNTHETASE

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of cytidylate (CMP) to choline phosphate to form CDPcholine. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in the choline pathway for the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine. Its activity is increased by glucocorticoids. EC 2.7.7.15.

UI = D019916

 

Cholinergic Agonists

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CHOLINERGIC AGON or CHOLINERGIC AG

MS = Drugs that bind to and activate cholinergic receptors.

UI = D018679

 

 

Cholinergic Antagonists

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; DF: CHOLINERGIC ANTAG

MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate cholinergic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists.

UI = D018680

 

 

Cholinergic Agents

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; consider also PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff

MS = Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of ACETYLCHOLINE, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons. The term cholinergic agents is sometimes still used in the narrower sense of MUSCARINIC AGONISTS, although most modern texts discourage that usage.

UI = D018678

 

 

 

 

 

Cholinergic Fibers

MS = Nerve fibers liberating acetylcholine at the synapse after an impulse.

UI = D002799

 

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

AN = DF: CHOLINESTERASE INHIB

MS = Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.

UI = D002800

 

Cholinesterase Reactivators

AN = note X refs

MS = Drugs used to reverse the inactivation of cholinesterase caused by organophosphates or sulfonates. They are an important component of therapy in agricultural, industrial, and military poisonings by organophosphates and sulfonates.

UI = D002801

 

Cholinesterases

AN = reactivation: index under CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS

UI = D002802

 

Chondro-4-Sulfatase

MS = An enzyme from the sulfuric ester hydrolase class that breaks down one of the products of the chondroitin lyase II reaction. EC 3.1.6.9.

UI = D002803

 

Chondroblastoma

AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BONE NEOPLASMS or precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A usually benign tumor composed of cells which arise from chondroblasts or their precursors and which tend to differentiate into cartilage cells. It occurs primarily in the epiphyses of adolescents. It is relatively rare and represents less than 2% of all primary bone tumors. The peak incidence is in the second decade of life; it is about twice as common in males as in females. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1846)

UI = D002804

 

Chondrocalcinosis

AN = a form of arthritis; note X ref: do not index under CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE unless particularly discussed

MS = Presence of calcium salts, especially calcium pyrophosphate, in the cartilaginous structures of one or more joints. When accompanied by attacks of goutlike symptoms, it is called pseudogout. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002805

 

 

Chondrocytes

MS = Mature cartilage cells embedded in lacunae within the cartilage matrix. (Dorland, 28th)

UI = D019902

 

Chondrodysplasia Punctata

AN = a form of osteochondrodysplasia with stippled epiphyses; spell X ref name HUNERMANN with an umlaut in titles & translations: Hunermann; CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC is also available

MS = A heterogeneous group of bone dysplasias, the common character of which is stippling of the epiphyses in infancy. The group includes a severe autosomal recessive form (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC), an autosomal dominant form (Conradi-Hunermann syndrome), and a milder X-linked form. Metabolic defects associated with impaired peroxisomes are present only in the rhizomelic form.

UI = D002806

 

Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Rhizomelic

AN = a form of osteochondrodysplasia with stippled epiphyses; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An autosomal recessive form of CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA characterized by defective plasmalogen biosynthesis and impaired peroxisomes. Patients have shortened proximal limbs and severely disturbed endochondrial bone formation. The metabolic defects associated with the impaired peroxisomes are present only in the rhizomelic form of chondrodysplasia punctata. (From Scriver et al, Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 6th ed, p1497)

UI = D018902

 

 

Chondroitin

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; CHONDROITIN SULFATE B see DERMATAN SULFATE is available

MS = A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D002807

 

Chondroitin ABC Lyase

AN = do not confuse with CHONDROITIN LYASES

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the eliminative degradation of polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-D-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages to disaccharides containing 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.2.2.4.

UI = D019765

 

 

 

 

Chondroitin Lyases

AN = do not confuse with CHONDROITIN ABC LYASE

MS = Enzymes which catalyze the elimination of delta-4,5-D-glucuronate residues from polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages thereby bringing about depolymerization. EC 4.2.2.4 acts on chondroitin sulfate A and C as well as on dermatan sulfate and slowly on hyaluronate. EC 4.2.2.5 acts on chondroitin sulfate A and C.

UI = D002808

 

Chondroitin Sulfates

AN = note specific X refs for CHONDROITIN SULFATE A, B & C

MS = Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.

UI = D002809

 

Chondroitinases and Chondroitin Lyases

AN = CHONDROITIN LYASES is available; DF: CHONDROITINASES

MS = Enzymes which catalyze the elimination of glucuronate residues from chondroitin A,B, and C or which catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate groups of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose 6-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate. EC 4.2.2.-.

UI = D002810

 

Chondroitinsulfatases

MS = A group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of various sulfate bonds of chondroitin sulfate. EC 3.1.6.-.

UI = D002811

 

Chondroma

AN = solitary; multiple = CHONDROMATOSIS; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); do not confuse X ref ENCHONDROMA with ENCHONDROMATOSIS

MS = A benign neoplasm derived from mesodermal cells that form cartilage. It may remain within the substance of a cartilage or bone (true chondroma or enchondroma) or may develop on the surface of a cartilage (ecchondroma or ecchondrosis). (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D002812

 

Chondromatosis

AN = multiple; solitary = CHONDROMA; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct

MS = Multiple formation of chondromas. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018210

 

 

 

 

Chondromatosis, Synovial

AN = non-neoplastic progressive joint metaplasia

MS = Rare, benign, chronic, progressive metaplasia in which cartilage is formed in the synovial membranes of joints, tendon sheaths, or bursae. Some of the metaplastic foci can become detached producing loose bodies. When the loose bodies undergo secondary calcification, the condition is called synovial osteochondromatosis.

UI = D015838

 

 

Chondrosarcoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BONE NEOPLASMS (IM) or specific precoord bone/neopl term (IM) or specific bone (IM) + BONE NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D002813

 

 

Chondrosarcoma, Mesenchymal

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BONE NEOPLASMS (IM) or specific precoord bone/neopl term (IM) or specific bone (IM) + BONE NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A rare aggressive variant of chondrosarcoma, characterized by a biphasic histologic pattern of small compact cells intermixed with islands of cartilaginous matrix. Mesenchymal chondrosarcomas have a predilection for flat bones; long tubular bones are rarely affected. They tend to occur in the younger age group and are highly metastatic. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1456)

UI = D018211

 

 

Chorda Tympani Nerve

AN = a branch of the facial (7th cranial) nerve; dis: coord IM with FACIAL NERVE DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = A branch of the facial (7th cranial) nerve which passes through the middle ear and continues through the petrotympanic fissure. The chorda tympani nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and conveys parasympathetic efferents to the salivary glands.

UI = D002814

 

Chordae Tendineae

AN = for disease, coord IM with HEART DISEASES (IM); PAPILLARY MUSCLES is also available but read MeSH definition; false tendons: index PURKINJE FIBERS but see note there

MS = The tendinous cords that connect each cusp of the two atrioventricular valves to appropriate papillary muscles in the heart ventricles, preventing the valves from reversing themselves when the ventricles contract.

UI = D002815

 

Chordata

AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = A phylum of the animal kingdom comprising all the animals that have a notochord (the primitive axis of the body) during some stage of their development. It includes the subphyla Cephalochordata, UROCHORDATA, and Vertebrata (VERTEBRATES). (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002816

 

Chordoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002817

 

 

 

 

Chorea

AN = an involuntary movement disord; choreoathetosis = CHOREA (IM) + ATHETOSIS (IM)

MS = The ceaseless occurrence of a wide variety of rapid, highly complex, jerky movements that appear to be well coordinated but are performed involuntarily. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002819

 

Chorioamnionitis

AN = inflamm of chorion & amnion; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An inflammatory process involving the chorion, its fetal blood vessels, the umbilical cord, and the amnion by extension of the inflammation, as the amnion itself has no blood supply. This inflammatory process is potentially fatal to mother and fetus.

UI = D002821

 

Choriocarcinoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with UTERINE NEOPLASMS (IM) + FEMALE + PREGNANCY if in the female or TESTICULAR NEOPLASMS (IM) + MALE if in the male or other organ/neopl term applicable

MS = An epithelial malignancy of trophoblastic cells, formed by the abnormal proliferation of cuboidal and syncytial cells of the placental epithelium, without the production of chorionic villi. Almost all cases arise in the uterus, developing from hydatidiform mole (50%), following abortion (25%), or during normal pregnancy (22%). The remainder occur in ectopic pregnancy and genital (ovarian and testicular) and extragenital teratomas. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002822

 

Chorion

MS = The outermost extraembryonic membrane.

UI = D002823

 

Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

MS = The beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. It is used as a clinical marker to facilitate early detection of normal pregnancy and significantly contributes to the diagnosis of various pregnancy-related disorders, such as ectopic pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, or Trisomy 21. Further, determination of this marker is immensely helpful to guide curative intervention in testicular cancer. Other possible clinical uses includes as a marker of cancers of the bladder, pancreas, or biliary tract. (Scan J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 1993;216:97-104)

UI = D018997

 

 

Chorionic Villi

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol

MS = The threadlike, vascular projections of the chorion which enter into the formation of the placenta.

UI = D002824

 

 

 

Chorionic Villi Sampling

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = A method for diagnosis of fetal diseases by sampling the cells of the placental chorionic villi for DNA analysis, presence of bacteria, concentration of metabolites, etc. The advantage over amniocentesis is that the procedure can be carried out in the first trimester.

UI = D015193

 

 

Chorioretinitis

AN = inflamm of choroid & retina

MS = Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.

UI = D002825

 

Chorismate Mutase

MS = An isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of chorismic acid to prephenic acid. EC 5.4.99.5.

UI = D002826

 

Chorismic Acid

MS = trans-3[1-Carboxyvinyl-oxy]-4-hydroxy-1,5-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylic acid.

UI = D002827

 

Choristoma

AN = coord aberrant or heterotopic tissue of an organ under the organ without qualif, e.g., heterotopic pancreatic tissue in the duodenum = CHORISTOMA (IM) + DUODENAL DISEASES (IM) + PANCREAS (no qualif) (IM)

MS = A mass of histologically normal tissue present in an abnormal location.

UI = D002828

 

Chordopoxvirinae

AN = a subfamily of the family Poxviridae comprising all vertebrate (Chordo-)poxviruses; infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A subfamily of the family POXVIRIDAE, containing eight genera comprising all the vertebrate poxviruses.

UI = D018147

 

 

Choroid

AN = in the eye: do not confuse with CHOROID PLEXUS (in the brain); inflammation = CHOROIDITIS or CHORIORETINITIS; /blood supply consider also CILIARY ARTERIES

MS = The portion of the vascular tunic or uvea posterior to the ciliary body. It is the middle coat of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. It is composed of five main layers: the suprachoroid, Haller's layer, Sattler's layer, the choriocapillaris, and the lamina vitrea. It furnishes blood supply to the retina and conducts arteries and nerves to the anterior structures. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

UI = D002829

 

 

Choroid Diseases

AN = of the eye, not of the choroid plexus

MS = Disorders of the choroid including hereditary choroidal diseases, neoplasms, and other abnormalities of the vascular layer of the uvea.

UI = D015862

 

 

Choroid Neoplasms

AN = of the eye: do not confuse with neopl of CHOROID PLEXUS ( = CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).

UI = D002830

 

Choroid Plexus

AN = in the brain: do not confuse with CHOROID (in the eye); diseases: coord IM with BRAIN DISEASES (IM); neopl = CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; choroid plexus papilloma = GLIOMA (IM) + CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = Infoldings of blood vessels of the pia mater covered by a thin coat of ependymal cells that form tufted projections into the third, fourth, and lateral ventricles of the brain. They secrete the cerebrospinal fluid. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002831

 

 

Choroid Plexus Neoplasms

AN = in the brain: do not confuse with CHOROID NEOPLASMS (in the eye); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = Neoplasms of the choroid plexus, blood vessels of the pia mater that project into the brain ventricles.

UI = D016545

 

 

 

Choroid Hemorrhage

AN = of the eye, not of the choroid plexus

MS = Hemorrhage from the vessels of the choroid.

UI = D002832

 

 

Choroidal Neovascularization

MS = Formation of new blood vessels in the choroid. It is associated with many ocular conditions, including inflammatory, infectious, degenerative, hereditary, and congenital disorders, as well as ocular tumors and trauma.

UI = D020256

 

 

Choroideremia

AN = of the eye, not of the choroid plexus: progressive degen in male, nonprogressive in female

MS = An X chromosome-linked abnormality characterized by atrophy of the choroid and degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium causing night blindness.

UI = D015794

 

 

 

Choroiditis

AN = of the eye, not of the choroid plexus; consider also CHORIORETINITIS

MS = Inflammation of the choroid.

UI = D002833

 

Christian Science

AN = IM; specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A religion discovered by Mary Baker Eddy in 1866 that was organized under the official name of the Church of Christ, Scientist, that derives its teachings from the Scriptures as understood by its adherents, and that includes a practice of spiritual healing based upon the teaching that cause and effect are mental, and that sin, sickness, and death will be destroyed by a full understanding of the divine principle of Jesus' teaching and healing. (Webster, 3d ed)

UI = D002834

 

Christianity

AN = specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The religion stemming from the life, teachings, and death of Jesus Christ: the religion that believes in God as the Father Almighty who works redemptively through the Holy Spirit for men's salvation and that affirms Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior who proclaimed to man the gospel of salvation. (From Webster, 3d ed)

UI = D002835

 

Chromaffin Cells

AN = located in adrenal medulla & sympath paraganglia; store epinephrine

MS = Cells that store epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia (PARAGANGLIA, CHROMAFFIN) of the sympathetic nervous system.

UI = D019439

 

 

 

Chromaffin Granules

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

MS = Granules in the adrenal glands and various other organs, which are concerned with the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

UI = D002837

 

Chromaffin System

AN = /cytol: consider also specific CHROMAFFIN SYSTEM cell indentions

MS = The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs.

UI = D002838

 

Chromans

AN = do not confuse with CHROMONES

MS = Benzopyrans saturated in the 2 and 3 positions.

UI = D002839

 

Chromates

MS = Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.

UI = D002840

 

Chromatiaceae

AN = in mud & water containing sulfides

MS = Generally strictly anaerobic organisms found in the anaerobic and sulfide-containing parts of all kinds of aquatic environments.

UI = D002841

 

Chromatids

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

MS = Either of the two longitudinally adjacent threads formed when a eukaryotic chromosome replicates prior to mitosis. The chromatids are held together at the centromere. Sister chromatids are derived from the same chromosome. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

UI = D002842

 

Chromatin

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet /isol permitted

MS = The more readily stainable portion of the cell nucleus, forming a network of nuclear fibrils within the achromatin of a cell. It is a deoxyribonucleic acid attached to a protein (primarily histone) structure base and is the carrier of genes in inheritance. It occurs in two states, euchromatin and HETEROCHROMATIN, with different staining properties, and during cell division, it coils and folds to form the chromosomes. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002843

 

Chromatium

AN = in water

MS = A genus of gram-negative, ovoid to rod-shaped bacteria that is phototrophic. All species use ammonia as a nitrogen source. Some strains are found only in sulfide-containing freshwater habitats exposed to light while others may occur in marine, estuarine, and freshwater environments.

UI = D002844

 

Chromatography

AN = an anal chem technique; GEN: prefer specifics; NIM; on Sephadex G = GEL FILTRATION see CHROMATOGRAPHY, GEL; on DEAE Sephadex = CHROMATOGRAPHY, ION EXCHANGE; DF: CHROMATOGR

MS = Any of a diverse group of techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for two different media, one (the mobile phase) a moving fluid and the other (the stationary phase or sorbent) a porous solid or gel or a liquid coated on a solid support. The speed at which each substance is carried along by the mobile phase depends on its solubility (in a liquid mobile phase) or vapor pressure (in a gas mobile phase) and on its affinity for the sorbent. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002845

 

Chromatography, Affinity

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR AFFINITY

MS = A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D002846

 

Chromatography, Agarose

AN = a type of gel chromatogr; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR AGAROSE

MS = A method of gel filtration chromatography using agarose, the non-ionic component of agar, for the separation of compounds with molecular weights up to several million.

UI = D002847

 

Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose

AN = a type of ion exchange chromatogr: do not confuse with chromatogr on DEAE Sephadex ( = CHROMATOGRAPHY, ION EXCHANGE); NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR DEAE CELLULOSE

MS = A type of ion exchange chromatography using diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-CELLULOSE) as a positively charged resin. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D002848

 

Chromatography, Gas

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR GAS

MS = Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.

UI = D002849

 

Chromatography, Gel

AN = a type of liquid chromatogr; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR GEL

MS = Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

UI = D002850

 

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: note short X ref

MS = Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

UI = D002851

 

Chromatography, Ion Exchange

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR ION EXCHANGE

MS = Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

UI = D002852

 

Chromatography, Liquid

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR LIQUID

MS = Chromatographic techniques in which the mobile phase is a liquid.

UI = D002853

 

Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary

AN = do not confuse with capillary gas chromatography (= CHROMATOGRAPHY, GAS)

MS = A hybrid separation technique combining both chromatographic and electrophoretic separation principles. While the method was invented to separate neutral species, it can also be applied to charged molecules such as small peptides.

UI = D020374

 

 

 

 

Chromatography, Paper

AN = a type of liquid chromatogr; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR PAPER

MS = A type of chromatography in which the stationary phase is a sheet of special-grade filter paper. It is in all other aspects similar to thin-layer chromatography. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002854

 

Chromatography, Thin Layer

AN = a type of liquid chromatogr; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR THIN LAYER

MS = Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D002855

 

Chromatophores

AN = do not confuse with chromophores (chemical groups imparting color to a cpd); BACTERIAL CHROMATOPHORES is available

MS = The large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates which actively disperse and aggregate their pigment granules. These cells include MELANOPHORES, erythrophores, xanthophores, leucophores and iridiophores. (In algae, chromatophores refer to CHLOROPLASTS. In phototrophic bacteria chromatophores refer to membranous organelles (BACTERIAL CHROMATOPHORES.)

UI = D002856

 

Chromium

AN = a trace element; Cr-52

MS = A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.

UI = D002857

 

Chromium Alloys

AN = used in dent technol & orthopedics; D25-26 qualif

MS = Specific alloys not less than 85% chromium and nickel or cobalt, with traces of either nickel or cobalt, molybdenum, and other substances. They are used in partial dentures, orthopedic implants, etc.

UI = D002858

 

Chromium Compounds

AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CHROMIUM CPDS

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain chromium as an integral part of the molecule.

UI = D017608

 

 

Chromium Isotopes

AN = Cr-50, 53, 54; NIM; no qualif

MS = Stable chromium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element chromium, but differ in atomic weight. Cr-50, 53, and 54 are stable chromium isotopes.

UI = D002859

 

Chromium Radioisotopes

AN = Cr-46-49,51,55,56; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

MS = Unstable isotopes of chromium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cr atoms with atomic weights of 46-49, 51, 55, and 56 are radioactive chromium isotopes.

UI = D002860

 

Chromobacterium

AN = in soil & water

MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring in soil and water. Its organisms are generally nonpathogenic, but some species do cause infections of mammals, including humans.

UI = D002861

 

Chromoblastomycosis

AN = fungus dis of skin; coord IM with causative agent (IM)

MS = Scaly papule or warty growth, caused by five fungi, that spreads as a result of satellite lesions affecting the foot or leg. The extremity may become swollen and, at its distal portion, covered with various nodular, tumorous, verrucous lesions that resemble cauliflower. In rare instances, the disease may begin on the hand or wrist and involve the entire upper extremity. (Arnold, Odom, and James, Andrew's Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p362)

UI = D002862

 

Chromogenic Compounds

AN = "colorless ... precursors that may be transformed ... into colored cpds; used in biochem assays & ... as indicators"; D25-26 qualif; DF: CHROMOGENIC CPDS

MS = Colorless, endogenous or exogenous pigment precursors that may be transformed by biological mechanisms into colored compounds; used in biochemical assays and in diagnosis as indicators, especially in the form of enzyme substrates. Synonym: chromogens (not to be confused with pigment-synthesizing bacteria also called chromogens).

UI = D002863

 

Chromogranins

AN = nerve tissue proteins

UI = D002864

 

 

Chromomycin A3

AN = an antineoplastic antibiotic

MS = Glycosidic antibiotic from Streptomyces griseus used as a fluorescent stain of DNA and as an antineoplastic agent.

UI = D014128

 

 

Chromomycins

AN = antineoplastic antibiotics

MS = A complex of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics from Streptomyces griseus. The major component, CHROMOMYCIN A3, is used as a fluorescent stain of DNA where it attaches and inhibits RNA synthesis. It is also used as an antineoplastic agent, especially for solid tumors.

UI = D002865

 

Chromonar

AN = a vasodilator

MS = [(3-(2-(Diethylamino)-ethyl)-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl)oxy]acetic acid ethyl ester. A coronary vasodilator agent.

UI = D002866

 

Chromones

AN = do not confuse with CHROMANS

UI = D002867

 

Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

MS = Nucleoproteins which in contrast to histones are acid insoluble. They are involved in chromosomal functions; e.g. they bind selectively to DNA, stimulate transcription resulting in tissue-specific RNA synthesis and undergo specific changes in response to various hormones or phytomitogens.

UI = D002868

 

Chromosome Aberrations

AN = note category: structural or numerical deviations not necessarily manifesting as disease or patent abnormality; coord IM with specific numbered chromosome or sex chromosome (IM) but not with CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN

MS = Deviations from the normal number or structure of chromosomes, not necessarily associated with disease.

UI = D002869

 

Chromosome Abnormalities

AN = note category: structural or numerical deviations manifesting as disease or abnormality; coord IM with specific numbered chromosome (IM) but not with CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN; coord IM with specific dis (IM); SEX CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES is also available; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Defects in the structure or number of chromosomes resulting in structural aberrations or manifesting as disease.

UI = D002870

 

Chromosome Banding

MS = Staining of bands, or chromosome segments, allowing the precise identification of individual chromosomes or parts of chromosomes. Applications include the determination of chromosome rearrangements in malformation syndromes and cancer, the chemistry of chromosome segments, chromosome changes during evolution, and, in conjunction with cell hybridization studies, chromosome mapping.

UI = D002871

 

Chromosome Breakage

AN = a chromosome aberration; note category

MS = A type of chromosomal aberration which may result from spontaneous or induced breakage. Alkylating agents, various types of irradiation, and chemical mutagens have been found to cause induced chromosomal breakage. Breakage can induce base pair translocations, deletions, or chromatid breakage.

UI = D019457

 

 

Chromosome Deletion

AN = no qualif; for coord see note on CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS

MS = Actual loss of a portion of the chromosome.

UI = D002872

 

Chromosome Fragility

MS = Susceptibility of chromosomes to breakage and translocation or other aberrations. Chromosome fragile sites are regions that show up in karyotypes as a gap (uncondensed stretch) on the chromatid arm. They are associated with chromosome break sites and other aberrations. A fragile site on the X chromosome is associated with FRAGILE X SYNDROME. Fragile sites are designated by the letters "FRA" followed by the designation for the specific chromosome and a letter which refers to the different fragile sites on a chromosome (e.g. FRAXA).

UI = D002873

 

Chromosome Mapping

MS = Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

UI = D002874

 

Chromosome Painting

MS = A technique for visualizing CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS using fluorescently labeled DNA probes which are hybridized to chromosomal DNA. Multiple fluorochromes may be attached to the probes. Upon hybridization, this produces a multicolored, or painted, effect with a unique color at each site of hybridization. This technique may also be used to identify cross-species homology by labeling probes from one species for hybridization with chromosomes from another species.

UI = D020223

 

Chromosome Segregation

MS = The orderly segregation of chromosomes during MEIOSIS or MITOSIS.

UI = D020090

 

 

Chromosome Walking

AN = technique for exploring an unknown region of a CHROMOSOME

MS = A technique with which an unknown region of a chromosome can be explored. It is generally used to isolate a locus of interest for which no probe is available but that is known to be linked to a gene which has been identified and cloned. A fragment containing a known gene is selected and used as a probe to identify other overlapping fragments which contain the same gene. The nucleotide sequences of these fragments can then be characterized. This process continues for the length of the chromosome.

UI = D016386

 

 

 

 

Chromosomes

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; /pathol = CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES or CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS; for CHROMOSOMES & its specifics or CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES in a tissue in a disease, coord IM with tissue /ultrastruct (IM) + dis /genet (IM); /class = probably KARYOTYPING; all numbered pairs are available: these are HUMAN only

MS = In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

UI = D002875

 

 

Chromosomes, Archaeal

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet /permitted; coord IM with specific archaeon /genet (IM)

MS = Structures within the nucleus of archaeal cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

UI = D019847

 

 

Chromosomes, Bacterial

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; coord IM with specific bact /genet (IM); DF: CHROMOSOMES BACT

MS = Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

UI = D002876

 

 

Chromosomes, Fungal

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; coord IM with specific fungus /genet (IM)

MS = Structures within the nucleus of fungal cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

UI = D015825

 

 

Chromosomes, Human

AN = GEN only: prefer specifics; IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; do not coord with pre-coord chromosome terms, such as CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS, CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE, etc.: check tag HUMAN will serve for these

MS = The structures within the human cell nucleus that contain the hereditary material, DNA. There are 46 chromosomes normally present in the human, including two which determine the sex of individual, XX for the female and XY for the male. Human chromosomes are classified into groups sharing structural similarity in terms of length from the centromere. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002877

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the three pairs in the first group (or group A) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002878

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the seven pairs in the third group (or group C) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002879

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the seven pairs in the third group (or group C) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002880

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the seven pairs in the third group (or group C) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002881

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of three pairs in the fourth group (or group D) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002882

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of three pairs in the fourth group (or group D) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002883

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the three pairs in the fourth group (or group D) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002884

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the three pairs in the fifth group (or group E) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002885

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the three pairs in the fifth group (or group E) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002886

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the three pairs in the fifth group (or group E) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002887

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the two pairs in the sixth group (or group F) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002888

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the three pairs in the first group (or group A) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002889

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the two pairs in the sixth group (or group F) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002890

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the two pairs in the seventh group (or group G) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002891

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the two pairs in the seventh group (or group G) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002892

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the three pairs in the first group (or group A) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002893

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the two pairs in the second group (or group B) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002894

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the two pairs in the second group (or group B) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002895

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the seven pairs in the third group (or group C) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002896

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the seven pairs in the third group (or group C) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002897

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the seven pairs in the third group (or group C) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002898

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the seven pairs in the third group (or group C) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002899

 

Chromosomes, Human, 1-3

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the seven groups of chromosomes containing three pairs conventionally named pairs 1, 2, and 3. The chromosomes in this group, also called group A, are large chromosomes with centromeres approximately in the middle. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th Amer. ed, p17)

UI = D002900

 

Chromosomes, Human, 13-15

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = The fourth of the seven groups of chromosomes containing three pairs conventionally named pairs 13, 14, and 15. The chromosomes in this group, also called group D, are medium sized with centromeres in the acrocentric position. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th Amer. ed, p17)

UI = D002901

 

Chromosomes, Human, 16-18

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = The fifth of the seven groups of chromosomes containing three pairs conventionally named pairs 16, 17, and 18. The chromosomes in this group, also called group E, are rather short and submetacentric. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th Amer. ed, p17)

UI = D002902

 

Chromosomes, Human, 19-20

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = The sixth of the seven groups of chromosomes containing two pairs conventionally named pairs 19 and 20. The chromosomes in this group, also called group F, are short and metacentric. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th Amer. ed, p17)

UI = D002903

 

Chromosomes, Human, 21-22

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = The seventh of the seven groups of chromosomes containing two pairs conventionally named pairs 21 and 22, and the Y CHROMOSOME. The chromosomes in this group, also called the G group, are very short and acrocentric. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th Amer. ed, p17)

UI = D002904

 

Chromosomes, Human, 4-5

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = The second of the seven groups of chromosomes containing two pairs conventionally named pairs 4 and 5. The chromosomes in this group, also called group B, are large with centromeres in the submetacentric position. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th Amer. ed, p17)

UI = D002905

 

Chromosomes, Human, 6-12

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = The third of the seven groups of chromosomes containing seven pairs conventionally named pairs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, and the X CHROMOSOME. The chromosomes in this group, also called group C, are medium sized with centromeres in the submetacentric position. The X chromosome most resembles 6. This group presents the major difficulty in the identification of individual chromosomes. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th Amer. ed, p17)

UI = D002906

 

Chromosomes, Yeast Artificial

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; coord IM with specific yeast /genet (IM or NIM only if particularly discussed); DF: note short X ref

MS = Chromosomes in which fragments of exogenous DNA ranging in length up to several hundred kilobase pairs have been cloned into yeast through ligation to vector sequences. These artificial chromosomes are used extensively in molecular biology for the construction of comprehensive genomic libraries of higher organisms.

UI = D018244

 

 

Chronaxy

MS = The shortest duration of an effective electrical stimulus to nerve or muscle tissue, having a strength equal to twice the minimum strength required for excitation. (Stedman's, 25th ed)

UI = D002907

 

Chronic Disease

AN = IM GEN only; usually NIM with specific dis IM; no qualif when NIM; Manual 23.16+

MS = Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

UI = D002908

 

Chronobiology

AN = "biol systems as affected by time"; DF: CHRONOBIOL

MS = The study of biological systems as affected by time. Aging, biological rhythms, and cyclic phenomena are included. Statistical, computer-aided mathematical procedures are used to describe, in mathematical terminology, various biological functions over time.

UI = D002909

 

Chronology

AN = no qualif; used more by Catalogers than Indexers; do not confuse with TIME, TIME FACTORS or TIME PERCEPTION: CHRONOLOGY is usually for data or events arranged in order of time or occurrence; DF: CHRONOL CATALOG: form qualif /chronology is available

UI = D002910

 

 

Chronology [Publication Type]

MS = Lists of events arranged in chronological order.

UI = D020469

 

Chronotherapy

AN = ther based on circadian rhythm; not restricted to drug ther nor to cancer chemother; IM; coord with type of ther (IM) or specific drug with probably /admin (IM) but do not coord with DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE or CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; DF: CHRONOTHER

MS = The adaptation of the administration of drugs to circadian rhythms. The concept is based on the response of biological functions to time-related events, such as the low point in epinephrine levels between 10 p.m. and 4 a.m. or the elevated histamine levels between midnight and 4 a.m. The treatment is aimed at supporting normal rhythms or modifying therapy based on known variations in body rhythms. While chronotherapy is commonly used in cancer chemotherapy, it is not restricted to cancer therapy or to chemotherapy.

UI = D019454

 

 

 

Chrysenes

AN = hydrocarbons from coal tar

MS = 1,2-Benzphenanthrenes. Polycyclic hydrocarbons obtained from coal tar.

UI = D002911

 

Chrysosporium

AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOSES (IM) or specific mycosis (IM)

MS = A mitosporic Onygenaceae fungal genus which causes adiaspiromycosis, a pulmonary mycosis of man and rodents. One of its teleomorphs is Ajellomyces.

UI = D002912

 

 

Churg-Strauss Syndrome

AN = necrotizing angiitis with granulomas

MS = Widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is frequent. Asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. Eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.

UI = D015267

 

 

Chyle

AN = a type of lymph; chyluria: index CHYLE (IM) + URINE (NIM)

MS = The milky substance taken up by the lacteals (intestinal lymphatics) from the food in the intestine during digestion. It consists of lymph and droplets of triglyceride fat (CHYLOMICRONS) in a stable emulsion. It passes into the veins by the THORACIC DUCT, becoming mixed with blood. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002913

 

Chylomicrons

AN = lipoproteins

MS = A class of lipoproteins that transport exogenous (dietary) cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestine to tissues after meals. Synthesized in the intestinal mucosa and carried via the intestinal lacteals and lymphatic system to the blood stream, they are then degraded to chylomicron remnants in the capillaries of muscle and adipose tissue through cleavage of the majority of their triglycerides by endothelial lipoprotein lipase. These remnants are rapidly cleared by the liver by receptor-mediated endocytosis. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002914

 

Chyloperitoneum

AN = chyle in the peritoneal cavity

MS = The presence of effused chyle in the peritoneal cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002915

 

Chylothorax

AN = chyle in thoracic cavity

MS = The presence of chyle in the thoracic cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002916

 

Chymopapain

MS = A peptide peptidohydrolase with cysteine at the active center from papaya. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. Also catalyzes the synthesis of hippuryl-aniline. Formerly EC 3.4.4.11

UI = D002917

 

 

Chymosin

AN = do not confuse X ref RENNIN with RENIN; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.

UI = D012085

 

 

 

 

Chymotrypsin

AN = /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted; /antag: consider also ALPHA 1-ANTICHYMOTRYPSIN; chymotrypsin in X ref ENZYMATIC ZONULOLYSIS see CATARACT EXTRACTION is the usual method of performing this type of cataract extraction: do not index CHYMOTRYPSIN unless particularly discussed; alpha-chymotrypsin goes here

UI = D002918

 

Chymotrypsinogen

AN = an enzyme precursor

UI = D002919

 

 

Chytridiomycota

MS = A phylum of fungi that was formerly considered a subdivision of Phycomycetes. They are the only fungi that produce motile cells at some stage in their life cycle. Most are saprobes but they also contain examples of plant, animal and fungal pathogens.

UI = D008411

 

 

Cialit

AN = a tissue preservative

MS = Ethylmercury(2-mercapto-5-benzoxazolecarboxylic acid)sodium salt. Tissue preservative.

UI = D002920

 

 

Cicatrix

AN = only Cat C qualif; CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC is also available

MS = The formation of new tissue in the process of wound healing.

UI = D002921

 

 

Cicatrix, Hypertrophic

AN = does not spread to surrounding tissue: do not confuse with KELOID which does; follow text of author

MS = An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.

UI = D017439

 

 

Ciguatoxin

AN = from a West Indies word for fish poisoning (cigua = a type of snail); /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; coord IM with source of ciguatoxin (IM or NIM)

MS = A toxin found in flesh of marine animals, especially some fishes, at some times, in some localities. It is probably of algal origin, causes paresthesia, gastrointestinal symptoms, neuromuscular blockade, and respiratory paralysis due to interference with membrane function. The poisoning is also called ciguatera.

UI = D002922

 

 

Cilastatin

AN = a protease inhib

MS = A renal dehydropeptidase-I and leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor. Since the antibiotic, IMIPENEM, is hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase-I, which resides in the brush border of the renal tubule, cilastatin is administered with imipenem to increase its effectiveness. The drug also inhibits the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukeotriene E4.

UI = D015377

 

 

Cilazapril

AN = an ACE inhib

MS = An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. Preliminary results also indicate its potential in the treatment of congestive heart failure. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.

UI = D017315

 

 

Cilia

AN = IM GEN only; NIM when specific organ is IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; do not confuse with the protozoa CILIATA see CILIOPHORA or with the Latin plural of EYELASHES

MS = Populations of thin, motile processes found covering the surface of ciliates (CILIOPHORA) or the free surface of the cells making up ciliated EPITHELIUM. Each cilium arises from a basic granule in the superficial layer of CYTOPLASM. The movement of cilia propels ciliates through the liquid in which they live. The movement of cilia on a ciliated epithelium serves to propel a surface layer of mucus or fluid. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

UI = D002923

 

 

Ciliary Arteries

MS = Arteries supplying the iris, conjunctiva, choroid, and ciliary body. The anterior ciliary arteries originate in the ophthalmic and lacrimal arteries and supply the iris and conjunctiva; the short posterior ciliary arteries originate in the ophthalmic artery and supply the choroid; the long posterior ciliary arteries originate in the ophthalmic artery and supply the iris and ciliary process. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019842

 

 

Ciliary Body

AN = inflammation: consider CILIARY BODY (IM) + UVEITIS (IM) or UVEITIS, ANTERIOR (IM); dis = CILIARY BODY (IM) + UVEAL DISEASES (IM); neopl = CILIARY BODY (IM) + UVEAL NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); /blood supply consider also CILIARY ARTERIES; pigmented ciliary epithelium: coord CILIARY BODY with PIGMENT EPITHELIUM OF EYE

MS = A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion.

UI = D002924

 

 

Ciliary Motility Disorders

AN = ciliary refers to nasal, paranasal sinus, respiratory & sometimes spermatozoon cilia

MS = Disorders characterized by abnormal ciliary movement in the nose, paranasal sinuses, respiratory tract, and spermatozoa. Electron microscopy of the cilia shows that dynein arms are missing. The disorders manifest as Kartagener triad (KARTAGENER'S SYNDROME), chronic respiratory disorders, chronic sinusitis, and/or chronic otitis.

UI = D002925

 

 

Ciliophora

AN = infection = CILIOPHORA INFECTIONS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A phylum of protozoa characterized by the presence of cilia at some time during the life cycle. It comprises three classes: KINETOFRAGMINOPHOREA, OLIGOHYMENOPHOREA, and POLYMENOPHOREA.

UI = D016798

 

Ciliophora Infections

AN = protozoan infect; GEN or unspecified; most common infect is BALANTIDIASIS

MS = Infections with protozoa of the phylum CILIOPHORA.

UI = D016770

 

 

Cimetidine

MS = A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P-450.

UI = D002927

 

 

Cimicidae

AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

MS = A family of wingless, blood-sucking insects of the suborder HETEROPTERA, including the bedbugs and related forms. Cimex (BEDBUGS), Heamatosiphon, and Oeciacus are medically important genera. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D020063

 

 

Cinanserin

AN = a serotonin antag

MS = A serotonin antagonist with limited antihistaminic, anticholinergic, and immunosuppressive activity.

UI = D002928

 

 

Cinchona

AN = plant only: alkaloids = CINCHONA ALKALOIDS

MS = A genus of rubiaceous South American trees that yields the toxic CINCHONA ALKALOIDS from their bark; QUININE, QUINIDINE, chinconine, cinchonidine and others are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias.

UI = D002929

 

 

Cinchona Alkaloids

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specific indentions

MS = Alkaloids extracted from various species of Cinchona.

UI = D002930

 

 

Cineangiography

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CINEANGIOGR

MS = Motion pictures of the passage of contrast medium through blood vessels.

UI = D002932

 

 

Cineradiography

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CINERADIOGR

MS = Motion picture study of successive images appearing on a fluoroscopic screen.

UI = D002933

 

Cinnamates

UI = D002934

 

 

Cinnamon

MS = Cinnamomum zeylanicum, an evergreen tree of the laurel family (Lauraceae), and its dried inner bark used as a spice or medicinally.

UI = D002935

 

 

Cinnarizine

MS = A piperazine derivative with histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity and considerable antiemetic properties.

UI = D002936

 

 

Cinoxacin

AN = an anti-infective

MS = Synthetic antimicrobial related to oxolinic and nalidixic acids and used in urinary tract infections.

UI = D002937

 

 

Ciona intestinalis

AN = a tunicate used in research; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = The only species of a cosmopolitan ascidian. It is useful as a research animal.

UI = D002938

 

 

Ciprofloxacin

AN = an anti-infective

MS = A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections.

UI = D002939

 

 

Circadian Rhythm

AN = approx 24-hour cycle; drug admin based on circadian rhythm = CHRONOTHERAPY: do not coord with CIRCADIAN RHYTHM or DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; jet lag: coord IM with TRAVEL (IM)

MS = The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness.

UI = D002940

 

 

Circle of Willis

MS = A polygonal anastomosis at the base of the brain formed by the internal carotid, the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries, the anterior communicating artery and the posterior communicating arteries.

UI = D002941

 

 

Circoviridae

AN = a family of DNA viruses; from CIRcular COnformation of the viral DNA; infection = CIRCOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

MS = A family of very small viruses containing circular, single-stranded DNA and possessing no envelope. The modes of transmission are not known. There is one genus: CIRCOVIRUS.

UI = D018136

 

 

Circoviridae Infections

AN = GEN or unspecified

MS = Virus diseases caused by the CIRCOVIRIDAE.

UI = D018173

 

 

Circovirus

AN = a genus of the family Circoviridae; infection = CIRCOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

MS = A genus of the family CIRCOVIRIDAE that infects fowl, swine, and psittacine birds. It is the only DNA virus affecting mammals which contains a single-stranded circular genome. The three species are CHICKEN ANEMIA VIRUS causing transient anemia and immunosuppression in baby chicks; beak and feather disease virus causing a fatal disease in psittacine birds; and porcine circovirus, not yet associated with any disease.

UI = D017925

 

 

Circular Dichroism

AN = a type of spectrum anal; NIM; no qualif

MS = A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D002942

 

 

Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology

AN = not used for indexing; DF: CIRC RESPIRATORY PHYSIOL CATALOG: do not use

MS = Functions and activities of cardiovascular circulation and of respiration and respiratory mechanics.

UI = D002943

 

 

Circumcision

AN = GEN or unspecified but usually male; when male, check tags HUMAN & MALE; when unspecified, check HUMAN but no sex tag; for female, CIRCUMCISION, FEMALE is available

MS = Excision of the prepuce or part of it.

UI = D002944

 

 

Circumcision, Female

AN = check tags HUMAN & FEMALE

MS = A general term encompassing both the excision of a portion of the external female genitalia (Sunna and pharaonic circumcision) and infibulation. Although it is associated with severe health risks and has been declared illegal in many places, it is widely practiced in a number of countries, particularly in Africa. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019093

 

 

Cisapride

MS = A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)

UI = D020117

 

 

Cisplatin

MS = An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.

UI = D002945

 

 

Cisterna Magna

AN = /surg: VENTRICULOCISTERNOSTOMY see VENTRICULOSTOMY is also available

UI = D002946

 

 

cis-trans-Isomerases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the rearrangement of geometry about double bonds. EC 5.2.

UI = D019745

 

 

Citalopram

MS = A selective neuronal serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a clinically effective antidepressant with tolerable side effects. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia (TD) in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition.

UI = D015283

 

 

Cities

AN = IM for cities as sociol or population entities; specific indentions are available (NIM only) for epidemiol or ethnol studies; URBANIZATION is available for the develop from rural to urban society; URBAN POPULATION and URBAN HEALTH are also available CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A large or important municipality of a country, usually a major metropolitan center.

UI = D002947

 

 

Citraconic Anhydrides

MS = Methylmaleic anhydrides.

UI = D002949

 

 

Citrate (si)-Synthase

MS = An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the condensation of oxaloacetate and the acetyl group of coenzyme A to form citrate and coenzyme A. This is the initial reaction in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 4.1.3.7.

UI = D002950

 

 

Citrates

AN = /metab: consider also CITRIC ACID CYCLE

UI = D002951

 

 

Citric Acid

AN = an anticoagulant; do not confuse X ref CITRATE with CITRATES

MS = A compound from citrus fruits that is an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle. It is used as an acidifying agent in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. Citrate chelates calcium ions and prevents blood clotting. It is also used as an anticoagulant for stored whole blood and red cells and also for blood specimens. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019343

 

 

Citric Acid Cycle

MS = A series of reactions involving oxidation of a two-carbon acetyl unit to carbon dioxide and water with the production of high-energy phosphate bonds by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediate.

UI = D002952

 

 

Citrinin

AN = an antibiotic

MS = 4,6-Dihydro-8-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-6-oxo-3H-2-benzopyran- 7-carboxylic acid. Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.

UI = D002953

 

 

Citrobacter

AN = in soil, water & sometimes intestine; infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped enterobacteria that can use citrate as the sole source of carbon.

UI = D002954

 

 

Citrobacter freundii

AN = in soil, water, human & animal matter; opportunistic; infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in man and other animals including mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Its organisms have also been isolated from soil and water as well as from clinical specimens such as urine, throat, sputum, blood, and wound swabs as an opportunistic pathogen.

UI = D016971

 

 

Citrulline

AN = an amino acid

UI = D002956

 

 

Citrus

AN = as plant & fruit; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2; orange & grapefruit juices: coord IM with BEVERAGES (IM)

MS = Any tree or shrub of the rue family or the fruit of these plants.

UI = D002957

 

 

City Planning

AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Comprehensive planning for the physical development of the city.

UI = D002958

 

 

Civil Defense

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Preventive emergency measures and programs designed to protect the individual or community in times of hostile attack.

UI = D002959

 

 

Civil Disorders

AN = specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Deliberate and planned acts of unlawful behavior engaged in by aggrieved segments of the population in seeking social change.

UI = D002960

 

 

Civil Rights

AN = Specify geog; consider also HUMAN RIGHTS & SOCIAL JUSTICE; PRIVACY ACT see PRIVACY is also available CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Legal guarantee protecting the individual from attack on personal liberties, right to fair trial, right to vote, and freedom from discrimination on the basis of race, religion, national origin, age, or gender.

UI = D002961

 

 

Civilization

AN = specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The distinctly human attributes and attainments of a particular society.

UI = D002962

 

 

Cladosporium

AN = infection: coord IM with probably MYCOSES or TINEA (IM)

MS = A mitosporic Loculoascomycetes fungal genus including some economically important plant parasites. Teleomorphs include Mycosphaerella and Venturia.

UI = D002963

 

 

Cladribine

AN = an antineoplastic

MS = An antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases including hairy-cell leukemia.

UI = D017338

 

 

Clams

AN = as animal & food; IM; as food, coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM); /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = Equivalved edible marine mollusks that live wholly or partially in sand or mud. Some genera are Mya, Venus, and Mactra.

UI = D002964

 

 

Clarithromycin

AN = a macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin

MS = A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.

UI = D017291

 

 

Classical Article [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; appears in titles within brackets & in translations within parentheses; consider also publication type HISTORICAL ARTICLE; Manual 14.5.1.10, 32.9+, 32.16.14

MS = The current presentation of a previously printed seminal article marking a milestone in the history of medicine or science. It is usually accompanied by introductory remarks heralding its reprinting, often on the anniversary of its original publication or on an anniversary of the author's birth or death. It is usually reprinted in full, with complete bibliographical reference to the original appearance.

UI = D016419

 

 

Classification

AN = GEN only; prefer /class: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.6; DF; CLASS

MS = The systematic arrangement of entities in any field into categories classes based on common characteristics such as properties, morphology, subject matter, etc.

UI = D002965

 

 

Clathrin

AN = a membrane protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = The main structural coat protein of coated vesicles which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins.

UI = D002966

 

Claviceps

MS = A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Clavicipitaceae, order Hypocreales, parasitic on various grasses. The sclerotia contain several toxic alkaloids. Claviceps purpurea on rye causes ergotism.

UI = D002967

 

Clavicle

UI = D002968

 

Clavulanic Acid

MS = Clavulanic acid (C8H9O5N) and its salts and esters. The acid is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.

UI = D019818

 

 

Clavulanic Acids

AN = enzyme inhib & lactam antibiotics; /biosyn permitted if by living matter

MS = Acids, salts, and derivatives of clavulanic acid (C8H9O5N). They consist of those beta-lactam compounds that differ from penicillin in having the sulfur of the thiazolidine ring replaced by an oxygen. They have limited antibacterial action, but block bacterial beta-lactamase irreversibly, so that similar antibiotics are not broken down by the bacterial enzymes and therefore can exert their antibacterial effects.

UI = D002969

 

 

Cleavage Stage, Ovum

AN = note category; "the embryo in its earliest stage"; A 11 qualif

MS = The embryo in its earliest stage, lasting from the first mitotic division of the fertilized ovum into two blastomeres to the formation of the morula, a compact mass of blastomeres.

UI = D002970

 

 

Cleft Lip

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; when with CLEFT PALATE, do not also use ABNORMALITIES, MULTIPLE CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.

UI = D002971

 

 

Cleft Palate

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; when with CLEFT LIP, do not also use ABNORMALITIES, MULTIPLE CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.

UI = D002972

 

 

Cleidocranial Dysplasia

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A rare autosomal dominant condition in which there is defective ossification of the cranial bones with large fontanels and delayed closing of the sutures, complete or partial absence of the clavicles, wide pubic symphysis, short middle phalanges of the fifth fingers, and dental and vertebral anomalies. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002973

 

 

Clemastine

AN = a histamine H1 antag & antipruritic

MS = Histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.

UI = D002974

 

 

Clenbuterol

AN = a bronchodilator

MS = A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.

UI = D002976

 

 

Clergy

UI = D002977

 

 

Climacteric

AN = female & male; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; "premenopausal" goes under PREMENOPAUSE, "postmenopausal" goes under POSTMENOPAUSE

MS = Physiologic period, characterized by endocrine, somatic, and psychic changes with the termination of ovarian function in the female. It may also accompany the normal diminution of sexual activity in the male.

UI = D002979

 

 

Climate

AN = GEN; no qualif

UI = D002980

 

 

Clindamycin

AN = an aminoglycoside antibiotic

MS = A semisynthetic analog of the natural antibiotic LINCOMYCIN from which it is produced by chlorination. It is effective primarily against gram-positive bacteria. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002981

 

 

Clinical Chemistry Tests

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NIM; DF: CLIN CHEM TESTS

MS = Laboratory tests demonstrating the presence of physiologically significant substances in the blood, urine, tissue, and body fluids with application to the diagnosis or therapy of disease.

UI = D019963

 

 

Clinical Clerkship

AN = an undergrad med educ program; DF: CLIN CLERKSHIP

MS = Undergraduate medical education programs for second- , third- , and fourth-year students in which the students receive clinical training and experience in teaching hospitals or affiliated health centers.

UI = D002982

 

 

Clinical Competence

AN = competence in professional activities directly related to patient care: differentiate from PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE which refers to competence not necessarily related to patient care; DF: CLIN COMPETENCE

MS = The capability to perform acceptably those duties directly related to patient care.

UI = D002983

 

 

Clinical Conference [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; appears in titles within brackets & in translations within parentheses; Manual 14.5.1.7, 18.11.8-18.11.15

MS = A conference of physicians on their observations of a patient at the bedside, regarding the physical state, laboratory and other diagnostic findings, clinical manifestations, results of current therapy, etc. A clinical conference usually ends with a confirmation or correction of clinical findings by a pathological diagnosis performed by a pathologist. "Clinical conference" is often referred to as a "clinico-pathological conference."

UI = D016429

 

 

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems

AN = DF: CLIN LABORATORY INFORMATION SYSTEMS

MS = Information systems, usually computer-assisted, designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling administrative and clinical activities associated with the provision and utilization of clinical laboratory services.

UI = D002984

 

 

Clinical Medicine

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: CLIN MED

MS = The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient.

UI = D015510

 

 

Clinical Nursing Research

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: CLIN NURS RESEARCH CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Research carried out by nurses in the clinical setting and designed to provide information that will help improve patient care. Other professional staff may also participate in the research.

UI = D015400

 

 

Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems

AN = DF: CLIN PHARM INFORMATION SYSTEMS

MS = Information systems, usually computer-assisted, designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling administrative activities associated with the provision and utilization of clinical pharmacy services.

UI = D016303

 

 

Clinical Protocols

AN = "precise & detailed plans for the study of a med or biomed problem" or "plans for a regimen of ther"; IM GEN only; do not use for cancer polychemother protocols ( = ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, COMBINED); DF: CLIN PROTOCOLS

MS = Precise and detailed plans for the study of a medical or biomedical problem and/or plans for a regimen of therapy.

UI = D002985

 

 

Clinical Trial [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; GEN only: prefer specific clin trial publication type; for clin trials as a subject, index under main heading CLINICAL TRIALS; coord also with any other epidemiol or statist method of design present; Manual 26.26+; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL & RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL are also available

MS = Pre-planned clinical study of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques in humans selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. While most clinical trials concern humans, this publication type may be used for clinical veterinary articles meeting the requisites for humans. Specific headings for specific types and phases of clinical trials are also available.

UI = D016430

 

 

Clinical Trials

AN = human & vet animals only; GEN or unspecified as to phase: index under specific phase (as CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE I) instead if pertinent; IM for articles & books about clin trials as a method in med research; do not confuse with Publication Type CLINICAL TRIAL; do not index also under PLACEBOS unless placebos are particularly discussed; Manual 26.26+; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS & RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS are also available; DF: CLIN TRIALS

MS = Pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.

UI = D002986

 

 

Clinical Trials, Phase I

AN = trial lasts about a year; for U.S. & foreign studies; for I/II clin trials, index under CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE I + CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE II; IM for articles & books about phase I clin trials as a method in med research; do not confuse with Publication Type CLINICAL TRIAL, PHASE I; DF: CLIN TRIALS PHASE I

MS = Studies performed to evaluate the safety of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques in healthy subjects and to determine the safe dosage range (if appropriate). These tests also are used to determine pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic properties (toxicity, metabolism, absorption, elimination, and preferred route of administration). They involve a small number of persons and usually last about 1 year. This concept includes phase I studies conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.

UI = D017321

 

 

Clinical Trial, Phase I [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for trials on a small control group studied for about a year; for phase I clin trials as a subject, index under main heading CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE I; Manual 26.26.2+

MS = A pre-planned, usually controlled, clinical study of the safety and efficacy of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques based on a small number of healthy persons and conducted over the period of about a year in either the United States or a foreign country.

UI = D017426

 

 

Clinical Trials, Phase II

AN = trial lasts about 2 years; for U.S. & foreign studies; for I/II clin trials, index under CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE I + CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE II, for II/III clin trials, index under CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE II + CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE III; IM for articles & books about phase II clin trials as a method in med research; do not confuse with Publication Type CLINICAL TRIAL, PHASE II; DF: CLIN TRIALS PHASE II

MS = Studies that are usually controlled to assess the effectiveness and dosage (if appropriate) of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques. These studies are performed on several hundred volunteers, including a limited number of patients with the target disease or disorder, and last about two years. This concept includes phase II studies conducted in both the U.S. and in other countries.

UI = D017322

 

 

Clinical Trial, Phase II [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for trials on several hundred volunteers studied for about 2 years; for phase II clin trials as a subject, index under main heading CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE II; Manual 26.26.2+

MS = A pre-planned, usually controlled, clinical study of the safety and efficacy of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques based on several hundred volunteers, including a limited number of patients, and conducted over a period of about two years in either the United States or a foreign country.

UI = D017427

 

 

Clinical Trials, Phase III

AN = trial lasts about 3 years; for U.S. & foreign studies; for II/III clin trials, index under CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE II + CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE III; IM for articles & books about phase III clin trials as a method in med research; do not confuse with Publication Type CLINICAL TRIAL, PHASE III; DF: CLIN TRIALS PAHSE III

MS = Comparative studies to verify the effectiveness of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques determined in phase II studies. During these trials, patients are monitored closely by physicians to identify any adverse reactions from long-term use. These studies are performed on groups of patients large enough to identify clinically significant responses and usually last about three years. This concept includes phase III studies conducted in both the U.S. and in other countries.

UI = D017326

 

 

Clinical Trial, Phase III [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for trials on large groups of patients closely monitored by physicians for adv eff for about 3 years; for phase III clin trials as a subject, index under main heading CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE III; Manual 26.26.2+

MS = A pre-planned, usually controlled, clinical study of the safety and efficacy of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques after phase II trials. A large enough group of patients is studied and closely monitored by physicians for adverse response to long-term exposure, over a period of about three years in either the United States or a foreign country.

UI = D017428

 

 

Clinical Trials, Phase IV

AN = trial approves for sale; for U.S. & foreign studies; IM for articles & books about phase IV clin trials as a method in med research; do not confuse with Publication Type CLINICAL TRIAL, PHASE IV; DF: CLIN TRIALS PHASE IV

MS = Planned post-marketing studies of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques that have been approved for general sale. These studies are often conducted to obtain additional data about the safety and efficacy of a product. This concept includes phase IV studies conducted in both the U.S. and in other countries.

UI = D017327

 

 

Clinical Trial, Phase IV [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for post-marketing studies; for phase IV clin trials as a subject, index under main heading CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE IV; Manual 26.26.2+

MS = Planned post-marketing studies of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques that have been approved for general sale after clinical trials, phases I, II, and III. These studies, conducted in the United States or a foreign country, often garner additional data about the safety and efficacy of a product.

UI = D017429

 

Clioquinol

AN = an amebicide & local anti-infective

MS = A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.

UI = D007464

 

 

Clitoris

UI = D002987

 

 

Cloaca

AN = human & animal

MS = The common chamber into which the intestinal, urinary and genital tracts discharge in birds, reptiles, amphibians and many fishes; also a phylogenetically related embryonic structure in mammals.

UI = D002988

 

 

Cloacin

AN = a bacteriocin

MS = A bacteriocin produced by a plasmid that can occur in several bacterial strains. It is a basic protein of molecular weight 56,000 and exists in a complex with its immunity protein which protects the host bacterium from its effects.

UI = D002989

 

 

Clobetasol

AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent

MS = Topical corticosteroid that is absorbed faster than FLUOCINONIDE. It is used in psoriasis, but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.

UI = D002990

 

 

Clodronic Acid

AN = inhibits calcium metab

MS = (Dichloromethylene)bisphosphonic acid. A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It is an effective inhibitor of bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.

UI = D004002

 

 

Clofazimine

AN = a non-steroidal anti-inflamm antileprotic

MS = A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythrema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619)

UI = D002991

 

 

Clofenapate

AN = an antilipemic

MS = An oral hypolipemic agent in dogs and rats.

UI = D002992

 

 

Clofibrate

MS = A fibric acid derivative used in the treatment of type III hyperlipoproteinemia and severe hypertriglyceridemias. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p986)

UI = D002994

 

 

Clofibric Acid

AN = an anticholesteremic

MS = An antilipemic agent and the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.

UI = D002995

 

 

Clomiphene

AN = a female fertility agent

MS = A stilbene derivative structurally related to CHLOROTRIANISENE and used in the treatment of anovulatory infertility. It is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and stimulates the secretion of pituitary gonadotropic hormones.

UI = D002996

 

 

Clomipramine

AN = an antidepressant

MS = A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.

UI = D002997

 

 

Clonal Anergy

AN = a form of immune tolerance

MS = Functional inactivation of T- or B-lymphocytes rendering them incapable of eliciting an immune response to antigen. This occurs through different mechanisms in the two kinds of lymphocytes and can contribute to SELF TOLERANCE.

UI = D017635

 

 

Clonal Deletion

AN = a form of immune tolerance

MS = Removal, via CELL DEATH, of immature lymphocytes that interact with antigens during maturation. For T-lymphocytes this occurs in the thymus and ensures that mature T-lymphocytes are self tolerant. B-lymphocytes may also undergo clonal deletion.

UI = D017637

 

 

Clonazepam

AN = an anticonvulsant

MS = An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GABA receptor responses.

UI = D002998

 

 

Clone Cells

AN = NIM; A 11 qualif; cells derived by natural asexual reprod or by nuclear cloning; differentiate from CLONING, MOLECULAR and CLONING, ORGANISM; "clonal analysis" goes here

MS = A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

UI = D002999

 

 

Clonidine

AN = an antihypertensive & alpha-2 adrenergic agonist

MS = An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Clonidine's central actions reduce sympathetic tone, resulting in a fall in diastolic and systolic blood pressure and a reduction in heart rate. It also acts peripherally, and this peripheral activity may be responsible for the transient increase in blood pressure seen during rapid intravenous administration. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p350)

UI = D003000

 

 

Cloning, Molecular

AN = differentiate from CLONE CELLS and CLONING, ORGANISM; "clonal analysis": index under CLONE CELLS; DF: CLONING MOL or MOL CLONING

MS = The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

UI = D003001

 

 

Cloning, Organism

AN = check tags HUMAN or ANIMAL; differentiate from CLONING, MOLECULAR and CLONE CELLS; DF: CLONING

MS = The formation of one or more genetically identical organisms derived by vegetative reproduction from a single cell. The source nuclear material can be embryo-derived, fetus-derived, or taken from an adult somatic cell.

UI = D019976

 

Clonixin

AN = a non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent

MS = Anti-inflammatory analgesic.

UI = D003002

 

 

Clonorchiasis

AN = trematode infect caused by CLONORCHIS SINENSIS; OPISTHORCHIS SINENSIS infection = CLONORCHIASIS, not OPISTHORCHIASIS which is Opisthorchis infect by Opisthorchis species other than O. sinensis

MS = Infection of the biliary passages with CLONORCHIS SINENSIS, also called Opisthorchis sinensis. It may lead to inflammation of the biliary tract, proliferation of biliary epithelium, progressive portal fibrosis, and sometimes bile duct carcinoma. Extension to the liver may lead to fatty changes and cirrhosis. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003003

 

 

Clonorchis sinensis

AN = infection = CLONORCHIASIS; note X ref: OPISTHORCHIS SINENSIS infection = CLONORCHIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A species of trematode flukes of the family Opisthorchidae. Many authorities consider this genus belonging to Opisthorchis. It is common in China and other Asiatic countries. Snails and fish are the intermediate hosts.

UI = D003004

 

 

Clopamide

AN = a diuretic

MS = A diuretic with properties similar to those of the thiazide diuretics even though it does not contain a thiazide ring system. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p813)

UI = D003005

 

 

Clopenthixol

AN = an antipsychotic agent

MS = A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.

UI = D003006

 

 

Clopidol

AN = a coccidiostat

MS = A very effective anticoccidial agent used in poultry.

UI = D003007

 

 

Cloprostenol

AN = a synthetic prostaglandin F

MS = 7-(2-beta-(4-(3-chlorophenoxy)-3-hydroxy-1-butenyl)-3,5-dihydroxycyclopentyl)-5-heptenoic acid. A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.

UI = D003008

 

 

Clorazepate Dipotassium

AN = an anti-anxiety agent & anticonvulsant

MS = A water-soluble benzodiazepine derivative effective in the treatment of anxiety. It has also muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant actions.

UI = D003009

 

 

Clorgyline

AN = an MAO inhib & antidepressant

MS = An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.

UI = D003010

 

 

Closing Volume

AN = NIM

MS = The lung volume at which the dependent lung zones cease to ventilate presumably as a result of airway closure.

UI = D003011

 

 

Closterovirus

AN = a group of plant viruses; Greek kloster, thread, refers to its very long rods; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)

MS = A group of plant viruses with highly flexuous filaments; some members are important pathogens of crop plants. Some are transmitted by aphids in a semi-persistent manner.

UI = D017790

 

 

Clostridium

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; infection = CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS or its specifics

MS = A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family BACILLACEAE. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals.

UI = D003013

 

 

Clostridium difficile

AN = infection = probably ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS

MS = A common inhabitant of the colon flora in human infants and sometimes in adults. It produces a toxin that causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis (ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS) in patients receiving antibiotic therapy.

UI = D016360

 

 

Clostridium botulinum

AN = infection = BOTULISM

MS = The etiologic agent of BOTULISM in man, wild ducks, and other waterfowl. It is also responsible for certain forms of forage poisoning in horses and cattle. The bacterium produces a powerful exotoxin that is resistant to proteolytic digestion.

UI = D003014

 

 

Clostridium Infections

AN = gram-pos bact infect; GEN: prefer specifics

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM.

UI = D003015

 

 

Clostridium perfringens

AN = infection = GAS GANGRENE if in text; otherwise coord IM with CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = The most common etiologic agent of GAS GANGRENE. It is differentiable into several distinct types based on the distribution of twelve different toxins.

UI = D003016

 

 

Clostridium tetani

AN = infection = TETANUS

MS = The cause of TETANUS in humans and domestic animals. It is a common inhabitant of human and horse intestines as well as soil. Two components make up its potent exotoxin activity, a neurotoxin and a hemolytic toxin.

UI = D003017

 

 

Clot Retraction

AN = no qualif

MS = Retraction of a clot resulting from contraction of platelet pseudopods attached to fibrin strands that is dependent on the contractile protein thrombosthenin. Used as a measure of platelet function.

UI = D003018

 

 

Clothing

UI = D003020

 

 

Clotrimazole

MS = An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal cell membranes. Its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane.

UI = D003022

 

 

Cloxacillin

AN = a penicillin

MS = A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.

UI = D003023

 

 

Clozapine

MS = A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.

UI = D003024

 

 

Clubfoot

AN = X ref EQUINOVARUS: do not confuse with EQUINUS DEFORMITY; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A deformed foot in which the foot is plantarflexed, inverted and adducted.

UI = D003025

 

 

Clupeine

UI = D003026

 

 

Cluster Analysis

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif

MS = A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.

UI = D016000

 

 

Cluster Headache

AN = cluster refers to occurrence in "groups separated by long remissions"

MS = Vascular headache, predominantly unilateral, usually associated with flushing, sweating, rhinorrhea and increased lacrimation; brief in duration and usually occurring in close-packed groups separated by long remissions.

UI = D003027

 

 

CME-Carbodiimide

MS = 4-(2-((Cyclohexylimidocarbonyl)amino)ethyl)-4-methyl-morpholinium p-toluenesulfonate.

UI = D003028

 

 

Coagulants

AN = consider also BLOOD COAGULATION /drug eff

MS = Exogenous substances used to promote blood coagulation. The endogenous BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS are considered to be coagulants only when administered as drugs.

UI = D003029

 

 

Coagulase

AN = produced by Staph & Yersinia pestis

MS = Any bacterial component or product which causes coagulation in plasma containing an anticoagulant such as citrate, heparin or oxalate. Coagulases are produced by certain staphylococci and by Yersinia pestis. Staphylococci produce two types of coagulase: Staphylocoagulase, a free coagulase that produces true clotting of plasma, and Staphylococcal clumping factor, a bound coagulase in the cell wall that induces clumping of cells in the presence of fibrinogen. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed)

UI = D003030

 

 

Coagulation Protein Disorders

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with coag factor (IM)

MS = Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders resulting from abnormalities or deficiencies of coagulation proteins.

UI = D020147

 

 

Coal

AN = /adv eff permitted but do not use for COAL MINING + PNEUMOCONIOSIS or ANTHRACOSILICOSIS unless particularly discussed as coal

MS = A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions.

UI = D003031

 

 

Coal Mining

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; consider also PNEUMOCONIOSIS but particularly SILICOSIS & ANTHRACOSILICOSIS

UI = D003032

 

 

Coal Tar

AN = a keratolytic agent; D25-26 qualif

MS = A by-product of the destructive distillation of coal used as a topical antieczematic. It is an antipruritic and keratoplastic agent used also in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin conditions. Occupational exposure to soots, tars, and certain mineral oils is known to be carcinogenic according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985) (Merck Index, 11th ed).

UI = D003033

 

 

Coated Materials, Biocompatible

AN = coord with specific coating material

MS = Biocompatible materials usually used in dental and bone implants that enhance biologic fixation, thereby increasing the bond strength between the coated material and bone, and minimize possible biological effects that may result from the implant itself.

UI = D020099

 

 

Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; DF: COATED PITS

MS = Specialized regions of the cell membrane composed of pits coated with a bristle covering made of the protein CLATHRIN. These pits are the entry route for macromolecules bound by cell surface receptors. The pits are then internalized into the cytoplasm to form the COATED VESICLES.

UI = D003034

 

 

Coated Vesicles

AN = an organelle; A 11 qualif except /cytol

MS = Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits (COATED PITS, CELL-MEMBRANE) invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles is covered with a lattice-like network of the protein CLATHRIN. Shortly after formation, however, the clathrin coat is removed and the vesicles are referred to as ENDOSOMES.

UI = D018699

 

 

Cobalt

AN = a trace element; Co-59; /defic /physiol permitted

MS = A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.

UI = D003035

 

 

Cobalt Isotopes

AN = Co-59; NIM; no qualif

MS = Stable cobalt atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cobalt, but differ in atomic weight. Co-59 is a stable cobalt isotope.

UI = D003036

 

 

Cobalt Radioisotopes

AN = Co-54-64 except Co-59; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use); often discussed with RADIOISOTOPE TELETHERAPY (IM)

MS = Unstable isotopes of cobalt that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Co atoms with atomic weights of 54-64, except 59, are radioactive cobalt isotopes.

UI = D003037

 

 

Cobamides

AN = coenzymes & B12 vitamins

UI = D003038

 

Cobra

AN = a genus of poisonous snakes

MS = A genus of poisonous snakes of the subfamily Elapinae of the family ELAPIDAE. There are six recognized species, all inhabiting Africa except the Asiatic (Indian) cobra, Naja naja. Some species "spit" their venom into the eyes of their "enemies". So-called spitting cobras show a high degree of accuracy in aiming for the eyes. The ringhals, the most highly specialized of the spitting cobras, is limited to southern Africa. Its spray destroys eye tissue and can cause blindness; its bite can cause death. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p80)

UI = D017842

 

 

Cobra Neurotoxins

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS

MS = Toxins, contained in cobra (Naja) venom that block cholinergic receptors; two specific proteins have been described, the small (short, Type I) and the large (long, Type II) which also exist in other Elapid venoms.

UI = D003039

 

 

Cobra Venoms

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted

MS = Venoms from snakes of the genus Naja (family Elapidae). They contain many specific proteins that have cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic, and other properties. Like other elapid venoms, they are rich in enzymes. They include cobramines and cobralysins.

UI = D003040

 

 

Coca

AN = do not confuse with cocoa see CACAO

MS = Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield COCAINE; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation.

UI = D003041

 

 

Cocaine

AN = cocaine derivatives = COCAINE /analogs; CRACK COCAINE is available; cocaine addiction = COCAINE-RELATED DISORDERS

MS = An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.

UI = D003042

 

 

Cocaine-Related Disorders

MS = Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.

UI = D019970

 

Cocarcinogenesis

AN = "combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer": nothing to do with NEOPLASMS, MULTIPLE PRIMARY; IM; no qualif; Manual 24.4.1.14

MS = The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.

UI = D003043

 

 

Coccidia

AN = infection = COCCIDIOSIS; /drug eff: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS; "coccidial" refers to COCCIDIA: do not confuse with "coccidioidal" (refers to COCCIDIOIDES, a fungus); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A subclass of protozoans commonly parasitic in the epithelial cells of the intestinal tract but also found in the liver and other organs. Its organisms are found in both vertebrates and higher invertebrates and comprise three orders: Agamococcidiida, Protococcidiida, and EUCOCCIDIIDA.

UI = D003044

 

 

Coccidioides

AN = do not confuse with the sporozoon COCCIDIA; "coccidioidal" refers to COCCIDIOIDES: do not confuse with "coccidial" (refers to COCCIDIA); infection = COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS

MS = A mitosporic fungal genus which causes COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS.

UI = D003045

 

 

Coccidioidin

MS = A sterile solution containing the by-products of growth products of Coccidioides immitis, injected intracutaneously as a test for coccidioidomycosis.

UI = D003046

 

 

Coccidioidomycosis

AN = fungus dis caused by COCCIDIOIDES, not COCCIDIA

MS = Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, species C. immitis. The primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection due to inhalation of spores and varying in severity. The secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003047

 

 

Coccidiosis

AN = sporozoan infect caused by COCCIDIA, not COCCIDIOIDES; /drug ther: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS

MS = Protozoan infection found in animals and man. It is caused by several different genera of COCCIDIA.

UI = D003048

 

 

Coccidiostats

AN = consider also COCCIDIA /drug eff & COCCIDIOSIS /drug ther (& not COCCIDIOIDES & COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS)

MS = Agents useful in the treatment or prevention of COCCIDIOSIS in man or animals.

UI = D003049

 

 

Coccyx

AN = a bone of the spine; do not confuse with COCCYGEAL REGION, merely locational; coord IM with specific disease (IM)

UI = D003050

 

 

Cochlea

AN = dis = COCHLEAR DISEASES

MS = The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule.

UI = D003051

 

 

Cochlear Aqueduct

AN = do not confuse with COCHLEAR DUCT

MS = A channel containing perilymph passing through the temporal bone, connecting the scala tympani of the cochlea to the subarachnoid space.

UI = D003052

 

 

Cochlear Diseases

MS = Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing.

UI = D015834

 

 

Cochlear Duct

AN = do not confuse with COCHLEAR AQUEDUCT

MS = Spiral tube in the bony canal of the cochlea, lying on its outer wall between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani.

UI = D003053

 

 

Cochlear Implantation

MS = Surgical insertion of an electronic device implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness.

UI = D019929

 

 

Cochlear Implants

AN = subcutaneous electronic implants: do not confuse with French "protháese auditive" translated as "hearing aid" & indexed under HEARING AIDS

MS = Electronic devices implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness.

UI = D003054

 

 

Cochlear Microphonic Potentials

MS = The electric response of the cochlear hair cells to acoustic stimulation.

UI = D003055

 

 

Cochlear Nerve

AN = cochlear portion of acoustic (8th cranial) nerve; dis = COCHLEAR NERVE (IM) + ACOUSTIC NERVE DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = The cochlear part of the acoustic (8th cranial) nerve. The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei of the brain stem. They mediate the sense of hearing.

UI = D003056

 

 

Cochlear Nucleus

AN = located in the pons

MS = The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex.

UI = D017626

 

 

Cockayne Syndrome

AN = a form of dwarfism & premature senility; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An inherited disorder characterized by disproportionate dwarfism and premature senility, often accompanied by mental deficiency, photosensitivity, retinal degeneration, optic atrophy, cataracts, and partial deafness.

UI = D003057

 

 

Cockroaches

AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

MS = Insects of the order Dictyoptera comprising several families including Blaberidae, BLATTELLIDAE, Blattidae (containing the American cockroach PERIPLANETA americana), Cryptocercidae, and Polyphagidae.

UI = D003058

 

 

Coconut

AN = as plant & food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = A tropical palm tree, Cocos nucifera, that yields large, edible hard-shelled fruit from which oil and fiber are also obtained.

UI = D003059

 

 

Coculture

AN = culture of normal cells or tissue with infected cells or tissue of same kind; includes culture with other normal cells or tissue; NIM; specify cell or tissue & infecting organism if relevant, probably NIM

MS = The culturing of normal cells or tissues with infected or latently infected cells or tissues of the same kind (From Dorland, 28th ed, entry for cocultivation). It also includes culturing of normal cells or tissues with other normal cells or tissues.

UI = D018920

 

 

Cod Liver Oil

AN = a source of vitamins A & D

MS = The partially destearinated fixed oil obtained from fresh livers of Gadus morrhua and other species of Gadidae, the cod family. It is used as a source of vitamins A and D. In veterinary medicine, it is also used topically to promote wound healing and in abscesses, burns, and dermatoses. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003060

 

 

Codeine

AN = an opioid analgesic & antitussive; codeine derivatives = CODEINE /analogs

MS = An opioid analgesic related to MORPHINE but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough.

UI = D003061

 

 

Codependency (Psychology)

AN = "dependency" is not restricted to substance dependence: can apply to family or workplace; DF: CODEPENDENCY

MS = A relational pattern in which a person attempts to derive a sense of purpose through relationships with others.

UI = D017004

 

 

Codon

AN = in messenger RNA; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A set of three nucleotides in DNA or RNA that codes for a specific amino acid. The term is also used for the corresponding (and complementary) sequences of three nucleotides in messenger RNA into which the original DNA sequence is transcribed.

UI = D003062

 

 

Codon, Initiator

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Any codon that directs initiation of genetic translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) by stimulating the binding of initiator tRNA. In prokaryotes, the codons AUG or GUG can act as initiators while in eukaryotes, AUG is the only initiator codon.

UI = D018387

 

Codon, Terminator

AN = "signals the termination of genet transl"; IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Any codon that signals the termination of genetic translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) by triggering the hydrolysis of the aminoacyl bond connecting the completed polypeptide to the tRNA. Terminator codons (UAA, UAG, and UGA) do not specify amino acids.

UI = D018388

 

 

Codon, Nonsense

AN = nonsense refers to its not being assigned to an amino acid or any stop signal; IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A codon that is not assigned to an amino acid or to any stop signal. It was originally thought that nonsense codons were synonymous with terminator codons (CODON, TERMINATOR) in that they signaled termination of a protein chain. Recent studies have found this not to be true.

UI = D018389

 

 

Coenzyme A-Transferases

MS = Enzymes which transfer coenzyme A moieties from acyl- or acetyl-CoA to various carboxylic acceptors forming a thiol ester. Enzymes in this group are instrumental in ketone body metabolism and utilization of acetoacetate in mitochondria. EC 2.8.3.

UI = D015256

 

 

Cognitive Science

AN = a branch of psychol; SPEC; SPEC qualif

MS = The study of the precise nature of different mental tasks and the operations of the brain that enable them to be performed, engaging branches of psychology, computer science, philosophy, and linguistics. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D019336

 

 

Cognitive Symptoms

MS = Symptoms related to those mental processes involved in the acquisition, processing, and utilization of knowledge or information.

UI = D019954

 

 

Cognitive Therapy

AN = a psychother technique; DF: COGNITIVE THER

MS = A direct form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior.

UI = D015928

 

 

Cohort Effect

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

MS = Variation in health status arising from different causal factors to which each birth cohort in a population is exposed as environment and society change.

UI = D015988

 

 

Cohort Studies

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

MS = Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

UI = D015331

 

 

Colitis, Ischemic

MS = Acute vascular insufficiency of the colon usually involving the portion supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery. The symptoms include pain at the iliac fossa, bloody diarrhea, low-grade fever, abdominal distention, and abdominal tenderness. The classic radiologic sign is thumbprinting due to localized elevation of the mucosa by submucosal hemorrhage or edema. Ulceration may follow. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D017091

 

 

Collagenases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the degradation of collagen by acting on the peptide bonds. EC 3.4.24.-.

UI = D017364

 

 

Collagenase, Microbial (see Microbial Collagenase)

 

 

Collateral Ligaments

AN = artic ligaments of extremities; coord IM with specific joint or bone (IM)

MS = A number of ligaments on either side of, and serving as a radius of movement of, a joint having a hingelike movement. They occur at the elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints of the hands and feet. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D017885

 

 

Collected Correspondence [Publication Type]

MS = Collected letters by or about a person or on a subject.

UI = D020505

 

 

Collected Works [Publication Type]

MS = Collections of previously published works.

UI = D020470

 

Collections [Publication Type]

MS = Collections of objects.

UI = D020471

 

 

Colletotrichum

MS = A genus of mitosporic Phyllachoraceae fungi which contains at least 40 species of plant parasites. They have teleomorphs in the genus Glomerella (see PHYLLACHORALES).

UI = D020231

 

 

Colobinae

AN = a subfamily of Old World monkeys; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A subfamily of the Old World monkeys, CERCOPITHECIDAE, that inhabits the forests of Africa and Asia. The genera COLOBUS (Procolobus; colobus), Nasalis (proboscis monkey), Presbytis (Semnopithecus; leaf monkey), Pygathrix (Rhinopithecus; snub-nosed monkey), and Simias (pig-tailed langur) all belong to this subfamily.

UI = D016673

 

 

Colonialism

AN = IM; specify geog & hist period CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The aggregate of various economic, political, and social policies by which an imperial power maintains or extends its control over other areas or peoples. It includes the practice of or belief in acquiring and retaining colonies. The emphasis is less on its identity as an ideological political system than on its designation in a period of history. (Webster, 3d ed; from Dr. J. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)

UI = D018595

 

 

Colony Count, Microbial

AN = coord NIM with organism /growth or /isol (IM) as appropriate

MS = Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal cells or spores capable of growth on solid culture media. Each colony (i.e., microbial colony-forming unit) represents the progeny of a single cell in the original inoculum. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in air, food, and water; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimocrobial drug testing.

UI = D015169

 

 

Colony-Stimulating Factors, Recombinant

AN = colony-stimulating factors "prepared by recombinant DNA technol"; /drug eff permitted; DF: note short X ref

MS = COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

UI = D019374

 

 

Color Therapy

AN = treatment of dis with color; coord IM with disease /ther (IM)

MS = A form of phototherapy using color to influence health and to treat various physical or mental disorders. The color rays may be in the visible or invisible spectrum and can be administered through colored lights or applied mentally through suggestion.

UI = D016500

 

 

Colorectal Neoplasms

AN = a clinical entity: not a synonym for COLONIC NEOPLASMS + RECTAL NEOPLASMS; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); GENES, DCC (for "Deleted in Colorectal Cancer") & GENES, MCC (for "Mutated in Colorectal Cancer") are available: see MeSH scope notes and annotations there

MS = Cancer of the colon and rectum. The most frequent malignant tumor in the United States. Etiological factors which increase the risk of colorectal cancer include chronic ulcerative colitis, familial polyposis of the colon, exposure to asbestos, irradiation of the cervix.

UI = D015179

 

 

Coltivirus

AN = a genus of the family Reoviridae; from COLorado TIck fever; infection: coord IM with REOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A genus of REOVIRIDAE infecting Ixodidae ticks and transmitted by them to humans, deer, and small animals. The type species is COLORADO TICK FEVER VIRUS.

UI = D018162

 

 

Colubridae

AN = the largest family of snakes; its venom: coord IM with SNAKE VENOMS (IM)

MS = The largest family of snakes, comprising five subfamilies: Colubrinae, Natricinae, Homalopsinae, Lycodontinae, and Xenodontinae. They show a great diversity of eating habits, some eating almost anything, others having a specialized diet. They can be oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous. The majority of North American snakes are colubrines. Among the colubrids are king snakes, water moccasins, water snakes, and garter snakes. Some genera are poisonous. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, pp321-29)

UI = D017812

 

 

Columbia SK Virus

AN = a strain of encephalomyocarditis virus; infection: coord IM with CARDIOVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A strain of ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS, a species of CARDIOVIRUS, that infects rodents.

UI = D017944

 

 

Comment [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for critical or explanatory remarks on previously published articles; appears in titles within brackets & in translations within parentheses; Manual section 39; COMMENT may be designated as an additional publication type even when another is present, such as LETTER or EDITORIAL

MS = A critical or explanatory note written to discuss, support, or dispute an article or other presentation previously published. It may take the form of an article, letter, editorial, etc. It appears in publications under a variety of names: comment, commentary, editorial comment, viewpoint, etc.

UI = D016420

 

 

Common Variable Immunodeficiency

AN = an immunodefic syndrome with hypogammaglobulinemia

MS = Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections.

UI = D017074

 

 

Commonwealth of Independent States

AN = each independent state is available; consider also RUSSIA (PRE-1917) & USSR for historical material; DF: note short X ref CATALOG: use NAF entry

UI = D017517

 

 

Community-Acquired Infections

AN = contrasted with hospital- or other health facil-acquired ( = CROSS INFECTION); IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific community-acquired infect (IM), if discussed

MS = Any infection acquired in the community, that is, contrasted with those acquired in a health care facility (CROSS INFECTION). An infection would be classified as community-acquired if the patient had not recently been in a health care facility or been in contact with someone who had been recently in a health care facility.

UI = D017714

 

 

Community Health Planning

AN = specify geog CATALOG: geog /form

MS = Planning that has the goals of improving health, improving accessibility to health services, and promoting efficiency in the provision of services and resources on a comprehensive basis for a whole community. (From Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988, p299)

UI = D018672

 

 

Community Networks

AN = IM

MS = Organizations and individuals cooperating together toward a common goal at the local or grassroots level.

UI = D019058

 

 

Comorbidity

AN = "presence of co-existing or additional diseases" in epidemiol studies: do not confuse with /compl; IM GEN only; coord NIM with both diseases /epidemiol (IM), not /compl; specify geog if pertinent

MS = The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.

UI = D015897

 

 

Comoros

AN = a group of Indian Ocean Islands between Mozambique & Madagascar

MS = A group of Indian Ocean Islands, the islands of Great Comoro, Anjouan, Mayotte, and Moheli, lying between northeast Mozambique and northwest Madagascar. The capital is Moroni. In 1914 they became a colony attached to Madagascar administratively and were made a French overseas territory in 1947. Except for Mayotte which remained French, Comoros became an independent republic in 1975. Comoros represents the Arabic qamar, moon, said by some scholars to be linked with the mystical Mountains of the Moon said to be somewhere in equatorial Africa. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p283 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p122)

UI = D017507

 

 

Comoviridae

AN = a family of plant viruses

MS = A family of non-enveloped RNA plant viruses, transmitted by biological vectors and experimentally by mechanical inoculation. There are three genera: COMOVIRUS, FABAVIRUS, and NEPOVIRUS.

UI = D019180

 

 

Comovirus

AN = a genus of mosaic viruses; from COwpea MOsaic virus; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)

MS = A genus of plant viruses of the family COMOVIRIDAE in which the bipartite genome is encapsidated in separate icosahedral particles. Mosaic and mottle symptoms are characteristic, and transmission is exclusively by leaf-feeding beetles. Cowpea mosaic virus is the type species.

UI = D017798

 

 

Compact Disks

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Computer disks storing data with a maximum reduction of space and bandwidth. The compact size reduces cost of transmission and storage.

UI = D016250

 

 

Competitive Medical Plans

AN = DF: COMPETITIVE MED PLANS CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Alternative health care delivery mechanisms, such as PREFERRED PROVIDER ORGANIZATIONS or other health insurance services or prepaid plans (other than HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS), that meet Medicare qualifications for a risk-sharing contract. (From Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988)

UI = D016536

 

Complement 1q

AN = DF: C 1q

MS = Subcomponent of complement 1 (C1) which recognizes and binds to the heavy chain of IgG or IgM initiating the classical complement pathway. The interaction of C1q and immunoglobulin activates C1r and C1s. The activated C1r and C1s molecules are cleaved off the complex by C1-inhibitor, allowing the collagen-like region of C1q to become accessible for interaction with cell membrane C1q receptors.

UI = D015922

 

 

Complement 1r

AN = DF: C 1r

MS = Subcomponent of complement 1 which, when activated by C1q, activates subcomponent C1s by proteolytic cleavage.

UI = D015923

 

 

Complement 3a

AN = DF: C 3a

MS = Smaller fragment formed when C3 convertase splits C3 into C3a and C3b. C3a is a 77-amino acid peptide that includes a carboxy-terminal arginine which is crucial for its biological activities. C3a causes symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis) including smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, and local inflammation. It is considered an anaphylatoxin along with C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine.

UI = D015926

 

 

Complement 3c

AN = DF: C 3C

MS = An inactivated form of COMPLEMENT 3B (C3b). Complement 3b is inactivated with the help of two regulatory factors, COMPLEMENT FACTOR H and COMPLEMENT FACTOR I. COMPLEMENT FACTOR H (C3b inactivator accelerator) makes C3b susceptible to the serine protease, COMPLEMENT FACTOR I (formerly called KAF, C3bINF, or enzyme 3b inactivator), to form iC3b. Then COMPLEMENT FACTOR I and a trypsin-like proteolytic enzyme further cleave iC3b into C3c and C3dg.

UI = D015932

 

 

Complement 3d

AN = DF: C 3d

MS = An inactivated fragment of complement 3b (C3b). Factor H makes C3b susceptible to factor I (formerly called KAF, C3bINF, or enzyme 3b inactivator) to form iC3b. Then factor I and a trypsin-like proteolytic enzyme further cleave iC3b into C3c and C3dg. Serum proteases degrade C3dg into complement 3d (C3d) and C3g.

UI = D015933

 

 

Complement 4a

AN = DF: C 4a

MS = Smaller fragment formed when C1s splits C4 into C4a and C4b. As an anaphylatoxin, C4a causes symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity but it has weaker activity than C3a or C5a.

UI = D015934

 

 

Complement 4b

AN = DF: C 4b

MS = Larger fragment formed when C1s splits C4 into C4a and C4b. C4b combines with C2b to form the activated C4b2b complex which is often called the classical pathway C3 convertase.

UI = D015935

 

 

Complement 5a

AN = DF: C 5a

MS = Smaller fragment formed when C5 convertase splits C5 into C5a and C5b. C5a is a 74-amino acid peptide that includes a carboxy-terminal arginine crucial for its spasmogenic activity and a carbohydrate moiety. C5a is the most potent anaphylatoxin mediating immediate hypersensitivity.

UI = D015936

 

 

Complement 5a, des-Arginine

AN = DF: C 5a DES ARG

MS = Complement 5a with the carboxy-terminal arginine removed. The arginine is rapidly cleaved from the C5a fragment during complement activation by carboxypeptidase B present in normal human serum. C5a des-Arg shows complete loss of spasmogenic activity though it retains some chemotactic ability.

UI = D015937

 

 

Complement Factor B

MS = A glycine-rich, heat-labile beta-glycoprotein found in blood. It is a proactivator of complement 3 in the alternate pathway of complement activation. Factor B is converted by Factor D to COMPLEMENT 3 CONVERTASE. EC 3.4.21.47.

UI = D011415

 

 

Complement Factor D

MS = A serum protein which during the alternate pathway of complement activation converts the inactive factor B to COMPLEMENT 3 CONVERTASE. EC 3.4.21.46.

UI = D011416

 

 

Complement Factor H

AN = DF: note short X ref

MS = A beta-globulin that binds to complement 3b and makes iC3b (inactivated complement 3b) susceptible to cleavage by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I. Complement factor H also acts as an alternative pathway complement inhibitor by interfering with the binding of properdin factor B to C3b.

UI = D017242

 

Complement Factor I

AN = do not confuse with FACTOR I see FIBRINOGEN

MS = Serine proteinase that acts on iC3b (inactivated complement 3b) to cleave it into C3c and C3dg with the help of a trypsin-like proteolytic enzyme. Complement factor I was formerly called KAF, C3bINF, or enzyme 3b inactivator. EC 3.4.21.45.

UI = D017244

 

 

Coenzyme A

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D003065

 

 

Coenzyme A Ligases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the formation of acyl-CoA derivatives. EC 6.2.1.

UI = D003066

 

 

Coenzymes

MS = Organic nonprotein molecules, frequently phosphorylated derivatives of water-soluble vitamins, that bind with the protein molecule (APOENZYMES) to form the active enzyme (HOLOENZYMES). They are catalysts for the activation of enzymes. (Dorland, 28th ed; Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D003067

 

 

Coercion

AN = no qualif

MS = The process of compelling a person to act, or refrain from acting, contrary to his free choice often by use of threat of physical or moral force.

UI = D003068

 

 

Coffee

AN = as plant & beverage; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = Rubiaceous trees or shrubs, Coffea arabica and C. robusta, that yield CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE. Ground beans or seeds are infused with water to make beverage.

UI = D003069

 

 

Coformycin

AN = an enzyme inhib & antineoplastic antibiotic

MS = A ribonucleoside antibiotic synergist and adenosine deaminase inhibitor isolated from Nocardia interforma and Streptomyces kaniharaensis. It is proposed as an antineoplastic synergist and immunosuppressant.

UI = D003070

 

 

Cognition

MS = Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge.

UI = D003071

 

Cognition Disorders

MS = Disturbances in the mental process related to thinking, reasoning, and judgment.

UI = D003072

 

 

Cognitive Dissonance

AN = no qualif

MS = Motivational state produced by inconsistencies between simultaneously held cognitions or between a cognition and behavior; e.g., smoking enjoyment and believing smoking is harmful are dissonant.

UI = D003073

 

 

Coin Lesion, Pulmonary

AN = if neopl, coord IM with LUNG NEOPLASMS (NIM); if non-neopl, do not coord with LUNG DISEASES; DF: COIN LESION PULM

MS = Solitary, round, circumscribed shadows found in the lungs in x-ray examinations. Common causes are tuberculosis, neoplasms, cysts, or vascular anomalies. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D003074

 

 

Coitus

AN = human only: animal = COPULATION; restrict to dictionary definition: for anal or oral sex index under SEX BEHAVIOR

MS = Sexual intercourse.

UI = D003075

 

 

Coitus Interruptus

MS = A contraceptive method whereby coitus is purposely interrupted in order to prevent ejaculation of semen into the vagina.

UI = D003076

 

 

Coke

AN = a coal residue used as fuel

MS = A residue of coal, left after dry (destructive) distillation, used as a fuel.

UI = D003077

 

 

Colchicine

AN = an alkaloid from Colchicum used as gout suppressant

MS = A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (PERIODIC DISEASE).

UI = D003078

 

Colchicum

AN = = meadow saffron; plant only: one of its alkaloids is COLCHICINE

MS = A genus of poisonous, liliaceous plants. The roots (corms) of Colchicum autumnale, the fall crocus or meadow saffron, yield COLCHICINE, which is used as a biochemical tool and to treat gout. Other members of this genus yield saffron dye, flavoring agents, and aromatics.

UI = D003079

 

 

Cold

AN = cooling of organs during surg goes under HYPOTHERMIA, INDUCED

MS = An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.

UI = D003080

 

 

Cold Climate

AN = specify for Polar Region cold climate ARCTIC REGIONS or ANTARCTIC REGIONS if pertinent; specify other geog for cold climate if pertinent

UI = D003081

 

 

Colectomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Excision of a portion of the colon or of the whole colon. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003082

 

 

Coleoptera

AN = comprising BEETLES & weevils; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = The largest order of insects, comprising the beetles and weevils.

UI = D003083

 

 

Colestipol

AN = an anticholesteremic

MS = Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels.

UI = D003084

 

 

Colic

AN = paroxysms of pain, usually abdom; coord IM with organ/diseases (IM), as renal colic = COLIC (IM) + KIDNEY DISEASES (IM), biliary colic = COLIC (IM) + BILIARY TRACT DISEASES or specific (IM)

MS = Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well.

UI = D003085

 

 

Colicin Factors

MS = Plasmids determining the potentiality of a bacterium to produce colicins. They are cytoplasmic elements whose integration into the bacterial chromosome has not been demonstrated except for the Col B and Col V factors.

UI = D003086

 

 

Colicins

AN = bacteriocins

MS = Bacteriocins elaborated by strains of Escherichia coli and related species. They are proteins or protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes lethal to other strains of the same species.

UI = D003087

 

 

Colinus

AN = IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with BIRD DISEASES (IM)

MS = A genus of birds (family Phasianidae) consisting of the bobwhites.

UI = D003088

 

 

Colipases

AN = a protein: not an enzyme despite -ase; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Colipase I and II, consisting of 94-95 and 84-85 amino acid residues, respectively, have been isolated from porcine pancreas. Their role is to prevent the inhibitory effect of bile salts on the lipase-catalyzed intraduodenal hydrolysis of dietary long-chain triglycerides.

UI = D003089

 

 

Coliphages

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli.

UI = D003090

 

 

Colistin

AN = an antibiotic

MS = Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.

UI = D003091

 

 

Colitis

AN = inflamm of the colon; ENTEROCOLITIS (small & large intestinal inflamm) is also available

MS = Inflammation of the colon. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003092

 

 

Colitis, Ulcerative

AN = usually chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE; note X refs below: these terms are common in European literature: do not confuse with RECTOCOLITIS see PROCTOCOLITIS

MS = Inflammatory disease of unknown cause which involves the mucosa of the colon. Onset may be acute and fulminant, and its course often continues chronically in an intermittent or continuous form. Diarrhea is a common symptom and bleeding an almost constant concomitant symptom.

UI = D003093

 

 

Collagen

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; precursor = PROCOLLAGEN

MS = A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties.

UI = D003094

 

 

Collagen Diseases

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics CATALOG: form qualif permitted

MS = Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that "collagen" was equivalent to "connective tissue", but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term "collagen diseases" now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)

UI = D003095

 

 

Collapse Therapy

AN = a method of surg ther of tuberc; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis whereby the lung is totally or partially, temporarily or permanently, immobilized. The procedure was based on the popular concept that collapsing the affected portion of a tuberculous lung allowed the infected area to rest and thereby recover. At the beginning of the 20th century artificially induced pneumothorax (PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL) was popular. Later a variety of other techniques was used to encourage collapse of the infected portion of the lung: unilateral phrenic nerve division, PNEUMONOLYSIS, pneumoperitoneum (PNEUMOPERITONEUM, ARTIFICIAL), and THORACOPLASTY. Collapse therapy has declined since the advent of antitubercular chemotherapy. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Sabiston Jr, Textbook of Surgery, 14th ed, p1733-4)

UI = D003096

 

 

Collateral Circulation

AN = a naturally occurring physiol phenomenon: not for restoration of funct by surg; not restricted to coronary vessels; do not confuse with NEOVASCULARIZATION, PHYSIOLOGIC: physiol neovasc is formation of new blood vessels in tissue, collat circ is circ through secondary channels after obstruct of a principal vessel supplying a part; DF: COLLATERAL CIRC

MS = Compensatory circulation carried on through secondary channels after obstruction of the principal vessel supplying the part. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003097

 

Collective Bargaining

MS = The process of negotiation between representatives of an employee organization, association or union, and representatives of the employer.

UI = D003098

 

 

College Admission Test

MS = Test designed to identify students suitable for admission into a graduate or undergraduate curriculum.

UI = D003099

 

 

Colles' Fracture

AN = a distal radius fracture

MS = Fracture of the lower end of the radius in which the lower fragment is displaced posteriorly.

UI = D003100

 

 

Collodion

AN = a pharmaceutic aid; D25-26 qualif

MS = A nitrocellulose solution in ether and alcohol. Collodion has a wide range of uses in industry including applications in the manufacuture of photographic film, in fibers, in lacquers, and in engraving and lithography. In medicine it is used as a drug solvent and a wound sealant.

UI = D003101

 

 

Colloids

AN = IM for general only; NIM with specific drug IM, no qualif

MS = Two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out. The dispersing or continuous phase or medium envelops the particles of the discontinuous phase. All three states of matter can form colloids among each other.

UI = D003102

 

 

Coloboma

AN = eye abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific site in eye /abnorm (IM) CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital anomaly in which some of the structures of the eye are absent due to incomplete fusion of the fetal intraocular fissure during gestation.

UI = D003103

 

 

Colobus

AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A genus of Old World monkeys, subfamily COLOBINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, that inhabits the forests of Africa. It consists of eight species: C. angolensis (Angolan colobus), C. badius or C. rufomitratus (Red or Bay colobus), C. guereza (Guereza or Eastern black-and-white colobus), C. kirkii (Kirk's colobus), C. polykomos (King colobus or Western black-and-white colobus), C. satanas (Black colobus), and C. verus (Olive colobus). Some authors recognize Procolobus as a separate genus and then the olive colobus is recognized as the species P. verus.

UI = D003104

 

 

Colombia

UI = D003105

 

 

Colon

AN = X ref TAENIA COLI: do not confuse with Taenia, a genus of tapeworm; inflammation = COLITIS; /surg: do not confuse with specialty COLORECTAL SURGERY & consider also COLECTOMY or COLOSTOMY CATALOG: form qualif permitted

UI = D003106

 

 

Colorectal Surgery

AN = GEN only: do not confuse with COLON /surg & RECTUM /surg; SPEC: SPEC qualif DF: COLORECTAL SURG

MS = A surgical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and abnormalities of the colon, rectum, and anal canal.

UI = D003107

 

 

Colonic Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = COLITIS CATALOG: form qualif permitted

UI = D003108

 

 

Colonic Diseases, Functional

UI = D003109

 

 

Colonic Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); note SIGMOID NEOPLASMS is available; familial: consider also ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI & COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS, HEREDITARY NONPOLYPOSIS

UI = D003110

 

 

Colonic Polyps

AN = neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D003111

 

 

Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction

AN = functional obstruct of colon

MS = Functional obstruction of the colon.

UI = D003112

 

 

Colonoscopy

AN = NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Examination of the luminal surface of the colon with a colonoscope (endoscope). It is used to localize, identify, and photograph pathologic alterations, to obtain biopsy material, and to perform other surgical interventions.

UI = D003113

 

 

Colony-Forming Units Assay

AN = restricted to stem cells; do not use for microbial colony-forming units ( = COLONY COUNT, MICROBIAL); DF: CFU ASSAY

MS = A cytologic technique for measuring the functional capacity of stem cells by assaying their activity.

UI = D003114

 

 

Colony-Stimulating Factors

AN = /drug eff permitted; coord IM with colonized cell (IM or NIM) if pertinent

MS = Glycoproteins found in a subfraction of normal mammalian plasma and urine. They stimulate the proliferation of bone marrow cells in agar cultures and the formation of colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages. The factors include INTERLEUKIN-3 (IL-3), GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (G-CSF), MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (M-CSF), and GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (GM-CSF).

UI = D003115

 

 

Color

AN = NIM; when IM, /stand permitted; differentiate from PIGMENTATION in that PIGMENTATION is related to biological PIGMENTS

UI = D003116

 

 

Color Vision Defects

MS = Mild to severe impairment in the ability to discriminate or differentiate hues. This disorder may be acquired as a result of diseases of the cones or X chromosome-linked where there is an abnormality but not a complete absence of one of the cone pigments.

UI = D003117

 

 

Color Perception

MS = The visual awareness of any particular hue or achromatic color.

UI = D003118

 

 

Color Perception Tests

UI = D003119

 

 

Colorado

UI = D003120

 

Colorado Tick Fever

AN = caused by a tick-transm reovirus

MS = A febrile illness characterized by chills, aches, vomiting, leukopenia, and sometimes encephalitis. It is caused by the COLORADO TICK FEVER VIRUS, a reovirus transmitted by the tick Dermacentor andersoni.

UI = D003121

 

 

Colorado Tick Fever Virus

AN = a species of Reovirus; infection = COLORADO TICK FEVER

MS = A species of REOVIRUS transmitted by the tick Dermacentor andersonii and causing fever, chills, aching head and limbs, and often vomiting. It occurs in the northwestern United States, except the Pacific Coast.

UI = D003122

 

 

Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; DF: HNPCC

MS = A syndrome characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance, a low mean age (41 years) for occurrence of colon cancer, and a marked increase in the proportion of tumors in the proximal colon.

UI = D003123

 

 

Colorimetry

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM

MS = Any technique by which an unknown color is evaluated in terms of standard colors. The technique may be visual, photoelectric, or indirect by means of spectrophotometry. It is used in chemistry and physics. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D003124

 

 

Colostomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = The surgical creation of an opening between the colon and the surface of the body. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003125

 

 

Colostrum

AN = check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

MS = The thin, yellow, milky fluid secreted by the mammary gland before or after partuition. It contains up to 20 per cent protein, predominant among which are immunoglobulins, representing the antibodies found in maternal blood. It contains more minerals and less fat and carbohydrate than does milk. It also contains many colostrum corpuscles and usually will coagulate on boiling due to a large amount of lactalbumin. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003126

 

 

Colposcopy

AN = to examine cervix & vagina; NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Examination of the tissues of the cervix and vagina by means of the colposcope, an instrument inserted into the vagina, equipped with a magnifying lens. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003127

 

 

Coma

AN = includes "stupor"; HEPATIC COMA see HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY, DIABETIC COMA, INSULIN COMA & HYPERGLYCEMIC HYPEROSMOLAR NONKETOTIC COMA are also available

MS = A profound state of unconsciousness. It includes "stupor" from which the patient can be partially roused, as well as complete unconsciousness in which there is no response to sensory stimuli, even at the reflex level.

UI = D003128

 

 

Comb and Wattles

AN = DF: COMB

UI = D003129

 

 

Combat Disorders

AN = note category: do not confuse with war wounds ( = WOUNDS AND INJURIES or specific inj (IM) + WAR (IM or NIM) ); STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC is also available

MS = Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.

UI = D003130

 

 

Combined Modality Therapy

AN = almost never IM; coordinate disease term with specific ther qualif (IM) + specific ther (IM or NIM): TN 6; for combined ther of drugs DRUG COMBINATIONS or DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION is available, for combined anticancer ther ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, COMBINED is available; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT is also available; Manual 24.4.2.2+

MS = The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.

UI = D003131

 

 

Commerce

AN = includes business & trade; SPEC: SPEC qualif

MS = The interchange of goods or commodities, especially on a large scale, between different countries or between populations within the same country. It includes trade (the buying, selling, or exchanging of commodities, whether wholesale or retail) and business (the purchase and sale of goods to make a profit). (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, p411, p2005 & p283)

UI = D003132

 

 

Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities

AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: CPHA CATALOG: use NAF entry

MS = The non-profit, non-governmental organization which collects, processes, and distributes data on hospital use. Two programs of the Commission are the Professional Activity Study and the Medical Audit Program.

UI = D003133

 

 

Commitment of Mentally Ill

AN = do not coord with HOSPITALIZATION since this is inherent in the definition

MS = Legal process required for the institutionalization of a patient with severe mental problems.

UI = D003134

 

 

Common Bile Duct

AN = inflammation: coord IM with CHOLANGITIS (IM)

MS = The extrahepatic bile duct formed by the junction of the hepatic and cystic ducts. It is part of the excretory apparatus of the liver. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003135

 

 

Common Bile Duct Calculi

AN = chem composition of calculi: use /chem; /ultrastruct permitted

MS = The presence of gallstones in the common bile duct. It is usually the result of passage of gallstones formed in the gallbladder into the common duct. Less commonly, stones form in a duct behind an obstruction caused by a stricture or ampullary stenosis. Stone type helps to determine site of origin: cholesterol or black pigment stones more likely form in the gallbladder, while almost all brown pigment stones in patients from Western countries form in the bile ducts. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p812)

UI = D003136

 

 

Common Bile Duct Diseases

AN = inflamm dis: index as COMMON BILE DUCT (IM) + CHOLANGITIS (IM)

MS = Diseases of the common bile duct, Vater's ampulla, or Oddi's sphincter.

UI = D003137

 

 

Common Bile Duct Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = Neoplasms of the common bile duct including Vater's ampulla and Oddi's sphincter.

UI = D003138

 

 

Common Cold

AN = often caused by a picornavirus

MS = A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral, a mixed infection, or an allergic reaction. It is marked by acute coryza, slight rise in temperature, chilly sensations, and general indisposition. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003139

 

Communicable Disease Control

AN = GEN only: prefer Cat C term with /prev; INFECTION CONTROL is available: see note there CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Programs of surveillance designed to prevent the transmission of disease by any means from person to person or from animal to man.

UI = D003140

 

 

Communicable Diseases

AN = /prev = COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL for GEN only; do not confuse X ref INFECTIOUS DISEASES with INFECTION: see note there

UI = D003141

 

 

Communication

AN = includes personal & technological communication; ANIMAL COMMUNICATION is also available

MS = The exchange or transmission of ideas, attitudes, or beliefs between individuals or groups.

UI = D003142

 

 

Communication Aids for Disabled

AN = read MeSH definition for list of aids

MS = Equipment that provides mentally or physically disabled persons, who cannot speak effectively, with a means of communication. The aids include display boards, typewriters, cathode ray tubes, computers, and speech synthesizers. The output of such aids includes written words, artificial speech, language signs, Morse code, and pictures.

UI = D003143

 

 

Communication Barriers

AN = language, cultural, sociol, etc., communication barriers; no qualif; coord IM with specific "barrier" if pertinent (IM) but if language is the barrier, note that MULTILINGUALISM is also available

MS = Those factors, such as language or sociocultural relationships, which interfere in the meaningful interpretation and transmission of ideas between individuals or groups.

UI = D003144

 

 

Communication Methods, Total

AN = no qualif; restrict to commun with hearing-impaired; coord with specific hearing disord /rehabil

MS = Utilization of all available receptive and expressive modes for the purpose of achieving communication with the hearing impaired, such as gestures, postures, facial expression, types of voice, formal speech and non-speech systems, and simultaneous communication.

UI = D003145

 

 

Communications Media

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = The means of interchanging or transmitting and receiving information. Historically the media were written: books, journals, newspapers, and other publications; in the modern age the media include, in addition, radio, television, computers, and information networks.

UI = D003146

 

 

Communication Disorders

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics HEARING DISORDERS, LANGUAGE DISORDERS or SPEECH DISORDERS

MS = Disorders characterized by the individual's inability to comprehend or share ideas or feelings because of impairment of language, speech, or hearing.

UI = D003147

 

 

Communism

AN = specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A totalitarian system of government in which a single authoritarian party controls state-owned means of production with the professed aim of establishing a classless society.

UI = D003148

 

 

Community Dentistry

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: COMMUNITY DENT

MS = The practice of dentistry concerned with preventive as well as diagnostic and treatment programs in a circumscribed population.

UI = D003149

 

 

Community Health Aides

AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Persons trained to assist professional health personnel in communicating with residents in the community concerning needs and availability of health services.

UI = D003150

 

 

Community Health Centers

AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Facilities which administer the delivery of health care services to people living in a community or neighborhood.

UI = D003151

 

 

Community Health Nursing

AN = SPEC qualif; do not confuse with PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING (a government function) CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = General and comprehensive nursing practice directed to individuals, families, or groups as it relates to and contributes to the health of a population. This is not an official program of a Public Health Department.

UI = D003152

 

 

Community Health Services

AN = IM; DF: COMMUNITY HEALTH SERV CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive health services provided for individuals in the community.

UI = D003153

 

 

Community Medicine

AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; DF: COMMUNITY MED CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A branch of medicine concerned with the total health of the individual within the home environment and in the community, and with the application of comprehensive care to the prevention and treatment of illness in the entire community.

UI = D003154

 

 

Community Mental Health Centers

AN = DF: note short X ref CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Facilities which administer the delivery of psychologic and psychiatric services to people living in a neighborhood or community.

UI = D003155

 

 

Community Mental Health Services

AN = Public Laws 88-164 & 89-105; DF: COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH SERV CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive mental health services provided for individuals in the community.

UI = D003156

 

 

Community Pharmacy Services

AN = DF: COMMUNITY PHARM SERV CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Total pharmaceutical services provided to the public through community pharmacies.

UI = D003157

 

 

Community Psychiatry

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

MS = Branch of psychiatry concerned with the provision and delivery of a coordinated program of mental health care to a specified population. The foci included in this concept are: all social, psychological and physical factors related to etiology, prevention, and maintaining positive mental health in the community.

UI = D003158

 

 

Community-Institutional Relations

AN = specify institution (IM) + geog if pertinent; DF: COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONAL RELAT CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The interactions between members of a community and representatives of the institutions within that community.

UI = D003159

 

 

Comparative Study

AN = check tag only; Manual 18.13+; do not use for comparison of subject & normal controls; relation to ANATOMY, COMPARATIVE; HISTOLOGY, COMPARATIVE; etc.: Manual 18.13.4 CATALOG: do not use: for indexers only

UI = D003160

 

 

Compartment Syndromes

AN = increased pressure within a space causing various disord of circ & funct

MS = Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the circulation and function of tissue within that space. Compartmentation involves mainly the leg but also involved are the forearm, arm, thigh, shoulder, and buttock. Some of the causes of increased pressure are trauma, tight dressings, hemorrhage, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression, paralysis, and contracture.

UI = D003161

 

 

Competency-Based Education

MS = Educational programs designed to ensure that students attain prespecified levels of competence in a given field or training activity. Emphasis is on achievement or specified objectives.

UI = D003162

 

 

Competitive Behavior

AN = human & animal

MS = The direct struggle between individuals for environmental necessities or for a common goal.

UI = D003163

 

 

Competitive Bidding

MS = Pricing statements presented by more than one party for the purpose of securing a contract.

UI = D003164

 

 

Complement

AN = a complex system of blood proteins; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = A heat-sensitive complex system in fresh human and other sera which, in combination with antibodies, is important in the host defense mechanism against invading organisms. At least 20 distinct serum proteins operate within the complement system. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D003165

 

 

Complement Activating Enzymes

MS = Enzymes present in the complement system which activate one or more components in the system.

UI = D003166

 

 

Complement Activation

MS = The sequential activation of serum components C1 through C9, initiated by an erythrocyte-antibody complex or by microbial polysaccharides and properdin, and producing an inflammatory response.

UI = D003167

 

 

Complement Fixation Tests

MS = Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.

UI = D003168

 

 

Complement Hemolytic Activity Assay

AN = an immunol cytotox test; DF: note short X ref

MS = Usual screening assay for complement. Dilutions of the serum to be tested are added to antibody-coated erythrocytes and the percentage of lysis is measured. The values are expressed by CH50, hemolytic complement units per milliliter, which is the dilution of serum required to lyse 50 percent of the erythrocytes in the assay.

UI = D015941

 

 

Complement Inactivators

AN = DF: COMPLEMENT INACT

MS = Serum proteins which act at key sites in the complement sequence to modulate or prevent the progression of the reaction. Absence of these factors leads to uncontrolled activation of the complement system with accompanying disease.

UI = D003169

 

 

Complement Membrane Attack Complex

AN = DF: COMPLEMENT MAC

MS = The assembly of complement plasma glycoproteins C5b, C6, C7, C8, and polymeric C9 as a group on biological membranes. The complex forms transmembrane channels which displace lipid molecules and other constituents, thus disrupting the phospholipid bilayer of target cells leading to cell lysis by osmotic leakage. The formation of the membrane attack complex is the terminal step in the complement cascade.

UI = D015938

 

 

Complement Pathway, Alternative

AN = DF: note short X ref

MS = The complement activation sequence initiated by the activation of complement factor C3, which is triggered by the interaction of microbial polysaccharides and properdin without participation of an antigen-antibody reaction.

UI = D003170

 

Complement Pathway, Classical

MS = The sequential activation of complement, initiated by antigen-antibody complex and the binding of complement factor C1q to the Fc region of the antibody.

UI = D003171

 

 

Computer Peripherals

AN = modem: index under TELECOMMUNICATIONS

MS = Various units or machines that operate in combination or in conjunction with a computer but are not physically part of it. Peripheral devices typically display computer data, store data from the computer and return the data to the computer on demand, prepare data for human use, or acquire data from a source and convert it to a form usable by a computer. (Computer Dictionary, 4th ed.)

UI = D016287

 

 

Complement 1

AN = DF: C 1

MS = The first complement component to act in the cytolysis reaction. It is a trimolecular complex held together with Ca ions and when activated, has esterase activity which initiates the next step in the sequence.

UI = D003172

 

 

Complement 1s

AN = DF: C 1s

MS = The activated form of complement 1 which has hydrolase activity. In the classical pathway, it splits first C4 and then C2 into active components, thereby generating a new enzyme referred to as EAC142 or C42 or C3 convertase.

UI = D003173

 

 

Complement 1 Inactivators

AN = serpins; DF: C 1 INACT

MS = Compounds which inhibit, antagonize, or inactivate complement 1. A well-known inhibitor is a serum glycoprotein believed to be alpha-2-neuroaminoglycoprotein. It inhibits the activated (esterase) form of complement 1 as well as kinin-forming, coagulation, and fibrinolytic systems. Deficiency of this inactivator has been found in patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema. These compounds are members of the serpin superfamily.

UI = D003174

 

Complement 2

AN = DF: C 2

MS = The third component in the complement reaction sequence. It is a beta-globulin with a molecular weight of 117,000, a serum concentration of 30 micrograms/ml and a sedimentation coefficient of 4. It activates C3.

UI = D003175

 

Complement 3

AN = DF: C 3

MS = The fourth component to attach in the complement reaction sequence. It is a beta-globulin with a sedimentation coefficient of 5.5, a molecular weight of 185,000 and a serum concentration of 1.3 micrograms/ml. Its fragments have anaphylatoxic, chemotactic, and histaminic action and affect smooth muscle.

UI = D003176

 

Complement 3 Convertase

MS = The enzyme which in both the classical and alternate complement pathways cleaves complement 3 into anaphylatoxin (C3a) and C3b.

UI = D003177

 

Complement 3 Nephritic Factor

AN = DF: note short X ref

MS = A magnesium-dependent IgG autoantibody found in serum of patients with chronic mesangioproliferative hypocomplementemic glomerulonephritis. It causes inactivation of C3 in the alternate pathway by cleaving C3 into two inactive fragments, C3c and C3d, instead of the normal C3b.

UI = D003178

 

Complement 3b

AN = /antag = COMPLEMENT 3B INACTIVATORS; DF: C 3B

MS = The larger fragment formed when C3 convertase splits C3 into C3a and C3b. In both the classical and alternate pathway, C3b participates in immune adherence and enhances phagocytosis. It also forms a cellular intermediate which continues the complement process. In the alternate pathways, C3b initiates a positive feedback activation of C3Pase.

UI = D003179

 

Complement 3b Inactivators

AN = DF: C 3B INACT

MS = Compounds which inhibit, antagonize, or inactivate Complement 3b. A well-known inhibitor is a beta-globulin which cleaves C3b into inactive fragments C3c and C3d. C3bINA plays a key role in the regulation of the complement system by blocking the cytolytic sequence and preventing recruitment of the properdin amplification loop.

UI = D003180

 

Complement 4

AN = DF: C 4

MS = The second component to react in the complement sequence. It is a beta-globulin with a sedimentation coefficient of 18.7, a molecular weight of 240,000 and a serum concentration of 430 micrograms/ml. It is activated by COMPLEMENT 1 and serves as a receptor for C2.

UI = D003181

 

Complement 5

AN = DF: C 5

MS = The fifth component in the complement reaction sequence, probably exists in a complex with C6 and C7. It is a beta-globulin with a sedimentation coefficient of 10, serum concentration of 75 micrograms/ml and molecular weight of 180,000. It is activated by C423 and releases fragments with anaphylatoxic, chemotactic, and histamine-releasing actions and affecting smooth muscle.

UI = D003182

 

Complement 6

AN = DF: C 6

MS = The sixth component in the complement reaction sequence. It is a beta-globulin with a sedimentation coefficient of 8.7 and a molecular weight of 120,000 at 60 micrograms/ml in serum. It may exist in a complex with C5 and C7 and is activated by the binding of C5.

UI = D003183

 

Complement 7

AN = DF: C 7

MS = The seventh component in the complement reaction sequence. It is a beta-globulin probably in a complex with C5 and C6 and is activated by C5. The attachment of C7 renders the cell susceptible to lysis.

UI = D003184

 

Complement 8

AN = DF: C 8

MS = The next to the last essential component for cell lysis in the complement reaction sequence. It is a gamma-globulin with a molecular weight of 150,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 8. It is present in trace amounts in serum and can be inhibited, like COMPLEMENT 1, by cation chelators.

UI = D003185

 

Complement 9

AN = DF: C 9

MS = The last component in the complement reaction sequence. It is an alpha-globulin present in serum as a trace, with a molecular weight of 80,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 4.5. For cell lysis, it can be replaced by a metal chelator.

UI = D003186

 

Compliance

AN = a feature of elasticity; NIM; note category; LUNG COMPLIANCE is available; do not confuse with PATIENT COMPLIANCE

MS = A physical quality of yielding to pressure or force without disruption, or an expression of the measure of the ability to do so, as an expression of the distensibility of an air- or fluid-filled organ, e.g., the lung (LUNG COMPLIANCE) or the bladder, in terms of unit of volume change per unit of pressure change. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003187

 

Compressive Strength

AN = NIM; do not confuse with TENSILE STRENGTH

MS = The maximum compression a material can withstand without failure. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed, p427)

UI = D019245

 

Computational Biology

AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; coord IM with specific biol spec (IM); DF: COMPUTATIONAL BIOL

MS = A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.

UI = D019295

 

Computer Security

AN = against unauthorized access to computers & databases: read MeSH definition & note X refs; do not use for confidentiality of records ( = CONFIDENTIALITY + RECORDS or specific records term)

MS = Protective measures against unauthorized access to or interference with computer operating systems, telecommunications, or data structures, especially the modification, deletion, destruction, or release of data in computers. It includes methods of forestalling interference by computer viruses or so-called computer hackers aiming to compromise stored data.

UI = D016494

 

Computer Storage Devices

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Devices capable of receiving data, retaining data for an indefinite or finite period of time, and supplying data upon demand.

UI = D016248

 

Computer Terminals

MS = Input/output devices designed to receive data in an environment associated with the job to be performed, and capable of transmitting entries to, and obtaining output from, the system of which it is a part. (Computer Dictionary, 4th ed.)

UI = D016288

 

Computer-Aided Design

AN = in design of equipment or drugs

MS = The use of computers for designing and/or manufacturing of anything, including drugs, surgical procedures, orthotics, and prosthetics.

UI = D017076

 

Composite Resins

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = Synthetic resins, usually acrylic based, to which a high percentage (usually about 75% to 80%) of an inert filler has been added. Glass beads or rods, borosilicate glass powder, and natural silica are the most commonly used fillers. Filler particles are coated with a coupling agent that binds the particles to the resin matrix. They are used chiefly in dental restorative procedures. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003188

 

Compound 48-80

MS = A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.

UI = D003189

 

Comprehensive Dental Care

AN = DF: COMPREHENSIVE DENT CARE CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Providing for the full range of dental health services for diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, and rehabilitation of patients.

UI = D003190

 

Comprehensive Health Care

AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Providing for the full range of personal health services for diagnosis, treatment, follow-up and rehabilitation of patients.

UI = D003191

 

Compulsive Behavior

AN = use Cat F3 qualif

MS = The behavior of performing an act persistently and repetitively without it leading to reward or pleasure. The act is usually a small, circumscribed behavior, almost ritualistic, yet not pathologically disturbing. Examples of compulsive behavior include twirling of hair, checking something constantly, not wanting pennies in change, straightening tilted pictures, etc.

UI = D003192

 

Compulsive Personality Disorder

MS = A personality disorder characterized by an emotionally constricted manner that is unduly conventional, serious, formal, and stingy, by preoccupation with trivial details, rules, order, organization, schedules, and lists, by stubborn insistence on having things one's own way without regard for the effects on others, by excessive devotion to work and productivity to the detriment of interpersonal relationships, and by indecisiveness due to fear of making mistakes. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003193

 

Computer-Assisted Instruction

AN = DIAGNOSIS, COMPUTER-ASSISTED is also available

MS = A self-learning technique, usually online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials.

UI = D003194

 

Computer Communication Networks

MS = A system containing any combination of computers, computer terminals, printers, audio or visual display devices, or telephones interconnected by telecommunications equipment or cables: used to transmit or receive information. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D003195

 

Computer Graphics

MS = The process of pictorial communication, between human and computers, in which the computer input and output have the form of charts, drawings, or other appropriate pictorial representation.

UI = D003196

 

Computer Literacy

AN = IM; no qualif

MS = General learning, knowledge, and fluency with computer terms; also, becoming familiar with how computers operate and how they are programmed.

UI = D003197

 

Computer Simulation

AN = coord with specific models heading

MS = Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

UI = D003198

 

Computer Systems

AN = IM

MS = Systems composed of a computer or computers, peripheral equipment, such as disks, printers, and terminals, and telecommunications capabilities.

UI = D003199

 

Computer User Training

MS = Process of teaching a person to interact and communicate with a computer.

UI = D003200

 

Computers

AN = GEN; use of computers in medicine: do not coord with MEDICINE; for processing of data by computer, COMPUTER DATA PROCESSING see AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING is available

UI = D003201

 

Computers, Analog

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Computers in which quantities are represented by physical variables; problem parameters are translated into equivalent mechanical or electrical circuits as an analog for the physical phenomenon being investigated. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D003202

 

Computers, Hybrid

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Computers that combine the functions of analog and digital computers. (Sippl, Computer Dictionary, 4th ed)

UI = D003203

 

Computers, Mainframe

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Large computers in both size and capacity.

UI = D003204

 

Computing Methodologies

AN = DF: COMPUTING METHODOL

MS = Computer-assisted analysis and processing of problems in a particular area.

UI = D003205

 

Conalbumin

AN = an egg protein

MS = A glycoprotein albumin from hen's egg white with strong iron-binding affinity.

UI = D003207

 

Concanavalin A

AN = a plant protein; a lectin; DF: CON A

MS = Concanavalin A. A lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia envalin). It is a hemagglutinin that agglutinates mammalian erythrocytes and a mitogen that stimulates predominantly T-lymphocytes. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003208

 

Concentration Camps

AN = specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Facilities in which war or political prisoners are confined.

UI = D003209

 

Concept Formation

MS = A cognitive process involving the formation of ideas generalized from the knowledge of qualities, aspects, and relations of objects.

UI = D003210

 

Concurrent Review

AN = a type of hosp & health facility utilization review; DF: CONCURRENT REV

MS = Review of the medical necessity of hospital or other health facility admissions, upon or within a short time following an admission, and periodic review of services provided during the course of treatment.

UI = D003211

 

Condiments

AN = SPICES & other condiments are also available

MS = Aromatic substances added to food before or after cooking to enhance its flavor. These are usually of vegetable origin.

UI = D003212

 

Conditioning (Psychology)

AN = human & animal; DF: CONDITIONING

MS = A general term referring to the learning of some particular response.

UI = D003213

 

Conditioning, Classical

MS = Learning that takes place when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

UI = D003214

 

Conditioning, Eyelid

MS = Reflex closure of the eyelid occurring as a result of classical conditioning.

UI = D003215

 

Conditioning, Operant

AN = human & animal

MS = Learning situations in which the sequence responses of the subject are instrumental in producing reinforcement. When the correct response occurs, which involves the selection from among a repertoire of responses, the subject is immediately reinforced.

UI = D003216

 

Condoms

AN = GEN or unspecified but probably for males; CONDOMS, FEMALE is also available; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = A sheath or cover for the penis, worn during coitus to prevent impregnation or infection. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D017280

 

Condoms, Female

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = A soft, loose-fitting polyurethane sheath, closed at one end, with flexible rings at both ends. The device is inserted into the vagina by compressing the inner ring and pushing it in. Properly positioned, the ring at the closed end covers the cervix, and the sheath lines the walls of the vagina. The outer ring remains outside the vagina, covering the labia. (Med Lett Drugs Ther 1993 Dec 24;35(12):123)

UI = D019111

 

Conduct Disorder

AN = onset before age 18

MS = A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonagressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)

UI = D019955

 

Conductometry

AN = a titrimetric & electrochem technique; NIM

MS = Determination of the quantity of a material present in a mixture by measurement of its effect on the electrical conductivity of the mixture. (Webster, 3d ed)

UI = D003217

 

Condylomata Acuminata

AN = a non-neoplastic tumor virus infect; coord IM with precoord organ/dis term (IM)

MS = Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.

UI = D003218

 

Cones (Retina)

AN = photoreceptors in vertebrate retina; DF: CONES

MS = One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision.

UI = D017949

 

Confined Spaces

AN = do not use with claustrophobia

MS = A space which has limited openings for entry and exit combined with unfavorable natural ventilation such as caves, refrigerators, deep tunnels, pipelines, sewers, silos, tanks, vats, mines, deep trenches or pits, vaults, manholes, chimneys, etc.

UI = D020378

 

Confidence Intervals

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif

MS = A range of values for a variable of interest, e.g., a rate, constructed so that this range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable.

UI = D016001

 

Confidentiality

AN = secrecy goes here

MS = Entrusted communication of information which is considered private and implies an ethical or legal principle.

UI = D003219

 

Conflict of Interest

MS = A situation in which an individual might benefit personally from official or professional actions. It includes a conflict between a person's private interests and official responsibilities in a position of trust. The term is not restricted to government officials. The concept refers both to actual conflict of interest and the appearance or perception of conflict.

UI = D016265

 

Conflict (Psychology)

AN = human & animal; individual & group; no qualif; DF: CONFLICT

MS = The internal individual struggle resulting from incompatible or opposing needs, drives, or external and internal demands. In group interactions, competitive or opposing action of incompatibles: antagonistic state or action (as of divergent ideas, interests, or persons). (from Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)

UI = D003220

 

Confounding Factors (Epidemiology)

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM), not /etiol; no qualif; specify geog if pertinent; DF: CONFOUNDING FACTORS

MS = Factors that can cause or prevent the outcome of interest, are not intermediate variables, and are not associated with the factor(s) under investigation. They give rise to situations in which the effects of two processes are not separated, or the contribution of causal factors cannot be separated, or the measure of the effect of exposure or risk is distorted because of its association with other factors influencing the outcome of the study.

UI = D015986

 

Confusion

MS = A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation.

UI = D003221

 

Congo

AN = Republic of Congo (capital at Brazzaville); do not confuse with DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (capital at Kinshasa, formerly Leopoldville)

MS = A republic in central Africa lying between GABON and DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO. Its capital is Brazzaville. It became a territory of French Equatorial Africa in 1910, a French overseas territory in 1946, an autonomous republic within the French Community in 1958, and achieved independence in 1960. The country takes its name from the Congo River running through it: the Bantu name for the river means mountain, with reference to the local topography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p285 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p123)

UI = D003223

 

Congo Red

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = An odorless, dark red or reddish brown powder which decomposes on exposure to acid fumes. It is used as a diagnostic aid in amyloidosis, and has been used as an antihemolytic and detoxicant. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003224

 

Congresses [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only

MS = Published records of the papers delivered at or issued on the occasion of individual congresses, symposia, and meetings; abstracts of papers delivered at such congresses; reports of the officers and delegates of such congresses; combinations of the foregoing; or proceedings of the conference of a society if they are not limited to matters of internal organization.

UI = D016423

 

Congresses

AN = Manual 35.8+; for congresses as a means of scientific communication; TN 112: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION not for international congresses CATALOG: form qualif /congresses & double forms are available

MS = Conferences, conventions or formal meetings usually attended by delegates representing a special field of interest.

UI = D003226

 

Conidiobolus

AN = infection: coord IM with ZYGOMYCOSIS (IM)

MS = A genus of fungi in the family Ancylistaceae, order ENTOMOPHTHORALES, characterized by the presence of small nuclei with a prominent central nucleolus in interphase. They are commonly found in the soil but also infect termites, aphids, and sometimes, though rarely, mammals including humans. (Alexopoulos et al, Introductory Mycology, 4th ed, pp159-60)

UI = D020092

Conization

AN = not restricted to cervical biopsy; coord IM with organ /pathol (IM) or organ /surg (IM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = The removal of a cone of tissue, as in partial excision of the cervix uteri. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019092

 

Conjugation, Genetic

MS = A parasexual mechanism in bacteria for achieving unidirectional transfer of all or part of the chromosome from an F+ or Hfr donor ("male") to an F- ("female") recipient.

UI = D003227

 

Conjunctiva

AN = inflammation = CONJUNCTIVITIS (consider also KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS); do not confuse with "conjunctive tissue" in poorly translated texts (as for French "tissu conjonctif"): this is CONNECTIVE TISSUE, not CONJUNCTIVA; /blood supply consider also CILIARY ARTERIES

MS = The delicate membrane that lines the eyelids (palpebral conjunctiva) and covers the exposed area of the sclera (bulbar or ocular conjunctiva). (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003228

 

Conjunctival Diseases

UI = D003229

 

Conjunctival Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D003230

Conjunctivitis

UI = D003231

 

Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic

AN = coord IM with precoord virus infect (IM) + specific virus (IM)

MS = A highly contagious disease characterized by subconjunctival hemorrhage, sudden swelling of the eyelids and congestion, redness, and pain in the eye. Epidemic conjunctivitis caused by Enterovirus 70 (EV-70) was first described in Africa in 1969. It is caused also by Coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v). Epidemics by this organism have appeared most frequently in Asia.

UI = D003232

 

Conjunctivitis, Allergic

AN = coord IM with etiol of the allergy (IM) if specified

MS = Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.

UI = D003233

 

Conjunctivitis, Bacterial

AN = coord IM with specific bact/infect heading (IM); DF: CONJUNCTIVITIS BACT

MS = Purulent infections of the conjunctiva by several species of gram-negative, gram-positive, or acid-fast organisms. Some of the more commonly found genera causing conjunctival infections are Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Chlamydia.

UI = D003234

 

Conjunctivitis, Inclusion

AN = caused by Chlamydia trachomatis

MS = An infection of the eyes characterized by the presence in conjunctival epithelial cells of inclusion bodies indistinguishable from those of trachoma. It is acquired by infants during birth and by adults from swimming pools. The etiological agent is CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS whose natural habitat appears to be the genito-urinary tract. Inclusion conjunctivitis is a less severe disease than trachoma and usually clears up spontaneously.

UI = D003235

 

Conjunctivitis, Viral

AN = coord IM with specific virus/infect heading (IM)

MS = Inflammation, often mild, of the conjunctiva caused by a variety of viral agents. Conjunctival involvement may be part of a systemic infection.

UI = D003236

 

Connecticut

UI = D003237

 

Connective Tissue

AN = /cytol = CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS; inflammation: consider CELLULITIS

MS = The tissue which binds together and is the support of the various structures of the body. It is made of fibroblasts, fibroglia, collagen fibrils, and elastic fibrils. It is derived from the mesoderm and in a broad sense includes the collagenous, elastic, mucous, reticular, osseous, and cartilaginous tissue. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003238

 

Connective Tissue Cells

AN = A 11 qualif

MS = The cellular elements of the fibrous and nonfibrous components of the various forms of connective tissue. (Dorland, 28th ed, p288)

UI = D003239

 

Connective Tissue Diseases

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; note & do not confuse with MIXED CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE, a specific connective tissue dis entity

MS = A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.

UI = D003240

 

Connexin 43

MS = A 43 kD peptide which is a member of the connexin family of gap junction proteins. Connexin 43 is a product of a gene in the alpha class of connexin genes (the alpha-1 gene). It was first isolated from mammalian heart, but is widespread in the body including the brain.

UI = D018031

 

Connexins

AN = membrane proteins forming intermembrane channels of gap junctions

MS = A group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of GAP JUNCTIONS. The connexins are the products of an identified gene family which has both highly conserved and highly divergent regions. The variety contributes to the wide range of functional properties of gap junctions.

UI = D017630

 

Consanguinity

AN = human only: for animals use INBREEDING; no qualif

UI = D003241

 

Conscience

AN = no qualif

MS = The cognitive and affective processes which constitute an internalized moral governor over an individual's moral conduct.

UI = D003242

 

Conscious Sedation

AN = an alternative to gen anesth: read MeSH definition; coord IM with specific procedure (IM) or specific sedative, analgesic or anesthetic (IM with no qualif)

MS = An alternative to general anesthesia in patients for whom general anesthesia is refused or considered inadvisable. It involves the administering of an antianxiety drug (minor tranquilizer) and an analgesic or local anesthetic. This renders the patient free of anxiety and pain while allowing the patient to remain in verbal contact with the physician or dentist.

UI = D016292

 

Consciousness

MS = Sense of awareness of self and of the environment.

UI = D003243

 

Consciousness Disorders

MS = Organic mental disorders in which there is marked impairment of awareness.

UI = D003244

 

Consensus Development Conferences

AN = no qualif; do not confuse with Publication Type CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE; IM for consensus confs as a means of scientific interchange; Manual section 12 & TN L; include name of conf as part of title when it appears in author position, in footnote or at end of article; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCES, NIH is also available; specify geog only if pertinent; DF: CONSENS DEV CONF CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Presentations of summary statements representing the majority agreement of physicians, scientists, and other professionals convening for the purpose of reaching a consensus--often with findings and recommendations--on a subject of interest. The Conference, consisting of participants representing the scientific and lay viewpoints, is a significant means of evaluating current medical thought and reflects the latest advances in research for the respective field being addressed.

UI = D003245

 

Consensus Development Conferences, NIH

AN = no qualif; do not confuse with Publication Type CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE, NIH; IM for NIH conf as a means of scientific communication; for any article in any publication of the NIH Office of Medical Applications of Research (OMAR); Manual section 12 & TN L; include name of NIH conf as part of title when it appears in author position, in footnote or at end of article; add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: CONSENS DEV CONF NIH

MS = Articles on conferences sponsored by NIH presenting summary statements representing the majority agreement of physicians, scientists, and other professionals convening for the purpose of reaching a consensus on a subject of interest. This heading is used for NIH consensus conferences as a means of scientific communication. In indexing it is viewed as a type of review article and as a tag for any article appearing in any publication of the NIH Office of Medical Applications of Research (OMAR).

UI = D015975

 

Consensus Development Conference [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; Manual section 12, also 35.8.2 & TN L; for consensus confs as a subject or means of scientific communication, index under main heading CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCES; include name of conf as part of title when it appears in author position, in footnote or at end of article; considered as a type of review: add number of bibliog refs or 0 in Field 17; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE, NIH [Publication Type] is also available

MS = Designation for summary statements representing the majority and current agreement of physicians, scientists, and other professionals meeting to reach a consensus on a selected subject.

UI = D016446

 

Consensus Development Conference, NIH [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; Manual section 12, also 17.25+, 35.8.2 & TN L; for NIH consensus confs as a subject or means of scientific communication, index under main heading CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCES, NIH; include name of conf as part of title when it appears in author position, in footnote or at end of article; add UNITED STATES (MH); considered as a type of review: add number of bibliog refs or 0 in Field 17

MS = Designation for a conference sponsored by NIH, giving summary statements representing the majority of current opinion of physicians, scientists, and other professionals on a selected subject.

UI = D016447

 

Consensus Sequence

AN = DF: CONSENSUS SEQ

MS = A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different forms which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus.

UI = D016384

 

Conservation of Energy Resources

MS = Planned management, use, and preservation of energy resources.

UI = D003246

 

Conservation of Natural Resources

MS = The protection, preservation, restoration, and rational use of all resources in the total environment.

UI = D003247

 

Conserved Sequence

AN = a seq of amino acids or of nucleotides with little change during evolution; coord IM with AMINO ACID SEQUENCE (NIM) or BASE SEQUENCE (NIM)

MS = A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in genetic material that either has not changed or that has changed very little during an evolutionary period of time.

UI = D017124

 

Constipation

MS = Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces.

UI = D003248

 

Constitution and Bylaws

AN = NIM; no qualif; coord with specific organiz or society (IM) + geog; DF: CONSTITUTION

MS = The fundamental principles and laws adopted by an organization for the regulation and governing of its affairs.

UI = D003249

 

Constriction

AN = never IM; no qualif

MS = The act of constricting.

UI = D003250

 

Constriction, Pathologic

AN = never IM; when NIM use any Cat C qualif pertinent; includes "stenosis"; DF: CONSTRICTION PATHOL

MS = The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.

UI = D003251

 

Construction Materials

UI = D003252

 

Consultants

AN = few qualif apply

MS = Individuals referred to for expert or professional advice or services.

UI = D003253

 

Consumer Advocacy

MS = The promotion and support of consumers' rights and interests.

UI = D003254

 

Consumer Organizations

AN = IM; specify services, area of interest or geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Organized groups of users of goods and services.

UI = D003255

 

Consumer Participation

MS = Community or individual involvement in the decision-making process.

UI = D003256

 

Consumer Product Safety

UI = D003257

 

Consumer Satisfaction

MS = Customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction with a benefit or service received.

UI = D003258

 

Consummatory Behavior

AN = mainly animal; conclusion of a series of responses: nothing to do with "consumption" of food or other substances ( = EATING BEHAVIOR see FEEDING BEHAVIOR)

MS = An act which constitutes the termination of a given instinctive behavior pattern or sequence.

UI = D003259

 

Contact Inhibition

MS = Arrest of cell locomotion or cell division when two cells come into contact.

UI = D003260

 

Contact Lenses

MS = Curved shells of glass or plastic applied directly over the globe or cornea to correct refractive errors. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003261

 

Contact Lenses, Extended-Wear

MS = Hydrophilic contact lenses worn for an extended period or permanently.

UI = D003262

 

Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic

MS = Soft, supple contact lenses made of plastic polymers which interact readily with water molecules. Many types are available, including continuous and extended-wear versions, which are gas-permeable and easily sterilized.

UI = D003263

 

Contact Lens Solutions

AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: CONTACT LENS SOL

MS = Sterile solutions used to clean and disinfect contact lenses.

UI = D018639

 

Contact Tracing

AN = IM; coord with disease /epidemiol or /transm (IM)

MS = Identification of those persons (or animals) who have had such an association with an infected person, animal, or contaminated environment as to have had the opportunity to acquire the infection. Contact tracing is a generally accepted method for the control of sexually transmitted diseases.

UI = D016358

 

Containment of Biohazards

AN = for procedures, facilities, programs & equipment for containing hazardous biologic agents; do not use for radiation ( = RADIATION PROTECTION); for recombinant DNA research: use only by MeSH definition: not for ethical, moral or religious aspects

MS = Provision of physical and biological barriers to the dissemination of potentially hazardous biologically active agents (bacteria, viruses, recombinant DNA, etc.). Physical containment involves the use of special equipment, facilities, and procedures to prevent the escape of the agent. Biological containment includes use of immune personnel and the selection of agents and hosts that will minimize the risk should the agent escape the containment facility.

UI = D003264

 

Contig Mapping

MS = Overlapping of cloned or sequenced DNA to construct a continuous region of a gene, chromosome or genome.

UI = D020451

 

Contingent Negative Variation

AN = refers to cortical electrical potentials

MS = An increasing negative shift of the cortical electrical potentials associated with an anticipated response to an expected stimulus. It is an electrical event indicative of a state of readiness or expectancy.

UI = D003265

 

Continuity of Patient Care

MS = Health care provided on a continuing basis from the initial contact with a physician or clinic and following the patient through all episodes of his medical care needs.

UI = D003266

 

Contraception

MS = Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception.

UI = D003267

 

Contraception Behavior

MS = Behavior patterns of those practicing contraception.

UI = D003268

 

Contraception, Immunologic

AN = contraception using immunol processes; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CONTRACEPTION IMMUNOL

MS = Contraceptive methods utilizing immunologic processes.

UI = D003269

 

Contraceptive Agents

AN = chemical, not mechanical ( = CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES); pregn despite use = contraceptive term with no qualif, not with /adv eff

MS = Chemical substances diminishing the likelihood of or preventing conception. The agents do not include occlusive barriers to prevent the passage of spermatozoa into the uterus (CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES). (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003270

 

Contraceptive Agents, Female

AN = pregn despite use: see note on CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS

MS = Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in females. Use for female contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.

UI = D003271

 

Contraceptive Agents, Male

AN = pregn despite use: see note on CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS

MS = Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in males. Use for male contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.

UI = D003272

 

Contraceptive Devices

AN = mechanical devices, not chemicals ( = CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS); pregnancy despite use = contraceptive term with no qualif, not /adv eff

MS = Devices that diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003273

 

Contraceptive Devices, Female

AN = mechanical devices, not chemicals; pregnancy despite use = contraceptive term with no qualif, not /adv eff

MS = Contraceptive devices used by females.

UI = D003274

 

Contraceptive Devices, Male

AN = mechanical devices, not chemicals; pregnancy despite use = contraceptive term with no qualif, not /adv eff

MS = Contraceptive devices used by males.

UI = D003275

 

Contraceptives, Oral

AN = pregn despite use: see note on CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS

MS = Compounds, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy. The hormones are generally estrogen or progesterone or both.

UI = D003276

 

Contraceptives, Oral, Combined

AN = pregn despite use: see note on CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS

MS = Fixed drug combinations administered orally for contraceptive purposes.

UI = D003277

 

Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal

AN = pregn despite use: see note on CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS

MS = Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.

UI = D003278

 

Contraceptives, Oral, Sequential

AN = pregn despite use: see note on CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS

MS = Drugs administered orally and sequentially for contraceptive purposes.

UI = D003279

 

Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic

AN = pregn despite use: see note on CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS; DF: CONTRACEPTIVES ORAL SYN

MS = Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.

UI = D003280

 

Contraceptives, Postcoital

AN = Pregn despite use: see note on CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS

MS = Contraceptive substances to be used after coitus. Usually high doses of estrogen are administered within 24-36 hours after coitus as an emergency measure, not as a replacement for the usual methods of contraception because of the side effects of high concentration of estrogen. (From Dictionary of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1988, p55)

UI = D003281

 

Contraceptives, Postcoital, Hormonal

AN = pregn despite use: see note on CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS

MS = Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.

UI = D003282

 

Contraceptives, Postcoital, Synthetic

AN = pregn despite use: see note on CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS; DF: CONTRACEPTIVES POSTCOITAL SYN

MS = Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.

UI = D003283

 

Contract Services

AN = DF: CONTRACT SERV

MS = Outside services provided to an institution under a formal financial agreement.

UI = D003284

 

Contractile Proteins

AN = proteins involved in contractile processes; if in muscle use MUSCLE PROTEINS or specifics but not also here; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

MS = Proteins which participate in contractile processes. They include MUSCLE PROTEINS as well as those found in other cells and tissues. In the latter, these proteins participate in localized contractile events in the cytoplasm, in motile activity, and in cell aggregation phenomena.

UI = D003285

 

Contracture

AN = IM; coord with specific muscle or other tissue or site (IM) but not with MUSCLES; also available are DUPUYTREN'S CONTRACTURE, HIP CONTRACTURE & VOLKMANN CONTRACTURE see COMPARTMENT SYNDROMES

UI = D003286

 

Contrast Media

AN = D25-26 qualif except /diag use; /adv eff: consider also EXTRAVASATION OF DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC MATERIALS

MS = In radiography, substances introduced into or around structures and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allow radiographic visualization of the structures. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003287

 

Contrast Sensitivity

MS = The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease.

UI = D015350

 

Controlled Clinical Trials

AN = human & vet animals only; IM for articles & books about controlled clin trials as a method in med research: do not confuse with Publication Type CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; do not interpret trial design: use term of author; if in doubt, read MeSH definitions; available also are CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS, RANDOMIZED & CLINICAL TRIALS, RANDOMIZED see RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; DF: CONTROLLED CLIN TRIALS

MS = Clinical trials involving one or more test treatments, at least one control treatment, specified outcome measures for evaluating the studied intervention, and a bias-free method for assigning patients to the test treatment. The treatment may be drugs, devices, or procedures studied for diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic effectiveness. Control measures include placebos, active medicines, no-treatment, dosage forms and regimens, historical comparisons, etc. When randomization using mathematical techniques, such as the use of a random numbers table, is employed to assign patients to test or control treatments, the trials are characterized as RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS. However, trials employing treatment allocation methods such as coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are simply designated as controlled clinical trials.

UI = D018849

 

Controlled Clinical Trial [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; to designate a type of clin trial of drugs, devices, procedures for diag, ther or prev eff under a tightly designed protocol; for controlled clin trials as a subject, index under main heading CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS; do not confuse with Publication Type RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; do not interpret trial design: use term of author; if in doubt, read MeSH definitions

MS = A clinical trial involving one or more test treatments, at least one control treatment, specified outcome measures for evaluating the studied intervention, and a bias-free method for assigning patients to the test treatment. The treatment may be drugs, devices, or procedures studied for diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic effectiveness. Control measures include placebos, active medicine, no-treatment, dosage forms and regimens, historical comparisons, etc. When randomization using mathematical techniques, such as the use of a random numbers table, is employed to assign patients to test or control treatments, the trial is characterized as a RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL [PUBLICATION TYPE]. However, trials employing treatment allocation methods such as coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes are simply designated as controlled clinical trials.

UI = D018848

 

Contusions

AN = differentiate from ECCHYMOSIS: use term in the text; brain contusion: index under BRAIN CONCUSSION & not also here (see Dorland under concussion of the brain)

MS = Bruises; injuries to a part without a break in the skin. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003288

 

Convalescence

AN = coord IM with specific dis (IM)

MS = The period of recovery following an illness.

UI = D003289

 

Convection

AN = a principle of thermodynamics; no qualif

MS = Transmission of energy or mass by a medium involving movement of the medium itself. The circulatory movement that occurs in a fluid at a nonuniform temperature owing to the variation of its density and the action of gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed; Webster, 10th ed)

UI = D018481

 

Convergence, Ocular

AN = convergent squint = ESOTROPIA; convergence insufficiency = EXOTROPIA or STRABISMUS

MS = The turning inward of the lines of sight toward each other.

UI = D003290

 

Conversion Disorder

AN = use Cat F3 qualif; X ref GLOBUS HYSTERICUS: of psychogenic origin but globus sensation of non-psychogenic origin is indexed under DEGLUTITION DISORDERS or specific organ/dis or other disease heading

MS = A disorder whose predominant feature is a loss or alteration in physical functioning that suggests a physical disorder but that is actually a direct expression of a psychological conflict or need.

UI = D003291

 

Convulsants

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also CONVULSIONS /chem ind

MS = Substances that act in the brain stem or spinal cord to produce tonic or clonic convulsions, often by removing normal inhibitory tone. They were formerly used to stimulate respiration or as antidotes to barbiturate overdose. They are now most commonly used as experimental tools.

UI = D003292

 

Convulsions

AN = /chem ind: consider also CONVULSANTS; /drug ther: consider also ANTICONVULSANTS; electroconvulsive shock = ELECTROCONVULSIVE SHOCK see ELECTROSHOCK: do not coord with CONVULSIONS; audiogenic seizures = SEIZURES (IM) + ACOUSTIC STIMULATION (probably NIM)

MS = Seizures manifested by discontinuous involuntary skeletal muscular contractions, either brief contractions repeated at short intervals or longer ones interrupted by intervals of muscular relaxation.

UI = D003293

 

Convulsions, Febrile

AN = convulsions in young children during fever

MS = Seizures occurring in young children during febrile episodes due to a low convulsive threshold. The convulsions are usually a self-limiting disorder after the age of 5 years.

UI = D003294

 

Convulsive Therapy

AN = a psychother technique: do not confuse with CONVULSIONS /ther; do not confuse X ref SHOCK THERAPY with SHOCK /ther nor X ref INSULIN COMA THERAPY with INSULIN COMA /ther; /adv eff /mortal permitted; DF: CONVULSIVE THER

MS = The use of convulsive agents to influence favorably the course of a mental disorder. It is used primarily in the treatment of severe affective disorders and schizophrenia.

UI = D003295

 

Cookery

AN = for articles on cooking, determine whether the point is COOKERY or HEAT CATALOG: do not use /pop wks

MS = The art or practice of cooking. It includes the preparation of special foods for diets in various diseases.

UI = D003296

 

Cooking and Eating Utensils

AN = DF: COOKING UTENSILS

UI = D003297

 

Coombs' Test

AN = for erythrocytes only: for lymphocytes consider HISTOCOMPATIBILITY TESTING or CYTOTOXICITY TESTS, IMMUNOLOGIC

MS = Hemagglutination test in which Coombs' reagent (antiglobulin, or anti-human globulin rabbit immune serum) is added to detect incomplete (non-agglutinating, univalent, blocking) antibodies coating erythrocytes. The direct test is applied to red cells which have been coated with antibody in vivo (e.g., in hemolytic disease of newborn, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and transfusion reactions). The indirect test is applied to serum to detect the presence of antibody (e.g., in detection of incompatibility in cross-matching tests, detection and identification of irregular antibodies, and in detection of antibodies not identifiable by other means).

UI = D003298

 

Cooperative Behavior

AN = no qualif

MS = The interaction of two or more persons or organizations directed toward a common goal which is mutually beneficial. An act or instance of working or acting together for a common purpose or benefit, i.e., joint action. (From Random House Dictionary Unabridged, 2d ed)

UI = D003299

 

Copper

AN = a trace element; Cu-63; /defic /physiol permitted; Cu-65 = COPPER (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Cu-58-62, 64, 66-68 = COPPER RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

MS = A trace element with the atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63. It is essential in nutrition, being a component of various proteins, including ceruloplasmin, erythrocuprein, cytochrome c oxidase, tyrosinase, etc. Deficiency, which is rare, may result in hypochromic microcytic anemia, neutropenia, and bone changes. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003300

 

Copper Radioisotopes

AN = Cu-58-62, 64, 66-68; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

MS = Unstable isotopes of copper that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cu atoms with atomic weights 58-62, 64, and 66-68 are radioactive copper isotopes.

UI = D003301

 

Copper Sulfate

AN = an emetic & antidote

MS = The pentahydrate sulfate salt of copper. It is a powerful emetic and used orally as an antidote to phosphorus poisoning. Topical application of a 1 per cent solution is used in the treatment of phosphorus burns of the skin. It is also used as a catalyst with iron in the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia. In 1:1,000,000 concentration it is used to prevent growth of algae in ponds, reservoirs, and swimming pools. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019327

 

Coprinus

AN = a basidiomycete

MS = A genus of black-spored basidiomycetous fungi of the family Coprinaceae, order Agaricales; some species are edible.

UI = D003302

 

Coprophagia

AN = human & animal

MS = Eating of excrement.

UI = D003303

 

Coproporphyrinogen Oxidase

MS = One of the enzymes active in heme biosynthesis. It catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of coproporphyrinogen III to protoporphyrinogen III by the conversion of two propionic acid groups to two vinyl groups. It can act under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. EC 1.3.3.3.

UI = D003304

 

Coproporphyrinogens

AN = intermediates in heme biosyn

MS = Porphyrinogens which are intermediates in the heme biosynthesis. They have four methyl and four propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Coproporphyrinogens I and III are formed in the presence of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase from the corresponding uroporphyrinogen. They can yield coproporphyrins by autooxidation or protoporphyrin by oxidative decarboxylation.

UI = D003305

 

Coproporphyrins

AN = in feces in coproprophyria

MS = Porphyrins with four methyl and four propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Coproporphyrin III is excreted in the feces of persons with hereditary coproporphyria.

UI = D003306

 

Copulation

AN = animal only: for human, use COITUS

MS = Sexual contact of a male with a receptive female usually followed by emission of sperm. Limited to non-human species. For humans use coitus.

UI = D003307

 

Copying Processes

MS = Reproduction of data in a new location or other destination, leaving the source data unchanged, although the physical form of the result may differ from that of the source.

UI = D003308

 

Copyright

AN = specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The exclusive right, granted by law for a certain number of years, to make and dispose of copies of a literary, musical or artistic work. In the United States the copyright is granted for the life of the author plus 50 years. In the case of a joint work, it is for the life of the last joint author to die, plus 50 years. In either case the copyright runs until the end of the calendar year 50 years after the author's death. (Random House College Dictionary, rev ed; Strong, W.S.: The Copyright Book: a Practical Guide, 1981)

UI = D003309

 

Cor Triatriatum

AN = a heart with 3 atrial chambers; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A congenital anomaly characterized by the presence in the atrium of a perforated muscular membrane which separates the atrium into upper and lower chambers.

UI = D003310

 

Cord Factors

AN = toxic glycolipids from Mycobact tuberc

MS = Trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate. A toxic glycolipid of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Induces cellular biochemical disfunction in animals; used as immunoadjuvant.

UI = D003311

 

Cordocentesis

AN = collection of fetal blood samples from umbilical vein

MS = The collecting of fetal blood samples via ultrasound-guided needle aspiration of the blood in the umbilical vein.

UI = D017218

 

Cordotomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Any operation on the spinal cord. (Stedman, 26th ed)

UI = D002818

 

 

Coriolis Force

AN = a principle of motion; named for Gaspard Coriolis (d. 1843), a French civil engineer; no qualif

MS = The apparent deflection (Coriolis acceleration) of a body in motion with respect to the earth, as seen by an observer on the earth, attributed to a fictitious force (Coriolis force) but actually caused by the rotation of the earth. In a medical context it refers to the physiological effects (nausea, vertigo, dizziness, etc.) felt by a person moving radially in a rotating system, as a rotating space station. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed & McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D003312

 

Corn

AN = as plant & food; restrict to American corn, Zea mays: for ancient & non-American use of the word "corn" index under CEREALS; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = A species of tall cereal grass, Zea mays, grown for its seed and used as food and animal fodder. It is also called maize or Indian corn. It is a plant of the genus Zea of the family Gramineae (Poaceae), originating in the Americas.

UI = D003313

 

Corn Oil

MS = Oil from corn or corn plant.

UI = D003314

 

Cornea

AN = inflammation = KERATITIS; neopl = CORNEAL DISEASES (IM) + EYE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); /anat: consider CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY; /transpl = CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION: do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed; KERATOPLASTY, PENETRATING is also available

MS = The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye consisting of five layers: stratified squamous epithelium, Bowman's membrane, stroma, DESCEMET'S MEMBRANE, and mesenchymal endothelium. It serves as the first refracting medium of the eye. It is structurally continuous with the sclera, is avascular, receiving its nourishment by permeation through spaces between the lamellae, and is innervated by the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve via the ciliary nerves and those of the surrounding conjunctiva which together form plexuses. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

UI = D003315

 

Corneal Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = KERATITIS & specific

MS = Diseases of the cornea.

UI = D003316

 

Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary

MS = Bilateral hereditary disorders of the cornea, usually autosomal dominant, which may be present at birth but more frequently develop during adolescence and progress slowly throughout life. Central macular dystrophy is transmitted as an autosomal recessive defect.

UI = D003317

 

Corneal Edema

MS = An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.

UI = D015715

 

Corneal Opacity

MS = Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.

UI = D003318

 

Corneal Neovascularization

AN = note category

MS = New blood vessels originating from the corneal veins and extending from the limbus into the adjacent corneal stroma. These vessels may lie in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma. Neovascularization is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, including trachoma, viral interstitial keratitis, microbial keratoconjunctivitis, and the immune response elicited by corneal transplantation.

UI = D016510

 

Corneal Stroma

MS = The lamellated connective tissue constituting the thickest layer of the cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes.

UI = D003319

 

Corneal Topography

AN = DF: CORNEAL TOPOGR

MS = Measurement of the anterior surface of the cornea, its curvature and shape. It is used often to diagnose keratoconus and other corneal diseases, and corneal changes after keratotomy and keratoplasty. A significant application is in the fitting of contact lenses. In performing corneal topography, many different techniques can be employed: keratometry, keratoscopy, photokeratoscopy, profile photography, computer-assisted image processing, videokeratography, etc.

UI = D019781

 

Corneal Transplantation

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed

MS = Partial or total replacement of the cornea from one human or animal to another.

UI = D016039

 

Corneal Ulcer

AN = a form of keratitis

MS = Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.

UI = D003320

 

Cornell Medical Index

AN = no qualif; DF: CORNELL MED INDEX

MS = Self-administered health questionnaire developed to obtain details of the medical history as an adjunct to the medical interview. It consists of 195 questions divided into eighteen sections; the first twelve deal with somatic complaints and the last six with mood and feeling patterns. The Index is used also as a personality inventory or in epidemiologic studies.

UI = D003321

 

Coronary Aneurysm

MS = Aneurysm of a coronary vessel. A coronary artery aneurysm is rarely congenital; it is usually due to atherosclerosis, inflammatory processes, or a coronary fistula. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

UI = D003323

 

Coronary Angiography

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CORONARY ANGIOGR

MS = Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium.

UI = D017023

 

Coronary Arteriosclerosis

MS = Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries.

UI = D003324

 

Coronary Artery Bypass

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion.

UI = D001026

 

Coronary Care Units

MS = The hospital unit in which patients with acute cardiac disorders receive intensive care.

UI = D003325

 

Coronary Circulation

AN = DF: CORONARY CIRC

MS = The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart.

UI = D003326

 

Coronary Disease

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific; /surg: consider also specific types of surg

MS = Disorder of cardiac function due to an imbalance between myocardial function and the capacity of the coronary vessels to supply sufficient flow for normal function. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.

UI = D003327

 

Coronary Thrombosis

AN = do not confuse "mural thrombus" with "coronary thrombosis": index under HEART DISEASES + THROMBOSIS

MS = Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction.

UI = D003328

 

Coronary Vasospasm

MS = Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.

UI = D003329

 

Coronary Vessel Anomalies

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Defects of coronary arteries or veins including anomalous origin, arteriovenous fistula or aneurysm, myocardial bridging, or other abnormalities of structure or development.

UI = D003330

 

Coronary Vessels

AN = consider also CORONARY CIRCULATION; /radiogr = CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY & do not confuse with ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; /surg: consider also CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS

MS = The veins and arteries of the heart.

UI = D003331

 

Coronaviridae

AN = a family of RNA viruses; infection = CORONAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

MS = Spherical RNA viruses infecting a wide range of animals including humans. Transmission is by fecal-oral and respiratory routes. Mechanical transmission is also common. There are two genera: CORONAVIRUS and TOROVIRUS.

UI = D003332

 

Coronaviridae Infections

AN = caused by members of the Coronaviridae family: do not confuse with CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS caused by members of the Coronavirus genus; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Virus diseases caused by CORONAVIRIDAE.

UI = D003333

 

Coronavirus

AN = a genus of the family Coronaviridae; infection = CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS

MS = A genus of the family CORONAVIRIDAE which causes respiratory or gastrointestinal disease in a variety of vertebrates.

UI = D017934

 

Coronavirus, Bovine

AN = a species of Coronavirus; infection: coord IM with CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of CORONAVIRUS infecting neonatal calves, presenting as acute diarrhea, and frequently leading to death.

UI = D017938

 

Coronavirus, Canine

AN = a species of Coronavirus; infection: coord IM with CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of CORONAVIRUS infecting dogs. Onset is usually sudden and includes vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration.

UI = D017939

 

Coronavirus, Human

AN = a species of Coronavirus; infection: coord IM with CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of CORONAVIRUS causing respiratory and enteric diseases in humans.

UI = D017940

 

Coronavirus Infections

AN = caused by members of the Coronavirus genus: do not confuse with CORONAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS caused by members of the Coronaviridae family; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS), FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS, and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).

UI = D018352

 

Coronavirus, Rat

AN = a species of Coronavirus; infection: coord IM with CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of CORONAVIRUS causing pneumonia in newborn rats but a clinically inapparent infection in adults. It is separate but antigenetically related to mouse hepatitis virus (GASTROENTERITIS VIRUS, MURINE).

UI = D017941

 

Coronavirus, Turkey

AN = a species of Coronavirus; infection = ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS but see note there; DF: note short X ref

MS = A species of CORONAVIRUS causing enteritis in turkeys and pullets.

UI = D004752

 

Coroners and Medical Examiners

AN = IM; DF: CORONERS

MS = Physicians appointed to investigate all cases of sudden or violent death.

UI = D003334

 

Corpora Allata

AN = hormone-secreting bodies in head of insects

MS = Paired or fused ganglion-like bodies in the head of insects. The bodies secrete hormones important in the regulation of metamorphosis and the development of some adult tissues.

UI = D003335

 

Corpora Quadrigemina

UI = D003336

 

Corpus Callosum

MS = Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure.

UI = D003337

 

Corpus Luteum

AN = /cytol: consider also LUTEIN CELLS; /drug eff: consider also LUTEOLYTIC AGENTS

MS = The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum.

UI = D003338

 

Corpus Luteum Hormones

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D003339

 

Corpus Luteum Maintenance

MS = Physiologic and biochemical factors that maintain an actively functioning corpus luteum.

UI = D003340

 

Corpus Luteum Regression

AN = qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY

MS = Involution and cessation of endocrine function of a corpus luteum.

UI = D003341

 

Corpus Striatum

AN = do not confuse with STRIATE CORTEX see VISUAL CORTEX

MS = Striped gray and white matter consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the thalamus in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The white matter is the internal capsule.

UI = D003342

 

Corrected and Republished Article [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only for a correction & republication of an original article deleted; appears in titles & translations as "corrected and republished article originally printed in"; see also Publication Type PUBLISHED ERRATUM; Manual 38.6.4

MS = The republication of an article to correct, amplify, or restore text and data of the originally published article.

UI = D016439

 

Correspondence

AN = IM; /hist permitted for correspondence between hist figures; coord with required biographical and historical headings & check tags; do not confuse LETTERS see CORRESPONDENCE with Publication Type LETTER CATALOG: form qualif /correspondence is available

MS = Communication between persons or between institutions or organizations by an exchange of letters. Its use in indexing and cataloging will generally figure in historical and biographical material.

UI = D015709

 

Corrosion

AN = almost never IM; no qualif

UI = D003343

 

Corrosion Casting

MS = A tissue preparation technique that involves the injecting of plastic (acrylates) into blood vessels or other hollow viscera and treating the tissue with a caustic substance. This results in a negative copy or a solid replica of the enclosed space of the tissue that is ready for viewing under a scanning electron microscope.

UI = D016319

 

Cortical Synchronization

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted

UI = D003344

 

Corticosterone

AN = steroidal anti-inflamm agent; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437)

UI = D003345

 

Corticotropin

AN = a neurotransmitter pituitary hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref

MS = Pituitary hormone that stimulates the secretion of adrenal cortical steroids and induces growth of the adrenal cortex. It is also present in human female urine and in the serum of pregnant mares. The substance is a single-chain polypeptide containing 39 amino acids, the first 24 of which are identical in all species. This 24-amino acid segment is said to be responsible for the biological activity of the peptide while the remaining 15-amino acid segment is said to be necessary for any immunological specificity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D000324

 

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

AN = a neurotransmitter hypothalamic hormone; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted; DF: CRH

MS = A neuropeptide released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland.

UI = D003346

 

Corticoviridae

AN = a family of bacteriophages

MS = A family of icosahedral, lipid-containing, non-enveloped bacteriophages containing one genus (Corticovirus).

UI = D019240

 

Cortisone

AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver to the active metabolite HYDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p726)

UI = D003348

 

Cortisone Reductase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of a ketone and hydroxy group at C-20 of cortisone and other 17,20,21-trihydroxy steroids. EC 1.1.1.53.

UI = D003349

 

Cortodoxone

AN = an anti-inflamm agent

MS = 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.

UI = D003350

 

Corynebacterium

AN = GEN; prefer specific; infection = CORYNEBACTERIUM INFECTIONS unless DIPHTHERIA (if C. diphtheriae in man); DF: CORYNEBACT

MS = A genus of asporogenous bacteria that is widely distributed in nature. Its organisms appear as straight to slightly curved rods and are known to be human and animal parasites and pathogens.

UI = D003352

 

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

AN = infection in man = DIPHTHERIA; DF: CORYNEBACT DIPHTHERIAE

MS = A species of gram-positive, asporogenous bacteria in which three cultural types are recognized. These types (gravis, intermedius, and mitis) were originally given in accordance with the clinical severity of the cases from which the different strains were most frequently isolated. This species is the causative agent of DIPHTHERIA.

UI = D003353

 

Corynebacterium Infections

AN = gram-pos bact infect; note C. diphtheriae infection in man = DIPHTHERIA; Corynebacterium equi infection = RHODOCOCCUS EQUI (IM) + ACTINOMYCETALES INFECTIONS (IM); DF: CORYNEBACT INFECT

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.

UI = D003354

 

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

AN = infection: coord IM with CORYNEBACTERIUM INFECTIONS (IM); DF: CORYNEBACT PSEUDOTUBERC

MS = A species of gram-positive, asporogenous bacteria that was originally isolated from necrotic areas in the kidney of a sheep. It may cause ulcerative lymphangitis, abscesses, and other chronic purulent infections in sheep, horses, and other warm-blooded animals. Human disease may form from contact with infected animals.

UI = D016925

 

Corynebacterium pyogenes

AN = infection: coord IM with CORYNEBACTERIUM INFECTIONS (IM); DF: CORYNEBACT PYOGENES

MS = A species of CORYNEBACTERIUM isolated from abscesses of warm-blooded animals.

UI = D003355

 

COS Cells

AN = cell line from African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used in transfection & cloning exper; A 11 qualif; check ANIMAL

MS = A cell line derived from the African green monkey and used for transfection and cloning.

UI = D019556

 

Cosmetic Techniques

AN = GEN or unspecified; usually surg improvement of external parts of the body; coord IM with organ /surg (IM) or surg procedure (IM)

MS = Procedures for the improvement or enhancement of the appearance of the visible parts of the body.

UI = D003357

 

Cosmetics

AN = GEN: prefer specifics

MS = Substances intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions. Included in this definition are skin creams, lotions, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail polishes, eye and facial makeup preparations, permanent waves, hair colors, toothpastes, and deodorants, as well as any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. (U.S. Food & Drug Administration Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition Office of Cosmetics Fact Sheet (web page) Feb 1995)

UI = D003358

 

Cosmic Dust

MS = Finely divided solid matter with particle sizes smaller than a micrometeorite, thus with diameters much smaller than a millimeter, moving in interplanetary space. (NASA Thesaurus, 1994)

UI = D019443

 

Cosmic Radiation

AN = ionizing; radiation policy: see Manual index under RADIATION & entries following; X ref HZE PARTICLES stands for High atomic number (Z) Energy particles

MS = High-energy radiation or particles from extraterrestrial space that strike the earth, its atmosphere, or spacecraft and may create secondary radiation as a result of collisions with the atmosphere or spacecraft.

UI = D003359

 

Cosmids

AN = a type of plasmid

MS = Plasmids containing at least one cos (cohesive-end site) of phage lambda. They are used as cloning vehicles for the study of aberrant eukaryotic structural genes and also as genetic vectors for introducing the nucleic acid of transforming viruses into cultured cells.

UI = D003360

 

Cost Allocation

AN = NIM

MS = The assignment, to each of several particular cost-centers, of an equitable proportion of the costs of activities that serve all of them. Cost-center usually refers to institutional departments or services.

UI = D003361

 

Cost-Benefit Analysis

AN = NIM

MS = A method of comparing the cost of a program with its expected benefits in dollars (or other currency). The benefit-to-cost ratio is a measure of total return expected per unit of money spent. This analysis generally excludes consideration of factors that are not measured ultimately in economic terms. Cost effectiveness compares alternative ways to achieve a specific set of results.

UI = D003362

 

Cost Control

AN = NIM

MS = The containment, regulation, or restraint of costs. Costs are said to be contained when the value of resources committed to an activity is not considered excessive. This determination is frequently subjective and dependent upon the specific geographic area of the activity being measured. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

UI = D003363

 

Cost of Illness

AN = no qualif; IM; not restricted to monetary cost: cost can be personal, psychol, social, etc.; coord IM with specific dis with pertinent qualif; if monetary cost in disease, coord IM with specific dis /econ (IM); do not confuse with HEALTH CARE COSTS which is cost of providing serv in delivery of health care: COST OF ILLNESS is personal cost of his dis to the patient

MS = The personal cost of acute or chronic disease. The cost to the patient may be an economic, social, or psychological cost or loss to himself, his family, or community. The cost of illness may be reflected in absenteeism, productivity, response to treatment, peace of mind, QUALITY OF LIFE, etc. It differs from HEALTH CARE COSTS in that this concept is restricted to the cost of providing services related to the delivery of health care rather than an impact on the personal life of the patient.

UI = D017281

 

Cost Savings

AN = a saving for the provider of goods or services or for the recipient or consumer

MS = Reductions in all or any portion of the costs of providing goods or services. Savings may be incurred by the provider or the consumer.

UI = D017046

 

Cost Sharing

AN = restrict to insurance: sharing of costs by both insured & insurer

MS = Provisions of an insurance policy that require the insured to pay some portion of covered expenses. Several forms of sharing are in use, e.g., deductibles, coinsurance, and copayments. Cost sharing does not refer to or include amounts paid in premiums for the coverage. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

UI = D017047

 

Costa Rica

UI = D003364

 

Costs and Cost Analysis

AN = NIM; "cost shifting": index under COST ALLOCATION; DF: COSTS

MS = Absolute, comparative, or differential costs pertaining to services, institutions, resources, etc., or the analysis and study of these costs.

UI = D003365

 

Cosyntropin

MS = alpha(1-24)-Corticotropin. A synthetic polypeptide with adrenocorticotropic activity.

UI = D003366

 

Cote d'Ivoire

AN = a republic in western Africa; X ref IVORY COAST was its former name; in translations use the French name Cãote d'Ivoire with circumflex

MS = A republic in western Africa, south of MALI and BURKINA FASO. Its capital is Abidjan. It was formerly called Ivory Coast. From 1842 the French had a treaty with the native rulers. By 1889 a French protectorate was established and in 1893 it was made a colony. Cote d'Ivoire achieved self-government in 1958 and became an independent republic in 1960. It is named for the ivory first traded by the Portuguese there in the 16th century. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p295, 560 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p264)

UI = D007560

 

Cotinine

AN = a possible antidepressant

MS = 1-Methyl-5-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrrolidinone fumarate. Stimulant proposed as antidepressant. Synonym: Scotine.

UI = D003367

 

Cotton

AN = as plant & textile; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J; lung dis from cotton dust = BYSSINOSIS

MS = Any of the cultivated varieties of Gossypium, herbs or shrubs of the Malvaceae family that yield fiber for textiles and absorbent dressings, oil from seeds, and various chemicals. The fibers cause BYSSINOSIS if inhaled over a period. GOSSYPOL is a male anti-fertility agent from COTTONSEED OIL.

UI = D003368

 

Cottonseed Oil

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = The fixed oil obtained by expression from the seeds of cultivated varieties of the cotton plant, Gossypium herbaceum L. It is widely used in soaps, oleomargarine, lubricants, cosmetics, and salad and cooking oils. In veterinary medicine, it is used as a delousing agent, usually combined with two parts of pine tar for ear ticks of horses, and as a mild emollient and laxative for small animals. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003369

 

Coturnix

AN = IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with BIRD DISEASES (IM)

MS = A genus of birds (family Phasianidae) containing the common European and other Old World quails.

UI = D003370

 

Cotyledon

AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord probably IM in genetics & space physiol, NIM in pharmacognosy, with specific plant (IM or NIM)

MS = A part of the embryo in a seed plant. The number of cotyledons is an important feature in classifying plants. In seeds without an endosperm, they store food which is used in germination. In some plants, they emerge above the soil surface and become the first photosynthetic leaves. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

UI = D018548

 

Cough

AN = /drug ther: consider also ANTITUSSIVE AGENTS

UI = D003371

 

Coumaphos

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide.

UI = D003372

 

Coumaric Acids

MS = Hydroxycinnamic acid and its derivatives. Act as activators of the indoleacetic acid oxidizing system, thereby producing a decrease in the endogenous level of bound indoleacetic acid in plants.

UI = D003373

 

Coumarins

AN = anticoagulants

MS = Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the delta-lactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the Tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents.

UI = D003374

 

Coumestrol

AN = a non-steroidal estrogen found in forage crops

MS = 3,9-Dihydroxy-6H-benzofuro(3,2-c)(1)benzopyran-6-one. A coumarin derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has estrogenic activity.

UI = D003375

 

Counseling

AN = CAREER COUNSELING see VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE is available

MS = The giving of advice and assistance to individuals with educational or personal problems.

UI = D003376

 

Countercurrent Distribution

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM

MS = A method of separation of two or more substances by repeated distribution between two immiscible liquid phases that move past each other in opposite directions. It is a form of liquid-liquid chromatography. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D003377

 

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis

AN = NIM: do not confuse X ref IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS, CROSSOVER with IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS, CROSSED see IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS, TWO-DIMENSIONAL

MS = Immunoelectrophoresis in which immunoprecipitation occurs when antigen at the cathode is caused to migrate in an electric field through a suitable medium of diffusion against a stream of antibody migrating from the anode as a result of endosmotic flow.

UI = D003378

 

Counterpulsation

AN = a type of assisted circulation; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = A technique for assisting the circulation by decreasing the afterload of the left ventricle and augmenting the diastolic pressure. It may be achieved by intra-aortic balloon, or by implanting a special pumping device in the chest, or externally by applying a negative pressure to the lower extremities during cardiac systole.

UI = D015908

 

Countertransference (Psychology)

AN = no qualif; DF: COUNTERTRANSFERENCE

MS = The psychiatrist's conscious or unconscious emotional reaction to his patient.

UI = D003379

Couples Therapy

AN = a psychother technique for unmarried couples: for married couples index under MARITAL THERAPY; DF: COUPLES THER

MS = Psychotherapy used specifically for unmarried couples, of mixed or same sex. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)

UI = D019546

 

Courtship

AN = human & animal; no qualif

MS = The mutual attraction between individuals of the opposite sex.

UI = D003380

 

Cowdria

AN = in ruminants; infection: coord IM with RICKETTSIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM); note X ref: Cowdria ruminantium infection = HEARTWATER DISEASE

MS = A genus of gram-negative bacteria characteristically localized in clusters inside vacuoles in the cytoplasm of vascular endothelial cells of ruminants. The species C. ruminantium is the causative agent of HEARTWATER DISEASE.

UI = D016995

 

Cowpox

AN = caused by a poxvirus; in man or animal; in animal use /vet and check tag ANIMAL

MS = A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by COWPOX VIRUS, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal.

UI = D015605

 

 

Cowpox Virus

AN = a species of Orthopoxvirus; infection = COWPOX: see note there

MS = A species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of COWPOX. It is closely related to but antigenically different from VACCINA VIRUS.

UI = D015608

 

Coxiella

AN = infection: coord IM with RICKETTSIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that is widely distributed in ticks and various mammals throughout the world. Infection with this genus is particularly prevalent in cattle, sheep, and goats.

UI = D003381

 

Coxiella burnetii

AN = infection = Q FEVER

MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria that grows preferentially in the vacuoles of the host cell. It is the etiological agent of Q FEVER.

UI = D016997

 

Coxsackieviruses A

AN = one of 2 groups of coxsackieviruses; infection: coord IM with COXSACKIEVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) & consider also HERPANGINA & CONJUNCTIVITIS, ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC

MS = One of the two groups of coxsackieviruses. Coxsackie A viruses are divided into 24 serotypes and are associated with or implicated in herpangina, aseptic meningitis, paralytic disease, encephalitis, ataxia, and cardiac diseases. Coxsackie A24 variant can cause acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis.

UI = D003382

 

Coxsackieviruses B

AN = one of 2 groups of coxsackieviruses; infection: coord IM with COXSACKIEVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) & consider also PLEURODYNIA, EPIDEMIC

MS = One of the two groups of COXSACKIEVIRUSES. It is divided into several serotypes and associated with epidemic pleurodynia (B1, B3), myocarditis and endocarditis (B3, B1), respiratory disorders (B3, B5), and kidney, pancreas, and liver disorders.

UI = D003383

 

Coxsackievirus Infections

AN = caused by an enterovirus

MS = A heterogeneous group of infections produced by COXSACKIEVIRUSES, including herpangina, aseptic meningitis, a common-cold-like syndrome, a non-paralytic poliomyelitis-like syndrome, epidemic pleurodynia, and a serious myocarditis.

UI = D003384

 

Coxsackieviruses

AN = a group of the genus Enterovirus; Coxsackie is a village in NY where virus was first identified; infection = COXSACKIEVIRUS INFECTIONS

MS = A heterogeneous group of the genus ENTEROVIRUS found in association with various diseases in man and other animals. Two groups (A and B) have been identified with a number of serotypes in each. The name is derived from a village in New York State where the virus was first identified.

UI = D003385

 

Cnidaria

AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; "includes hydroids (HYDRA), JELLYFISH, SEA ANEMONES & corals"

MS = A phylum of radially symmetrical invertebrates having a body composed of two layers of cells which comprise definite tissues. It includes hydroids (HYDRA), JELLYFISH, SEA ANEMONES, and corals.

UI = D003063

 

Cnidarian Venoms

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted; coord IM with specific coelenterate source (IM or NIM)

MS = Venoms from jellyfish, coral, sea anemone, nematocysts, etc. They contain hemo-, cardio-, dermo- , and neurotoxic substances and probably enzymes. They include palytoxin, sarcophine, and anthopleurine.

UI = D003064

 

C-Peptide

AN = from proinsulin only: not for peptide fragments from other proteins ( = PEPTIDE FRAGMENTS)

MS = A 31-amino acid peptide which connects the A and B chains of proinsulin. The exact composition of the peptide is species dependent. In beta cells proinsulin is enzymatically converted to insulin with the liberation of the C-peptide. An immunoassay has been developed for assessing pancreatic beta cell secretory function in diabetic patients in whom circulating insulin antibodies and exogenous insulin interfere with insulin immunoassay.

UI = D002096

 

CpG Islands

AN = a type of base seq

MS = Areas of increased density of the dinucleotide sequence guanine--phosphate diester--cytosine. They form stretches of DNA several hundred base pairs long and number about 30,000 islands in the mammalian genome. They are unmethylated and the site of frequent mutations. Many of the genes with which the islands are associated are housekeeping genes that are constitutively expressed.

UI = D018899

 

Crabs

AN = as animal & food; IM; as food, coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM); /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = Chiefly marine, largely carnivorous crustaceans including the genera Cancer, Uca, and Callinectes. It includes crabs as food.

UI = D003386

 

Crack Cocaine

AN = addiction to crack cocaine = CRACK COCAINE (IM) + COCAINE-RELATED DISORDERS (IM)

MS = The purified, alkaloidal, extra-potent form of cocaine. It is smoked (free-based), injected intravenously, and orally ingested. Use of crack results in alterations in function of the cardiovascular system, the autonomic nervous system, the central nervous system, and the gastrointestinal system. The slang term "crack" was derived from the crackling sound made upon igniting of this form of cocaine for smoking.

UI = D016578

 

Cracked Tooth Syndrome

AN = incomplete tooth fracture causing sensitivity to heat, cold, sweet, sour, alcohol

MS = Incomplete fracture of any part of a tooth, characterized by pain during mastication and sensitivity to heat, cold, sweet or sour tastes, and alcohol; it is often undiagnosed because the tooth is usually X-ray negative and normal to pulp vitality tests.

UI = D003387

 

Cranial Fossa, Posterior

AN = NIM as merely locational for, usually, lesions "within the posterior cranial cavity"; when NIM to locate intracranial lesions, no qualif; for posterior cranial fossa as bone, probably IM with qualif; X ref CLIVUS: restrict to posterior cranial fossa; other clivus sites are indexed under specific cranial bone, as clivus ossis occipitalis goes under OCCIPITAL BONE; neopl of posterior cranial fossa is SKULL BASE NEOPLASMS

MS = The posterior subdivision of the floor of the cranial cavity, lodging the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. It is formed by portions of the sphenoid, temporal, parietal, and occipital bones. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003388

 

Cranial Irradiation

MS = The exposure of the head to roentgen rays or other forms of radioactivity for therapeutic or preventive purposes.

UI = D016371

 

Cranial Nerve Diseases

AN = coord IM with specific cranial nerve (IM)

UI = D003389

 

Cranial Nerve Neoplasms

AN = coord IM with specific cranial nerve (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Neoplasms of any of the cranial nerves.

UI = D003390

 

Cranial Nerves

AN = 1st cranial nerve = OLFACTORY NERVE, 2d = OPTIC NERVE, 3d = OCULOMOTOR NERVE, 4th = TROCHLEAR NERVE, 5th = TRIGEMINAL NERVE, 6th = ABDUCENS NERVE, 7th = FACIAL NERVE, 8th = ACOUSTIC NERVE, 9th = GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE, 10th = VAGUS NERVE, 11th = ACCESSORY NERVE, 12th = HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE

MS = Twelve pairs of nerves originating in the brain stem that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers.

UI = D003391

 

Cranial Sinuses

AN = do not confuse with CEREBRAL VEINS

MS = Large endothelium-lined venous channels situated between the two layers of the dura mater; they are devoid of valves.

UI = D003392

 

Cranial Sutures

AN = note category: a fibrous joint in bones of head; do not confuse with SUTURES (E7) or SUTURE TECHNIQUES (E4)

MS = A type of fibrous joint between bones of the head.

UI = D003393

 

 

Craniofacial Abnormalities

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: CRANIOFACIAL ABNORM CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.

UI = D019465

 

Craniofacial Dysostosis

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; "craniofacial dysmorphism" does not go here: index under FACIAL BONES /abnorm + SKULL /abnorm but not also under ABNORMALITIES, MULTIPLE CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by acrocephaly, exophthalmos, hypertelorism, strabismus, parrot-beaked nose, and hypoplastic maxilla with relative mandibular prognathism. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003394

 

Craniology

AN = SPEC: do not confuse with CRANIOMETRY; DF: CRANIOL

MS = The scientific study of variations in size, shape, and proportion of the cranium.

UI = D003395

 

Craniomandibular Disorders

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; usually called this or CMD by authors; DF: CMD

MS = Diseases or disorders of the muscles of the head and neck, with special reference to the masticatory muscles. The most notable examples are TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS and TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME.

UI = D017271

 

Craniometry

AN = dead skull only; for living skull use CEPHALOMETRY; NIM

MS = The scientific measurement of the dimensions of the bones of the skull and face. It applies to measurement of the dead skull as opposed to CEPHALOMETRY, measurements performed on the living skull.

UI = D003396

 

Craniopharyngioma

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PITUITARY NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A tumor arising from cell rests derived from the hypophyseal stalk or Rathke's pouch, frequently associated with increased intracranial pressure, and showing calcium deposits in the capsule or in the tumor proper. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003397

 

Craniosynostoses

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Premature closure of one or more sutures of the skull.

UI = D003398

 

Craniotomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Any operation on the cranium or incision into the cranium. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003399

 

Crayfish

AN = as animal & food; IM; as food, coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM); /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = Various freshwater crustaceans resembling the lobster, but usually much smaller; common genera are Astacus, Cambarus, Oronectes, and Pacifastacus. It includes crayfish as food.

UI = D003400

 

Creatine

AN = an amino acid; do not confuse with CREATININE; CREATINE PHOSPHATE see PHOSPHOCREATINE

MS = An amino acid formed by methylation of guanidinoacetic acid and occurring in vertebrate tissues, particularly in muscle. It is excreted in the urine as CREATININE. (Dorland, 28th ed; Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D003401

 

Creatine Kinase

MS = A transferase that catalyzes the reaction of ATP + creatine to yield ADP + phosphocreatine. It is activated by Mg(2+). The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine in muscle and brain tissue and holds the muscle concentration of ATP constant during the initiation of exercise. EC 2.7.3.2.

UI = D003402

 

Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes

AN = CK BB, CK MB, CK MM, etc. go here; DF: CK ISOENZYMES

MS = Three isoenzymes of creatine kinase have been identified in human tissues: MM from skeletal muscle, MB from myocardial tissue and BB from nervous tissue. Plasma from healthy humans contains MM almost exclusively. Elevated MB creatine kinase activity is a possible indicator of myocardial injury. EC 2.7.3.2.

UI = D003403

 

Creatinine

AN = do not confuse with CREATINE

UI = D003404

 

Crenarchaeota

AN = a kingdom of the domain Archaea

MS = A kingdom in the domain ARCHAEA comprised of thermoacidophilic, sulfur-dependent organisms. The two orders are SULFOLOBALES and THERMOPROTEALES.

UI = D019615

 

CREST Syndrome

AN = Calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, Esophageal dysfunction, Sclerodactyly, Telangiectasis

MS = A form of systemic scleroderma usually less severe than other forms, consisting of calcinosis cutis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis. That in which esophageal function is not prominent is known as CRST syndrome. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D017675

 

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome

AN = a prion dis with neurol, neuromusc & psychiat manifest

MS = A rare, usually fatal, transmissible encephalopathy occurring in middle life, in which there is partial degeneration of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems accompanied by progressive dementia and sometimes muscle wasting, tremor, athetosis, and spastic dysarthria. A familial form has been shown to exhibit autosomal dominant inheritance. The more common sporadic form is probably caused by mutations that produce abnormal prion proteins (PRIONS). A variant of CJD has been reported in patients younger than 30 years old, probably caused by exposure to beef harboring the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent.

UI = D007562

 

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (see: Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo)

 

C-Reactive Protein

AN = an acute phase protein; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during inflammation and after tissue damage.

UI = D002097

 

Creativeness

AN = human & animal (espec primates); no qualif

MS = The ability to construct new ideas or images.

UI = D003405

 

Credentialing

AN = "recognition of professional or technical competence" through various measures: see MeSH definition

MS = The recognition of professional or technical competence through registration, certification, licensure, admission to association membership, the award of a diploma or degree, etc.

UI = D003406

 

Creosote

UI = D003407

 

Cresols

UI = D003408

 

Cretinism

MS = A condition due to congenital lack of thyroid hormone, marked by arrested physical and mental development, dystrophy of the bones and soft parts, and lowered basal metabolism. It is the congenital form of thyroid deficiency, while MYXEDEMA is the acquired form. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003409

 

Cri-du-Chat Syndrome

AN = multiple abnorm; X ref is the translation; refers to cat-like crying of the afflicted inf; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An infantile syndrome characterized by cat-like cry, failure to thrive, microcephaly, mental retardation, spastic quadriparesis, micro- and retrognathia, glossoptosis, bilateral epicanthus, hypertelorism, and tiny external genitalia. It is due to chromosomal abnormality.

UI = D003410

 

Cricetulus

AN = do not confuse with CRICETUS see HAMSTERS, CRICETINAE see HAMSTERS or CRICETIDAE see MICROTINAE; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag HAMSTERS

MS = A genus of the family Muridae consisting of eleven species. C. migratorius, the grey or Armenian hamster, and C. griseus, the Chinese hamster, are the two species used in biomedical research.

UI = D003412

 

Cricoid Cartilage

MS = The small thick cartilage that forms the lower and posterior parts of the laryngeal wall.

UI = D003413

 

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome

AN = a familial congen hyperbilirubinemia; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A familial form of congenital hyperbilirubinemia transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. It is characterized by icterus and brain damage caused by a glucuronyl transferase deficiency in the liver and faulty bilirubin conjugation.

UI = D003414

 

Crime

AN = specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A violation of the criminal law, i.e., a breach of the conduct code specifically sanctioned by the state, which through its administrative agencies prosecutes offenders and imposes and administers punishments. The concept includes unacceptable actions whether prosecuted or going unpunished.

UI = D003415

 

Crime Victims

AN = coord IM with specific crime if pertinent (IM)

MS = Individuals subjected to and adversely affected by criminal activity. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)

UI = D019548

 

Criminal Law

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; specify state or country

MS = A branch of law that defines criminal offenses, regulates the apprehension, charging and trial of suspected persons, and fixes the penalties and modes of treatment applicable to convicted offenders.

UI = D003416

 

Criminal Psychology

AN = as SPEC, SPEC qualif; as psychol of the criminal mind, no qualif; consider also PRISONERS /psychol; DF: CRIMINAL PSYCHOL

MS = The branch of psychology which investigates the psychology of crime with particular reference to the personality factors of the criminal.

UI = D003417

 

Criminology

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: CRIMINOL

MS = The study of crime and criminals with special reference to the personality factors and social conditions leading toward, or away from crime.

UI = D003418

 

Crisis Intervention

AN = a psychother technique

MS = Brief therapeutic approach which is ameliorative rather than curative of acute psychiatric emergencies. Used in contexts such as emergency rooms of psychiatric or general hospitals, or in the home or place of crisis occurence, this treatment approach focuses on interpersonal and intrapsychic factors and environmental modification. (APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 7th ed)

UI = D003419

 

Crisscross Heart

AN = a congen atrioventric defect; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Cardiac malformation characterized by an atrioventricular spatial relation that places or appears to place each ventricle in a contralateral position relative to its associated atrium.

UI = D003420

 

Crithidia

AN = mastigophoran used as source organism in immunol & other exper; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A genus of parasitic protozoans found in the digestive tract of invertebrates, especially insects. Organisms of this genus have an amastigote and choanomastigote stage in their life cycle.

UI = D003421

 

Crithidia fasciculata

AN = mastigophoran usually found in insects; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A species of monogenetic, parasitic protozoa usually found in insects.

UI = D016831

 

Critical Care

MS = Health care provided to a critically ill patient during a medical emergency or crisis.

UI = D003422

 

Critical Illness

AN = IM GEN only; do not index with specific dis of critically ill patient unless particularly discussed & then NIM with no qualif; /ther: consider also CRITICAL CARE

MS = A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.

UI = D016638

 

Critical Pathways

AN = schedules in patient care for coordinated treatment

MS = Schedules of medical and nursing procedures, including diagnostic tests, medications, and consultations designed to effect an efficient, coordinated program of treatment. (From Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed)

UI = D019091

 

Critical Period (Psychology)

AN = human & animal; no qualif; DF: CRITICAL PERIOD

MS = A specific stage in animal and human development during which certain types of behavior normally are shaped and molded for life.

UI = D003423

 

Croatia

MS = Created 7 April 1992 as a result of the division of Yugoslavia.

UI = D017523

 

Crohn Disease

AN = inflamm bowel dis; affects ileum & colon most frequently; coord IM with ILEITIS (NIM) or COLITIS (NIM) only if site is particularly discussed; usually chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE

MS = Gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic inflammatory infiltrates, fibrosis affecting all layers of the serosa, and development of noncaseating granulomas. The most common site of involvement is the terminal ileum with the colon as the second most common.

UI = D003424

 

Cromakalim

MS = A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Phramacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)

UI = D019806

 

Cromolyn Sodium

AN = an anti-asthmatic agent

MS = A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized mast cells. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.

UI = D004205

 

Crop, Avian

UI = D003426

 

Crops, Agricultural

AN = cultivated edible plants; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = Cultivated plants or agricultural produce such as grain, vegetables, or fruit. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)

UI = D018556

 

Cross Circulation

AN = a type of parabiosis; DF: CROSS CIRC

MS = The circulation in a portion of the body of one individual of blood supplied from another individual.

UI = D003427

 

Cross Infection

AN = restricted to any infect from one patient to another or from health care worker to patient "in a health-care institution"; also available for dis from patient to health care worker is DISEASE TRANSMISSION, PATIENT-TO-PROFESSIONAL and for health care worker to patient is DISEASE TRANSMISSION, PROFESSIONAL-TO-PATIENT

MS = Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.

UI = D003428

 

Cross Reactions

AN = IM GEN only; NIM with specific antigen or antibody (IM)

MS = Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

UI = D003429

 

Cross-Sectional Studies

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

UI = D003430

 

Cross-Cultural Comparison

AN = no qualif

MS = Comparison of various psychological, sociological, or cultural factors in order to assess the similarities or diversities occurring in two or more different cultures or societies.

UI = D003431

 

Cross-Linking Reagents

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other.

UI = D003432

 

Cross-Over Studies

AN = usually drug or other ther study; IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific ther (IM); coord NIM also with any other study design such as RANDOM ALLOCATION, DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD, etc. (NIM); when pertinent add CLINICAL TRIAL (PT) or RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (PT); no qualif

MS = Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

UI = D018592

 

Crosses, Genetic

AN = no qualif; the result of breeding of 2 varieties of same species; do not confuse with CROSSING OVER, interchange of genes between homologous chromosomes

UI = D003433

 

Crossing Over (Genetics)

AN = = interchange of genes or segments between homologous chromosomes; do not confuse with CROSSES, GENETIC, the result of breeding 2 varieties of the same species; DF: CROSSING OVER

MS = The reciprocal exchange of segments at corresponding positions along pairs of homologous chromosomes by symmetrical breakage and crosswise rejoining.

UI = D003434

 

Crotalid Venoms

AN = from pit vipers (rattlesnake, cottonmouth, etc.); /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymology permitted; TN 241: common & scientific names of various crotalids

MS = Venoms from snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae or pit vipers, found mostly in the Americas. They include the rattlesnake, cottonmouth, fer-de-lance, bushmaster, and American copperhead. Their venoms contain nontoxic proteins, cardio-, hemo-, cyto-, and neurotoxins, and many enzymes, especially phospholipases A. Many of the toxins have been characterized.

UI = D003435

 

Crotalus

AN = a genus of pit vipers; note X ref; its venom: coord IM with CROTALID VENOMS (IM)

MS = A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE, one of the pit vipers, so-called from the pit hollowing out the maxillary bone, opening between the eye and the nostril. They are distinctively American serpents. Most of the 25 recognized species are found in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Several species are found as far north as Canada and east of the Mississippi, including southern Appalachia. They are named for the jointed rattle (Greek krotalon) at the tip of their tail. (Goin, Goin, and Zug: Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed; Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p335)

UI = D017839

 

Croton Oil

AN = a dermatol agent & carcinogen

MS = Viscous, nauseating oil obtained from the shrub Croton tiglium (Euphorbaceae). It is a vesicant and skin irritant used as pharmacologic standard for skin inflammation and allergy and causes skin cancer. It was formerly used as an emetic and cathartic with frequent mortality.

UI = D003436

 

Crotonates

MS = Salts and esters of crotonic acid.

UI = D003437

 

Crotonic Acids

MS = 4-Carbon monounsaturated monocarboxylic acids with the unsaturation in the 2 position.

UI = D003438

 

Crotoxin

AN = from a So. Amer. rattlesnake; /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS

MS = A specific complex of toxic proteins from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American rattlesnake). It can be separated into a phospholipase A and crotapotin fragment; the latter consists of three different amino acid chains, potentiates the enzyme, and is specifically neurotoxic.

UI = D003439

 

Croup

AN = a form of laryngitis in inf & child

MS = A condition characterized by resonant barking cough, hoarseness and persistant stridor and caused by allergy, foreign body, infection, or neoplasm. It occurs chiefly in infants and children.

UI = D003440

 

Crowding

AN = human & animal

MS = Behavior with respect to an excessive number of individuals, human or animal, in relation to available space.

UI = D003441

 

Crown Lengthening

AN = crown here is natural or anatomical crown of the tooth

MS = Technique combining controlled eruptive tooth movement and incision of the supracrestal gingival attachment to allow for proper restoration of a destroyed or damaged crown of a tooth. Controlled eruption of the tooth is obtained using orthodontic appliances. During this eruptive phase, repeated incisions are made at the junctional epithelium of the sulcus and the supracrestal connective tissue to prevent coronal displacement of the gingiva and of the attachment apparatus.

UI = D016556

 

Crown-Rump Length

AN = measurement in utero; no qualif

MS = In utero measurement corresponding to the sitting height (crown to rump) of the fetus. Length is considered a more accurate criterion of the age of the fetus than is the weight. The average crown-rump length of the fetus at term is 36 cm. (From Williams Obstetrics, 18th ed, p91)

UI = D018568

 

Crowns

AN = note category: anatomical crown of tooth = TOOTH CROWN; do not confuse X ref DENTAL CROWNS with TOOTH CROWN

MS = A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin.

UI = D003442

 

Cruciferae

AN = a family of plants; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Dicotyledon family of 350 genera of mostly herbaceous plants with peppery-flavored leaves. Members include ARABIDOPSIS, BRASSICA, and MUSTARD.

UI = D019607

 

Crush Syndrome

AN = shock state after crushing inj; usually accompanied by kidney dysfunct

MS = Trauma and ischemia of soft tissues, principally skeletal muscle, due to prolonged severe crushing of the tissues, leading to increased permeability of the cell membrane and to the release of potassium, enzymes, and myoglobin from within cells. Ischemic renal dysfunction secondary to hypotension and diminished renal perfusion results in acute tubular necrosis and uremia.

UI = D003444

 

Crustacea

AN = as animal & food; IM; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; as food, coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM); /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = A large class of arthropods including LOBSTERS, CRABS, SHRIMP, wood lice, water fleas, and BARNACLES. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003445

 

Crutches

MS = Devices of wood or metal, ordinarily long enough to reach from the armpit to the ground, with a concave surface fitting under the arm and a cross bar for the hand, used for supporting the weight of the body. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003446

 

Crying

MS = To utter an inarticulate, characteristic sound in order to communicate or express a feeling, or desire for attention.

UI = D003448

 

Cryoelectron Microscopy

MS = Electron microscopy involving rapid freezing of the samples. The imaging of frozen-hydrated molecules and organelles permits the best possible resolution closest to the living state, free of chemical fixatives or stains.

UI = D020285

 

Cryoglobulinemia

AN = a blood protein disord

MS = A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal or abnormal quantities of cryoglobulins in the blood. They are precipitated into the microvasculature on exposure to cold and cause restricted blood flow in exposed areas.

UI = D003449

 

Cryoglobulins

AN = paraproteins

UI = D003450

 

Cryopreservation

AN = "preservation of cells, tissue, organs or embryos by freezing"; cryopreserv of organs or tissue: coord IM with specific organ or tissue heading (IM with no qualif)

MS = Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens.

UI = D015925

 

Cryoprotective Agents

AN = IM; coord with specific agents if relevant (IM); D25-26 qualif

MS = Substances capable of protecting against injury due to freezing, as glycerol protects frozen red blood cells. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003451

 

Cryosurgery

AN = destruction or excision of tissue by very low temp; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with disease /surg (IM); differentiate from HYPOTHERMIA, INDUCED for cooling of organs during surgery

MS = The use of freezing as a special surgical technique to destroy or excise tissue.

UI = D003452

 

Cryotherapy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = A form of therapy consisting in the local or general use of cold. The selective destruction of tissue by extreme cold or freezing is CRYOSURGERY. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D017679

 

Cryoultramicrotomy

MS = The technique of using a cryostat or freezing microtome, in which the temperature is regulated to -20 degrees Celsius, to cut ultrathin frozen sections for microscopic (usually, electron microscopic) examination.

UI = D016616

 

Cryptococcosis

AN = fungus dis

MS = Infection with a fungus of the species CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS.

UI = D003453

 

Cryptococcus

AN = infection = CRYPTOCOCCOSIS

MS = A mitosporic Tremellales fungal genus whose species usually have a capsule and do not form pseudomycellium. Teleomorphs include Filobasidiella and Fidobasidium.

UI = D003454

 

Cryptococcus neoformans

AN = infection = CRYPTOCOCCOSIS & do not coord with C. NEOFORMANS unless particularly discussed

MS = A species of the fungus Cryptococcus, which causes CRYPTOCOCCOSIS. Its teleomorph is Filobasidiella neoformans.

UI = D003455

 

Cryptorchidism

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A developmental defect characterized by failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003456

 

Cryptosporidiosis

AN = protozoan infect of intestines; human or animal; when in animal, check tag ANIMAL; /drug ther: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS

MS = Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans.

UI = D003457

 

Cryptosporidium

AN = infection = CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; /drug eff: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A coccidian parasite occurring in the intestines of many vertebrates including man.

UI = D003458

 

Cryptosporidium parvum

AN = infection: coord IM with CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS (IM); /drug eff: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A species of parasitic protozoa that infects humans and most domestic mammals. Its oocysts measure five microns in diameter. These organisms exhibit alternating cycles of sexual and asexual reproduction.

UI = D016785

 

Crystallins

AN = eye proteins; not for crystalline lens ( = LENS, CRYSTALLINE)

MS = A heterogeneous family of water-soluble structural proteins found in cells of the vertebrate lens. The presence of these proteins accounts for the transparency of the lens. The family is composed of four major groups, alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, and several minor groups, which are classed on the basis of size, charge, immunological properties, and vertebrate source. Alpha, beta, and delta crystallins occur in avian and reptilian lenses, while alpha, beta, and gamma crystallins occur in all other lenses.

UI = D003459

 

Crystallization

AN = NIM; no qualif; coord with substance being crystallized (IM or NIM)

MS = The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D003460

 

Crystallography

AN = NIM; coord with crystalline substance (IM or NIM); DF: CRYSTALLOGR

MS = The branch of science that deals with the geometric description of crystals and their internal arrangement. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D003461

 

Crystallography, X-Ray

AN = study of crystal struct using x-ray diffraction; NIM; DF: CRYSTALLOGR XRAY

MS = The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D018360

 

Cuba

AN = an island in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies

MS = An island in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies, south of Florida. With the adjacent islands it forms the Republic of Cuba. Its capital is Havana. It was discovered by Columbus on his first voyage in 1492 and conquered by Spain in 1511. It has a varied history under Spain, Great Britain, and the United States but has been independent since 1902. The name Cuba is said to be an Indian name of unknown origin but the language that gave the name is extinct, so the etymology is a conjecture. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p302 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p132)

UI = D003462

 

Cucumber Mosaic Virus Satellite

AN = satellite RNA, not a satellite virus

MS = A satellite RNA (not a satellite virus) which has several types. Different cucumoviruses can act as helper viruses for different types.

UI = D019401

 

 

Cucumbers

AN = as plant & food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = Cucumis sativus, creeping plants of the Cucurbitaceae family. They are tender annuals with a rough succulent, trailing stem and hairy leaves with three to five pointed lobes.

UI = D018553

 

Cucumovirus

AN = a genus of mosaic viruses; from CUCUmber MOsaic virus; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)

MS = A genus of plant viruses of the family BROMOVIRIDAE, which infect cucurbits and solanaceous plants. Transmission occurs via aphids in a non-persistent manner, and also via seeds. The type species cucumber mosaic virus, a CUCUMOVIRUS, should not be confused with cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, a TOBAMOVIRUS.

UI = D017799

 

Cucurbitaceae

AN = the gourd family of edible plants: note common names as X refs

MS = The gourd family of flowering plants that belongs to the order Violales. It includes CUCUMBERS, gourds, melons, squashes, and pumpkins. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales.

UI = D019662

 

Cues

AN = no qualif

MS = Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond.

UI = D003463

 

Culdoscopy

AN = to examine female pelvic viscera; NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Visual examination of the female pelvic viscera by means of an endoscope introduced into the pelvic cavity through the posterior vaginal fornix. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003464

 

Culex

AN = mosquito: do not confuse with CULICOIDES, gnat; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) commonly found in tropical regions. Species of this genus are vectors for St. Louis encephalitis (ENCEPHALITIS, ST. LOUIS) as well as many other diseases of man and domestic and wild animals.

UI = D003465

 

Culicidae

AN = mosquitoes, a family of Diptera; do not confuse with CULICOIDES (see CERATOPOGONIDAE), a gnat; GEN: prefer specifics; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111; mosquito bites = CULICIDAE or specific genus (IM) + INSECT BITES AND STINGS (IM)

MS = A family of the order DIPTERA that comprises the mosquitoes. The larval stages are aquatic, and the adults can be recognized by the characteristic wing venation, the scales along the wing veins, and the long proboscis. Many species are of particular medical importance.

UI = D009033

 

Cultural Characteristics

AN = not for microbial or tissue cultures; no qualif

MS = Those aspects or characteristics which identify a culture.

UI = D003466

 

Cultural Deprivation

AN = no qualif

MS = The absence of certain expected and acceptable cultural phenomena in the environment which results in the failure of the individual to communicate and respond in the most appropriate manner within the context of society. Language acquisition and language use are commonly used in assessing this concept.

UI = D003467

 

Cultural Diversity

AN = IM; coord with specific ethnic, racial, religious or other cultural aspect (IM); specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Coexistence of numerous distinct ethnic, racial, religious, or cultural groups within one social unit, organization, or population. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 2d college ed., 1982, p955)

UI = D018864

 

Cultural Evolution

AN = no qualif

MS = The continuous developmental process of a culture from simple to complex forms and from homogeneous to heterogeneous qualities.

UI = D003468

 

Culture

AN = not for microbial or tissue cultures; no qualif; subhead with coord is probably /ethnol

MS = A collective expression for all behavior patterns acquired and socially transmitted through symbols. Culture includes customs, traditions, and language.

UI = D003469

 

Culture Media

AN = NIM; D25-26 qualif with caution; TN 183: relation to TISSUE CULTURE & CELLS, CULTURED

MS = Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

UI = D003470

 

Culture Media, Conditioned

AN = culture media containing biol active components from previously cultured matter; NIM; D25-26 qualif

MS = Culture media containing biologically active components obtained from previously cultured cells or tissues that have released into the media substances affecting certain cell functions (e.g., growth, lysis).

UI = D017077

 

Culture Media, Serum-Free

AN = "culture media free of serum proteins"; NIM; D25-26 qualif with caution

MS = CULTURE MEDIA free of serum proteins but including the minimal essential substances required for cell growth. This type of medium avoids the presence of extraneous substances that may affect cell proliferation or unwanted activation of cells.

UI = D016895

 

Cumulative Trauma Disorders

AN = painful conditions from overuse or overexertion of any activity; DF: CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DIS

MS = Harmful and painful condition caused by overuse or overexertion of some part of the musculoskeletal system, often resulting from work-related physical activities. It is characterized by inflammation, pain, or dysfunction of the involved joints, bones, ligaments, and nerves.

UI = D012090

 

Cunninghamella

AN = infection: coord IM with MUCORMYCOSIS (IM)

MS = A genus of zygomycetous fungi of the family Cunninghamellaceae, order MUCORALES. Some species cause systemic infections in humans.

UI = D020093

 

Cuprizone

AN = a chelating agent; D25-26 qualif

MS = Copper chelator that inhibits monoamine oxidase and causes liver and brain damage.

UI = D003471

 

Curare

AN = an alkaloid & neuromusc nondepolarizing agent; /biosyn permitted if by plant; /analogs: consider also CURARE-LIKE AGENTS

MS = A term applied to a wide variety of highly toxic extracts from numerous botanical sources, including various species of Strychnos. The extracts were used originally as arrow poisons in South America. A form extracted from Chondrodendron tomentosum has been used for the reduction of spasms in tetanus and in shock treatments, in plastic muscular rigidity, spastic paralysis, and similar conditions, and also as an adjunct to general anesthesia. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003472

 

Curcumin

MS = A dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of Curcuma longa Linn. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.

UI = D003474

 

Curettage

AN = of any cavity but note DILATATION AND CURETTAGE for cervix & endometrium; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; gingival curettage = SUBGINGIVAL CURETTAGE

MS = A scraping, usually of the interior of a cavity or tract, for removal of new growth or other abnormal tissue, or to obtain material for tissue diagnosis. It is performed with a curet (curette), a spoon-shaped instrument designed for that purpose. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003475

 

Curium

AN = naturally radioactive; IM

MS = A radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cm, atomic number 96, and atomic weight 247. Thirteen curium isotopes have been produced with mass numbers ranging from 238-250. Its valence can be +3 or +4. It is intensely radioactive and decays by alpha-emission.

UI = D003476

 

Curriculum

MS = A course of study offered by an educational institution.

UI = D003479

 

Cushing Syndrome

MS = A condition, more commonly seen in females, due to hyperadrenocorticism resulting from neoplasms of the adrenal cortex or the anterior lobe of the pituitary, or to prolonged excessive intake of glucocorticoids for therapeutic purposes. The symptoms and signs may include rapidly developing adiposity of the face, neck, and trunk, kyphosis caused by osteoporosis of the spine, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, amenorrhea, hypertrichosis in females, impotence in males, dusky complexion with purple markings, polycythemia, pain in the abdomen and back, and muscular wasting and weakness. When secondary to excessive pituitary secretion of adrenocorticotropin, it is known as Cushing's disease. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003480

 

Cuspid

AN = between the 2d incisor & premolars; NIM when merely locational

MS = The third tooth to the left and to the right of the midline of either jaw, situated between the second INCISOR and the premolar teeth (BICUSPID). (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p817)

UI = D003481

 

Custodial Care

AN = "board, room & other personal assist serv"

MS = Board, room, and other personal assistance services generally provided on a long term basis. It excludes regular medical care.

UI = D003482

 

Cutaneous Fistula

AN = abnorm passage to body surface; fistula policy: Manual 23.19+; anal fistula (one opening on the cutaneous surface near the anus) is indexed as ANAL FISTULA see RECTAL FISTULA

MS = An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body, as bronchocutaneous, vesicocutaneous, renocutaneous, colocutaneous, etc.

UI = D017577

 

Cutis Laxa

AN = loose pendulous skin

MS = A group of connective tissue diseases in which skin hangs in loose pendulous folds. It is believed to be associated with decreased elastic tissue formation as well as an abnormality in elastin formation. Cutis laxa is usually a genetic disease, but acquired cases have been reported. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003483

 

Cyanamide

AN = a cyanide used as fertilizer & defoliant & in industry

MS = Cyanamide (H2NCN). A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.

UI = D003484

 

Cyanates

MS = Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.

UI = D003485

 

Cyanides

AN = inorganic salts having -CN radical: differentiate from NITRILES which are organic with -CN

MS = Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.

UI = D003486

 

Cyanoacrylates

AN = tissue adhesives; D25-26 qualif

MS = A group of compounds having the general formula CH2=C(CN)-COOR; it polymerizes on contact with moisture; used as tissue adhesive; higher homologs have hemostatic and antibacterial properties.

UI = D003487

 

Cyanobacteria

AN = from Greek cyano-, blue; common genera: ANABAENA, Tolypothrix, Plectonema; do not confuse X ref CYANOPHYCEAE with CYANOPHORA see ALGAE

MS = A subgroup of the oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular photosynthetic bacteria possessing chlorophyll a and carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both carbon dioxide (in the presence of light) and nitrogen. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as algae. By the late 19th century, however, it was realized that the blue-green algae were unique and lacked the traditional nucleus and chloroplasts of the green and other algae. The comparison of nucleotide base sequence data from 16S and 5S rRNA indicates that cyanobacteria represent a moderately deep phylogenetic unit within the gram-negative bacteria.

UI = D000458

 

Cyanogen Bromide

AN = useful reagent in molec biol

MS = Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.

UI = D003488

 

Cyanoketone

MS = 2 alpha-Cyano-17 beta-hydroxy-4,4',17 alpha-trimethylandrost-5-ene-3-one. An androstenolone-nitrile compound with steroidogenesis-blocking activity.

UI = D003489

 

6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione

AN = a glutamate antag; DF: note short X ref

MS = A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA ionotropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.

UI = D018750

 

Cyanosis

AN = bluish appearance of skin & mucosa; do not use for cyanotic heart disease unless particularly discussed

MS = A bluish discoloration, applied especially to such discoloration of skin and mucous membranes due to excessive concentration of reduced hemoglobin in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003490

 

Cybernetics

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

MS = That branch of learning which brings together theories and studies on communication and control in living organisms and machines.

UI = D003491

 

Cycasin

AN = a neurotoxic carcinogenic glycoside

MS = Carcinogenic and neurotoxic glycoside occurring in a number of plant species, including Cycas revoluta.

UI = D003492

 

Cyclacillin

AN = a penicillin

MS = A cyclohexylamido analog of penicillanic acid.

UI = D003493

 

Cyclamates

MS = Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.

UI = D003494

 

Cyclandelate

AN = a smooth muscle relaxant & vasodilator

MS = A direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels. It may cause gastrointestinal distress and tachycardia.

UI = D003495

 

Cyclazocine

AN = a nonnarcotic analgesic

MS = An analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist properties.

UI = D003496

 

 

Cyclic AMP

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; cAMP receptor protein, cyclic AMP receptor protein: index under RECEPTORS, CYCLIC AMP; DF: CYCL AMP

MS = Adenosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

UI = D000242

 

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

AN = DF: CAMP PROTEIN KINASES

MS = A group of enzymes that are dependent on cyclic AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues on proteins. EC 2.7.10.-.

UI = D017868

 

Cyclic CMP

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: CYCL CMP

MS = Cytidine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). It is formed in mammalian tissue by the enzymatic conversion of cytidine triphosphate and may play a role in the bioregulation of proliferation of normal and malignant cells.

UI = D003563

 

Cyclic GMP

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: CYCL GMP

MS = Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D006152

 

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterase

AN = DF: CYCL GMP PHOSPHODIESTERASE

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cyclic GMP to yield guanosine-5'-phosphate. EC 3.1.4.35.

UI = D015106

 

Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

MS = A group of enzymes that are dependent on cyclic GMP and catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues of proteins. EC 2.7.10.-

UI = D017869

 

Cyclic IMP

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: CYCL IMP

MS = Inosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). An inosine nucleotide which acts as a mild inhibitor of the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP and as an inhibitor of cat heart cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.

UI = D007289

 

Cyclic N-Oxides

UI = D003497

 

2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases

AN = DF: 2 3 CYCL NPD

MS = Nucleoside-2',3'-cyclic phosphate nucleotidohydrolase. Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the 2'- or 3'- phosphate bonds of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotides. Also hydrolyzes nucleoside monophosphates. Includes EC 3.1.4.16 and EC 3.1.4.37. EC 3.1.4.-.

UI = D015087

 

3',5'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase

AN = regulation: consider also CALMODULIN; DF: 3 5 CYCL NPD

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP to form adenosine 5'-phosphate. The enzyme is widely distributed in animal tissue and controls the level of intracellular cyclic AMP. Also acts on 3',5'-cyclic IMP and 3',5'-cyclic GMP. EC 3.1.4.17.

UI = D015105

 

 

Cyclic Nucleotide-Regulated Protein Kinases

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals; DF: CYCL NUC REG KINASES

MS = A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues of proteins and is dependent on cyclic nucleotides. EC 2.7.10.-.

UI = D017867

 

Cyclic P-Oxides

UI = D003498

 

Cyclic S-Oxides

UI = D003499

 

Cyclin A

MS = A 33-kD protein identical to adenovirus E1A-associated protein p60. Cyclin A regulates p33cdk2 and p34cdc2, and is necessary for progression through the S phase of the cell cycle.

UI = D019925

 

Cyclin B

MS = A 58-kD protein that is regulated post-transcriptionally and post-translationally in the cell cycle.

UI = D019926

 

Cyclin D1

MS = Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.

UI = D019938

 

Cyclin E

MS = A 50-kD protein that complexes with cdk2 in the late G1 phase of the cell cycle.

UI = D019927

 

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

AN = DF: note short X ref

MS = Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.

UI = D018844

 

Cyclins

AN = regulatory proteins; growth substances; do not confuse with the nuclear protein cyclin (PCNA or Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen); note specifics

MS = Regulatory proteins that function in the cell cycle to activate maturation promoting factor. They complex with p34cdc2 (PROTEIN P34CDC2), the catalytic subunit of MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR, and modulate its protein kinase activity. Cyclins themselves have no enzymatic activity.

UI = D016213

 

Cyclization

AN = almost never IM; enzymatic cyclization: coord NIM with specific enzyme (IM) + substrate (NIM)

MS = Changing an open-chain hydrocarbon to a closed ring. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

UI = D003500

 

Cyclizine

AN = a histamine H1 antag & antiemetic

MS = A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935)

UI = D003501

 

Cyclobutanes

AN = includes cyclobutenes

UI = D003503

 

Cyclodextrins

AN = produced by Bacillus species

MS = A homologous group of cyclic glucans consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. The enzyme is produced by certain species of Bacillus. Cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances.

UI = D003505

 

Cyclofenil

AN = a female fertility agent

MS = A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.

UI = D003506

 

Cycloheptanes

AN = includes cycloheptenes, cycloheptadienes, cycloheptatrienes

UI = D003508

 

Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids

UI = D003509

 

Cyclohexanes

AN = includes cyclohexenes, cyclohexadienes

MS = A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C6H11.

UI = D003510

 

Cyclohexanols

AN = do not confuse with CYCLOHEXANONES

MS = Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.

UI = D003511

 

Cyclohexanones

AN = do not confuse with CYCLOHEXANOLS

MS = Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.

UI = D003512

 

Cycloheximide

AN = an antifungal antibiotic

MS = Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.

UI = D003513

 

Cyclohexylamines

MS = A family of alicyclic hydrocarbons containing an amine group with the general formula R-C6H10NH2.

UI = D003514

 

Cycloleucine

MS = 1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid. Amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. Has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities. Frequently encountered synonym: NSC-1026.

UI = D003515

 

Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors

AN = DF: CYCLOOXYGENASE INHIB

MS = Compounds or agents that combine with cyclooxygenase (PROSTAGLANDIN-ENDOPEROXIDE SYNTHASE) and thereby prevent its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of eicosanoids, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes.

UI = D016861

 

Cycloparaffins

MS = Alicyclic hydrocarbons in which three or more of the carbon atoms in each molecule are united in a ring structure and each of the ring carbon atoms is joined to two hydrogen atoms or alkyl groups. The simplest members are cyclopropane (C3H6), cyclobutane (C4H8), cyclohexane (C6H12), and derivatives of these such as methylcyclohexane (C6H11CH3). (From Sax, et al., Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

UI = D003516

 

Cyclopentanes

MS = A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.

UI = D003517

 

Cyclopenthiazide

AN = a diuretic

MS = Thiazide diuretic also used as an antihypertensive agent.

UI = D003518

 

Cyclopentolate

AN = a mydriatic

MS = A parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia.

UI = D003519

 

Cyclophosphamide

AN = an immunosuppressant, antirheumatic & alkylating antineoplastic

MS = Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.

UI = D003520

 

Cyclopropanes

AN = includes cyclopropenes

UI = D003521

 

Cycloserine

AN = an antituberc antibiotic; /biosyn permitted

MS = Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus. It may be used in the treatment of resistant tuberculosis as part of a multi-drug regimen. It has also been used in urinary tract infections.

UI = D003523

 

Cyclosporine

AN = a specific drug: do not confuse this or X ref with CYCLOSPORINS

MS = A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)

UI = D016572

 

Cyclosporins

AN = immunosuppressants; do not confuse with CYCLOSPORINE, a specific drug, or its X ref CYCLOSPORIN

MS = A group of closely related cyclic undecapeptides from the fungi Trichoderma polysporum and Cylindocarpon lucidum. They have some antineoplastic and antifungal action and significant immunosuppressive effects. Cyclosporins have been proposed as adjuvants in tissue and organ transplantation to suppress graft rejection.

UI = D003524

 

Cyclosteroids

MS = Steroid derivatives in which one or more bridges is formed between carbon atoms at any locant in any of the rings.

UI = D003525

 

Cyclostomes

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer LAMPREYS & HAGFISH; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

UI = D003526

 

Cyclothymic Disorder

MS = An affective disorder characterized by periods of depression and hypomania. These may be separated by periods of normal mood.

UI = D003527

 

Cyclotrons

AN = particle accelerators; do not confuse X ref SYNCHROCYCLOTRONS with SYNCHROTRONS

MS = Devices for accelerating charged particles in a spiral path by a constant-frequency alternating electric field. This electric field is synchronized with the movement of the particles in a constant magnetic field.

UI = D017357

 

Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003528

 

Cymarine

AN = a cardiac glycoside

MS = A cardiotonic cardiac glycoside isolated from Strophanthus kombe Oliv.

UI = D003529

 

Cyprinidae

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; qualif permitted

MS = A family of freshwater fish comprising the minnows or carps.

UI = D003530

 

Cypriniformes

AN = do not confuse with CYPRINODONTIFORMES; IM; qualif permitted

MS = An order of fish with 26 families and over 3,000 species. This order includes the family CYPRINIDAE, loaches, carp, suckers, and electric fish.

UI = D003531

 

Cyprinodontiformes

AN = do not confuse with CYPRINIDAE or CYPRINIFORMES or CYPRINODON see KILLIFISH; IM; qualif permitted

MS = An order of fish with eight families and numerous species of both egg-laying and livebearing fish. It includes two suborders, Adrianichthyoidei (egg layers) and Cyprinodontoidei (egg layers and livebearers). The latter suborder comprises Cyprinodontidae (egg-laying KILLIFISH), Goodeidae (Mexican livebearers), Jenynsiidae (jenynsiids), Anablepidae (four-eyed fish), Poeciliidae (livebearers). Of the suborder Poeciliidae, the guppy and molly belong to the genus POECILIA.

UI = D003532

 

Cyproheptadine

AN = a histamine H1 antag & serotonin antag

MS = A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.

UI = D003533

 

Cyproterone

AN = an androgen antag

MS = An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.

UI = D003534

 

Cyproterone Acetate

MS = An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites.

UI = D017373

 

Cyprus

AN = an island republic in the eastern Mediterranean

MS = An island republic in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its capital is Nicosia. It was colonized by the Phoenicians and ancient Greeks and ruled successively by the Assyrian, Persian, Ptolemaic, Roman, and Byzantine Empires. It was under various countries from the 12th to the 20th century but became independent in 1960. The name comes from the Greek Kupros, probably representing the Sumerian kabar or gabar, copper, famous in historic times for its copper mines. The cypress tree is also named after the island. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p308 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p134)

UI = D003535

 

Cyst Fluid

AN = breast cyst fluid: coord NIM with FIBROCYSTIC DISEASE OF BREAST (IM)

MS = Liquid material found in epithelial-lined closed cavities or sacs.

UI = D020420

 

 

Cystadenocarcinoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D003536

 

Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A malignant cystic or semisolid tumor most often occurring in the ovary. Rarely, one is solid. This tumor may develop from a mucinous cystadenoma, or it may be malignant at the onset. The cysts are lined with tall columnar epithelial cells; in others, the epithelium consists of many layers of cells that have lost normal structure entirely. In the more undifferentiated tumors, one may see sheets and nests of tumor cells that have very little resemblance to the parent structure. (Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p184)

UI = D018282

 

Cystadenocarcinoma, Papillary

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = An adenocarcinoma in which the tumor elements are arranged as finger-like processes or as a solid spherical nodule projecting from an epithelial surface.

UI = D018283

 

Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)

UI = D018284

 

Cystadenoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D003537

 

Cystadenoma, Mucinous

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A multilocular tumor produced by the epithelial cells of the ovary and having mucin-filled cavities. The great majority of these tumors is benign. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018291

 

Cystadenoma, Papillary

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A benign neoplasm of the ovary.

UI = D018292

 

Cystadenoma, Serous

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A cystic tumor of the ovary, containing thin, clear, yellow serous fluid and varying amounts of solid tissue, with a malignant potential several times greater than that of mucinous cystadenoma (CYSTADENOMA, MUCINOUS). It can be unilocular, parvilocular, or multilocular. It is often bilateral and papillary. The cysts may vary greatly in size. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972)

UI = D018293

 

Cystamine

AN = a radiation-protective agent; do not confuse with CYSTEAMINE nor Cystamin (a urinary antiseptic)

MS = A radiation-protective agent that interferes with sulfhydryl enzymes. It may also protect against carbon tetrachloride liver damage.

UI = D003538

 

Cystaphos

AN = a radiation-protective agent

MS = Proposed as an adjuvant to cancer chemotherapy; may have radiation protective properties.

UI = D003539

 

Cystathionine

AN = an amino acid

UI = D003540

 

Cystathionine beta-Synthase

MS = A multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. In the second stage of cysteine biosynthesis it catalyzes the reaction of homocysteine with serine to form cystathionine with the elimination of water. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA and HOMOCYSTINURIA. EC 4.2.1.22.

UI = D003541

 

Cystathionine gamma-Lyase

AN = /defic: consider also CYSTATHIONINE /urine (IM) + AMINO ACID METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS (IM)

MS = A multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. In the final step in the biosynthesis of cysteine it catalyzes the cleavage of cystathionine to yield cysteine, ammonia, and 2-ketobutyrate. EC 4.4.1.1.

UI = D003542

 

Cystatins

AN = a group of endogenous cysteine proteinase inhib

MS = A homologous group of endogenous cysteine proteinase inhibitors. Four distinct families are recognized within the cystatin superfamily: cystatin B or stefins; cystatin C or post-gamma-globulin; egg-white or chicken cystatin; and kininogen cystatin. The cystatins inhibit most cysteine proteinases of the papain type, and other peptidases which have a sulfhydryl group at the active site.

UI = D015891

 

Cysteamine

AN = a radiation-protective agent; do not confuse with CYSTAMINE

MS = A radiation-protective agent that oxidizes in air to form CYSTAMINE. It can be given intravenously or orally to treat radiation sickness. The bitartrate has been used for the oral treatment of nephropathic cystinosis.

UI = D003543

 

Cystectomy

AN = "cyst-" refers to the bladder, not to "cyst"; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Used for excision of the urinary bladder.

UI = D015653

 

Cysteic Acid

AN = an amino acid

MS = Beta-Sulfoalanine. An amino acid with a C-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. It occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather.

UI = D003544

 

Cysteine

AN = an amino acid; do not confuse with CYSTINE

UI = D003545

 

Cysteine Proteinases

MS = Peptide hydrolases which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by sulfhydryl reagents. EC 3.4.22.

UI = D003546

 

Cysteine Synthase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of cysteine in microorganisms and plants from O-acetyl-L-serine and hydrogen sulfide. EC 4.2.99.8.

UI = D003547

 

Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted only with endogenous proteinase inhib; DF: CYSTEINE PROTEINASE INHIB

MS = Exogenous and endogenous compounds which inhibit cysteine proteinases.

UI = D015853

 

Cysteinyldopa

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = 5-S-Cysteinyldopa. Found in large amounts in the plasma and urine of patients with malignant melanoma. It is therefore used in the diagnosis of melanoma and for the detection of postoperative metastases. Cysteinyldopa is believed to be formed by the rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of 5-S-glutathionedopa found in melanin-producing cells.

UI = D003548

 

Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of Lung, Congenital

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: CCAM CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A developmental anomaly that usually becomes apparent in the neonatal period with progressive respiratory distress. This malformation is a focal pulmonary dysplasia characterized by a multicystic mass of terminal bronchiolar structures. CCAM is classified into 3 separate types (I, II, III) depending on cyst size.

UI = D015615

 

Cystic Duct

AN = diseases: coord IM with BILE DUCT DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with BILE DUCT NEOPLASMS (IM); inflammation: coord IM with CHOLANGITIS (IM); obstruct: coord IM with BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION, EXTRAHEPATIC (IM); calculi: coord IM with CHOLELITHIASIS (IM)

UI = D003549

 

Cystic Fibrosis

AN = a specific disease entity: do not use for fibrocystic states of various organs; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An inherited disease of exocrine glands, affecting most characteristically the pancreas, respiratory system, and sweat glands, usually beginning in infancy and typified by chronic respiratory infections, pancreatic insufficiency, and susceptibility to heat prostration. Cirrhosis of liver occurring in childhood is common and may produce portal hypertension, splenomegaly, and hypersplenism.

UI = D003550

 

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator

AN = a chloride channel; DF: note short X ref

MS = A chloride channel that regulates secretion in many exocrine tissues. Abnormalities in the CFTR gene have been shown to cause cystic fibrosis. (Hum Genet 1994;93(4):364-8)

UI = D019005

 

Cysticercosis

AN = NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS is available

MS = Infection with CYSTICERCUS, a larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003551

 

Cysticercus

AN = larval form of tapeworm; infection = CYSTICERCOSIS or NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS; coord with specific precoord helminth terms (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc) if pertinent

MS = The larval form of various tapeworms of the genus Taenia.

UI = D003552

 

Cystine

AN = an amino acid; do not confuse with CYSTEINE

UI = D003553

 

Cystinosis

AN = a lysosomal storage dis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Lysosomal storage disorders of unknown molecular defect, characterized by widespread deposition of cystine crystals in reticuloendothelial cells. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003554

 

Cystinuria

AN = a form of aminoaciduria; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An inherited abnormality of renal tubular transport of dibasic amino acids leading to massive urinary excretion of cystine, lysine, arginine, and ornithine.

UI = D003555

 

Cystitis

AN = inflamm of bladder

MS = Inflammation of the urinary bladder. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003556

 

Cystitis, Interstitial

AN = note X ref: usually chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE

MS = A condition of the bladder occurring predominantly in women, with an inflammatory lesion, usually in the vertex, and involving the entire thickness of the wall, appearing as a small patch of brownish red mucosa, surrounded by a network of radiating vessels. The lesions, known as Fenwick-Hunner or Hunner ulcers, may heal superficially, and are notoriously difficult to detect. Typically, there is urinary frequency and pain on bladder filling and at the end of micturition. It is also called chronic interstitial cystitis. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018856

 

 

 

Cystoscopy

AN = NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Endoscopic examination of the interior of the bladder.

UI = D003558

 

Cystostomy

AN = refers to urinary bladder only; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical creation of an opening (stoma) for drainage of the urinary bladder.

UI = D003559

 

Cysts

AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord with organ/diseases term; specific terms indented under CYSTS are either neoplastic or non-neopl: check under each; intestinal gas cysts = PNEUMATOSIS CYSTOIDES INTESTINALIS; CYSTIC ADENOMATOID MALFORMATION OF LUNG, CONGENITAL is also available

MS = Any closed cavity or sac, normal or abnormal, lined by epithelium, and especially one that contains a liquid or semisolid material. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003560

 

Cytapheresis

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Separation of one or more kinds of cells from whole blood with the return of other blood cell constituents to the patient or donor. This is accomplished with an instrument that uses centrifugation to separate the cells into different layers based on the differences in cell density (displacement) or drag coefficients in a current (elutriation). The procedure is commonly used in adoptive transfer to isolate NK cells, lymphocytes, or monocytes.

UI = D016238

 

Cytarabine

MS = A pyrimidine nucleoside analog that is used mainly in the treatment of leukemia, especially acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Cytarabine is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. Its actions are specific for the S phase of the cell cycle. It also has antiviral and immunosuppressant properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p472)

UI = D003561

 

Cytidine

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose.

UI = D003562

 

Cytidine Deaminase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of cytidine, forming uridine. EC 3.5.4.5.

UI = D003564

 

Cytidine Diphosphate

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Cytidine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonyms: CRPP; cytidine pyrophosphate.

UI = D003565

 

Cytidine Diphosphate Choline

AN = a nootropic agent

MS = Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.

UI = D003566

 

Cytidine Diphosphate Diglycerides

MS = The ester of diacylglycerol with the terminal phosphate of cytidine diphosphate. It serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine in bacteria.

UI = D003567

 

Cytidine Monophosphate

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.

UI = D003568

 

Cytidine Monophosphate N-Acetylneuraminic Acid

MS = A nucleoside monophosphate sugar which donates N-acetylneuraminic acid to the terminal sugar of a ganglioside or glycoprotein.

UI = D003569

 

Cytidine Triphosphate

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.

UI = D003570

 

Cytochalasin B

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS

UI = D003571

 

Cytochalasin D

MS = A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.

UI = D015638

 

Cytochalasins

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; /biosyn permitted if by fungus

MS = A group of fungal metabolites that affect the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

UI = D003572

 

Cytochrome b

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; spell in titles & translations with lowercase b: cytochrome b

MS = Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety.

UI = D003573

 

Cytochrome b5

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; spell in titles & translations with lowercase b: cytochrome b5

MS = A cytochrome occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum that acts as an intermediate electron carrier in some reactions catalyzed by mixed function oxidases, e.g., fatty acid desaturation. It further activates molecular oxygen for an attack on the substrate. MW 16kDa.

UI = D015786

 

Cytochrome c

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; spell in titles & translations with lowercase c: cytochrome c

MS = A group of cytochromes with covalent thioether linkages between either or both of the vinyl side chains of protoheme and the protein. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)

UI = D003574

 

Cytochrome c1

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; spell in titles & translations with lowercase c: cytochrome c1

MS = The 30-kD membrane-bound c-type protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C in the mitochondrial and bacterial respiratory chain. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p545)

UI = D003575

 

Cytochrome-c Oxidase

AN = spell in titles & translations with lowercase c: cytochrome-c oxidase

MS = An enzyme complex of the inner mitochondrial membrane that catalyzes the reaction between ferrocytochrome c and oxygen to yield ferricytochrome c and water. It is associated with the pumping of protons and the resultant phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The reaction is the terminal event in the electron transport scheme by which oxygen is used for fuel combustion. EC 1.9.3.1.

UI = D003576

 

Cytochrome P-450

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific cytochrome P-450's; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Isozymes which are key components of the mixed-function oxidase system responsible for the biotransformation of many foreign compounds to mutagens and carcinogens. Most mammals have several distantly related phenobarbital-inducible gene subfamilies. EC 1.13.-.

UI = D003577

 

Cytochrome-c Peroxidase

AN = spell in titles & translations with lowercase c: cytochrome-c peroxidase

MS = A hemeprotein which catalyzes the oxidation of ferrocytochrome c to ferricytochrome c in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. EC 1.11.1.5.

UI = D003578

 

Cytochrome Reductases

UI = D003579

 

Cytochromes

AN = hemeproteins; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific cytochrome; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)

UI = D003580

 

Cytodiagnosis

AN = GEN; NIM; DF: CYTODIAG

MS = Diagnosis of the type and, when feasible, the cause of a pathologic process by means of microscopic study of cells in an exudate or other form of body fluid. (Stedman, 26th ed)

UI = D003581

 

Cytogenetics

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; avoid as coord

MS = A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division.

UI = D003582

 

Cytokines

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

UI = D016207

 

Cytokinins

AN = plant growth regulators

MS = Plant hormones that promote the separation of daughter cells after mitotic division of a parent cell. Frequently they are purine derivatives.

UI = D003583

 

Cytological Techniques

AN = avoid: too general; usually NIM CATALOG: do not use /laboratory manuals

UI = D003584

 

Cytology

AN = SPEC only: prefer /cytol: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.20; SPEC qualif; DF: CYTOL

UI = D003585

 

Cytomegalovirus Infections

AN = caused by a herpesvirus; GEN or unspecified; DF: note short X ref

MS = Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.

UI = D003586

 

Cytomegalovirus

AN = a genus of the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae; infection = CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS; DF: HHV 5

MS = A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.

UI = D003587

 

Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral

AN = NIM; do not confuse with CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL: see note there; DF: CPE or CPE VIRAL

MS = Visible morphologic changes in cells infected with viruses. It includes shutdown of cellular RNA and protein synthesis, cell fusion, release of lysosomal enzymes, changes in cell membrane permeability, diffuse changes in intracellular structures, presence of viral inclusion bodies, and chromosomal aberrations. It excludes malignant transformation, which is CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL. Viral cytopathogenic effects provide a valuable method for identifying and classifying the infecting viruses.

UI = D003588

 

Cytophaga

AN = a genus of bacteria found in soil & seawater

MS = A genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria found in soil, decomposing organic matter, and freshwater and marine habitats.

UI = D003589

 

Cytophagaceae

AN = in soil & seawater

MS = A family of gram-negative, gliding bacteria found in soil and sea water.

UI = D003590

 

Cytophagales

MS = An order of gram-negative, gliding bacteria showing gliding motility on solid surfaces.

UI = D003591

 

Cytophotometry

MS = A method for the study of certain organic compounds within cells, in situ, by measuring the light intensities of the selectively stained areas of cytoplasm. The compounds studied and their locations in the cells are made to fluoresce and are observed under a microscope.

UI = D003592

 

Cytoplasm

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

MS = The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS, MITOCHONDRIA, and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

UI = D003593

 

Cytoplasmic Granules

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; zymogen granules: index under CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES (IM) + ENZYME PRECURSORS (IM) + specific enzyme (IM)

MS = Stored products of a cell's metabolic activity.

UI = D003594

 

Cytoplasmic Streaming

AN = "movement of protoplasm within a cell"; permitted for micro-organisms also

MS = The movement of protoplasm within a cell. It serves as an internal transport system for moving essential substances throughout the cell, and in single-celled organisms, such as the amoeba, it is responsible for the movement of the entire cell.

UI = D003595

 

Cytosine

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids.

UI = D003596

 

Cytosine Nucleotides

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D003597

 

Cytoskeletal Proteins

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted; do not use /analogs

MS = Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.

UI = D003598

 

Cytoskeleton

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

MS = The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.

UI = D003599

 

Cytosol

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol

UI = D003600

 

Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic

AN = note category: do not confuse with CYTOTOXICITY, IMMUNOLOGIC (Cat G); DF: CYTOTOX TESTS IMMUNOL

MS = The demonstration of the cytotoxic effect on a target cell of a lymphocyte, a mediator released by a sensitized lymphocyte, an antibody, or complement.

UI = D003601

 

Cytotoxicity, Immunologic

AN = note category: reserve for process: do not confuse with CYTOTOXICITY TESTS, IMMUNOLOGIC; DF: CYTOTOX IMMUNOL

MS = The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.

UI = D003602

 

Cytotoxins

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; coord IM with source of cytotoxin (IM or NIM); cytotoxins are biol matter: do not confuse with antineoplastic agents called "cytotoxic drugs"

MS = Substances elaborated by microorganisms, plants or animals that are specifically toxic to individual cells; they may be involved in immunity or may be contained in venoms.

UI = D003603

 

 

Cystoviridae

AN = a family of bacteriophages

MS = A family of bacteriophages containing one genus (Cystovirus) with one member (BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6).

UI = D017910

 

Cytochrome a

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; spell in titles & translations with lowercase a: cytochrome a

MS = Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) in which the heme prosthetic group is heme a, i.e., the iron chelate of cytoporphyrin IX. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)

UI = D017936

 

Cytochrome d

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; spell in titles & translations with lowercase d: cytochrome d

MS = Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with a tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron as a prosthetic group in which the degree of conjugation of double bonds is less than in porphyrin. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)

UI = D017937

 

Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1

AN = a cytochrome P-450 enzyme; do not confuse with other cytochrome P-450 CYP's available; DF: note short X refs

MS = A cytochrome P-450 enzyme capable of activating procarcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons into mutagenic compounds. Ethoxyresorufin acts as a substrate for CYP1A1 and measurement of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase provides a more direct method of detection for this enzyme. EC 1.-.

UI = D019363

 

Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2

AN = a cytochrome P-450 enzyme; do not confuse with other cytochrome P-450 CYP's available; DF: note short X ref

MS = A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-inducible cytochrome which is of significant clinical interest due to the large number of drug interactions associated with induction and inhibition of theophylline. Caffeine is considered to be a model substrate for this enzyme. It also metabolizes theophylline and antipyrene. Environmental factors including cigarette smoking, charbroiled meat, cruciferous vegetables, and a number of drugs including phenytoin, phenobarbital, and omeprazole produce increases in CYP1A2 activity. (Ann Pharmacother 1995;29:619-24) EC 1.-.

UI = D019388

 

Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1

AN = a cytochrome P-450 enzyme; do not confuse with other cytochrome P-450 CYP's available; DF: note short X refs

MS = A major cytochrome P-450 enzyme which is inducible by phenobarbital in both the liver and small intestine. It is active in the metabolism of compounds like pentoxyresorufin, testosterone, and androstenedione. CYP2B1 also mediates the activation of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide to mutagens. EC 1.-.

UI = D019362

 

Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2

AN = a cytochrome P-450 enzyme; do not confuse with other cytochrome P-450 CYP's available; DF: note short X ref

MS = A multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of corticosterone to 18-hydroxycorticosterone and the subsequent conversion of 18-hydroxycorticosterone to aldosterone. EC 1.14.99.-.

UI = D019405

 

Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6

AN = a cytochrome P-450 enzyme; do not confuse with other cytochrome P-450 CYP's available; DF: note short X ref

MS = A polymorphic enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of debrisoquine. It also metabolizes several antidepressants and neuroleptics. This enzyme is deficient in up to 10 percent of the population. (Psychopharmacol Bull 1995; 31(2): 327-331) EC 1.14.99.-.

UI = D019389

Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1

AN = a cytochrome P-450 enzyme; do not confuse with other cytochrome P-450 CYP's available; DF: note short X ref

MS = A polymorphic enzyme that activates carcinogenic N-nitrosamines, benzene, urethane, and other low molecular weight compounds. It is inducible by ethanol and metabilizes alcohol. Experimentally, it is used to study the effects of ethanol usage and withdrawal via enzyme markers such as N-nitrosodimethylamine demethylase. (Pharmacogenetics 1995;5 Spec No:S141-4) EC 1.5.99.-.

UI = D019392

 

Cytomegalovirus Retinitis

AN = often an opportunistic infect in AIDS

MS = Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.

UI = D017726

 

Cytoprotection

AN = coordinate with specific agent and specific cell

MS = The process by which chemical compounds provide protection to cells against harmful agents.

UI = D019610

 

Czech Republic

MS = Created 1 January 1993 as a result of the division of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

UI = D018153

 

Czechoslovakia

AN = in translations of historical articles use spelling People's Republic, not Peoples' nor Peoples

MS = Created as a republic in 1918 by Czechs and Slovaks from territories formerly part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The country split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia 1 January 1993.

UI = D003604