Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms

D

RETURN TO INDEX

D Cells

AN = /transpl permitted; if from pancreas, coord with ISLETS OF LANGERHANS TRANSPLANTATION

MS = Cells found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the pancreas. They secrete somatostatin in both an endocrine and paracrine manner. Somatostatin inhibits gastrin, cholecystokinin, insulin, glucagon, pancreatic enzymes, and gastric hydrochloric acid. A variety of substances which inhibit gastric acid secretion (vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, beta-adrenergic agonists, and gastric inhibitory peptide) are thought to act by releasing somatostatin.

UI = D019864

 

 

D-Amino-Acid Oxidase

UI = D003605

 

Dacarbazine

MS = A cell-cycle nonspecific antineoplastic agent which may function as an alkylating agent after it has been activated in the liver although other hypotheses, including inhibition of DNA synthesis by acting as a purine analogue, and interaction with sulfydryl groups, have been proposed for its activity. It has significant activity against melanomas. (from Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p564)

UI = D003606

 

Dacryocystitis

AN = inflamm of lacrimal sac

MS = Inflammation of the lacrimal sac. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003607

 

Dacryocystorhinostomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical fistulization of the lacrimal sac for external drainage of an obstructed nasolacrimal duct.

UI = D003608

 

Dactinomycin

AN = an antineoplastic antibiotic

MS = An antitumor antibiotic derived from Streptomyces parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)

UI = D003609

 

Dagestan

MS = One of the former Associated Soviet Socialist Republics, situated on the Caspian Sea in southwest Russia.

UI = D003610

 

Dairy Products

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo.

UI = D003611

 

Dairying

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D003612

 

Danazol

AN = an estrogen antag

MS = A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.

UI = D003613

 

Dance Therapy

AN = a psychother technique; DF: DANCE THER

MS = The use of dancing for therapeutic purposes.

UI = D003614

 

Dancing

AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; Manual 30.31+; dancing as therapy = DANCE THERAPY

MS = Rhythmic and patterned body movements which are usually performed to music.

UI = D003615

 

Dandy-Walker Syndrome

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital hydrocephalus due to obstruction of the foramina of Magendie and Luschka. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003616

 

Dangerous Behavior

AN = no qualif

MS = Actions which have a high risk of being harmful or injurious to oneself or others.

UI = D003617

 

Dansyl Compounds

AN = indicators & reagents; D25-26 qualif; DF: DANSYL CPDS

MS = Compounds that contain a 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl group.

UI = D003619

 

Dantrolene

AN = a central muscle relaxant

MS = Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.

UI = D003620

 

Daphnia

AN = crustacean; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = A genus of minute freshwater brachiopod crustaceans of the order Cladocera.

UI = D003621

 

Dapsone

MS = A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. Its mechanism of action is probably similar to that of the SULFONAMIDES which involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. It is also used with PYRIMETHAMINE in the treatment of malaria. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p157-8)

UI = D003622

 

Daptomycin

AN = a peptide antibiotic

MS = A lipopeptide antibiotic that inhibits gram-positive bacteria.

UI = D017576

 

 

Dark Adaptation

AN = adapt of eye to vision in darkness

MS = The adjustment of the eye occurring under reduced illumination in which the sensitivity to light is greatly increased or the light threshold is greatly reduced. Dark adaptation is slower than light adaptation. During dark adaptation rhodopsin is built up in the retinal rods. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p12 & Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003623

 

Darkness

UI = D003624

 

Data Collection

AN = X ref SURVEYS is GEN or unspecified; prefer specific survey, as DIET SURVEYS, HEALTH SURVEYS, NUTRITION SURVEYS, etc. CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.

UI = D003625

 

Data Display

MS = The visual display of data in a man-machine system. An example is a cathode ray tube display in which certain data can be called for from the computer and presented on the screen.

UI = D003626

 

Data Interpretation, Statistical

AN = IM GEN only; do not use as routine NIM for an author's interpretation of his statistical findings: must be discussed substantively; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif; DF: DATA INTERP

MS = Application of statistical procedures to analyze specific observed or assumed facts from a particular study.

UI = D003627

 

Database [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for databases as a subject index under DATABASES or DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC or DATABASES, FACTUAL

MS = A structured file of information or a set of logically related data stored and retrieved using computer-based means.

UI = D019991

 

Database Management Systems

AN = IM: DF: DBMS

MS = Software designed to store, manipulate, manage, and control data for specific uses.

UI = D003628

 

Databases

MS = Organized collections of computer records, standardized in format and content, that are stored in any of a variety of computer-readable modes. They are the basic sets of data from which computer-readable files are created. (from ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

UI = D019992

 

 

Databases, Bibliographic

AN = collections of bibliographic refs: differentiate from DATABASES, FACTUAL, collections of facts

MS = Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, FACTUAL which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them.

UI = D016206

 

 

Databases, Factual

AN = collections of facts: differentiate from DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC, collections of bibliographic refs

MS = Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of facts and data garnered from material of a specialized subject area and made available for analysis and application. The collection can be automated by various contemporary methods for retrieval. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC which is restricted to collections of bibliographic references.

UI = D016208

 

Dataphone

UI = D003629

 

Daunorubicin

AN = an anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic

MS = Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms.

UI = D003630

 

Day Care

AN = care to patients hospitalized only during day-time hours; for children in day-care schools use CHILD DAY CARE CENTERS or SCHOOLS, NURSERY

MS = Institutional health care of patients during the day. The patients return home at night.

UI = D003631

 

DCMP Deaminase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of deoxycytidylic acid to deoxyuridylic acid and ammonia. It plays an important role in the regulation of the pool of deoxynucleotides in higher organisms. The enzyme also acts on some 5-substituted deoxycytidylic acids. EC 3.5.4.12.

UI = D003844

 

 

DDD

AN = do not confuse with O,P-DDD; TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = An organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p482)

UI = D003632

 

DDE

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.

UI = D003633

 

DDT

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = A polychlorinated pesticide that is resistant to destruction by light and oxidation. Its unusual stability has resulted in difficulties in residue removal from water, soil, and foodstuffs. This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen: Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D003634

 

De Lange's Syndrome

AN = do not confuse with De Lange's congen musc hypertrophy; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A congenital syndrome in which severe mental retardation is associated with many abnormalities, including short stature (Amsterdam dwarf), brachycephaly, low-set ears, webbed neck, carp mouth, depressed bridge of the nose with the end tilted up and forward-directed nostrils, bushy eyebrows meeting at the midline, unruly coarse hair growing low on the forehead and neck, and flat spadelike hands with short tapering fingers. Called also Brachmann-de Lange or Cornelia deLange syndrome and typus degenerativus amstelodamensis. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003635

 

DEAE-Cellulose

MS = Diethylaminoethylcellulose. Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.

UI = D003636

 

DEAE-Dextran

MS = Diethylaminoethyldextran. Used as a support for ion-exchange chromatography.

UI = D003637

 

Deafness

AN = total loss of hearing in both ears: differentiate from HEARING LOSS, BILATERAL ( = partial hearing loss in both ears), from HEARING LOSS, PARTIAL ( = "partial deafness" or "hard of hearing") & from HEARING DISORDERS ( = general or unspecified); see various specific terms under DEAFNESS, at "hearing loss" & at various indentions in Cat C9; differentiate DEAFNESS, SENSORINEURAL (X ref) (total deafness) from HEARING LOSS, SENSORINEURAL (partial sensorineural loss)

MS = A condition in which the sense of hearing in both ears is not functional for ordinary purposes of life. The hearing level for speech is approximately 71 decibels I.S.O. (International Organization for Standardization) or 61 db A.S.A. (American Standards Association) or greater.

UI = D003638

 

Deafness, Sudden

MS = Sensorineural hearing loss which develops over a period of hours or a few days, varying in severity from mild to total.

UI = D003639

 

Dealkylation

AN = almost never IM; enzymatic dealkylation: coord NIM with specific enzyme (IM) + substrate (NIM)

MS = The removing of alkyl groups from a compound. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

UI = D003640

 

Deamination

AN = almost never IM; enzymatic deamination: coord NIM with specific enzyme (IM) + substrate (NIM)

MS = Removal of the amino group from a compound. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003641

 

Deanol

AN = an antidepressant

MS = An antidepressive agent that has also been used in the treatment of movement disorders. The mechanism of action is not well understood.

UI = D003642

 

Death

AN = IM; no qualif; /mortal is available with Cat C, F, E; do not confuse with MORTALITY, a statist concept: DEATH is the biol or physiol, psychol concept; for theory, doctrine & philosophy of death THANATOLOGY is available; for death as a result of a dis or ther or diag procedure, FATAL OUTCOME is available: see note there

MS = The cessation of life; permanent cessation of all body functions. For legal and medical purposes it is the irreversible cessation of total cerebral function, spontaneous function of the respiratory system, and spontaneous function of the circulatory system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003643

 

Death Certificates

AN = IM

MS = Official records of individual deaths including the cause of death certified by a physician, and any other required identifying information.

UI = D003644

 

Death, Sudden

AN = do not coord with FATAL OUTCOME; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC is also available

MS = The sudden cessation of all vital bodily functions. Legally and medically, this includes the permanent cessation of total cerebral function, spontaneous function of the respiratory system, and spontaneous function of the circulatory system.

UI = D003645

 

Death, Sudden, Cardiac

AN = sudden cessation of heart action; fatal: do not confuse with HEART ARREST which is momentary & resuscitable; few qualif apply; do not coord with FATAL OUTCOME

MS = The sudden cessation of cardiac contraction, leading to death of the heart and, ultimately, of the individual, resulting from ventricular tachycardia-fibrillation or asystole.

UI = D016757

 

 

3-Deazauridine

AN = an antineoplastic antimetabolite

MS = 4-Hydroxy-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-2-pyridinone. Analog of uridine lacking a ring-nitrogen in the 3-position. Functions as an antineoplastic agent.

UI = D015092

 

 

Debridement

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = The removal of foreign material and devitalized or contaminated tissue from or adjacent to a traumatic or infected lesion until surrounding healthy tissue is exposed. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003646

 

Debrisoquin

AN = an adrenergic neuron-blocking agent

MS = An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.

UI = D003647

 

Decalcification Technique

AN = NIM CATALOG: do not use /laboratory manuals

UI = D003648

 

Decalcification, Pathologic

AN = loss of calcium from bone & tooth but consider also TOOTH DEMINERALIZATION; DF: DECALCIFICATION PATHOL

MS = The loss of calcium salts from bones and teeth. Bacteria may be responsible for this occurrence in teeth. Old age may be a factor contributing to calcium loss, as is the presence of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.

UI = D003649

 

Decamethonium Compounds

AN = neuromusc depolarizing agents; DF: DECAMETHONIUM CPDS

MS = Compounds that contain the decamethylenebis(trimethyl)ammonium radical. These compounds frequently act as neuromuscular depolarizing agents.

UI = D003650

 

Decanoates

MS = Salts and esters of the 10-carbon monocarboxylic acid-decanoic acid.

UI = D003651

 

Decanoic Acids

MS = 10-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.

UI = D003652

 

Decarboxylation

AN = almost never IM; enzymatic decarboxylation: coord NIM with CARBOXY-LYASES (IM) + substrate (NIM) or specific carboxy-lyase (IM)

MS = Removal of the carboxyl group. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003653

 

Deceleration

UI = D003654

 

Deception

AN = no qualif

MS = The act of deceiving or the fact or condition of being deceived.

UI = D008192

 

 

Decerebrate State

AN = "brain-isolated", "encâephale isolâe", "pithed", "spinal" as in "spinal cat", "cerveau isolâe" go here

MS = A peculiar neurologic condition elicited in vertebrates as a consequence of the elimination of brain function by transecting the brain stem or interrupting function by other techniques. Clinically, brain damage can result in neurological signs resembling those of a decerebrate animal. The state consists of exaggerated postures, grossly abnormal reflexes, convulsions, and extreme muscular rigidity and spasticity.

UI = D003655

 

Decidua

AN = endometrium of pregn uterus shed at labor; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; note X ref DECIDUOMA: do not coord with a neopl heading

MS = The ENDOMETRIUM of the pregnant uterus, all of which, except the deepest layer, is shed at parturition. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003656

 

Decision Making

AN = read MeSH definition: do not use for a physician making a diagnostic decision on a disease: this is /diag or if GEN, DIAGNOSIS or DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL

MS = The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea.

UI = D003657

 

Decision Making, Computer-Assisted

AN = no qualif

MS = Use of an interactive computer system designed to assist the physician or other health professional in choosing between certain relationships or variables for the purpose of making a diagnostic or therapeutic decision.

UI = D003658

 

Decision Making, Organizational

AN = no qualif

MS = The process by which decisions are made in an institution or other organization.

UI = D003659

 

Decision Support Systems, Clinical

MS = Computer-based information systems used to integrate clinical and patient information and provide support for decision-making in patient care.

UI = D020000

 

 

Decision Support Systems, Management

AN = IM

MS = Computer-based systems that enable management to interrogate the computer on an ad hoc basis for various kinds of information in the organization, which predict the effect of potential decisions.

UI = D003660

 

Decision Support Techniques

AN = IM; no qualif

MS = Mathematical or statistical procedures used as aids in making a decision. They are frequently used in medical decision-making.

UI = D003661

 

Decision Theory

AN = no qualif

MS = A theoretical technique utilizing a group of related constructs to describe or prescribe how individuals or groups of people choose a course of action when faced with several alternatives and a variable amount of knowledge about the determinants of the outcomes of those alternatives.

UI = D003662

 

Decision Trees

AN = no qualif

MS = A graphic device used in decision analysis, series of decision options are represented as branches (hierarchical).

UI = D003663

 

Decompression

AN = restrict to "decompression external to the body": not for surg decompression ( = DECOMPRESSION, SURGICAL)

MS = Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings.

UI = D003664

 

Decompression, Explosive

MS = A sudden loss of pressure in a pressurized cabin, cockpit, or the like, so rapid as to be explosive. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

UI = D019646

 

Decompression, Surgical

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = A surgical operation for the relief of pressure in a body compartment or on a body part. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019299

 

 

Decompression Sickness

AN = from abrupt reduction in atmospheric pressure

MS = A disorder characterized by joint pains, respiratory manifestations, skin lesions, and neurologic signs, occurring in aviators flying at high altitudes and following rapid reduction of air pressure in persons who have been breathing compressed air in caissons and diving apparatus. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003665

 

 

Decontamination

MS = The freeing of a person or an object of some contaminating substance such as war gas, radioactive material, etc. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003666

 

Decoquinate

AN = a coccidiostat

MS = A coccidiostat for poultry.

UI = D003667

 

Decubitus Ulcer

AN = skin ulcer from prolonged pressure lying in bed

MS = An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure.

UI = D003668

 

Deductibles and Coinsurance

AN = DF: DEDUCTIBLES

MS = Cost-sharing mechanisms that provide for payment by the insured of some portion of covered expenses. Deductibles are the amounts paid by the insured under a health insurance contract before benefits become payable; coinsurance is the provision under which the insured pays part of the medical bill, usually according to a fixed percentage, when benefits become payable.

UI = D003669

 

Deer

AN = includes elk, wapiti, moose, caribou, REINDEER & MUNTJACS; IM; qualif permitted

MS = The family Cervidae of 17 genera and 45 species occurring nearly throughout North America, South America, and Eurasia, on most associated continental islands, and in northern Africa. Wild populations of deer have been established through introduction by people in Cuba, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and other places where the family does not naturally occur. They are slim, long-legged and best characterized by the presence of antlers. Their habitat is forests, swamps, brush country, deserts, and arctic tundra. They are usually good swimmers; some migrate seasonally. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1362)

UI = D003670

 

Deet

MS = A compound used as a topical insect repellent that may cause irritation to eyes and mucous membranes, but not to the skin.

UI = D003671

 

Defecation

MS = The evacuation of fecal material from the rectum. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003672

 

Defecography

AN = x-ray during defecation; DF: DEFECOGR

MS = The making of rapid-sequence radiographs or the recording of fluoroscopic images on videotape during defecation following the instillation of barium into the rectum. It is used in the evaluation of fecal incontinence. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019841

 

 

Defective Viruses

AN = viruses lacking a complete genome & so unable to replicate completely or to form a protein coat

MS = Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.

UI = D003673

 

Defense Mechanisms

AN = no qualif

MS = Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal.

UI = D003674

 

Defensive Medicine

AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; DF: DEFENSIVE MED

MS = The alterations of modes of medical practice, induced by the threat of liability, for the principal purposes of forestalling lawsuits by patients as well as providing good legal defense in the event that such lawsuits are instituted.

UI = D003675

 

Deferoxamine

MS = Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the form of its mesylate.

UI = D003676

 

Defibrillators, Implantable

AN = coord dis with /ther, not /surg for treatment with this instrum; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Implantable devices which continuously monitor the electrical activity of the heart and automatically detect and terminate ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. They consist of an impulse generator, batteries, and electrodes.

UI = D017147

 

Deficiency Diseases

AN = GEN only: prefer /defic with specific Cat D terms: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.21; also Manual 23.25+; do not confuse with NUTRITION DISORDERS: DEFICIENCY DISEASES results from deficient intake; TN 194: as NIM & differentiation from METABOLIC DISEASES or METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS; DF: DEFIC DIS

MS = A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D003677

 

Defoliants, Chemical

MS = Herbicides that remove leaves from trees and growing plants. They may be either organic or inorganic. Several of the more persistent types have been used in military operations and many are toxic. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

UI = D003678

 

Deglutition

UI = D003679

 

Deglutition Disorders

UI = D003680

 

Dehydration

AN = note category: a disease caused by water-electrolyte imbalance; differentiate from DESICCATION, a technique for removing moisture from matter; /ther: consider also ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY see FLUID THERAPY

MS = The condition that results from excessive loss of body water.

UI = D003681

 

Dehydroascorbatase

MS = Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the gamma lactone, dehydroascorbate, to diketogulonate.

UI = D003682

 

Dehydroascorbic Acid

MS = L-threo-2,3-Hexodiulosonic acid gamma-lactone. The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.

UI = D003683

 

Dehydrocholesterols

AN = do not confuse with DIHYDROCHOLESTEROL see CHOLESTANOL; 24-DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL is see DESMOSTEROL

MS = Cholesterol derivatives having an additional double bond in any position. 24-Dehydrocholesterol is DESMOSTEROL. The other most prevalent dehydrocholesterol is the 7-isomer. This compound is a precursor of cholesterol and of vitamin D3.

UI = D003684

 

Dehydrocholic Acid

AN = a bile acid

MS = A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.

UI = D003685

 

 

2-Dehydro-3-Deoxyphosphoheptonate Aldolase

AN = DF: note short X ref

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of 7-phospho-2-keto-3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptonate from phosphoenolpyruvate and D-erythrose-4-phosphate. It is one of the first enzymes in the biosynthesis of tyrosine and phenylalanine. EC 4.1.12.15.

UI = D010723

 

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate

AN = "the most abundant steroid in the circulation"; DF: note short X ref

MS = A precursor of androgens and estrogen and the most abundant steroid in the circulation. (J Gerontol 1993;48(5):B196-200)

UI = D019314

 

 

Deinstitutionalization

AN = "caring for individuals in the community, rather than in an institutional environment"

MS = The practice of caring for individuals in the community, rather than in an institutional environment with resultant effects on the individual, the individual's family, the community, and the health care system.

UI = D003688

 

Deiters Nucleus

MS = Lateral vestibular nucleus lying immediately cranial to the caudal vestibular nucleus and composed of large multipolar nerve cells. Its upper end becomes continuous with the cranial vestibular nucleus. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003689

 

Deja Vu

AN = in translations use accents: dâejáa vu

MS = A subjective feeling that an experience which is occurring for the first time has been experienced before.

UI = D003690

 

Delavirdine

MS = A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.

UI = D020008

 

Delaware

UI = D003691

 

Delayed-Action Preparations

AN = IM for general only, qualif permitted; NIM (no qualif) with specific drug IM (with qualif)

MS = Dosage forms of a drug that act over a period of time.

UI = D003692

 

Delirium

AN = this is not the French "dâelire" ( = DELUSIONS)

MS = A disorder of the sensorium, in which orientation is impaired, the critical faculty blunted or lost and thought content is irrelevant and incoherent.

UI = D003693

 

Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders

AN = avoid, prefer specifics, but use for see refs; DF: ORG MENTAL DIS

MS = Cognitive disorders including delirium, dementia, and other cognitive disorders. These may be the result of substance use, trauma, or other causes.

UI = D019965

 

 

Delivery

AN = the MD or the baby, not the mother; mother is probably LABOR; "tokolysis": translate as "tocolysis" & index as TOCOLYSIS

MS = Expulsion or extraction of the child and the after-birth. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003694

 

Delivery of Health Care

AN = Public Law 91-515 CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population.

UI = D003695

 

Delivery of Health Care, Integrated

AN = specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A health care system which combines physicians, hospitals, and other medical services with a health plan to provide the complete spectrum of medical care for its customers. In a fully integrated system, the three key elements - physicians, hospital, and health plan membership - are in balance in terms of matching medical resources with the needs of purchasers and patients. (Coddington et al., Integrated Health Care: Reorganizing the Physician, Hospital and Health Plan Relationship, 1994, p7)

UI = D019033

 

Delivery Rooms

AN = note X ref BIRTHING CENTERS, HOSPITAL: do not confuse with BIRTHING CENTERS, FREE-STANDING see BIRTHING CENTERS; check also tags PREGNANCY & INFANT, NEWBORN

MS = Hospital units equipped for childbirth.

UI = D003696

 

Delphi Technique

AN = to measure consensus; no qualif

MS = An iterative questionnaire designed to measure consensus among individual responses. In the classic Delphi approach, there is no interaction between responder and interviewer.

UI = D003697

 

Delta Rhythm

AN = in EEG; /drug eff /rad eff permitted

MS = Brain waves in the electroencephalogram which have a frequency below 3 1/2 per second. They are typical in deep sleep, in infancy, and in serious brain disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed, p1851)

UI = D003700

 

Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide

AN = a neurotransmitter; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref

MS = A nonapeptide that is found in neurons, peripheral organs, and plasma. This neuropeptide induces mainly delta sleep in mammals. In addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal.

UI = D003701

 

Delusions

AN = this is the French "dâelire"; do not confuse with ILLUSIONS

MS = A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates.

UI = D003702

 

Demecolcine

AN = an antineoplastic; /biosyn permitted if by plant

MS = 6,7-Dihydro-1,2,3,10-tetramethoxy-7-(methylamino)benzo(a)heptalen-9(5H)-one. An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.

UI = D003703

 

Dementia

MS = An organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The deficit is multifaceted and involves memory, judgment, and abstract thought. Behavioral and personality changes also occur.

UI = D003704

 

 

Dementia, Multi-Infarct

AN = an organic ment disord caused by repeated brain infarcts

MS = Organic mental disorder caused by repetitive multiple cerebral infarcts which act cumulatively to produce dementia. Vascular disease is always presumed to be present.

UI = D015161

 

 

Dementia, Vascular

AN = an organic ment disord caused by systemic vasc dis

MS = An organic mental disorder caused by systemic vascular disease such as arteriosclerotic changes in the vessels, valvular heart disease, hypertension, etc., and resulting in cerebral vascular disease with dementia.

UI = D015140

 

 

Demeclocycline

AN = a tetracycline antibiotic

MS = (4S-(4 alpha,4a alpha,5a alpha,6 beta,12a alpha))-7-Chloro-4-dimethylamino-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,6,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-1,11-dioxo-2-naphthacenecarboxamide. An antibiotic related to tetracycline and produced by Streptomyces aureofaciens. Because it is excreted more slowly than TETRACYCLINE, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.

UI = D003707

 

Democratic Republic of the Congo

AN = formerly Zaire (capital at Kinshasa formerly Leopoldville); do not confuse with Republic of Congo (capital at Brazzaville) ( = CONGO); for x ref ZAIRE in French titles use diacrit: Zaèire, in English titles spell as Zaire

MS = A republic in central Africa, south of the CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC and north of ANGOLA and ZAMBIA. Its name changes bespeak its history: 1885-1908 Congo Free State, 1908-60 Belgian Congo, 1960-71 Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1971-97 Zaire. It changed its name back to Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1997. The name Zaire is an alternate name for the Congo River from nzai, a Kikongo dialect form of nazdi, river. (From Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p608)

UI = D015023

 

 

Democracy

AN = no qualif

MS = A system of government in which there is free and equal participation by the people in the political decision-making process.

UI = D003709

 

Demography

AN = the statist study of population characteristics; do not confuse with the POPULATION itself; no qualif; CENSUSES is also available; DF: DEMOGR CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure.

UI = D003710

 

Demyelinating Diseases

AN = destruction of myelin & myelin sheaths; can be central or peripheral

MS = Any condition characterized by the destruction of myelin and extensive loss of the myelin sheaths of the nerve fibers. It affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Its etiology is at present unknown.

UI = D003711

 

Dendrites

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; do not confuse with DENDRITIC CELLS

MS = On of the threadlike extensions of the cytoplasm of a neuron. In unipolar and bipolar neurons, they resemble axons structurally, but typically, as in multipolar neurons, they branch into treelike processes. Dendrites comprise most of the receptive surfaces of a neuron. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003712

 

Dendritic Cells

AN = "immunocompetent cells of the lymphoid & hemopoietic systems & skin"; A 11 qualif; do not confuse with DENDRITES

MS = Immunocompetent cells of the lymphoid and hemopoietic systems and skin. They are also called interdigitating, reticular, and veiled cells. They function morphologically and phenotypically by presenting or processing antigens, thereby stimulating cellular immunity.

UI = D003713

 

Denervation

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord with specific nerve /surg or /physiol or specific organ /innerv but MUSCLE DENERVATION is also available for coord with specific muscle; NIM when a study technique; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003714

 

Dengue

AN = a hemorrhagic fever caused by a flavivirus but note DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER

MS = An acute infectious, eruptive, febrile disease caused by four antigenically related but distinct serotypes of the DENGUE VIRUS. It is transmitted by the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, especially A. aegypti. Classical dengue (dengue fever) is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER is a more virulent form of dengue virus infection and a separate clinical entity. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003715

 

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

AN = a virulent form of dengue

MS = A distinct and virulent form of DENGUE characterized by thrombocytopenia and hemoconcentration (grades I and II) and distinguished by a positive tourniquet test. When accompanied by circulatory failure and shock (grades III and IV), it is called dengue shock syndrome. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019595

 

Dengue Virus

AN = a species of Flavivirus; infection = DENGUE or DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER

MS = A species of the genus FLAVIVIRUS which causes an acute febrile and sometimes hemorrhagic disease in man. Dengue is mosquito-borne and four serotypes are known.

UI = D003716

 

Denial (Psychology)

AN = no qualif; DF: DENIAL

MS = Refusal to admit the truth or reality of a situation or experience.

UI = D003717

 

Denmark

UI = D003718

 

Dens in Dente

AN = a tooth abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Anomaly of the tooth, found chiefly in upper lateral incisors. It is characterized by invagination of the enamel at the incisal edge.

UI = D003719

 

Densitometry

AN = NIM; tomodensitometry seen in foreign lit is probably TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED & if so use "x-ray computed tomography" in translations & not "tomodensitometry"

UI = D003720

 

Densitometry, X-Ray

AN = NIM; "tomodensitometry" seen in foreign lit = probably TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED: see note under DENSITOMETRY

MS = Measurement of the degree of darkening of X-ray film by means of a photocell which measures light transmission through the film.

UI = D003721

 

Densovirinae

AN = a subfamily of arthropod viruses of the family Parvoviridae; coord IM with specific arthropod /virol or insect /virol (IM)

MS = A subfamily of DNA arthropod viruses, in the family PARVOVIRIDAE. The host range includes members of Dictyoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Odonata, and Orthoptera. There are three genera: DENSOVIRUS, Iteravirus, and Contravirus. There is evidence that densovirus-like viruses also infect and multiply in crabs and shrimp.

UI = D019223

 

Densovirus

AN = a genus of the subfamily Densovirinae; from Latin denso-, thick or compact; coord IM with specific insect /virol (IM)

MS = A genus of PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily DENSOVIRINAE, comprising helper-independent viruses containing only two species. Junonia coenia densovirus is the type species.

UI = D017990

 

 

Dental Abutments

AN = tooth or root used as anchor for denture or implant, etc.; DF: DENT ABUTMENTS

MS = Natural teeth or teeth roots used as anchorage for a fixed or removable denture or other prosthesis (such as an implant) serving the same purpose.

UI = D000044

 

 

Dental Alloys

AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: DENT ALLOYS

MS = A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions for use in restorative or prosthetic dentistry.

UI = D003722

 

Dental Amalgam

AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: DENT AMALGAM

MS = An alloy used in restorative dentistry that contains mercury, silver, tin, copper, and possibly zinc.

UI = D003723

 

 

Dental Anxiety

AN = abnormal fear of dent care or dent proced; use Cat F3 qualif; DF: DENT ANXIETY

MS = Abnormal fear or dread of visiting the dentist for preventive care or therapy and unwarranted anxiety over dental procedures.

UI = D016854

 

 

Dental Arch

AN = DF: DENT ARCH

UI = D003724

 

Dental Articulators

AN = DF: DENT ARTICULATORS

MS = Mechanical devices that simulate the temporomandibular joints and jaws to which maxillary and mandibular casts are attached. The entire assembly attempts to reproduce the movements of the mandible and the various tooth-to-tooth relationships that accompany those movements.

UI = D003725

 

Dental Assistants

AN = assist a dentist or hygienist; DENTAL AUXILIARIES is also available; DF: DENT ASSISTANTS

MS = Individuals who assist the dentist or the dental hygienist.

UI = D003726

 

Dental Audit

AN = DF: DENT AUDIT

MS = A detailed review and evaluation of selected clinical records by qualified professional personnel for evaluating quality of dental care.

UI = D019230

 

 

Dental Auxiliaries

AN = DF: DENT AUXILIARIES

MS = Personnel whose work is prescribed and supervised by the dentist.

UI = D003727

 

 

Dental Bonding

AN = DF: DENT BONDING

UI = D001840

 

 

Dental Calculus

AN = a type of dent deposit; note categories; from Cat A /chem /ultrastruct permitted; DF: DENT CALCULUS

MS = Hard, stonelike concretion, varying in color from creamy yellow to black, that forms on the teeth or dental prostheses through calcification of DENTAL PLAQUE. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003728

 

Dental Care

AN = = professional care by a professional; ORAL HYGIENE = personal care by the subject himself; do not confuse with DENTISTRY: DENTISTRY is the dentist & the profession, DENTAL CARE is the patient & the care given him; GEN only: do not confuse with TOOTH DISEASES; DF: DENT CARE CATALOG: do not use /in inf ( = DENTAL CARE FOR CHILDREN) /in old age ( = DENTAL CARE FOR AGED); /geog /form

MS = The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982).

UI = D003729

 

 

Dental Care for Aged

AN = = professional care by a professional; do not confuse with GERIATRIC DENTISTRY, the specialty; check tag AGED; DF: DENT CARE AGED CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The giving of attention to the special dental needs of the elderly for proper maintenance or treatment. The dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists.

UI = D016321

 

 

Dental Care for Children

AN = = professional care by a professional; do not confuse with PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY, the specialty; check tag CHILD; DF: DENT CARE CHILDREN CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The giving of attention to the special dental needs of children, including the prevention of tooth diseases and instruction in dental hygiene and dental health. The dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists.

UI = D019140

 

Dental Care for Chronically Ill

AN = = professional care by a professional; DF: DENT CARE CHRONIC ILL CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Dental care for patients with chronic diseases. These diseases include chronic cardiovascular, endocrinologic, hematologic, immunologic, neoplastic, and renal diseases. The concept does not include dental care for the mentally or physically disabled which is DENTAL CARE FOR DISABLED.

UI = D017742

 

 

Dental Care for Disabled

AN = = professional care by a professional; disability can refer to emotional, mental or physical dis; DF: DENT CARE DISABLED CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Dental care for the emotionally, mentally, or physically disabled patient. It does not include dental care for the chronically ill ( = DENTAL CARE FOR CHRONICALLY ILL).

UI = D003730

 

Dental Caries

AN = /drug ther: consider also CARIOSTATIC AGENTS; /etiol: consider also CARIOGENIC AGENTS & DIET, CARIOGENIC; /epidemiol: consider also DMF INDEX; DF: DENT CARIES

MS = Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification.

UI = D003731

 

Dental Caries Activity Tests

AN = DF: DENT CARIES ACTIVITY TESTS

UI = D003732

 

Dental Caries Susceptibility

AN = DF: DENT CARIES SUSCEPTIBILITY

UI = D003733

 

Dental Casting Investment

AN = material from which a casting mold is made; D25-26 qualif; DF: DENT CASTING INVESTMENT

MS = Material from which the casting mold is made in the fabrication of gold or cobalt-chromium castings. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p168)

UI = D003734

 

Dental Casting Technique

AN = DF: DENT CASTING TECHNIQUE CATALOG: do not use /laboratory manuals

MS = The process of producing a form or impression made of metal or plaster using a mold.

UI = D003735

 

Dental Cavity Lining

AN = DF: DENT CAVITY LINING

MS = An inner coating, as of varnish or other protective substance, to cover the dental cavity wall. It is usually a resinous film-forming agent dissolved in a volatile solvent, or a suspension of calcium hydroxide in a solution of a synthetic resin. The lining seals the dentinal tubules and protects the pulp before a restoration is inserted. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)

UI = D003736

 

Dental Cavity Preparation

AN = restrict to fillings & inlays; for other prep procedures TOOTH PREPARATION, PROSTHODONTIC & ROOT CANAL PREPARATION are available; DF: DENT CAVITY PREPARATION

MS = An operation in which carious material is removed from teeth and biomechanically correct forms are established in the teeth to receive and retain restorations. A constant requirement is provision for prevention of failure of the restoration through recurrence of decay or inadequate resistance to applied stresses. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p239-40)

UI = D003737

 

Dental Cements

AN = IM; coord with specific material if pertinent (IM); D25-26 qualif; do not confuse with DENTAL CEMENTUM (Cat A) or denture adhesives ( = DENTURE RETENTION + ADHESIVES); DF: DENT CEMENTS

MS = Bonding substances available in the form of two components that are mixed together immediately before use, setting to a hard mass. They are used in restorative and orthodontic dental procedures as luting (cementing) agents, as bases, and as restorative materials. Resins and polymers used as restorative materials are usually called restorative resins rather than cements. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003738

 

Dental Cementum

AN = do not confuse with DENTAL CEMENTS (Cat D); DF: DENT CEMENTUM

MS = The bonelike rigid connective tissue covering the root of a tooth from the cementoenamel junction to the apex and lining the apex of the root canal, also assisting in tooth support by serving as attachment structures for the periodontal ligament. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

UI = D003739

 

 

Dental Clasps

AN = for any prosthesis; do not confuse X ref DENTURE CLASPS with DENTURE PRECISION ATTACHMENT, a special type of precision device for use with partial dentures; do not use for orthodontic clasps; DF: DENT CLASPS

MS = Metal devices for fastening together two or more parts of dental prostheses for stabilizing or retaining them by attachment to abutment teeth. For a precision attachment for a partial denture DENTURE PRECISION ATTACHMENT is available.

UI = D016734

 

Dental Clinics

AN = DF: DENT CLINICS

MS = Facilities where dental care is provided to patients.

UI = D003740

 

 

Dental Debonding

AN = DF: DENT DEBONDING

MS = Techniques used for removal of bonded orthodontic appliances, restorations, or fixed dentures from teeth.

UI = D017005

 

 

Dental Deposits

AN = note categories; from Cat A /chem /ultrastruct permitted; tartar = DENTAL CALCULUS; DF: DENT DEPOSITS

UI = D003741

 

Dental Disinfectants

AN = DF: DENT DISINFECTANTS

MS = Chemicals especially for use on instruments to destroy pathogenic organisms. (Boucher, Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

UI = D019551

 

Dental Devices, Home Care

AN = DF: DENT DEVICES HOME CARE

MS = Devices used in the home by persons to maintain dental and periodontal health. The devices include toothbrushes, dental flosses, water irrigators, gingival stimulators, etc.

UI = D003742

 

Dental Enamel

AN = /embryol: consider also AMELOGENESIS; DF: DENT ENAMEL

MS = A hard thin translucent layer of calcified substance which envelops and protects the dentin of the crown of the tooth. It is the hardest substance in the body and is almost entirely composed of calcium salts. Under the microscope, it is composed of thin rods (enamel prisms) held together by cementing substance, and surrounded by an enamel sheath. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)

UI = D003743

 

Dental Enamel Hypoplasia

AN = a congen or acquired tooth abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: DENT ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A form of AMELOGENESIS IMPERFECTA characterized by incomplete formation of the dental enamel and transmitted as an X-linked or autosomal dominant trait. It is also associated with vitamin A, C, or D deficiency, infectious disease, prematurity, birth injury, Rh incompatibility, trauma, or local infection. Small grooves, pits, and fissures are seen in mild cases, deep horizontal rows of pits in severe cases, or absence of enamel in extreme cases. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003744

 

Dental Enamel Permeability

AN = coord IM with substance /pharmacokin (IM); DF: DENT ENAMEL PERMEABILITY

MS = The property of dental enamel to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, mineral ions and other substances. It does not include the penetration of the dental enamel by microorganisms.

UI = D003745

 

Dental Enamel Proteins

AN = coord IM with specific protein (IM); DF: DENT ENAMEL PROTEINS

MS = The proteins that are part of the dental enamel matrix.

UI = D003746

 

Dental Enamel Solubility

AN = DF: DENT ENAMEL SOLUBILITY

UI = D003747

 

Dental Equipment

AN = for the dent professional, not the patient; differentiate from DENTAL INSTRUMENTS on basis of size (instrum are holdable in the hand); DF: DENT EQUIPMENT

MS = The nonexpendable items used by the dentist or dental staff in the performance of professional duties. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p106)

UI = D003748

 

Dental Facilities

AN = DF: DENT FACILITIES

MS = Use for material on dental facilities in general or for which there is no specific heading.

UI = D003749

 

Dental Fissures

AN = a degree of dent caries; DF: DENT FISSURES

MS = Deep grooves or clefts in the surface of teeth equivalent to class 1 cavities in Black's classification of dental caries.

UI = D003750

 

Dental Fistula

AN = fistula policy: Manual 23.19+; DF: DENT FISTULA

MS = A sinus tract originating in a peripheral abscess and opening into the oral cavity on the gingiva. (Stedman, 25th)

UI = D003751

 

Dental Health Services

AN = DF: DENT HEALTH SERV CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Services designed to promote, maintain, or restore dental health.

UI = D003752

 

Dental Health Surveys

AN = no qualif; specify geog if pertinent; DF: DENT HEALTH SURVEYS CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to dental or oral health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.

UI = D003753

 

Dental High-Speed Equipment

AN = note X ref DENTAL HANDPIECES: restrict to dent high-speed equip: do not confuse with DENTAL INSTRUMENTS; DF: DENT HIGH SPEED EQUIPMENT

UI = D003754

 

Dental High-Speed Technique

AN = DF: DENT HIGH SPEED TECHNIQUE CATALOG: do not use /laboratory manuals

UI = D003755

 

Dental Hygienists

AN = trained in accredited schools & licensed to practice DENTAL PROPHYLAXIS (see note there) under a licensed dentist; DF: DENT HYGIENISTS

MS = Persons trained in an accredited school or dental college and licensed by the state in which they reside to provide dental prophylaxis under the direction of a licensed dentist.

UI = D003756

 

Dental Implantation

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; implantation of a foreign material into jaw tissue (e.g., gingival or subperiosteal), the procedure: do not confuse with DENTAL IMPLANTS, the implant itself; differentiate from TOOTH REPLANTATION (reinsertion of a tooth lost by trauma or deliberate extraction); do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: DENT IMPLANTATION

MS = The grafting or inserting of a prosthetic device of alloplastic material into the oral tissue beneath the mucosal or periosteal layer or within the bone. Its purpose is to provide support and retention to a partial or complete denture.

UI = D003757

 

Dental Implantation, Endosseous

AN = insertion of implant into the bone tissue of the jaw; DENTAL IMPLANTATION, ENDOSSEOUS, ENDODONTIC is also available; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: DENT IMPLANT ENDOSS

MS = Insertion of an implant into the bone of the mandible or maxilla. The implant has an exposed head which protrudes through the mucosa and is a prosthodontic abutment.

UI = D003758

 

Dental Implantation, Endosseous, Endodontic

AN = insertion of rod through root canal; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: DENT IMPLANT ENDOSS ENDO

MS = Insertion of a tapered rod through the root canal into the periapical osseous structure to lengthen the existing root and provide individual tooth stabilization.

UI = D003759

 

Dental Implantation, Subperiosteal

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: DENT IMPLANT SUBPERIOSTEAL

MS = The grafting or inserting of an appliance designed to fit over the surface of the mandible or the maxilla, beneath the specialized connective tissue that covers the bone (periosteum).

UI = D016299

 

 

Dental Implants

AN = DF: DENT IMPLANTS

MS = Biocompatible materials placed into (endosseous) or onto (subperiosteal) the jawbone to support a crown, bridge, or artificial tooth, or to stabilize a diseased tooth.

UI = D015921

 

Dental Implants, Single-Tooth

AN = DF: DENT IMPLANTS SINGLE TOOTH

MS = Devices, usually alloplastic, surgically inserted into or onto the jawbone, which support a single prosthetic tooth and serve either as abutments or as cosmetic replacements for missing teeth.

UI = D019250

 

 

 

Dental Impression Materials

AN = IM; coord with specific material if pertinent (IM); D25-26 qualif; DF: DENT IMPRESSION MATERIALS

MS = Substances or combinations of substances used for making a negative reproduction or impression of the teeth and oral structures for the purpose of producing restorations, prostheses, and dentures, including elastomeric materials, dental plasters, metallic oxide pastes, hydrocolloids, silicone base materials, polyethers, polysulfides, and duplicating compounds. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p187 & Dorland, 28th ed, p993)

UI = D003760

 

Dental Impression Technique

AN = DF: DENT IMPRESSION TECHNIQUE CATALOG: do not use /laboratory manuals

MS = Procedure of producing an imprint or negative likeness of the teeth and/or edentulous areas. Impressions are made in plastic material which becomes hardened or set while in contact with the tissue. They are later filled with plaster of Paris or artificial stone to produce a facsimile of the oral structures present. Impressions may be made of a full complement of teeth, of areas where some teeth have been removed, or in a mouth from which all teeth have been extracted. (Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)

UI = D003761

 

Dental Instruments

AN = differentiate from DENTAL EQUIPMENT on the basis of size (instrum are entirely holdable in the hand); reamers & broaches: index under ROOT CANAL PREPARATION /instrum; DF: DENT INSTRUM

MS = Hand-held tools or implements especially used by dental professionals for the performance of clinical tasks.

UI = D003762

 

Dental Leakage

AN = seepage of fluids, debris & micro-organisms into dental cavity restorations; DF: DENT LEAKAGE

MS = The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.

UI = D003763

 

Dental Materials

AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: DENT MATERIALS

MS = Materials used in the production of dental bases, restorations, impressions, prostheses, etc.

UI = D003764

 

Dental Models

AN = DF: DENT MODELS

UI = D003765

 

Dental Occlusion

AN = no qualif; MALOCCLUSION & its specifics are also available; DF: DENT OCCLUSION

MS = The relationship of all the components of the masticatory system in normal function. It has special reference to the position and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth for the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p556, p472)

UI = D003766

 

Dental Occlusion, Balanced

AN = DF: DENT OCCLUSION BALANCED

MS = Dental occlusion in which the occlusal contact of the teeth on the working side of the jaw is accompanied by the harmonious contact of the teeth on the opposite (balancing) side. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p556)

UI = D003767

 

Dental Occlusion, Centric

AN = DF: DENT OCCLUSION CENTRIC

UI = D003768

 

Dental Occlusion, Traumatic

AN = an occlusion injuring the teeth or other oral structures; DF: DENT OCCLUSION TRAUMATIC

MS = An occlusion resulting in overstrain and injury to teeth, periodontal tissue, or other oral structures.

UI = D003769

 

Dental Offices

AN = DF: DENT OFFICES

MS = The room or rooms in which the dentist performs his services.

UI = D003770

 

Dental Papilla

AN = gives rise to dentin & pulp; do not confuse with interdental papilla (index under GINGIVA); DF: DENT PAPILLA

MS = Mesodermal tissue enclosed in the invaginated portion of the epithelial enamel organ and giving rise to the dentin and pulp.

UI = D003771

 

 

Dental Physiology

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also MOUTH /physiol or /physiol with specific parts of the mouth; DF: DENT PHYSIOL

MS = Functions and activities of dentition as a whole.

UI = D009063

 

Dental Pins

AN = DF: DENT PINS

MS = Small cylindrical pieces of metal used to enhance retention.

UI = D003772

 

Dental Plaque

AN = a type of dent deposit; note categories; from Cat A /chem /ultrastruct permitted; DF: DENT PLAQUE

MS = A soft, thin film of food debris, mucin, and decayed epithelial cells deposited on the teeth, providing the medium for the growth of various bacteria. The main inorganic components are calcium and phosphorus. Plaque plays an important etiologic role in the development of dental caries and periodontal and gingival disease and provides the base for the development of materia alba. Calcified plaque forms dental calculus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003773

 

Dental Plaque Index

AN = no qualif; DF: DENT PLAQUE INDEX

MS = An index which scores the degree of dental plaque accumulation.

UI = D003774

 

Dental Polishing

AN = restrict to polishing of dentures, amalgams & resins; tooth polishing: index under DENTAL PROPHYLAXIS or DENTAL SCALING or TOOTHBRUSHING; DF: DENT POLISHING

MS = Creation of a smooth and glossy surface finish on a denture or amalgam.

UI = D003775

 

Dental Porcelain

AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: DENT PORCELAIN

MS = A type of porcelain used in dental restorations, either jacket crowns or inlays, artificial teeth, or metal-ceramic crowns. It is essentially a mixture of particles of feldspar and quartz, the feldspar melting first and providing a glass matrix for the quartz. Dental porcelain is produced by mixing ceramic powder (a mixture of quartz, kaolin, pigments, opacifiers, a suitable flux, and other substances) with distilled water. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

UI = D003776

 

Dental Prophylaxis

AN = removal of calculus & stains by dentist or hygienist: prev of calculus & stains by patient = DENTAL HYGIENE see ORAL HYGIENE or TOOTHBRUSHING or DENTAL DEVICES, HOME CARE; DF: DENT PROPHYLAXIS

MS = Treatment for the prevention of periodontal diseases or other dental diseases by the cleaning of the teeth in the dental office using the procedures of DENTAL SCALING and DENTAL POLISHING. The treatment may include plaque detection, removal of supra- and subgingival plaque and calculus, application of caries-preventing agents, checking of restorations and prostheses and correcting overhanging margins and proximal contours of restorations, and checking for signs of food impaction.

UI = D003777

 

Dental Prosthesis

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; specialty is PROSTHODONTICS; DF: DENT PROSTHESIS CATALOG: form qualif permitted

MS = An artificial replacement for one or more natural teeth or part of a tooth, or associated structures, ranging from a portion of a tooth to a complete denture. The dental prosthesis is used for cosmetic or functional reasons, or both. DENTURES and specific types of dentures are also available. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p244 & Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p643)

UI = D017266

 

Dental Prosthesis Design

AN = coord IM with specific dent prosth (IM); specify material of framework (IM or NIM) if pertinent; DENTURE DESIGN is also available; DF: DENT PROSTHESIS DESIGN

MS = The plan and delineation of dental prostheses in general or a specific dental prosthesis. It does not include DENTURE DESIGN. The framework usually consists of metal.

UI = D017267

 

Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported

AN = DF: DENT PROSTHESIS IMPLANT SUP

MS = A prosthesis that gains its support, stability, and retention from a substructure that is implanted under the soft tissues of the basal seat of the device and is in contact with bone. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

UI = D019094

 

Dental Prosthesis Repair

AN = coord IM with specific prosth (IM or NIM); DF: DENT PROSTHESIS REPAIR

MS = The process of reuniting or replacing a broken or worn dental prosthesis or its part.

UI = D017269

 

 

Dental Prosthesis Retention

AN = coord IM with specific dent prosth (IM or NIM); DF: DENT PROSTHESIS RETENTION

MS = The retention of a dental prosthesis in place by design, device, or adhesion.

UI = D017268

 

 

Dental Research

AN = dent research as a field; avoid since most dental articles indexed contribute to "dental research"; IM general only on dent research as a field; NIM for status or progress of research in a special dent field or subject (IM); /methods: consider also RESEARCH DESIGN; DF: DENT RESEARCH CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The study of laws, theories, and hypotheses through a systematic examination of pertinent facts and their interpretation in the field of dentistry. (From Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982, p674)

UI = D018865

 

 

 

Dental Restoration Failure

AN = failure of a filling, inlay, crown, bridge, implant, any type of denture, etc.; coord IM with specific type of dent restoration or prosthesis (IM); DF: DENT RESTORATION FAILURE

MS = Inability or inadequacy of a dental restoration or prosthesis to perform as expected.

UI = D019232

 

Dental Restoration Wear

AN = surface wear of restorations & dentures; DF: DENT RESTORATION WEAR

MS = Occlusal wear of the surfaces of restorations and surface wear of dentures.

UI = D019554

 

 

Dental Waste

AN = includes saliva, rinse, amalgams, etc.; disposal of dent waste: coord IM with MEDICAL WASTE DISPOSAL (IM)

MS = Any waste product generated by a dental office, surgery, clinic, or laboratory including amalgams, saliva, and rinse water.

UI = D018057

 

 

Dentate Gyrus

AN = part of the hippocampal formation

MS = Serrated strip of gray matter under the medial border of the HIPPOCAMPUS and in its depths. It is an archicortex which develops along the edge of the hippocampal fissure and which consists of molecular, granular, and polymorphic layers. (Dorland, 27th ed). The molecular layer is continuous with that of the hippocampus in the depths of the hippocampal fissure. (Carpenter and Sutin, Human Neuroanatomy, 8th ed, p626)

UI = D018891

 

 

Dentinal Fluid

AN = dentin lymph or transudate

MS = The lymph or fluid of dentin. It is a transudate of extracellular fluid, mainly cytoplasm of odontoblastic processes, from the dental pulp via the dentinal tubules. It is also called dental lymph. (From Stedman, 26th ed, p665)

UI = D019234

 

 

Dentin-Bonding Agents

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = Cements that act through infiltration and polymerization within the dentinal matrix and are used for dental restoration. They can be adhesive resins themselves, adhesion-promoting monomers, or polymerization initiators that act in concert with other agents to form a dentin-bonding system.

UI = D017220

 

 

Dentist's Practice Patterns

AN = practice in dentistry related to diag & treatment CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Patterns of practice in dentistry related to diagnosis and treatment.

UI = D019239

 

 

Dentition, Permanent

AN = see note at DENTITION; no qualif

MS = The 32 teeth of adulthood that either replace or are added to the complement of deciduous teeth. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

UI = D019229

 

 

Dentures

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; labeling for ownership or identification = DENTURE IDENTIFICATION MARKING CATALOG: form qualif permitted

MS = An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include CROWNS, DENTAL ABUTMENTS, nor TOOTH, ARTIFICIAL.

UI = D003778

 

Denture Design

AN = coord IM with specific denture (IM or NIM)

MS = The plan, delineation, and location of actual structural elements of dentures. The design can relate to retainers, stress-breakers, occlusal rests, flanges, framework, lingual or palatal bars, reciprocal arms, etc.

UI = D003779

 

Denture Repair

AN = coord IM with specific denture (IM or NIM)

MS = The process of reuniting or replacing broken or worn parts of a denture.

UI = D003780

 

Denture Retention

AN = coord IM with specific denture (IM or NIM); for denture fixative & adhesives, coord IM with ADHESIVES (IM)

MS = The retention of a denture in place by design, device, or adhesion.

UI = D003781

 

Dental Pulp

AN = /surg = PULPECTOMY or PULPOTOMY; inflammation = PULPITIS; DF: DENT PULP

MS = A richly vascularized and innervated connective tissue of mesodermal origin, contained in the central cavity of a tooth and delimited by the dentin, and having formative, nutritive, sensory, and protective functions. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

UI = D003782

 

Dental Pulp Calcification

AN = note category; DF: DENT PULP CALCIFICATION

UI = D003784

 

Dental Pulp Capping

AN = DF: DENT PULP CAPPING

MS = Application of a protective agent to an exposed pulp (direct capping) or the remaining thin layer of dentin over a nearly exposed pulp (indirect capping) in order to allow the pulp to recover and maintain its normal vitality and function.

UI = D003785

 

Dental Pulp Cavity

AN = note category & X refs; DF: DENT PULP CAVITY

MS = The space in a tooth bounded by the dentin and containing the dental pulp. The portion of the cavity within the crown of the tooth is the pulp chamber; the portion within the root is the pulp canal or root canal.

UI = D003786

 

Dental Pulp Devitalization

AN = a root canal proced: do not confuse with TOOTH, DEVITALIZED see TOOTH, NONVITAL; DF: DENT PULP DEVITALIZATION

MS = The destruction of the vitality of the pulp of the tooth. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p243)

UI = D003787

 

Dental Pulp Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = PULPITIS; DF: DENT PULP DIS

UI = D003788

 

Dental Pulp Exposure

AN = note category: exposure from caries, trauma, etc; DF: DENT PULP EXPOSURE

MS = The result of pathological changes in the hard tissue of a tooth caused by carious lesions, mechanical factors, or trauma, which render the pulp susceptible to bacterial invasion from the external environment.

UI = D003789

 

Dental Pulp Necrosis

MS = Death of pulp tissue. When the necrosis is due to ischemia with superimposed bacterial infection, it is referred to as pulp gangrene. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1104)

UI = D003790

 

Dental Pulp Test

AN = DF: DENT PULP TEST

UI = D003791

 

Dental Records

AN = DF: DENT RECORDS

MS = Data collected during dental examination for the purpose of study, diagnosis, or treatment planning.

UI = D003792

 

Dental Restoration, Permanent

AN = dent restoration unspecified probably goes here; DF: DENT RESTORATION PERMANENT

MS = A restoration designed to remain in service for not less than 20 to 30 years, usually made of gold casting, cohesive gold, or amalgam. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

UI = D003793

 

Dental Restoration, Temporary

AN = dent restoration unspecified probably goes under DENTAL RESTORATION, PERMANENT; DF: DENT RESTORATION TEMPORARY

MS = A restoration placed for a limited period, from several days to sevaeral months, which is designed to seal the tooth and maintain its position until a permanent restoration (DENTAL RESTORATION, PERMANENT) will replace it. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

UI = D003794

 

Dental Sac

MS = Dense fibrous layer formed from mesodermal tissue that surrounds the epithelial enamel organ. The cells eventually migrate to the external surface of the newly formed root dentin and give rise to the cementoblasts that deposit cementum on the developing root, fibroblasts of the developing periodontal ligament, and osteoblasts of the developing alveolar bone.

UI = D003795

 

 

Dental Scaling

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not confuse ROOT SCALING see DENTAL SCALING with ROOT PLANING; DF: DENT SCALING

MS = Removal of dental plaque and dental calculus from the surface of a tooth, from the surface of a tooth apical to the gingival margin accumulated in periodontal pockets, or from the surface coronal to the gingival margin.

UI = D012534

 

Dental Service, Hospital

AN = DF: DENT SERV HOSP

MS = Hospital department providing dental care.

UI = D003796

 

Dental Soldering

AN = includes soldering & solders; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: DENT SOLDERING

MS = The joining of pieces of metal through the use of an alloy which has a lower melting point, usually at least 100 degrees Celsius below the fusion temperature of the parts being soldered. In dentistry, soldering is used for joining components of a dental appliance, as in assembling a bridge, joining metals to orthodontic bands, or adding to the bulk of certain structures, such as the establishment of proper contact areas on inlays and crowns with adjacent teeth. (Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)

UI = D012994

 

Dental Staff

AN = DF: DENT STAFF

MS = Personnel who provide dental service to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency.

UI = D003797

 

Dental Staff, Hospital

AN = DF: DENT STAFF HOSP

MS = Dental personnel practicing in hospitals.

UI = D003798

 

Dental Stress Analysis

AN = coord IM or NIM with specific dent feature (IM); COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH & TENSILE STRENGTH are available for these aspects of characterization; DF: DENT STRESS ANAL

MS = The description and measurement of the various factors that produce physical stress upon dental restorations, prostheses, or appliances, materials associated with them, or the natural oral structures.

UI = D003799

 

Dental Technicians

AN = executes dentists' prescripts for mechanical fabrication of dental appliances; DF: DENT TECHNICIANS

MS = Individuals responsible for fabrication of dental appliances.

UI = D003800

 

Dental Veneers

AN = IM; coord with specific material (IM) if pertinent; DF: DENT VENEERS

MS = The use of a layer of tooth-colored material, usually porcelain or acrylic resin, applied to the surface of natural teeth, crowns, or pontics by fusion, cementation, or mechanical retention.

UI = D003801

 

Dentifrices

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives.

UI = D003802

 

Dentigerous Cyst

AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/dis term (IM)

MS = Most common follicular odontogenic cyst. Occurs in relation to a partially erupted or unerupted tooth with at least the crown of the tooth to which the cyst is attached protruding into the cystic cavity. May give rise to an ameloblastoma and, in rare instances, undergo malignant transformation.

UI = D003803

 

Dentin

AN = /embryol: consider also DENTINOGENESIS; reparative dentin = DENTIN, SECONDARY; dentin bridge = DENTIN, SECONDARY

MS = The hard portion of the tooth surrounding the pulp, covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root, which is harder and denser than bone but softer than enamel, and is thus readily abraded when left unprotected. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

UI = D003804

 

Dentin Dysplasia

AN = a tooth abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An apparently hereditary disorder of dentin formation, marked by a normal appearance of coronal dentin associated with pulpal obliteration, faulty root formation, and a tendency for peripheral lesions without obvious cause. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003805

 

Dentin Permeability

AN = IM; coord with permeating substance (IM) if relevant

MS = The property of dentin that permits passage of light, heat, cold, and chemical substances. It does not include penetration by microorganisms.

UI = D003806

 

Dentin Sensitivity

AN = note category

UI = D003807

 

Dentin Solubility

UI = D003808

 

Dentin, Secondary

AN = formed after complete formation of tooth; Cat A qualif + /chem ind

MS = Dentin formed and deposited in response to a normal or slightly abnormal stimulus, after the complete formation of the tooth. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003809

 

Dentinogenesis

AN = formation of primary dentin; formation of secondary dentin = DENTIN, SECONDARY /growth; AMELOGENESIS, formation of dent enamel, is also available

MS = The formation of dentin. Dentin first appears in the layer between the ameloblasts and odontoblasts and becomes calcified immediately. Formation progresses from the tip of the papilla over its slope to form a calcified cap becoming thicker by the apposition of new layers pulpward. A layer of uncalcified dentin intervenes between the calcified tissue and the odontoblast and its processes. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

UI = D003810

 

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta

AN = a dentin abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An autosomal dominant disorder of tooth development characterized by opalescent dentin resulting in discoloration of the teeth, ranging from dusky blue to brownish. The dentin is poorly formed with an abnormally low mineral content; the pulp canal is obliterated, but the enamel is normal. The teeth usually wear down rapidly, leaving short, brown stumps. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003811

 

Dentist-Patient Relations

AN = no qualif; DF: DENTIST PATIENT RELAT

MS = The psychological relations between the dentist and patient.

UI = D003812

 

Dentistry

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; /instrum = DENTAL INSTRUMENTS, DENTAL EQUIPMENT or other specifics; /legislation & jurisprudence = LEGISLATION, DENTAL or DENTISTRY (IM) + JURISPRUDENCE (IM) or FORENSIC DENTISTRY; /man permissible but consider also DENTISTS /supply; veterinary dentistry = DENTISTRY /vet (IM) + VETERINARY MEDICINE (IM) CATALOG: do not use /dictionaries ( = DICTIONARIES, DENTAL) /in inf (= PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY) /in old age ( = GERIATRIC DENTISTRY)

MS = The profession concerned with the teeth, oral cavity, and associated structures, and the diagnosis and treatment of their diseases including prevention and the restoration of defective and missing tissue.

UI = D003813

 

Dentistry, Operative

AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; to restore tooth function (filling, inlay, etc.); do not confuse with SURGERY, ORAL (surg ther of dis, inj or defects of soft tissues of mouth or of jaws); DF: DENT OPERATIVE

MS = That phase of clinical dentistry concerned with the restoration of parts of existing teeth that are defective through disease, trauma, or abnormal development, to the state of normal function, health, and esthetics, including preventive, diagnostic, biological, mechanical, and therapeutic techniques, as well as material and instrument science and application. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 2d ed, p237)

UI = D003814

 

Dentists

AN = /educ = EDUCATION, DENTAL or specific CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Individuals licensed to practice dentistry.

UI = D003815

 

Dentists, Women

AN = /educ = EDUCATION, DENTAL or specific; Manual 34.11.3 CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Female dentists.

UI = D003816

 

Dentition

AN = differentiate from TOOTH: tooth is a unit, dentition is all the teeth together as a unit; GEN or unspecified; prefer DENTITION, PRIMARY or DENTITION, PERMANENT or DENTITION, MIXED; no qualif

MS = The teeth collectively in the dental arch. Dentition ordinarily refers to the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. Dentition referring to the deciduous teeth is DENTITION, PRIMARY; to the permanent teeth, DENTITION, PERMANENT. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

UI = D003817

 

Dentition, Mixed

AN = some deciduous teeth, some permanent; see note at DENTITION; no qualif

MS = The complement of teeth in the jaws after the eruption of some of the permanent teeth but before all the deciduous teeth are absent. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

UI = D003818

 

 

Dentition, Primary

AN = see note at DENTITION; do not confuse X ref DENTITION, DECIDUOUS with TOOTH, DECIDUOUS; no qualif

MS = The teeth first in order or time of development that will be replaced by permanent dentition upon their loss.

UI = D016323

 

 

Denture Bases

AN = coord IM with specific denture term (IM or NIM)

MS = The part of a denture that overlies the soft tissue and supports the supplied teeth and is supported in turn by abutment teeth or the residual alveolar ridge. It is usually made of resins or metal or their combination.

UI = D003819

 

Denture Cleansers

AN = D25-26 qualif; includes sonic-action cleansers

MS = Substances used to clean dentures; they are usually alkaline peroxides or hypochlorites, may contain enzymes and release oxygen. Use also for sonic action cleaners.

UI = D003820

 

Denture Identification Marking

AN = marking of dentures or dent prostheses

MS = Any system of defining ownership of dentures or dental prostheses.

UI = D003821

 

Denture Liners

AN = coord IM with specific denture term (IM or NIM)

MS = Material applied to the tissue side of a denture to provide a soft lining to the parts of a denture coming in contact with soft tissue. It cushions contact of the denture with the tissues.

UI = D003822

 

 

Denture, Partial, Fixed, Resin-Bonded

AN = DF: note short X ref

MS = A commonly used prosthesis that results in a strong, permanent restoration. It consists of an electrolytically etched cast-metal retainer that is cemented (bonded), using resins, to adjacent teeth whose enamel was previously acid-treated (acid-etched). This type of bridgework is sometimes referred to as a Maryland bridge.

UI = D016379

 

Denture Rebasing

AN = coord IM with specific denture term (IM or NIM)

MS = The process of refitting a denture by replacing the denture base material without changing the occlusal relations of the teeth. Rebasing may include adding to the denture base to compensate for resorptive changes to subjacent structures.

UI = D003823

 

Denture, Complete

AN = labeling for ownership or identification = DENTURE IDENTIFICATION MARKING

MS = A denture replacing all natural teeth and associated structures in both the maxilla and mandible.

UI = D003824

 

Denture, Complete, Immediate

MS = A complete denture constructed for replacement of natural teeth immediately after their removal. It does not fit the mouth perfectly and is intended only for functional and cosmetic purposes during the healing process after total extraction. It is to be replaced by the fitted permanent denture.

UI = D003825

 

Denture, Complete, Lower

MS = A complete denture replacing all the natural mandibular teeth and associated structures. It is completely supported by the oral tissue and underlying mandibular bone.

UI = D003826

 

Denture, Complete, Upper

MS = A complete denture replacing all the natural maxillary teeth and associated maxillary structures. It is completely supported by the oral tissue and underlying maxillary bone.

UI = D003827

 

Denture, Overlay

AN = coord IM with specific denture term (IM or NIM)

MS = Removable prosthesis constructed over natural teeth or implanted studs.

UI = D003828

 

Denture, Partial

AN = labeling for ownership or identification = DENTURE IDENTIFICATION MARKING

MS = A denture replacing one or more (but not all) natural teeth. It is supported and retained by underlying tissue and some or all of the remaining teeth.

UI = D003829

 

Denture, Partial, Fixed

MS = A partial denture attached to prepared natural teeth, roots, or implants by cementation.

UI = D003830

 

Denture, Partial, Immediate

MS = A partial denture constructed before the teeth it replaces are removed. It is then inserted immediately after the removal of the natural teeth for functional and cosmetic reasons during the healing process. It is to be replaced later by the fitted partial denture.

UI = D003831

 

Denture, Partial, Removable

MS = A partial denture designed and constructed to be removed readily from the mouth.

UI = D003832

 

Denture, Partial, Temporary

MS = A partial denture intended for short-term use in a temporary or emergency situation.

UI = D003833

 

Denture Precision Attachment

AN = restrict to partial dentures

MS = A precision device used for attaching a fixed or removable partial denture to the crown of an abutment tooth or a restoration. One type is the intracoronal attachment and the other type is the extracoronal attachment. It consists of a female portion within the coronal portion of the crown of an abutment and a fitted male portion attached to the denture proper. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p85; from Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p264)

UI = D003834

 

Denturists

AN = dent technicians working with patients requiring dentures (prep, repair, fitting)

MS = Dental technicians who provide dentures for patients without benefit of a dentist's professional services. Their duties include taking impressions and bite registrations for preparing and repairing dentures and fitting dentures. They are rarely found in the United States, where their practice is illegal in many states, but are becoming increasingly common in Canada.

UI = D003835

 

Deodorants

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = Agents that remove, correct, repress, or mask undesirable odors. In personal hygiene, deodorants are often astringent preparations that reduce sweat production and are referred to as antiperspirants. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D003836

 

Deoxy Sugars

UI = D003837

 

Deoxyadenine Nucleotides

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Adenine nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety.

UI = D003838

 

Deoxyadenosines

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Adenosine molecules which can be substituted in any position, but are lacking one hydroxyl group in the ribose part of the molecule.

UI = D003839

 

Deoxycholic Acid

AN = a bile acid; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.

UI = D003840

 

Deoxycytidine

UI = D003841

 

Deoxycytidine Kinase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of deoxycytidine with the formation of a nucleoside diphosphate and deoxycytidine monophosphate. Cytosine arabinoside can also act as an acceptor. All natural nucleoside triphosphates, except deoxycytidine triphosphate, can act as donors. The enzyme is induced by some viruses, particularly the herpes simplex virus (HERPESVIRUS HOMINIS). EC 2.7.1.74.

UI = D003842

 

Deoxycytidine Monophosphate

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Deoxycytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2'-,3'- or 5- positions.

UI = D003843

 

 

Deoxycytosine Nucleotides

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Cytosine nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety.

UI = D003845

 

Deoxyepinephrine

MS = 4-[2-(Methylamino)ethyl]pyrocatechol. Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent. Synonym: Epinine.

UI = D003846

 

Deoxyglucose

AN = /blood = DEOXYGLUCOSE /blood (NIM) + BLOOD GLUCOSE (IM); do not use /defic /physiol

MS = 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.

UI = D003847

 

Deoxyguanine Nucleotides

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Guanine nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety.

UI = D003848

 

Deoxyguanosine

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose.

UI = D003849

 

1-Deoxynojirimycin

AN = an antiviral agent

MS = (2R-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 alpha,5 beta))-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-3,4,5-piperidinetriol. An alpha-glucosidase inhibitor with antiviral action. Derivatives of deoxynojirimycin may have anti-HIV activity.

UI = D017485

 

 

Deoxyribonuclease BamHI

AN = BamHI stands for Bacillus amyloliquefaciens + strain ident; DF: BAMHI

MS = One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequence G/GATCC at the slash. BamHI is from

 

Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI

AN = a DNA restriction enzyme; EcoRI stands for E. coli + strain ident; DF: ECORI

MS = One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequence G/AATTC at the slash. EcoRI is from E coliRY13. Several isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.

UI = D015246

 

Deoxyribonuclease HindIII

AN = HindIII stands for Haemophilus influenzae + strain ident; DF: HINDIII

MS = One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequence A/AGCTT at the slash. HindIII is from Haemophilus influenzae R(d). Numerous isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.

UI = D015247

 

Deoxyribonuclease HpaII

AN = a DNA restriction enzyme; HpaII stands for Haemophilus parainfluenzae + strain ident; DF: HPAII

MS = One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequences C/CGG and GGC/C at the slash. HpaII is from Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Several isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.

UI = D019003

 

 

Deoxyribonuclease I

AN = do not confuse X ref STREPTODORNASE with STREPTODORNASE AND STREPTOKINASE: see note there; DF: note short X ref

MS = An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing highly polymerized DNA by splitting phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide. This catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA yielding 5'-phosphodi- and oligonucleotide end-products. The enzyme has a preference for double-stranded DNA. EC 3.1.21.1 (formerly EC 3.1.4.5).

UI = D003850

 

Deoxyribonucleases

AN = differentiate STREPTODORNASE referred to here and STREPTODORNASE AND STREPTOKINASE (see note there)

MS = Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolases of ester bonds within DNA. EC 3.1.-.

UI = D003851

 

Deoxyribonucleases, Type I Site-Specific

AN = DF: DNASE SS I

MS = Enzyme systems containing three different subunits and requiring ATP, S-adenosylmethionine, and magnesium for endonucleolytic activity to give random double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. They function also as DNA-dependent ATPases and modification methylases, catalyzing the reactions of EC 2.1.1.72 and EC 2.1.1.73 with similar site-specificity. The systems recognize specific short DNA sequences and cleave at sites remote from the recognition sequence. Enzymes from different microorganisms with the same specificity are called isoschizomers. EC 3.1.21.3.

UI = D015253

 

Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific

AN = a DNA restriction enzyme; DF: DNASE SS II

MS = Enzyme systems containing a single subunit and requiring only magnesium for endonucleolytic activity. The corresponding modification methylases are separate enzymes. The systems recognize specific short DNA sequences and cleave either within, or at a short specific distance from, the recognition sequence to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. Enzymes from different microorganisms with the same specificity are called isoschizomers. EC 3.1.21.4.

UI = D015252

 

Deoxyribonucleases, Type III Site-Specific

AN = DF: DNASE SS III

MS = Enzyme systems composed of two subunits and requiring ATP and magnesium for endonucleolytic activity; they do not function as ATPases. They exist as complexes with modification methylases of similar specificity listed under EC 2.1.1.72 or EC 2.1.1.73. The systems recognize specific short DNA sequences and cleave a short distance, about 24 to 27 bases, away from the recognition sequence to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. Enzymes from different microorganisms with the same specificity are called isoschizomers. EC 3.1.21.5.

UI = D015263

 

Deoxyribonucleoproteins

MS = Proteins conjugated with deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) or specific DNA.

UI = D003852

 

Deoxyribonucleosides

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific

MS = Nucleosides having a purine or pyrimidine base bonded to deoxyribose. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003853

 

Deoxyribonucleotides

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific

MS = Nucleotides consisting of a purine or a pyrimidine base bonded to deoxyribose, which in turn is bound to a phosphate group. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003854

 

 

Deoxyribodipyrimidine Photo-Lyase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reactivation by light of UV-irradiated DNA. It breaks two carbon-carbon bonds in pyrimidine dimers in DNA. EC 4.1.99.3.

UI = D004255

 

Deoxyribose

UI = D003855

 

Deoxyuracil Nucleotides

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Uracil nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety.

UI = D003856

 

Deoxyuridine

AN = an antimetabolite

MS = 2'-Deoxyuridine. An antimetabolite that is converted to deoxyuridine triphosphate during DNA synthesis. Laboratory suppression of deoxyuridine is used to diagnose megaloblastic anemias due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies.

UI = D003857

 

Dependency (Psychology)

AN = no qualif; DF: DEPENDENCY

MS = The tendency of an individual or individuals to rely on others for advice, guidance, or support.

UI = D003858

 

Dependent Personality Disorder

MS = A personality disorder in which the individual passively allows others to assume responsibility for major areas of his or her life because of lack of self-confidence and an inability to function independently.

UI = D003859

 

Dependovirus

AN = a genus of the family Parvoviridae; "dependo-" refers to its dependence on coinfect with helper viruses; infection: coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A genus of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, which are dependent on a coinfection with helper adenoviruses or herpesviruses for their efficient replication. The type species is adeno-associated virus 2.

UI = D000229

 

Depersonalization

MS = An alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech. (From Dorlands 27th ed)

UI = D003861

 

Depreciation

AN = NIM

MS = Decline in value of capital assets of a permanent or fixed nature over time with use.

UI = D003862

 

Depression

AN = human & animal; /drug ther: consider also ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; do not confuse this or X ref (depression of "moderate intensity") with DEPRESSIVE DISORDER ("prominent & relatively persistent" depression): psychiatrists differentiate on basis of degree

MS = Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with major depression present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.

UI = D003863

 

Depression, Chemical

AN = never IM; TN 49: definition & use as NIM

UI = D003864

 

Depression, Involutional

MS = Marked depression appearing in the involution period and characterized by hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and agitation.

UI = D003865

 

Depression, Postpartum

AN = IM; coord with specific psychiatric dis (IM) if relevant; check the tag FEMALE

MS = Depression in women occurring usually within four weeks after the delivery of a child. The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)

UI = D019052

 

Depressive Disorder

AN = do not confuse with DEPRESSION: see note there; depression lasting over 2 years = DYSTHYMIC DISORDER

MS = An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.

UI = D003866

 

Depth Perception

AN = disord of depth perception: coord IM with PERCEPTUAL DISORDERS (IM)

MS = Perception of three-dimensionality.

UI = D003867

 

Dequalinium

AN = an anti-infective

MS = 1,1'-(1,10-Decanediyl)bis(4-amino-2-methylquinolinium). A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.

UI = D003868

 

Dermabrasion

AN = mechanical planing of the skin; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Planing of the skin by mechanical means, as by fine sandpaper, wire brushes, or other abrasive materials. It is used to remove acne scars and dermal nevi. (From Dorland, 28th ed & Stedman, 26th ed)

UI = D003869

 

Dermacentor

AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; tick D. andersoni transmits anaplasmosis, Rocky Mt spotted fever, Colo. tick fever & tularemia

MS = A large, widely distributed genus of ticks, including a number that infest man and other mammals, and several that are vectors of diseases such as TULAREMIA, ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER, COLORADO TICK FEVER, and ANAPLASMOSIS.

UI = D003870

 

Dermatan Sulfate

MS = A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed)

UI = D003871

 

Dermatitis

AN = any skin inflamm; /chem ind = DERMATITIS MEDICAMENTOSA see DRUG ERUPTIONS or DERMATITIS, CONTACT

MS = Any inflammation of the skin.

UI = D003872

 

 

Dermatitis, Allergic Contact

MS = A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.

UI = D017449

 

 

Dermatitis, Atopic

AN = a type of immediate hypersensitivity

MS = A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.

UI = D003876

 

Dermatitis, Contact

AN = unspecified as allergic or non-allergic but DERMATITIS, ALLERGIC CONTACT is available

MS = A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.

UI = D003877

 

 

Dermatitis, Exfoliative

MS = The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003873

 

Dermatitis Herpetiformis

AN = a bullous skin dis: nothing to do with herpes

MS = Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.

UI = D003874

 

Dermatitis, Irritant

AN = "a non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants"

MS = A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.

UI = D017453

 

 

Dermatitis, Occupational

AN = do not restrict to -itis: use as if "dermatoses"; coord with specific skin dis with /chem ind; includes housewives' dermatoses caused by housekeeping agents; DF: DERMATITIS OCCUP

MS = A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.

UI = D009783

 

 

 

Dermatitis, Perioral

AN = note X ref DERMATITIS, PERIOCULAR: can extend to this area

MS = A papular eruption of unknown etiology that progresses to residual papular erythema and scaling usually confined to the area of the mouth, and almost exclusively occurring in young women. It may also be localized or extend to involve the eyelids and adjacent glabella area of the forehead (periocular dermatitis). (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019557

 

 

Dermatitis, Photoallergic

AN = a delayed hypersensitivity

MS = A delayed hypersensitivity involving the reaction between sunlight or other radiant energy source and a chemical substance to which the individual has been previously exposed and sensitized. It manifests as a papulovesicular, eczematous, or exudative dermatitis occurring chiefly on the light-exposed areas of the skin.

UI = D017454

 

 

Dermatitis, Phototoxic

AN = non-immunol irritant dermatitis; DF: DERMATITIS PHOTOTOX

MS = A nonimmunologic, chemically induced type of photosensitivity producing a sometimes vesiculating dermatitis. It results in hyperpigmentation and desquamation of the light-exposed areas of the skin.

UI = D017484

 

 

Dermatitis, Seborrheic

MS = A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin of unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate erythema, dry, moist, or greasy scaling, and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp. On the scalp, it generally appears first as small patches of scales, progressing to involve the entire scalp with exfoliation of excessive amounts of dry scales (dandruff).

UI = D012628

 

 

Dermatitis, Toxicodendron

AN = Toxicodendron or Rhus is the genus name for poison ivy; includes poison oak & poison sumac

MS = An allergic contact dermatitis caused by exposure to plants of the genus Toxicodendron (formerly Rhus). These include poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac, all plants that contain the substance urushiol, a potent skin sensitizing agent. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D011040

 

Dermatofibroma

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM); note X ref HISTIOCYTOMA: HISTIOCYTOMA, FIBROUS is also available

MS = A slowly growing benign skin nodule consisting of poorly demarcated cellular fibrous tissue enclosing collapsed capillaries with scattered hemosiderin-pigmented and lipid macrophages. They are common, usually about 1 cm in diameter and occur in the dermis. Simple excision is always curative. (From Stedman, 25th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1356)

UI = D000797

 

Dermatofibrosarcoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A fibrosarcoma of the skin, beginning most often as an indurated nodule that grows slowly and hence is often ignored until it grows large. Dermatofibrosarcomas show an extremely aggressive tendency to invade local surrounding tissue. They do not metastasize, however, even after multiple recurrences. About 50% will recur after simple incision; hence wide excision should be resorted to. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1356)

UI = D018223

 

 

Dermatoglyphics

MS = The study of the patterns of ridges of the skin of the fingers, palms, toes, and soles.

UI = D003878

 

Dermatologic Agents

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also SKIN /drug eff & SKIN DISEASES /drug ther; DF: DERMATOL AGENTS

MS = Drugs used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin.

UI = D003879

 

Dermatology

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: DERMATOL

MS = A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment.

UI = D003880

 

Dermatomycoses

AN = fungus dis of skin; coord IM with specific fungus or fungal dis (IM)

MS = Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.

UI = D003881

 

Dermatomyositis

AN = myositis with skin dis

MS = A polymyositis occurring in association with inflammatory skin changes, a purplish rash on the upper eyelids with edema of the lids and surrounding tissue, and an erythematous rash on the forehead, neck, shoulders, trunk, and arms.

UI = D003882

 

Dermis

MS = The layer of skin deep to the EPIDERMIS, consisting of a dense layer of vascular connective tissue. (Dorland, 28th ed.)

UI = D020405

 

Dermoid Cyst

AN = neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A tumor consisting of displaced ectodermal structures along the lines of embryonic fusion, the wall being formed of epithelium-lined connective tissue, including skin appendages, and containing keratin, sebum, and hair. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D003884

 

Dermotoxins

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; coord IM with source of dermotoxin (IM or NIM); do not use for dermatoxicity of various chemicals & drugs ( = SKIN /drug eff or skin dis heading /chem ind + Cat D term /adv eff-pois-tox)

MS = Specific substances elaborated by plants, microorganisms or animals that cause damage to the skin; they may be proteins or other specific factors or substances; constituents of spider, jellyfish or other venoms cause dermonecrosis and certain bacteria synthesize dermolytic agents.

UI = D003885

 

Descemet's Membrane

AN = a layer of the cornea

MS = The strong, resistant, thin, noncellular fourth layer of the cornea, located between the endothelium (from which it is secreted) and the stroma. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

UI = D003886

 

Desensitization, Psychologic

AN = a behavior ther technique; DF: DESENSITIZATION PSYCHOL

MS = A behavior therapy technique in which deep muscle relaxation is used to inhibit the effects of graded anxiety-evoking stimuli.

UI = D003887

 

Desensitization, Immunologic

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: DESENSITIZATION IMMUNOL

MS = Immunosuppression by the administration of increasing doses of antigen. Though the exact mechanism is not clear, the therapy results in an increase in serum levels of allergen-specific IgG, suppression of specific IgE, and an increase in suppressor T-cell activity.

UI = D003888

 

Desert Climate

AN = specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A type of climate characterized by insufficient moisture to support appreciable plant life. It is a climate of extreme aridity, usually of extreme heat, and of negligible rainfall. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D003889

 

Desiccation

AN = note category; differentiate from DEHYDRATION, a disease state

MS = Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.).

UI = D003890

 

Designer Drugs

AN = D25-26 qualif; coord IM with specific drug or chemical (IM); do not confuse with DRUG DESIGN

MS = Drugs designed and synthesized, often for illegal street use, by modification of existing drug structures (e.g., amphetamines). Of special interest are MPTP (a reverse ester of meperidine), MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine), and MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). Many drugs act on the aminergic system, the physiologically active biogenic amines.

UI = D015198

 

Desipramine

MS = A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholingeric activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.

UI = D003891

 

Deslanoside

AN = a Digitalis glycoside

MS = Deacetyllanatoside C. A cardiotonic glycoside from the leaves of Digitalis lanata.

UI = D003892

 

Desmin

AN = an intermediate filament protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = An intermediate filament protein found predominantly in smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle cells. Localized at the Z line. MW 50,000 to 55,000 is species dependent.

UI = D003893

 

Desmopressin

MS = A synthetic analog of the natural hormone 8-arginine vasopressin (ARGIPRESSIN). Its action is mediated by the vasopressin receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating factor VIII and von Willebrand factor.

UI = D003894

 

Desmosine

MS = 4-(4-Amino-4-carboxybutyl)-1-(5-amino-5-carboxypentyl)-3,5-bis(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)pyridinium. A rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring.

UI = D003895

 

Desmosomes

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

MS = A type of junction that attaches one cell to its neighbor. One of a number of differentiated regions which occur, for example, where the cytoplasmic membranes of adjacent epithelial cells are closely apposed. It consists of a circular region of each membrane together with associated intracellular microfilaments and an intercellular material which may include, for example, mucopolysaccharides. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

UI = D003896

 

Desmosterol

MS = The immediate precursor of CHOLESTEROL in the biosynthetic pathway. It is normally not present in the blood in amounts that can be detected by ordinary means. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003897

 

Desogestrel

AN = an oral contraceptive

MS = A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents.

UI = D017135

 

Desonide

AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm & dermatol agent; D25-26 qualif

MS = 16-Hydroxyprednisolone 16,17-acetonide. Nonfluorinated corticosteroid anti-inflammatory agent used topically for dermatoses.

UI = D003898

 

Desoximetasone

AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent

MS = Topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in dermatoses, skin allergies, psoriasis, etc.

UI = D003899

 

Desoxycorticosterone

AN = do not coord with ACETATES for DOCA; /biosyn /physiol permitted; do not confuse trade name Decortin (Schieffelin) with PREDNISONE trade name Decortin (Merck)

MS = 21-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. Mineralocorticoid. Desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) is used as replacement therapy in Addison's Disease.

UI = D003900

 

Desulfovibrio

AN = in soil, water, sewage, oil wells

MS = A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria capable of reducing sulfur compounds to hydrogen sulfide. Organisms are isolated from anaerobic mud of fresh and salt water, animal intestines, manure, and feces.

UI = D003901

 

Desulfovibrio vulgaris

AN = in soil, water & animal intestines; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from soil, animal intestines and feces, and fresh and salt water.

UI = D016969

 

Desulfurococcaceae

AN = a family of Thermoproteales

MS = A family of THERMOPROTEALES consisting of anaerobic cocci which utilize peptides, proteins or carbohydrates facultatively by sulfur respiration or fermentation. There are four genera: Desulfurococcus, Pyrodictium, Staphylothermus, and Thermodiscus. (From Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 1989)

UI = D019620

 

Detergents

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.

UI = D003902

 

Deuterium

AN = heavy hydrogen; HEAVY WATER see DEUTERIUM OXIDE is also available

MS = Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.

UI = D003903

 

Deuterium Oxide

MS = The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.

UI = D017666

 

Deuteroporphyrins

AN = pigments

MS = Porphyrins with four methyl and two propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings.

UI = D003905

 

Devazepide

MS = A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.

UI = D020109

 

Developed Countries

AN = use with caution: follow text of author; do not confuse with DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; IM; specify country or countries if relevant

MS = Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources.

UI = D019049

 

Developing Countries

AN = do not confuse with DEVELOPED COUNTRIES; IM; specify country or countries if relevant

MS = Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.

UI = D003906

 

Developmental Biology

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: DEVELOPMENTAL BIOL

MS = The field of biology which deals with the process of the growth and differentiation of an organism.

UI = D015509

 

Developmental Disabilities

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)

UI = D002658

 

Device Approval

AN = by a govt regulatory agency, not restricted to FDA

MS = Process that is gone through in order for a device to receive approval by a government regulatory agency. This includes any required preclinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance. It is not restricted to FDA.

UI = D018795

 

Dexamethasone

AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent

MS = (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone.

UI = D003907

 

Dexamethasone Isonicotinate

AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent

MS = 9-Fluoro-11 beta,17,21-trihydroxy-16 alpha-methyl-pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione-21-isonicotinate. An anti-inflammatory, antiallergic glucocorticoid that can be administered orally, by inhalation, locally, and parenterally. It may cause water and salt retention.

UI = D003908

 

Dexetimide

AN = an antiparkinson agent

MS = A muscarinic antagonist that has been used to treat neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. Benzetimide is the (-)-enantimorph of dexetimide.

UI = D003909

 

Dexfenfluramine

MS = The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catocholamine agonist activity.

UI = D020372

 

Dextran Sulfate

AN = an anticoagulant

MS = Long-chain polymer of glucose containing 17-20% sulfur. It has been used as an anticoagulant and also has been shown to inhibit the binding of HIV-1 to CD4+ T-lymphocytes. It is commonly used as both an experimental and clinical laboratory reagent and has been investigated for use as an antiviral agent, in the treatment of hypolipidemia, and for the prevention of free radical damage, among other applications.

UI = D016264

 

Dextranase

UI = D003910

 

Dextrans

AN = plasma substitutes & anticoagulants

MS = A group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria. Dextrans are used therapeutically as plasma volume expanders and anticoagulants. They are also commonly used in biological experimentation and in industry for a wide variety of purposes.

UI = D003911

 

Dextrins

UI = D003912

 

Dextroamphetamine

AN = an appetite depressant

MS = The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.

UI = D003913

 

Dextrocardia

AN = heart in right hemithorax; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Location of the heart in the right hemithorax, with the apex directed to the right.

UI = D003914

 

Dextromethorphan

MS = The d-isomer of the codeine analog of LEVORPHANOL. Dextromethorphan shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is a NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is used widely as an antitussive agent, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.

UI = D003915

 

Dextromoramide

AN = an opioid analgesic

MS = An opioid analgesic structurally related to METHADONE and used in the treatment of severe pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1070)

UI = D003916

 

Dextrorphan

AN = a glutamate antag

MS = Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.

UI = D003917

 

Dextrothyroxine

AN = an anticholesteremic

MS = O-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)-3,5-diiodo-D-tyrosine. The dextrorotary isomer of THYROXINE. It is used as an oral anticholesteremic agent, mainly to treat hypercholesteremia in euthyroid patients.

UI = D003918

 

 

Diabetes, Gestational

AN = refers to DIABETES MELLITUS, not DIABETES INSIPIDUS; diabetes induced by pregn: do not confuse with PREGNANCY IN DIABETES where a diabetic becomes pregnant; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

MS = Either symptomatic diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance induced by pregnancy but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETES).

UI = D016640

 

 

Diabetes Insipidus

AN = caused by hypopituitarism

MS = A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst.

UI = D003919

 

 

Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic

AN = a form of diabetes insipidus: do not confuse with DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES which refers to diabetes mellitus

MS = A rare congenital and familial form of diabetes insipidus, resulting from failure of the renal tubules to absorb water. There is excessive production of antidiuretic hormones but the tubules fail to respond to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018500

 

Diabetes Mellitus

AN = caused by insufficient secretion of insulin; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; in pregnancy = PREGNANCY IN DIABETES but do not confuse with DIABETES, GESTATIONAL: see note there; diabetes & obesity = OBESITY IN DIABETES; PREDIABETIC STATE is also available & includes subclinical diabetes; /diet ther: consider also DIABETIC DIET but see note there; alloxan- & streptozocin-induced diabetes: see note on DIABETES MELLITUS, EXPERIMENTAL CATALOG: do not use /in inf ( = DIABETES MELLITUS, INSULIN-DEPENDENT) /in pregn ( = PREGNANCY IN DIABETES)

MS = A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common.

UI = D003920

 

Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental

AN = index alloxan or streptozocin diabetes as DIABETES MELLITUS, EXPERIMENTAL (IM) + ALLOXAN or STREPTOZOCIN (NIM) only if the chem are particularly discussed; probably in animal so do not use /vet but don't forget check tag ANIMAL; DF: DIABETES MELLITUS EXPER

MS = Diabetes mellitus induced experimentally by administration of various diabetogenic agents or by pancreatectomy.

UI = D003921

 

Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent

AN = despite X ref with "juvenile", this dis "may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence": check age in text for correct check tag; MICE, INBRED NOD are a common model for this disease; DF: note short X ref

MS = Diabetes mellitus characterized by insulin deficiency, sudden onset, severe hyperglycemia, rapid progression to ketoacidosis, and death unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.

UI = D003922

 

Diabetes Mellitus, Lipoatrophic

AN = diabetes with absence of subcutaneous adipose tissue

MS = A disorder characterized by complete absence of subcutaneous adipose tissue, insulin-resistant diabetes with little tendency to ketoacidosis, hyperlipidemia with subcutaneous xanthomatosis, hepatomegaly, and an elevated basal metabolic rate.

UI = D003923

 

Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent

AN = DF: note short X refs

MS = Diabetes characterized by the ability to survive without ketoacidosis in the absence of insulin therapy. It is usually of slow onset and patients exhibit a tendency to obesity.

UI = D003924

 

Diabetic Angiopathies

AN = coord IM with specific vascular dis (IM)

UI = D003925

 

Diabetic Coma

UI = D003926

 

Diabetic Diet

AN = IM; a specific dietary regimen for diabetics: not all diet ther of diabetes is DIABETIC DIET; when specified by author as a diabetic diet, coord with DIABETES MELLITUS /diet ther (IM) or specific type of diabetes /diet ther (IM) + specific dietary element /ther use (IM)

MS = A diet prescribed in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, usually limited in the amount of sugar or readily available carbohydrate. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003927

 

Diabetic Foot

AN = foot ulcers in diabetes

MS = Ulcers of the foot as a complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot, often with infection, is a common serious complication of diabetes and may require hospitalization and disfiguring surgery. The foot ulcers are probably secondary to neuropathies and vascular problems.

UI = D017719

 

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

MS = Complication of diabetes resulting from severe insulin deficiency coupled with an absolute or relative increase in glucagon concentration. The metabolic acidosis is caused by the breakdown of adipose stores and resulting increased levels of free fatty acids. Glucagon accelerates the oxidation of the free fatty acids producing excess ketone bodies (ketosis).

UI = D016883

 

Diabetic Nephropathies

AN = coord IM with specific kidney dis (IM); Kimmelstiel-Wilson Syndrome indexed here; do not confuse with DIABETES INSIPIDUS, NEPHROGENIC, a form of diabetes insipidus

MS = Includes renal arteriosclerosis, renal arteriolosclerosis, Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome (intercapillary glomerulosclerosis), acute and chronic pyelonephritis, and kidney papillary necrosis in individuals with diabetes mellitus.

UI = D003928

 

Diabetic Neuropathies

AN = coord IM with specific neurol dis (IM) but do not coord with PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES for "diabetic peripheral neuropathy"; diabetic ulcero-mutilating acropathy: index only under DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES

UI = D003929

 

Diabetic Retinopathy

AN = diabetic retinitis; do not coord with RETINITIS

MS = Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment.

UI = D003930

 

Diacetyl

AN = used in food technol to simulate specific odors

MS = 2,3-Butanedione. Carrier of aroma of butter, vinegar, coffee, and other foods.

UI = D003931

 

Diacylglycerol Cholinephosphotransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of phosphatidylcholines from CDPcholine and 1,2-diacylglycerols. EC 2.7.8.2.

UI = D002798

 

Diacylglycerol Kinase

MS = An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the phosphorylation of a diacylglycerol to form a phosphatidate, using ATP as a phosphate donor. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.7.1.107.

UI = D019852

 

Diagnosis

AN = GEN only as SPEC; no qualif; prefer /diag with disease term: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.22; in Chinese traditional med, diag & ther based on overall anal of the patient's state is bianzheng shizhi: see note under DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DF: DIAG

MS = The determination of the nature of a disease or condition or the distinguishing of one disease or condition from another. Assessment may be made through physical examination, laboratory tests, or the like, and may be assisted by computerized programs designed to enhance the decision-making process.

UI = D003933

 

Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry)

AN = restrict to substance abuse with ment disord; IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific addiction (IM) + specific ment disord (IM); DF: DUAL DIAG

MS = The co-existence of a substance abuse disorder with a psychiatric disorder. The diagnostic principle is based on the fact that it has been found often that chemically dependent patients also have psychiatric problems of various degrees of severity.

UI = D017831

 

Diagnostic Equipment

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: DIAG EQUIPMENT

MS = Nonexpendable items used in examinination.

UI = D019719

 

Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES CARDIOVASC

MS = Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases or dysfunction of the cardiovascular system or its organs or demonstration of their physiological processes.

UI = D003935

 

Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures

AN = GEN: prefer specifics

MS = Methods, procedures, and tests performed to diagnose disease, disordered function, or disability.

UI = D019937

 

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; restrict to MeSH definition; IM; DF: DIAG COMPUTER ASSISTED

MS = Application of computer programs designed to assist the physician in solving a diagnostic problem.

UI = D003936

 

Diagnosis, Differential

AN = NIM; no qualif; correct NIM coord for "mimicking", "simulating"; Manual 26.13+; in Chinese traditional med index bianzheng shizhi ("differentiation of symptoms & signs") under DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL (IM) + MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL (IM); DF: DIAG DIFFER

MS = Determination of which one of two or more diseases or conditions a patient is suffering from by systematically comparing and contrasting results of diagnostic measures.

UI = D003937

 

Diagnostic Techniques, Digestive System

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

MS = Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases or dysfunction of the digestive system or its organs or demonstration of their physiological processes.

UI = D003938

 

Diagnostic Techniques, Otological

AN = diag of ear dis or hearing disord; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES OTOL

MS = Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the ear or of hearing disorders or demonstration of hearing acuity or loss.

UI = D003939

 

Diagnostic Techniques, Endocrine

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES ENDOCRINE

MS = Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases or dysfunction of the endocrine glands or demonstration of their physiological processes.

UI = D003940

 

Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological

AN = diag of eye dis or vision disord; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES OPHTHALMOL

MS = Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the eye or of vision disorders.

UI = D003941

 

Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION is also available; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES NEUROL

MS = Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the nervous system, central and peripheral, or demonstration of neurologic function or dysfunction.

UI = D003943

 

Diagnostic Techniques, Obstetrical and Gynecological

AN = avoid: too inclusive; prefer specifics; check the tag FEMALE & check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY when applicable; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES OB GYN

MS = Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of conditions related to pregnancy, labor, and the puerperium and of diseases of the female genitalia. It includes also demonstration of genital and pregnancy physiology.

UI = D003944

 

Diagnosis, Oral

AN = GEN or unspecified; avoid as NIM coord: prefer /diag with specific mouth or tooth dis; includes both clinical & radiogr exam of mouth but for radiogr of teeth use RADIOGRAPHY, DENTAL; DF: DIAG ORAL

MS = Examination of the mouth and teeth toward the identification and diagnosis of intraoral disease or manifestation of non-oral conditions.

UI = D003945

 

Diagnostic Techniques, Radioisotope

AN = GEN only: prefer /radionuclide with dis; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES RADIOISOTOPE

MS = Any diagnostic evaluation using radioactive (unstable) isotopes. This diagnosis includes many nuclear medicine procedures as well as radioimmunoassay tests.

UI = D003947

 

Diagnostic Techniques, Respiratory System

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

MS = Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the respiratory tract or its organs. It includes RESPIRATORY FUNCTION TESTS.

UI = D003948

 

Diagnostic Techniques, Surgical

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES SURG

MS = Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of disease or dysfunction by examination of the pathological site or operative field during surgical intervention.

UI = D003949

 

Diagnostic Techniques, Urological

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES UROL

MS = Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases or dysfunction of the urinary tract or its organs or demonstration of its physiological processes.

UI = D003950

 

Diagnostic Errors

AN = IM; coord with specific dis /diag (IM) & specific diag procedure; do not confuse with differ diag; DF: DIAG ERR

MS = Incorrect diagnoses after clinical examination or technical diagnostic procedures.

UI = D003951

 

Diagnostic Imaging

AN = GEN only: prefer specific techniques; use for diag or non-diag study of organs

MS = Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy.

UI = D003952

 

Diagnosis-Related Groups

AN = DF: note short X ref

MS = A system for classifying patient care by relating common characteristics such as diagnosis, treatment, and age to an expected consumption of hospital resources and length of stay. Its purpose is to provide a framework for specifying case mix and to reduce hospital costs and reimbursements and it forms the cornerstone of the prospective payment system.

UI = D003953

 

Diagnostic Services

AN = DF: DIAG SERV

MS = Organized services for the purpose of providing diagnosis to promote and maintain health.

UI = D003954

 

Diagnostic Tests, Routine

AN = do not confuse with PHYSICAL EXAMINATION or MASS SCREENING

MS = Diagnostic procedures, such as laboratory tests and x-rays, routinely performed on all individuals or specified categories of individuals in a specified situation, e.g., patients being admitted to the hospital. These include routine tests administered to neonates.

UI = D003955

 

Dialysis

AN = anal & phys chem process; NIM; in ther of kidney dis "dialysis" is likely to be HEMODIALYSIS or PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; nothing to do with "dialysis retinae" ( = RETINAL DIALYSES see RETINAL PERFORATIONS)

MS = A process of selective diffusion through a membrane. It is usually used to separate low-molecular-weight solutes which diffuse through the membrane from the colloidal and high-molecular-weight solutes which do not. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D003956

 

Dialysis Solutions

AN = D25-26 qualif; coord IM with specific substance in solution (IM); DF: DIALYSIS SOL

MS = Solutions prepared for exchange across a semipermeable membrane of solutes below a molecular size determined by the cutoff threshold of the membrane material.

UI = D015314

 

Diamfenetide

AN = an anthelmintic

MS = Anthelmintic. It has been shown to be useful in fasciola infections in sheep.

UI = D003957

 

Diamide

AN = a radiation-sensitizing agent; do not confuse with Diamide, a brand name of CHLORPROPAMIDE; D25-26 qualif

MS = Tetramethyl diazenedicarboxamide. A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.

UI = D003958

 

Diamines

MS = Organic chemicals which have two amino groups in an aliphatic chain.

UI = D003959

 

3,3'-Diaminobenzidine

MS = 3,3',4,4' Biphenyltetramine.

UI = D015100

 

Diaminopimelic Acid

MS = 2,6-Diaminoheptanedioic acid

UI = D003960

 

Diamond

AN = a form of carbon

MS = Diamond. A crystalline form of carbon that occurs as hard, colorless or tinted isomeric crystals. It is used as a precious stone, for cutting glass, and as bearings for delicate mechanisms. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D018130

 

Dianhydrogalactitol

AN = an alkylating antineoplastic

MS = 1,2:5,6-Dianhydrodulcitol. One of the cytotoxic dihalohexitols that may have alkylating antineoplastic activity. It causes bone marrow toxicity. The active form is thought to be the diepoxide.

UI = D003961

 

Dianisidine

AN = used in manufacture of azo dyes

MS = Highly toxic compound which can cause skin irritation and sensitization. It is used in manufacture of azo dyes.

UI = D003962

 

Diaper Rash

AN = an irritant dermatitis

MS = A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.

UI = D003963

 

Diaphragm

AN = IM when organ of respiration; NIM in studies on muscle tissue

MS = The musculomembranous partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities, and serving as a major inspiratory muscle. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003964

 

Diaphragmatic Eventration

AN = a diaphragmatic abnorm; includes "relaxatio"; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Elevation of the dome of the diaphragm, usually the result of paralysis of a phrenic nerve. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003965

 

Diaphyseal Dysplasia, Progressive

MS = Progressive thickening of diaphyseal cortex of long bones.

UI = D003966

 

Diaphyses

AN = shaft of long bones; IM GEN or unspecified; NIM with specific long bone IM; EPIPHYSES (end of long bones) is also available

MS = The elongated cylindrical portion (shaft) of long bones, between the ends or extremities (the EPIPHYSES), which are usually articular and wider than the shaft; the diaphysis consists of a tube of compact bone, enclosing the medullary (marrow) cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018483

 

 

Diaries [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only

MS = Daily records, usually private, of writers' experiences, observations, feelings, attitudes, etc. On a less personal level, they are books containing pages marked in calendar order in which to note appointments and the like. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D019497

 

Diarrhea

AN = /drug ther: consider also ANTIDIARRHEALS; in infants = DIARRHEA, INFANTILE + appropriate check tags CATALOG: if in infants & newborn infants only, use DIARHHEA, INFANTILE, not DIARRHEA /in inf

MS = Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools.

UI = D003967

 

Diarrhea, Infantile

AN = human only; restrict "infantile" to newborn inf & inf & don't forget infant check tags as pertinent

UI = D003968

 

 

Diarrhea Virus, Bovine Viral

AN = a species of Pestivirus; infection = BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHEA-MUCOSAL DISEASE but see note there; DF: note short X ref

MS = The type species of the PESTIVIRUS genus causing diarrhea, fever, oral ulcerations, and various necrotic lesions among cattle and other domestic animals.

UI = D001908

 

 

Diastema

AN = space between adjacent teeth, often in front; despite Cat A, use Cat C qualif

MS = A space between two adjacent teeth in the same dental arch. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003970

 

Diastole

AN = diastolic pressure: index under BLOOD PRESSURE & do not add DIASTOLE (NIM) unless particularly discussed

MS = Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles.

UI = D003971

 

Diathermy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = The induction of local hyperthermia by either short radio waves or high-frequency sound waves.

UI = D003972

 

Diatoms

AN = unicellular algae, mostly aquatic

MS = Microscopic unicellular algae. Most are aquatic, being found in fresh, brackish, and salt water. Diatoms are noted for the symmetry and sculpturing of their siliceous cell walls.

UI = D017377

 

Diatrizoate

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = The most commonly used water-soluble, iodinated, radiopaque x-ray contrast medium. It is used as DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and diatrizoate sodium for all types of angiography, urography, and GI tract studies. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003973

 

Diatrizoate Meglumine

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = A versatile x-ray contrast medium for diagnostic radiology. It can be administered by most routes.

UI = D003974

 

Diazepam

AN = an anti-anxiety agent & central muscle relaxant; Valium goes here

MS = A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GABA activity. It is used in the treatment of severe anxiety disorders, as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia, as a sedative and premedicant, as an anticonvulsant, and in the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p589)

UI = D003975

 

Diazinon

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.

UI = D003976

 

Diazomethane

UI = D003978

 

Diazonium Compounds

AN = DF: DIAZONIUM CPDS

UI = D003979

 

Diazooxonorleucine

AN = an antineoplastic antibiotic & antimetabolite

MS = An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D003980

 

Diazoxide

AN = an antihypertensive

MS = A peripheral vasodilator that reduces blood pressure. Diazoxide also has antidiuretic and hypoglycemic effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p353)

UI = D003981

 

Dibekacin

AN = an aminoglycoside antibiotic

MS = Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.

UI = D003982

 

Dibenamine

AN = an adrenergic alpha antag & sympatholytic

MS = An alpha adrenergic antagonist.

UI = D003983

 

Dibenzazepines

UI = D003984

 

Dibenzocycloheptenes

MS = A family of tricyclic hydrocarbons whose members include many of the commonly used tricyclic antidepressants (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC).

UI = D003986

 

Dibenzothiazepines

UI = D003987

 

Dibenzothiepins

UI = D003988

 

Dibenzoxazepines

UI = D003989

 

Dibenzoxepins

UI = D003990

 

Dibromothymoquinone

MS = 2,5-Dibromo-3-isopropyl-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone. At low concentrations, this compound inhibits reduction of conventional hydrophilic electron acceptors, probably acting as a plastoquinone antagonist. At higher concentrations, it acts as an electron acceptor, intercepting electrons either before or at the site of its inhibitory activity.

UI = D003991

 

Dibucaine

AN = a local anesthetic

MS = A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006)

UI = D003992

 

Dibutyl Phthalate

AN = a plasticizer; D25-26 qualif

MS = Phthalic acid, dibutyl ester. A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.

UI = D003993

 

Dichelobacter nodosus

AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) and also FOOT ROT (IM) if pertinent

MS = A gram-negative, obligate anaerobe of the family Cardiobacteriaceae. It has polar fimbriae and is the causative agent of ovine foot rot.

UI = D020376

 

Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP

AN = DF: DIBU CYCL GMP

MS = N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.

UI = D003995

 

Dicamba

MS = A chlorinated organic herbicide.

UI = D003996

 

Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine

MS = 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester.

UI = D003997

 

Dicarboxylic Acids

UI = D003998

 

Dichloroacetate

MS = A derivative of acetic acid which increases the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase and rate of lipogenesis. It is used in organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals, and medicine.

UI = D003999

 

 

3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine

AN = a carcinogen

MS = 3,3'-Dichloro-4,4'-diaminodiphenyl. A material used in the manufacture of azo dyes that is toxic to skin and carcinogenic in several species.

UI = D015101

 

 

Dichloroethylenes

AN = used in manufacture of thermoplastic polymers; do not confuse with ETHYLENE DICHLORIDES

MS = Toxic chlorinated unsaturated hydrocarbons. Include both the 1,1- and 1,2-dichloro isomers. Both isomers are toxic, but 1,1-dichloroethylene is the more potent CNS depressant and hepatotoxin. It is used in the manufacture of thermoplastic polymers.

UI = D004000

 

 

2,6-Dichloroindophenol

AN = a reagent; D25-26 qualif

MS = 2,6-Dichloroindophenol sodium. A dye used as a reagent in the determination of vitamin C.

UI = D015086

 

Dichlorophen

AN = a laxative anticestodal agent

MS = 2,2'-methylenebis(4-chlorophenol). Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)

UI = D004003

 

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

AN = an herbicide; DF: note short X ref

MS = (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid. An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.

UI = D015084

 

Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole

AN = DF: DCRFB

MS = An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.

UI = D004004

 

Dichlorphenamide

AN = a carbonic anhydrase inhib

MS = A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.

UI = D004005

 

Dichlorvos

AN = = Dimethyl diChloro Vinyl phOSphate; an insecticide & anthelmintic; TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits acetylcholinesterase.

UI = D004006

 

Dichotic Listening Tests

AN = dichotic refers to the "competing message technique"

MS = Tests for central hearing disorders based on the competing message technique (binaural separation).

UI = D004007

 

Diclofenac

MS = A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions.

UI = D004008

 

Dicloxacillin

AN = a penicillin

MS = 6-(((3-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)-carbonyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo-(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid.

UI = D004009

 

Dicofol

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = An organochlorine insecticide.

UI = D004010

 

Dicrocoeliasis

AN = trematode infect

MS = Infection with flukes of the genus Dicrocoelium.

UI = D004011

 

Dicrocoeliidae

AN = a family of trematodes; infection: coord IM with TREMATODE INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A family of flattened, translucent flukes (TREMATODA) occurring in the gut, gallbladder, bile ducts, liver or pancreatic ducts of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. (Noble et al., Parasitology: the Biology of Animal Parasites, 6th ed, p188)

UI = D004012

 

Dicrocoelium

AN = infection = DICROCOELIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A genus of trematode liver flukes of the family Dicrocoeliidae which includes the species dendriticum and hospes. It occurs in the biliary passages or liver of many vertebrates including man. The intermediate hosts are mainly mollusks but occasionally ants.

UI = D004013

 

Dictionary [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; do not confuse with catalogers' form subhead /dictionaries; for dictionaries as a subject, index under main heading DICTIONARIES; Manual 33.14, 36.27

MS = A reference book containing a list of words - usually in alphabetical order - giving information about form, pronunciation, etymology, grammar, and meaning. A foreign-language dictionary is an alphabetical list of words of one language with their meaning and equivalents in another language. In medicine and science, a dictionary is often a comprehensive list of accepted terminology and names important in a special field.

UI = D016437

 

Dictionaries

AN = IM for dictionaries as a subject; do not confuse with Publication Type DICTIONARY; for articles listing terms & definitions in a specific subject or field, index under specific subject (IM) + DICTIONARY (PT); no qualif; policy & relation to lang: Manual 33.14 CATALOG: /form /lang; form qualif /dictionaries is available

UI = D004014

 

Dictionaries, Chemical

AN = IM for chem dictionaries as a subject; for article listing chemical terms & definitions, index under specific subject (IM) + DICTIONARIES, CHEMICAL (NIM) + DICTIONARY (PT); no qualif; Manual 33.14; DF: DICTIONARIES CHEM CATALOG: /form /lang

UI = D004015

 

Dictionaries, Classical

AN = IM for classical dictionaries as a subject; articles dealing with subjects found in classical dictionaries are unusual: index under specific subject (IM) + DICTIONARIES, CLASSICAL (NIM) + DICTIONARY (PT); no qualif

UI = D004016

 

Dictionaries, Dental

AN = IM for dent dictionaries as a subject; for article listing dent terms & definitions, index under specific subject (IM) + DICTIONARIES, DENTAL (NIM) + DICTIONARY (PT); no qualif; Manual 33.14; DF: DICTIONARIES DENT CATALOG: /form /lang

UI = D004017

 

Dictionaries, Medical

AN = IM for med dictionaries as a subject; for article listing med terms & definitions, index under specific subject (IM) + DICTIONARY (PT); no qualif; Manual 33.14; no qualif; DF: DICTIONARIES MED CATALOG: /form /lang

UI = D004018

 

Dictionaries, Pharmaceutic

AN = IM for pharm dictionaries as a subject; for article listing pharm terms & definitions, index under specific subject (IM) + DICTONARIES, PHARMACEUTIC (NIM) + DICTIONARY (PT); no qualif; Manual 33.14; DF: DICTIONARIES PHARM CATALOG: /form /lang

UI = D004019

 

Dictionaries, Polyglot

AN = IM for polyglot dictionaries as a subject; for article listing terms & definitions in different languages, index under specific subject (IM) + DICTIONARIES, POLYGLOT (NIM) + DICTIONARY (PT); no qualif CATALOG: GEN only: for special subj fields use specific heading /multilingual (as DICTIONARIES, MEDICAL /multilingual) or SPEC heading /dictionaries - multilingual (as SCIENCE /dictionaries - multilingual; DERMATOLOGY /dictionaries - multilingual)

UI = D004020

 

Dictyocaulus

AN = a genus of nematodes; infection = DICTYOCAULUS INFECTIONS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = Nematodes parasitic in the bronchi of herbivorous animals.

UI = D004021

 

Dictyocaulus Infections

AN = nematode infect; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL

MS = Infection with nematodes of the genus DICTYOCAULUS. In deer, cattle, sheep, and horses the bronchi are the site of infestation.

UI = D004022

 

 

Dictyosteliida

MS = An order of protozoa characterized by their ability to aggregate to form a multicellular pseudoplasmodium, which gives rise to a multispored fruiting body. A stalk tube is present.

UI = D016837

 

Dictyostelium

AN = a genus of protozoa

MS = A genus of protozoa, formerly also considered a fungus. Its natural habitat is decaying forest leaves, where it feeds on bacteria. D. discoideum is the best-known species and is widely used in biomedical research.

UI = D004023

 

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

AN = DF: note short X ref

MS = A carbodiimide that is used as a chemical intermediate and coupling agent in peptide synthesis. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

UI = D004024

 

Dicyclomine

AN = a spasmolytic

MS = A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.

UI = D004025

 

Didanosine

AN = an antiviral; inhibits HIV replication

MS = A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.

UI = D016049

 

Dideoxyadenosine

AN = an antiviral; inhibits HIV replication

MS = A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.

UI = D016048

 

 

Dideoxynucleosides

AN = antivirals & antimetabolites

MS = Nucleosides that have two hydroxy groups removed from the sugar moiety. The majority of these compounds have broad-spectrum antiretroviral activity due to their action as antimetabolites. The nucleosides are phosphorylated intracellularly to their 5'-triphosphates and act as chain-terminating inhibitors of viral reverse transcription.

UI = D015224

 

DIDS

AN = an isothiocyanate

MS = 2,2'-(1,2-Ethenediyl)bis(5-isothiocyanatobenzenesulfonic acid). An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.

UI = D017878

 

Dieldrin

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB)

UI = D004026

 

Diencephalon

MS = The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the THALAMUS, HYPOTHALAMUS, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived.

UI = D004027

 

Dienestrol

AN = a non-steroidal estrogen

MS = 4,4'-(1,2-Diethylidene-1,2-ethanediyl)bisphenol. A synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen structurally related to stilbestrol. It is used, usually as the cream, in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms.

UI = D004028

 

Dientamoeba

AN = infection = DIENTAMOEBIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A genus of minute protozoa that are characterized by the preponderance of binucleate over uninucleate forms, the presence of several distinct granules in the karyosome, and the lack of a cystic stage. It is parasitic in the large intestine of humans and certain monkeys.

UI = D004029

 

Dientamoebiasis

AN = protozoan infect of intestines

MS = Infection with protozoa of the genus DIENTAMOEBA.

UI = D004030

 

Diestrus

AN = animal only; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY

MS = Period of sexual quiescence separating phases of the estrous cycle in polyestrous animals.

UI = D004031

 

Diet

AN = what a person usually eats: do not confuse with DIET THERAPY, what a physician prescribes to treat a condition; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific diets; /trends: do not confuse with DIET FADS; differentiation among food & diet headings: Manual 31.5; in vet journals consider also ANIMAL FEED, SILAGE, ANIMAL NUTRITION, etc.; TN 50: animal diet; consider also DIABETIC DIET

MS = Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal. This does not include DIET THERAPY, a specific diet prescribed in the treatment of a disease.

UI = D004032

 

Diet Fads

MS = Diets which become fashionable, but which are not necessarily nutritious.(Lehninger 1982, page 484)

UI = D004033

 

Diet, Fat-Restricted

AN = IM; coord with dis /diet ther (IM)

MS = A diet that contains limited amounts of fat with less than 30% of calories from all fats and less than 10% from saturated fat. Such a diet is used in control of HYPERLIPIDEMIA. (From Bondy et al, Metabolic Control and Disease, 8th ed, pp468-70; Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018752

 

 

Diet, Macrobiotic

AN = coord with specific disease /diet ther

MS = An approach to nutrition based on whole cereal grains, beans, cooked vegetables and the Chinese yin-yang principle. It advocates a diet consisting of organic and locally grown foods, seasonal vegetables, complex carbohydrates, and fewer fats, sugars, and chemically processed foods.

UI = D015623

 

Diet, Protein-Restricted

AN = IM; coord with dis /diet ther (IM)

MS = A diet that contains limited amounts of protein. It is prescribed in some cases to slow the progression of renal failure. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

UI = D018753

 

Diet Records

AN = record of food intake usually kept by patient; no qualif

MS = Records of nutrient intake over a specific period of time, usually kept by the patient.

UI = D015930

 

Diet Surveys

AN = no qualif; TN 97: caution against word "survey" CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Systematic collections of factual data pertaining to the diet of a human population within a given geographic area.

UI = D004034

 

Diet Therapy

AN = GEN only: prefer /diet ther with disease term: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.24; when GEN & IM, do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: DIET THER

UI = D004035

 

Diet, Atherogenic

AN = no qualif

UI = D004036

 

Diet, Cariogenic

AN = no qualif

UI = D004037

 

Diet, Reducing

AN = coord IM with specific dis /diet ther (IM) CATALOG: do not use /pop wks

UI = D004038

 

Diet, Sodium-Restricted

AN = coord IM with specific dis /diet ther (IM)

MS = A diet which contains very little sodium chloride. It is prescribed by some for hypertension and for edematous states. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004039

 

Dietary Carbohydrates

AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind; /ther use: coord with specific dis /diet ther; low-carbohydrate diet: use /admin

MS = Carbohydrates present in food comprising digestible sugars and starches and indigestible cellulose and other dietary fibers. The former are the major source of energy. The sugars are in beet and cane sugar, fruits, honey, sweet corn, corn syrup, milk and milk products, etc.; the starches are in cereal grains, legumes, tubers, etc. (From Claudio & Lagua, Nutrition and Diet Therapy Dictionary, 3d ed, p32, p277)

UI = D004040

 

Dietary Fats

AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind; /ther use: coord with specific disease /diet ther

MS = Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.

UI = D004041

 

Dietary Fats, Unsaturated

AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem /ind; /ther use: coord with specific disease /diet ther

MS = Unsaturated fats or oils used in foods or as a food.

UI = D004042

 

Dietary Fiber

AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind; /ther use: coord with specific dis /diet ther; /defic permitted; low- or high-fiber diet: use /admin

MS = The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins.

UI = D004043

 

Dietary Proteins

AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind; /ther use: coord with specific dis /diet ther; high-protein diet: use /admin; EGG PROTEINS, MILK PROTEINS & VEGETABLE PROTEINS and specifics are also available; for dietary plant proteins see note on PLANT PROTEINS

MS = Proteins present in food from plant and animal sources. Dietary proteins are significant in supplying the body with the nine essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by humans and must be obtained in the diet. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed & Dorland, 28th ed, p56)

UI = D004044

 

Dietary Services

AN = emphasis on nutrition: differentiate from FOOD SERVICES, mere preparation & distribution of "ready-to-eat food"; DF: DIETARY SERV

MS = Services provided by dietitians or nutritionists to meet the nutritional needs of individuals, including consultation with other professional personnel.

UI = D004045

 

Dietary Sucrose

AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind; /ther use: coord with specific dis /diet ther

MS = Sucrose present in the diet. It is added to food and drinks as a sweetener.

UI = D019422

 

Dietary Supplements

AN = nutrients added during cooking or eating: do not confuse with FOOD, FORTIFIED (supplemented during processing before they reach the table) or FOOD, FORMULATED (see MeSH definition) or FOOD ADDITIVES ("of little or no nutritive value"); coord IM with specific nutrient if relevent (IM)

MS = Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide essential nutrients, such as a vitamin, an essential mineral, a protein, an herb, or similar nutritional substance. (FDA Backgrounder, June 15, 1993, p2)

UI = D019587

 

 

Dietetics

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; principles of nutrition applied to feeding persons or groups of persons

MS = The study and regulation of the diet.

UI = D004046

 

Diethyl Pyrocarbonate

MS = Pyrocarbonic acid diethyl ester. Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.

UI = D004047

 

Diethylamines

UI = D004048

 

Diethylcarbamazine

AN = a lipoxygenase inhib & filaricide; do not confuse X ref CARBAMAZINE with CARBAMAZEPINE

MS = N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1-piperazinecarboxamide. An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.

UI = D004049

 

Ditiocarb

AN = a chelating agent; D25-26 qualif

MS = A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of man and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM and has varied neurobiological actions. The sodium salt is an immunomodulating agent that is under investigation in HIV infection.

UI = D004050

 

Diethylhexyl Phthalate

MS = An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.

UI = D004051

 

Diethylnitrosamine

AN = D25-D26 qualif

MS = N-Ethyl-N-nitrosoethanamine. A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.

UI = D004052

 

Diethylpropion

AN = an appetite depressant

MS = A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290)

UI = D004053

 

Diethylstilbestrol

AN = a carcinogenic non-steroidal estrogen; DF: DES

MS = A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)

UI = D004054

 

Differential Thermal Analysis

AN = NIM

MS = Technique by which phase transitions of chemical reactions can be followed by observation of the heat absorbed or liberated.

UI = D004055

 

Differential Threshold

AN = NIM; DF: DIFFER THRESHOLD

MS = The smallest difference which can be discriminated between two stimuli or one which is barely above the threshold.

UI = D004056

 

Diffusion

AN = almost never IM

MS = The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.

UI = D004058

 

Diffusion Chambers, Culture

AN = NIM

MS = Devices used in a technique by which cells or tissues are grown in vitro or, by implantation, in vivo within chambers permeable to diffusion of solutes across the chamber walls. The chambers are used for studies of drug effects, osmotic responses, cytogenic and immunologic phenomena, metabolism, etc., and include tissue cages.

UI = D015194

 

Diffusion of Innovation

AN = no qualif

MS = The broad dissemination of new ideas, procedures, techniques, materials, and devices and the degree to which these are accepted and used.

UI = D004059

 

Diflucortolone

AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm & dermatol agent

MS = 6 alpha,9-Difluoro-11 beta,21-dihydroxy-16 alpha-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione. A topical glucocorticoid used in various dermatoses. It is absorbed through the skin, bound to plasma albumin, and may cause adrenal suppression. It is also administered as the valerate.

UI = D004060

 

Diflunisal

MS = A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.

UI = D004061

 

DiGeorge Syndrome

AN = an immunodefic syndrome; also called thymic dysplasia, thymic aplasia & thymic agenesis

MS = Congenital syndrome with the absence of the thymus and parathyroids causing impairment of cellular immunity. Immunoglobulin levels are normal.

UI = D004062

 

Digestion

MS = The process or act of converting food into chemical substances that can be absorbed and assimilated. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004063

 

Digestive System

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; /abnorm = DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ABNORMALITIES but consider also specific part of digest syst with /abnorm or specific abnorm

UI = D004064

 

Digestive System Abnormalities

AN = for congen struct abnorm only; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics or specific organ /abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ABNORM CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital structural abnormalities of the digestive system.

UI = D004065

 

Digestive System Diseases

AN = GEN or unspecified; refers to all organs of digestive tract: do not confuse with GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES (stomach & intestines only); /diag: consider also DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

UI = D004066

 

 

Digestive System Fistula

AN = abnorm passage in the digestive system; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; fistula policy: Manual 23.19+

MS = An abnormal passage communicating between any parts of the digestive system or between any part of the digestive system and other organs.

UI = D016154

 

Digestive System Neoplasms

AN = GEN or unspecified; refers to all organs of digestive tract: do not confuse with GASTROINTESTINAL NEOPLASMS (stomach & intestines only); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D004067

 

Digestive Physiology

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DIGESTIVE PHYSIOL

MS = Functions and activities of the digestive system as a whole or of any of its parts.

UI = D004068

 

Digestive, Oral, and Skin Physiology

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

UI = D004069

 

Digestive System Surgical Procedures

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also /surg with specific parts of the digest syst; also /surg with specific digest dis; DF: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM SURG PROCEDURES

MS = Surgery performed on the digestive system or its parts.

UI = D013505

 

Digestive Tract Contents

AN = coord with specific part of digestive tract if discussed; DF: GI CONTENTS

MS = The residue of ingested substances in the gastrointestinal tract. Excludes natural secretions and FECES.

UI = D005766

 

Digitalis

AN = the plant, not the drug which is probably DIGITALIS GLYCOSIDES; "digitalis ther" = DIGITALIS with no qualif (IM) + dis /drug ther (IM)

MS = A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Scrophulaceae which yield cardiotonic glycosides. The most useful are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea.

UI = D004070

 

Digitalis Glycosides

AN = cardiotonics; the pharmacological principle in the plant Digitalis

MS = Glycosides from plants of the genus DIGITALIS. Some of these are useful as cardiotonic and anti-arrhythmia agents. Included also are semi-synthetic derivatives of the naturally occurring glycosides. The term has sometimes been used more broadly to include all CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES, but here is restricted to those related to Digitalis.

UI = D004071

 

Digitonin

AN = a Digitalis glycoside with no cardiac eff; a reagent

MS = A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.

UI = D004072

 

Digitoxigenin

AN = a Digitalis glycoside; do not confuse with DIGOXIGENIN

MS = 3 beta,14-Dihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digitoxin. Synonyms: Cerberigenin; Echujetin; Evonogenin; Thevetigenin.

UI = D004073

 

Digitoxin

AN = a Digitalis glycoside; do not confuse with DIGOXIN

MS = A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665)

UI = D004074

 

Diglycerides

UI = D004075

 

Digoxigenin

AN = a Digitalis glycoside; do not confuse with DIGITOXIGENIN; /biosyn permitted if by plant

MS = 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.

UI = D004076

 

Digoxin

AN = a Digitalis glycoside; do not confuse with DIGITOXIN

MS = A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666)

UI = D004077

 

Dihematoporphyrin Ether

AN = a photosensitizer; DF: note short X ref

MS = The purified component of HEMATOPORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE, it consists of a mixture of oligomeric porphyrins. It is used in photodynamic therapy (HEMATOPORPHYRIN PHOTORADIATION) to treat malignant lesions with visible light and experimentally as an antiviral agent. It is the first drug to be approved in the use of photodynamic therapy in the United States.

UI = D017323

 

Dihydralazine

AN = an antihypertensive

MS = 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similiar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)

UI = D004078

 

Dihydroalprenolol

AN = an adrenergic beta-antag

MS = Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.

UI = D004082

Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine

AN = an alkaloid from Erythrina

MS = Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.

UI = D004079

 

 

7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide

AN = a carcinogen & mutagen; D25-26 qualif; DF: 7 8 DDBP

MS = 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.

UI = D015123

 

Dihydroergotamine

AN = a vasoconstrictor agent

MS = 9,10-Dihydro-12'-hydroxy-2'-methyl-5'-(phenylmethyl)ergotaman-3',6',18-trione. A derivative of ergotamine prepared by the catalytic hydrogenation of ergotamine. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of migraine.

UI = D004087

 

Dihydroergotoxine

AN = a nootropic & neuroprotective agent

MS = Dihydroergotoxine. A mixture of three different ergotaman-3',6',18-triones, dihydroergocornine, dihydroergocristine, and dihydroergocryptine. It has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The combination of the methanesulfonate salts of these alkaloids is DIHYDROERGOTOXINE MESYLATE (see ERGOLOID MESYLATES).

UI = D004088

 

Dihydroorotase

MS = An enzyme that, in the course of pyrimidine biosynthesis, catalyzes ring closure by removal of water from N-carbamoylaspartate to yield dihydro-orotic acid. EC 3.5.2.3.

UI = D004080

 

Dihydroorotate Oxidase

MS = An enzyme that in the course of pyrimidine biosynthesis, catalyzes the oxidation of dihydro-orotic acid to orotic acid utilizing oxygen as the electron acceptor. This enzyme is a flavoprotein which contains both FAD and FMN as well as iron-sulfur centers. EC 1.3.3.1.

UI = D004081

 

Dihydromorphine

AN = an opioid analgesic; do not confuse with DIHYDROMORPHINONE see HYDROMORPHONE, also a narcotic analgesic

MS = 4,5-Epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-alpha-diol. A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors. It has abuse potential.

UI = D004090

 

Dihydroprogesterone

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = 20 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one. A naturally occurring progesterone derivative with progestational activity.

UI = D004092

 

Dihydropteridine Reductase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of 6,7-dihydropteridine to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine. EC 1.6.99.7.

UI = D004093

 

Dihydropteroate Synthase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of dihydropteroate from p-aminobenzoic acid and dihydropteridine-hydroxymethyl-pyrophosphate. EC 2.5.1.15.

UI = D004094

 

Dihydropyridines

MS = Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.

UI = D004095

 

Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate

AN = an aminoglycoside antituberc antibiotic

MS = A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of tuberculosis.

UI = D004096

 

Dihydrotachysterol

AN = a D vitamin

MS = 9,10-Secoergosta-5,7,22-trien-3 beta-ol.

UI = D004097

 

Dihydroxyacetone

AN = used in blood preserv solutions

MS = 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone. A ketotriose compound. Its addition to blood preservation solutions results in better maintenance of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels during storage. It is readily phosphorylated to dihydroxyacetone phosphate by triokinase in erythrocytes. In combination with naphthoquinones it acts as a sunscreening agent.

UI = D004098

 

Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone monodihydrogen phosphate. An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.

UI = D004099

 

Dihydroxycholecalciferols

AN = D vitamins; /physiol permitted

MS = Cholecalciferols substituted with two hydroxy groups in any position.

UI = D004100

 

Dihydroxydihydrobenzopyrenes

AN = carcinogens; D25-26 qualif; DF: DDBPS

MS = Benzopyrenes saturated in any two adjacent positions and substituted with two hydroxyl groups in any position. The majority of these compounds have carcinogenic or mutagenic activity.

UI = D004101

 

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid

AN = DF: note short X ref

MS = 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. A metabolite of L-DOPA.

UI = D015102

 

5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine

AN = a serotonin analog

MS = Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 6. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacologic research.

UI = D015115

 

5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine

AN = a serotonin analog

MS = Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 7. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacology as a tool.

UI = D015116

 

Dihydroxytryptamines

MS = Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in any position. Some are cytotoxic serotonin analogs that are preferentially taken up by serotonergic neurons and then destroy those neurons.

UI = D004102

24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3

AN = /physiol permitted; /defic: if not discussed as RICKETS, index as /defic (IM) + VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY (IM)

MS = 9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene 3,24,25-triol. A physiologically active metabolite of vitamin D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhances the calcemic effect of calcitriol.

UI = D015650

 

Diiodothyronines

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Endogenous thyronine derivatives formed by the deiodination of T3 or reverse T3. They are believed to stimulate thyroid hormone-regulated functions as weak agonists by acting via the same receptors that mediate T3 actions. Have been used to detect fetal or infantile hypothyroidism by determination of their concentration in amniotic fluid, maternal sera and cord sera. The 3,3'- and 3,5-isomers are known.

UI = D004104

 

Diiodotyrosine

UI = D004105

 

2,3-Diketogulonic Acid

AN = metabolite of ASCORBIC ACID

MS = threo-2,3-Hexodiulosonic acid. Metabolite of ASCORBIC ACID and the oxidized form of the lactone DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID.

UI = D015083

 

Dilatation

AN = note category

MS = The act of dilating.

UI = D004106

 

Dilatation and Curettage

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: D & C

MS = Dilatation of the cervix uteri followed by a scraping of the endometrium with a curette.

UI = D004107

 

Dilatation, Pathologic

AN = never IM; DF: DILATATION PATHOL

MS = The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.

UI = D004108

 

Dilazep

AN = a vasodilator

MS = 3,3'-(Perhydro-1,4-diazepin-1,4-diyl)-bis(propyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate). Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.

UI = D004109

 

Diltiazem

AN = a calcium channel blocker

MS = A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of the calcium ion in membrane functions. It is also teratogenic.

UI = D004110

 

Dimaprit

AN = a histamine H2 recept agonist; dimaprit stands for DI-Methyl-Amino-Propyl-Iso-Thiourea

MS = Carbamimidothioic acid 3-(dimethylamino)propyl ester. A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.

UI = D017259

 

Dimenhydrinate

AN = a histamine H1 antag & antiemetic

MS = A drug combination that contains DIPHENHYDRAMINE and THEOPHYLLINE. It is used for treating vertigo, motion sickness, and nausea associated with pregnancy. It is not effective in the treatment of nausea associated with cancer chemotherapy.

UI = D004111

 

Dimercaprol

AN = a chelating agent; D25-26 qualif

MS = 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol. An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine). It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.

UI = D004112

 

Dimerization

AN = NIM; no qualif; coord with substance processed (IM or NIM)

MS = The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

UI = D019281

 

Dimethadione

AN = an anticonvulsant

MS = 5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione. An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.

UI = D004114

 

Dimethindene

AN = a histamine H1 antag & antipruritic

MS = Histamine H1 antagonist. It is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies.

UI = D004115

 

Dimethisterone

AN = formerly used in oral contraceptives

MS = (6 alpha,17 beta)-17-Hydroxy-6-methyl-17-(1-propynyl)androst-4-en-3-one. A synthetic progestational hormone without significant estrogenic or androgenic properties. It was formerly used as the progestational component in oral sequential contraceptives.

UI = D004116

 

Dimethoate

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.

UI = D004117

 

Dimethoxyphenylethylamine

UI = D004118

 

Dimethyl Adipimidate

AN = a reagent in immunohistochem; D25-26 qualif

MS = Hexanediimidic acid, dimethyl ester. Bifunctional cross-linking agent that links covalently free amino groups of proteins or polypeptides, including those in cell membranes. It is used as reagent or fixative in immunohistochemistry and is a proposed antisickling agent.

UI = D004119

 

 

Dimethyl Suberimidate

MS = The methyl imidoester of suberic acid used to produce cross links in proteins. Each end of the imidoester will react with an amino group in the protein molecule to form an amidine.

UI = D004120

 

Dimethyl Sulfoxide

MS = A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during cryopreservation. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.

UI = D004121

 

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene

AN = a carcinogen; D25-26 qualif; DF: note short X ref

MS = 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.

UI = D015127

 

Dimethylallyltranstransferase

MS = An enzyme that, in the pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis, catalyzes the condensation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallylpyrophosphate to yield pyrophosphate and geranylpyrophosphate. The enzyme then catalyzes the condensation of the latter compound with another molecule of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to yield pyrophosphate and farnesylpyrophosphate. EC 2.5.1.1.

UI = D004122

 

Dimethylamines

UI = D004123

 

p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene

AN = a carcinogen; usually NIM in DAB-induced exper cancer: no qualif; when IM, D25-26 qualif; DF: note short X ref

MS = N,N-Dimethyl-4-(phenylazo)benzenamine. Reagent used primarily for the induction of experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound "may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen." (Merck, 11th ed)

UI = D004124

 

Dimethyldithiocarbamate

MS = A chemical that acts as a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. Its salts are agricultural fungicides. It is inferior to diethyldithiocarbamate as a chelating agent.

UI = D004125

 

Dimethylformamide

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D004126

 

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine

MS = A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.

UI = D019813

 

 

Dimethylhydrazines

AN = carcinogens; D25-26 qualif

MS = Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.

UI = D004127

 

Dimethylnitrosamine

AN = an alkylating carcinogen & mutagen

MS = N-Nitrosodimethylamine. A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.

UI = D004128

 

Dimethylpolysiloxanes

AN = organosiloxane polymers; D25-26 qualif

MS = Silicone polymers which consist of silicon atoms substituted with methyl groups and linked by oxygen atoms. They comprise a series of biocompatible materials used as liquids, gels or solids; as film for artificial membranes, gels for implants, and liquids for drug vehicles; and as antifoaming agents.

UI = D004129

 

16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2

AN = a synthetic prostaglandin E anti-ulcer agent; DF: DIMETHYLPGE2

MS = (5Z,11 alpha,13E,15R)-11,15-Dihydroxy-16,16-dimethyl-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid. A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.

UI = D015064

 

N,N-Dimethyltryptamine

AN = a hallucinogen

MS = 3-(2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl)indole. An N-methylated indoleamine derivative, a serotonergic hallucinogen found in several plants, especially Prestonia amazonica (Apocynaceae) and in mammalian brain, blood, and urine. It apparently acts as an agonist at some types of serotonin receptors and an antagonist at others.

UI = D004130

 

Dimetridazole

AN = an antiprotozoal

MS = 1,2-Dimethyl-5-nitroimidazole. A compound used to treat histomoniasis in poultry.

UI = D004131

 

Diflubenzuron

AN = an insect growth regulator

MS = N-(((4-Chlorophenyl)amino)carbonyl)-2,6-difluorobenzamide. An insect growth regulator which interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle. It is effective in the control of mosquitoes and flies.

UI = D004132

 

Diminazene

AN = a trypanocidal agent

MS = 4,4'-(Triazene-1,3-ylen)-bis(benzamidine aceturate). An effective trypanocidal agent.

UI = D004133

 

Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine

AN = used in study of biol membranes; DF: DMPC

MS = A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers for the study of biological membranes.

UI = D004134

 

Dinitolmide

MS = A coccidiostat for poultry.

UI = D004135

 

Dinitrobenzenes

AN = includes ortho-, meta- & para-dinitrobenzenes

MS = Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.

UI = D004136

 

Dinitrochlorobenzene

AN = a reagent; D25-26 qualif; DF: note short X ref

MS = 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.

UI = D004137

 

Dinitrocresols

UI = D004138

 

Dinitrofluorobenzene

AN = a reagent

MS = Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.

UI = D004139

 

Dinitrogenase Reductase

AN = from bacteria

MS = A non-heme iron-sulfur protein isolated from Clostridium pasteurianum and other bacteria. It is a component of NITROGENASE along with molybdoferredoxin and is active in nitrogen fixation.

UI = D017037

 

2,4-Dinitrophenol

AN = a dye & uncoupling agent; DF: note short X ref

MS = A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed)

UI = D019297

 

 

Dinitrophenols

AN = uncoupling agents & indust fungicides

MS = Organic compounds that contain two nitro groups attached to a phenol.

UI = D004140

 

Dinoflagellida

MS = Protozoans of the class PHYTOMASTIGOPHOREA, found mainly in the oceans. They are characterized by the presence of transverse and longitudinal flagella which propel the organisms in a rotating manner through the water.

UI = D004141

 

Dinoprost

AN = an abortifacient; do not confuse with DINOPROSTONE; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = 7-(3,5-Dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-1-octenyl)cyclopentyl)-5-heptenoic acid. A natural prostaglandin F analog that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.

UI = D015237

 

Dinoprostone

AN = "the most common & most biol active" prostaglandin; a prostaglandin E; do not confuse with DINOPROST; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = 7-(3-Hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-1-octenyl)-5-oxocyclopentyl)-5-heptenoic acid. The most common and most biologically active of the mammalian prostaglandins. It exhibits most biological activities characteristic of prostaglandins and has been used extensively as an oxytocic agent. The compound also displays a protective effect on the intestinal mucosa.

UI = D015232

 

Dinucleoside Phosphates

MS = A group of compounds which consist of a nucleotide molecule to which an additional nucleoside is attached through the phosphate molecule(s). The nucleotide can contain any number of phosphates.

UI = D015226

 

Dinucleotide Repeats

MS = The most common of the microsatellite tandem repeats (MICROSATELLITE REPEATS) dispersed in the euchromatic arms of chromosomes. They consist of two nucleotides repeated in tandem; guanine and thymine, (GT)n, is the most frequently seen.

UI = D018900

 

Dioctophymatoidea

AN = a superfamily of nematodes; infection: coord IM with ENOPLIDA INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A superfamily of nematodes of the order ENOPLIDA. Characteristics include a well developed cylindrical esophagus.

UI = D017159

 

Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid

AN = "all-purpose surfactant"

MS = All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.

UI = D004143

 

2,3-Diphosphoglycerate

MS = A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508)

UI = D019794

 

Diphosphotransferases

MS = A class of phosphotransferases that catalyzes the transfer of diphosphate-containing groups. EC 2.7.6.

UI = D017854

 

Diosgenin

AN = a sapogenin

MS = (25R)-Spirost-5-en-3-beta-ol. A steroid sapogenin which is isolated from various plants. Can be converted to ecdysone, pregnenolone, and progesterone. Synonym: nitogenin.

UI = D004144

 

Diosmin

AN = a bioflavonoid

MS = 3',5,7-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone-7-rutinoside. A bioflavonoid that strengthens vascular walls. Synonyms: Daflon; 4601 SE

UI = D004145

 

Dioxanes

AN = indust solvents

MS = 1,4-Diethylene dioxides. Industrial solvents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), dioxane itself may "reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen." (Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D004146

 

Dioxins

AN = trace contaminants in herbicides

MS = Heterocyclic hydrocarbons present as trace contaminants in herbicides, especially the chlorinated dioxin 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TETRACHLOROBENZODIOXIN). Many dioxins are teratogenic and carcinogenic. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004147

 

Dioxolanes

UI = D004148

 

Dioxoles

UI = D004149

 

1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

AN = "a major constituent of pulmonary surfactants"; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: DPPC

MS = Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.

UI = D015060

 

Dipeptidases

UI = D004150

 

Dipeptides

AN = oligopeptides

MS = Peptides that on hydrolysis yield two amino acids. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004151

 

Dipeptidyl Peptidases

MS = Dipeptidylpeptide hydrolases. Enzymes which cleave dipeptides from the amino terminal of a polypeptide. Dipeptidyl peptidase I, II, III, IV are known. They hydrolyze the beta-naphthylamides of glycine-arginine, lysine-alanine, arginine-arginine and glycine-proline, respectively. Dipeptidyl peptidase I is cathepsin C. EC 3.4.14.

UI = D004152

 

Dipetalonema

AN = infection = DIPETALONEMA INFECTIONS; coord with specific helminth term (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc) if pertinent; /drug eff: consider FILARICIDES

MS = A filarial nematode parasite of mammalian blood with the vector being a tick or small fly.

UI = D004153

 

Dipetalonema Infections

AN = /drug ther: consider FILARICIDES

MS = Infections with nematodes of the genus DIPETALONEMA.

UI = D004154

 

Diphenhydramine

AN = a histamine H1 antag, antiemetic & antitussive, etc.

MS = A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.

UI = D004155

 

Diphenoxylate

AN = an antidiarrheal

MS = 1-(3-Cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-phenylisonipecotic acid ethyl ester. A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with atropine. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.

UI = D004157

 

Diphenylacetic Acids

UI = D004158

 

Diphenylamine

AN = used in ther of screw worm infect

MS = In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.

UI = D004159

 

Diphenylcarbazide

AN = an indicator; D25-26 qualif

MS = sym-Diphenylcarbazide. Used as an indicator in titrating iron and for the colorimetric determination of chromium and the detection of cadmium, mercury, magnesium, aldehydes, and emetine.

UI = D004160

 

Diphenylhexatriene

AN = used in study of membrane lipids

MS = 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.

UI = D004161

 

Diphosphates

MS = Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.

UI = D011756

 

Diphosphoglyceric Acids

UI = D004163

 

Diphosphonates

AN = inhibits calcium metab

MS = Organic compounds which contain P-C-P bonds, where P stands for phosphonates or phosphonic acids. These compounds affect calcium metabolism. They inhibit ectopic calcification and slow down bone resorption and bone turnover. Technetium complexes of diphosphonates have been used successfully as bone scanning agents.

UI = D004164

 

Diphtheria

AN = caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae

MS = A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.

UI = D004165

 

Diphtheria Antitoxin

AN = for ther (toxoid is for prev)

MS = An equine antitoxin against the toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, used for the treatment of diphtheria. It is to be differentiated from DIPHTHERIA TOXOID which is used for the prevention of diphtheria. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004166

 

Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine

AN = for prev

MS = A vaccine consisting of diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, and pertussis vaccine. It is usually given to infants three times at two-month intervals, generally at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. The vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough. In most cases the vaccine causes only a temporary fever and discomfort, but in a few cases serious neurological side effects have been observed.

UI = D015721

 

Diphtheria Toxin

AN = /antag permitted but consider also DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN

MS = A 60 kD single chain protein elaborated by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that causes the sign and symptoms of diphtheria; it can be broken into two unequal fragments, the smaller (A fragment) inhibits protein synthesis and is the lethal moiety that needs the larger (B fragment) for entry into cells.

UI = D004167

 

Diphtheria Toxoid

AN = for prev (antitoxin is for ther)

MS = The formaldehyde-inactivated toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is generally used in mixtures with TETANUS TOXOID and PERTUSSIS VACCINE (DTP) or with tetanus toxoid alone (DT for pediatric use and Td, which contains 5- to 10-fold less diphtheria toxoid, for other use). Diphtheria toxoid is used for the prevention of diphtheria; DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN is for treatment. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004168

 

Diphyllobothriasis

AN = tapeworm infect; consider also SPARGANOSIS (infection at larval stage)

MS = Infection with tapeworms of the genus Diphyllobothrium.

UI = D004169

 

Diphyllobothrium

AN = infection = DIPHYLLOBOTHRIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A genus of tapeworm containing several species which occurs in the intestine of fish, birds, and mammals including man. Infection in humans is usually by eating uncooked fish. The larval stage is known as SPARGANUM.

UI = D004170

 

Diploidy

AN = no qualif

MS = The chromosomal constitution of somatic cells, in which each type of chromosome is represented twice. Symbol: 2N or 2X.

UI = D004171

 

Diplomonadida

AN = an order of protozoa

MS = An order of protozoa characterized by the presence of one or two karyomastigonts and either two-fold rotational or mirror symmetry.

UI = D016828

 

Diplopia

AN = seeing 1 object as 2

MS = Condition in which a single object is perceived as two objects rather than one.

UI = D004172

 

Dipodomys

AN = do not confuse X ref KANGAROO RATS with rat kangaroos ( = KANGAROOS); NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not check tag RATS

MS = A genus of the family Heteromyidae which contains 22 species. Their physiology is adapted for the conservation of water, and they seldom drink water. They are found in arid or desert habitats and travel by hopping on their hind limbs.

UI = D004173

 

Diprenorphine

AN = a narcotic antag

MS = 21-Cyclopropyl-6,7,8,14-tetrahydro-7 alpha-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-6,14-endo-ethanooripavine. A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine.

UI = D004174

 

Diptera

AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111; index caddisfly, dragonfly, mayfly & stonefly under INSECTS, firefly under BEETLES, sawfly & ichneumon fly under HYMENOPTERA; do not confuse X ref MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY (also called medfly) with fruit fly unspecified ( = DROSOPHILA or DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER); maggot is the larval form of Diptera; infestation by fly maggots = MYIASIS

MS = An order of the class Insecta. Wings, when present, number two and distinguish Diptera from other so-called flies, while the halteres, or reduced hindwings, separate Diptera from other insects with one pair of wings. The order includes the families Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Phoridae, Sarcophagidae, Scatophagidae, Sciaridae, SIMULIIDAE, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Trypetidae, CERATOPOGONIDAE, CHIRONOMIDAE, CULICIDAE, DROSOPHILIDAE, GLOSSINIDAE, MUSCIDAE, and PSYCHODIDAE.

UI = D004175

 

Dipyridamole

MS = A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752)

UI = D004176

 

2,2'-Dipyridyl

AN = a reagent; D25-26 qualif; DF: DIPYRIDYL

MS = alpha,alpha-Dipyridyl. Used as a reagent for the determination of iron.

UI = D015082

 

Dipyrone

AN = a non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent; do not confuse with DIPYRINE see AMINOPYRINE, also an non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent

MS = ((2,3-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylamino)methanesulfonic acid. A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE. Because of the risk of serious adverse effects its use is justified only in serious situations where no alternative is available or suitable. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p13)

UI = D004177

 

Diquat

AN = an herbicide

MS = A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D004178

 

Direct Lytic Factors

AN = proteins in cobra venom; /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS

MS = Most abundant proteins in cobra (Naja of the Elapids) venom; basic polypeptides of 57 to 62 amino acids with four disulfide bonds and a molecular weight of less than 7000; causes skeletal and cardiac muscle contracture, interferes with neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission, depolarizes nerve, muscle and blood cell membranes, thus causing hemolysis. Synonyms: cobramine A; cobramine B; cobra cytotoxin; gamma toxin; membrane-active polypeptide.

UI = D004179

 

Direct Service Costs

AN = DF: DIRECT SERV COSTS

MS = Costs which are directly identifiable with a particular service.

UI = D004180

 

Directed Molecular Evolution

AN = a genet technique for producing molecules tailored to demands of experimenter; DF: DIRECTED MOL EVOLUTION

MS = Techniques used to produce molecules exhibiting properties that conform to the demands of the experimenter.

UI = D019020

 

Directories

AN = IM for directories as a subject; do not confuse with Publication Type DIRECTORY; for directories & lists of members of societies & acad, etc. index under specialty (IM) + SOCIETIES or other specific corporate heading (IM) + geog (NIM) + DIRECTORY (PT); no qualif; policy: Manual 33.13 CATALOG: /geog /form; form qualif /directories & double forms are available

MS = Lists of persons or organizations, systematically arranged, usually in alphabetic or classed order, giving address, affiliations, etc., for individuals, and giving address, officers, functions, and similar data for organizations. (ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

UI = D004181

 

Directory [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; do not confuse with catalogers' form subhead /directories; for directories as a subject, index under main heading DIRECTORIES; Manual 33.13, 36.21

MS = An alphabetical or classified list of names, organizations, subjects, etc., giving usually titles, addresses, affiliations, and other professional data.

UI = D016435

 

Dirofilaria

AN = infection = DIROFILARIASIS; coord with specific helminth term (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc) if pertinent; /drug eff: consider FILARICIDES

MS = A genus of filarial nematodes. Various immature species have been found to infect the eyes or subcutaneous tissue in humans.

UI = D004182

 

Dirofilaria immitis

AN = infection = DIROFILARIASIS; coord with specific helminth term (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc) if pertinent; /drug eff: consider FILARICIDES

MS = A filarial parasite primarily of dogs but occurring also in foxes, wolves, and humans. The parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes.

UI = D004183

 

Dirofilariasis

AN = usually in animals, espec dogs; coord IM with precoord animal/dis term (IM) + specific animal (NIM); check also tag ANIMAL; drug ther: consider FILARICIDES

MS = Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.

UI = D004184

 

Disability Evaluation

AN = no qualif

MS = Determination of the degree of a physical, mental, or emotional handicap. The diagnosis is applied to legal qualification for benefits and income under disability insurance and to eligibility for Social Security and workmen's compensation benefits.

UI = D004185

 

Disabled Children

AN = coord with type of disability if given (e.g. HEARING IMPAIRED PERSONS) + appropriate check tag

MS = Children with mental or physical disabilities that interfere with usual activities of daily living and that may require accommodation or intervention.

UI = D019988

 

Disabled Persons

AN = as GEN or unspecified includes both physical & mental disability; prefer specifics (VISUALLY IMPAIRED PERSONS, HEARING IMPAIRED PERSONS, MENTALLY DISABLED PERSONS) emotionally disabled = MENTAL DISORDERS or specific; /educ permitted but is probably EDUCATION, SPECIAL or MAINSTREAMING (EDUCATION); /rehabil permitted; DF: DISABLED

MS = Persons with physical or mental disabilities that affect or limit their activities of daily living and that may require special accommodations.

UI = D006233

 

Disaccharidases

UI = D004186

 

Disaccharides

AN = oligosaccharides; GEN; prefer specifics

MS = A class of sugars composed of two glycosidically linked monosaccharides. The term is most commonly used for those composed of HEXOSES, such as SUCROSE, LACTOSE, and MALTOSE. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004187

 

Disarticulation

AN = "amputation or separation at a joint"; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Amputation or separation at a joint. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004188

 

Disaster Planning

AN = specify disaster (IM) if pertinent; specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Procedures outlined for the care of casualties and the maintenance of services in disasters.

UI = D004189

 

Disasters

UI = D004190

 

Discitis

AN = coord IM with specific vertebrae (IM)

MS = Inflammation of an intervertebral disk or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.

UI = D015299

 

Discriminant Analysis

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif

MS = A statistical analytic technique used with discrete dependent variables, concerned with separating sets of observed values and allocating new values. It is sometimes used instead of regression analysis.

UI = D016002

 

Discrimination (Psychology)

AN = not for racial, religious, sex or social discrimination ( = PREJUDICE); DF: DISCRIMINATION

MS = Differential response to different stimuli.

UI = D004192

 

Discrimination Learning

MS = Learning that is manifested in the ability to respond differentially to various stimuli.

UI = D004193

 

Disease

AN = GEN only as a physiol, pathol, philosophical concept, opposite "health"; Manual 23.5+; /transm = DISEASE TRANSMISSION but consider COMMUNICABLE DISEASES as probably better or DISEASE TRANSMISSION, PATIENT-TO-PROFESSIONAL or DISEASE TRANSMISSION, PROFESSIONAL-TO-PATIENT; /vet = VETERINARY MEDICINE or ANIMAL DISEASES; /econ permitted but consider also economic aspects of disease as ECONOMICS, MEDICAL; /psychol permitted but consider also psychogenic origin of disease as PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC DISORDERS; use remaining qualif discreetly

MS = Any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any part, organ, or system (or combination thereof) of the body that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs and whose etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004194

 

Disease Management

AN = selection of appropriate dis ther processes in relation to cost & clin outcome; DF: DIS MANAGEMENT

MS = A broad approach to appropriate coordination of the entire disease treatment process that often involves shifting away from more expensive inpatient and acute care to areas such as preventive medicine, patient counseling and education, and outpatient care. This concept includes implications of appropriate versus inappropriate therapy on the overall cost and clinical outcome of a particular disease. (From Hosp Pharm 1995 Jul;30(7):596)

UI = D019468

 

Disease Models, Animal

AN = article must be on an anim dis as a model: not all articles on anim dis or exper dis are "disease models"; IM or NIM; when IM, coord with specific dis (IM) + specific animal term if pertinent (IM); no qualif

MS = Animal disease whose pathologic mechanisms are sufficiently similar to those of a different human disease for the animal disease to serve as a model. The animal disease may be either induced or naturally occurring so long as it is not the same clinical entity as the disease for which it serves as a model. E.g., scrapie is an animal model for multiple sclerosis, which has never been found or induced in an animal.

UI = D004195

 

Disease Notification

AN = for reporting occur of contagious dis: do not confuse with MANDATORY REPORTING, reporting of "suspected incidence of abuse & neglect"; IM GEN only; NIM with specific dis IM; DF: DIS NOTIF

MS = Notification or reporting by a physician or other health care provider of the occurrence of specified contagious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV infections to designated public health agencies. The United States system of reporting notifiable diseases evolved from the Quarantine Act of 1878, which authorized the US Public Health Service to collect morbidity data on cholera, smallpox, and yellow fever; each state in the US has its own list of notifiable diseases and depends largely on reporting by the individual health care provider. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

UI = D018563

 

Disease Outbreaks

AN = IM; coord IM with specific dis /epidemiol (IM) & specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes epidemics.

UI = D004196

 

Disease Progression

AN = almost never IM; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); since most dis "progress" unless arrested spontaneously, by med intervention or death, do not index here at all unless particularly discussed as a stage in determ of progn or ther; no qualif; DF: DIS PROGRESSION

MS = The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.

UI = D018450

 

Disease Reservoirs

AN = IM; note category; differentiate from DISEASE VECTORS (B1 & B2): reservoirs can be animate or inanimate (like swamps, housedust, etc.)

MS = Animate or inanimate sources which harbor disease-causing organisms and thus serve as potential sources of disease outbreaks. Reservoirs should be distinguished from vectors and carriers, which are agents of disease transmission rather than continuing sources of potential disease outbreaks.

UI = D004197

 

Disease Susceptibility

AN = Cat C qualif; IM GEN only

MS = A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.

UI = D004198

 

Disease Transmission

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer /transm with specific dis; specific types of transm are available; DF: DIS TRANSM

MS = The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal (DISEASE TRANSMISSION, HORIZONTAL) or vertical (DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).

UI = D018562

 

 

Disease Transmission, Horizontal

AN = horizontal refers to transm in same generation; coord IM with specific dis /transm (IM); DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL (transm from one generation to another) is also available; DF: DIS TRANSM HORIZONTAL

MS = The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one individual to another in the same generation.

UI = D018446

 

 

Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient

AN = coord IM with disease /transm (IM) + professional or profession (including DENTISTS or DENTISTRY) with no qualif (IM); do not confuse with DISEASE TRANSMISSION, PATIENT-TO-PROFESSIONAL; DF: DIS TRANSM PROF PATIENT or PROF PATIENT TRANSM

MS = The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from health professional or health care worker to patients. It includes transmission via direct or indirect exposure to bacterial, fungal, parasitic, or viral agents.

UI = D017757

 

Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional

AN = coord IM with disease /transm (IM) + professional or profession with no qualif (IM); do not confuse with DISEASE TRANSMISSION, PROFESSIONAL-TO-PATIENT; DF: DIS TRANSM PATIENT PROF or PATIENT PROF TRANSM

MS = The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from patients to health professionals or health care workers. It includes transmission via direct or indirect exposure to bacterial, fungal, parasitic, or viral agents.

UI = D017758

 

 

Disease Transmission, Vertical

AN = vertical refers to transm from one generation to another; coord IM with specific dis /transm (IM); DISEASE TRANSMISSION, HORIZONTAL (transm in same generation) is also available; DF: DIS TRANSM VERTICAL

MS = The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding.

UI = D018445

 

Disease Vectors

MS = Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another.

UI = D004199

 

Disease-Free Survival

AN = after successful ther; never IM; coord NIM with specific dis /ther or more specific qualif (IM); DF: DIS FREE SURVIVAL

MS = Period after successful treatment in which there is no appearance of the symptoms or effects of the disease.

UI = D018572

 

Diseases in Twins

AN = IM; human only; the disease may be in only one or in both twins; Manual 34.14; DF: DIS IN TWINS

UI = D004200

 

Disinfectants

AN = do not confuse with antiseptics ( = ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, LOCAL) for use against organisms in man & animal

MS = Substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. Disinfectants are classed as complete, destroying spores as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms, or incomplete, destroying only vegetative forms of the organisms. They are distinguished from antiseptics, which are local anti-infective agents used on humans and other animals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

UI = D004202

 

Disinfection

AN = differentiate from STERILIZATION: DISINFECTION renders matter free of pathogens, STERILIZATION destroys all microbes; if in doubt, use the word of the text; disinfection of needles using household bleach Clorox, as by intravenous drug users, is indexed under DISINFECTION + NEEDLES + SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE

MS = Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc.

UI = D004203

 

Disintegrins

AN = polypeptides from snake venom; platelet aggregation inhib

MS = A family of polypeptides purified from snake venoms, which contain the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence. The RGD tripeptide binds to integrin receptors and thus competitively inhibits normal integrin-ligand interactions. Disintegrins thus block adhesive functions and act as platelet aggregation inhibitors.

UI = D019483

 

Diskectomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DISKECTOMY, PERCUTANEOUS is also available

MS = Excision, in part or whole, of an intervertebral disk. The most common indication is disk displacement or herniation. In addition to standard surgical removal, it can be performed by percutaneous diskectomy (DISKECTOMY, PERCUTANEOUS) or by laparoscopic diskectomy, the former being the more common.

UI = D017586

 

Diskectomy, Percutaneous

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; X ref NUCLEOTOMY, PERCUTANEOUS refers only to the nucleus pulposus, not other nerve nuclei

MS = Percutaneous excision of a herniated or displaced intervertebral disk by posterolateral approach, always remaining outside the spinal canal. Percutaneous nucleotomy was first described by Hijikata in Japan in 1975. In 1985 Onik introduced automated percutaneous nucleotomy which consists in percutaneous aspiration of the nucleus pulposus. It is carried out under local anesthesia, thus reducing the surgical insult and requiring brief hospitalization, often performed on an outpatient basis. It appears to be a well-tolerated alternative to surgical diskectomy and chymopapain nucleolysis.

UI = D017587

 

Dislocations

AN = bones & joints only: not for lens ( = LENS DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION), testis, etc.; IM; luxation & subluxation go here; coord IM with joint (IM), not bone

UI = D004204

 

Disopyramide

AN = an anti-arrhythmic

MS = alpha-(2-(Bis(l-methylethyl)amino)ethyl)-alpha-phenyl-2-pyridine acetamide. A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.

UI = D004206

 

Dispensatories

UI = D004207

 

Displacement (Psychology)

AN = no qualif; DF: DISPLACEMENT

MS = The process by which an emotional or behavioral response that is appropriate for one situation appears in another situation for which it is inappropriate.

UI = D004208

 

Disposable Equipment

MS = Apparatus, devices, or supplies intended for one-time or temporary use.

UI = D004209

 

Dissection

AN = in anat studies or in surg; "neck dissection" in cancer is probably LYMPH NODE EXCISION (IM) + NECK (NIM) if unspecified or RADICAL NECK DISSECTION if specified; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = The cutting apart or separating of tissues in a body or organism for anatomical study. In surgery, dissection separates different structures along natural lines. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D004210

 

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

AN = do not confuse with ERYTHROCYTE AGGREGATION, INTRAVASCULAR; DF: DISSEM INTRAVASC COAG

MS = A disorder characterized by reduction in the elements involved in blood coagulation due to their utilization in widespread blood clotting within the vessels. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. In the late stages, it is marked by profuse hemorrhaging. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004211

 

Dissertations, Academic

AN = do not confuse with Publication Type ACADEMIC DISSERTATIONS; DF: DISSERTATIONS ACAD

MS = Dissertations embodying results of original research and especially substantiating a specific view, e.g., substantial papers written by candidates for an academic degree under the individual direction of a professor or papers written by undergraduates desirous of achieving honors or distinction.

UI = D004212

 

Dissociative Disorders

AN = use Cat F3 qualif

MS = Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness.

UI = D004213

 

Distamycins

AN = peptide antibiotics

MS = Oligopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces distallicus. Their binding to DNA inhibits synthesis of nucleic acids.

UI = D004214

 

Distance Perception

MS = The act of knowing or the recognition of a distance by recollective thought, or by means of a sensory process which is under the influence of set and of prior experience.

UI = D004215

 

Distemper

AN = caused by a morbillivirus; don't forget also DOGS (NIM) or other animal + check tag ANIMAL but in cats = FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA (IM) + CATS (NIM) + check tag ANIMAL

MS = A name for several infectious diseases of animals, especially canine distemper. It is caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, an RNA virus. It does not include feline distemper, better known as FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA, caused by a DNA virus (PARVOVIRUS, FELINE). (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004216

 

Distemper Virus, Canine

AN = a species of Morbillivirus; infection = DISTEMPER: see note there

MS = A species of MORBILLIVIRUS causing distemper in dogs, wolves, foxes, raccoons, and ferrets.

UI = D004217

 

Distemper Virus, Phocine

AN = a species of Morbillivirus; from Greek phoc-, seal; infection: coord IM with MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of MORBILLIVIRUS causing distemper in seals.

UI = D018104

 

District of Columbia

AN = = the Federal district; city is Washington, D.C.

MS = A federal area located between Maryland and Virginia on the Potomac river; it is coextensive with Washington, D.C., which is the capital of the United States.

UI = D004219

 

Disulfides

MS = Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.

UI = D004220

 

Disulfiram

MS = A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase.

UI = D004221

 

Disulfoton

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = An organothiophosphate insecticide.

UI = D004222

 

Diterpenes

UI = D004224

 

Dithiazanine

AN = an antinematodal agent

MS = 3-Ethyl-2-(5-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolinylidene)-1,3- pentadienyl)benzothiazolium. A benzothiazole that was formerly used as an antinematodal agent and is currently used as a fluorescent dye.

UI = D004225

 

Dithioerythritol

AN = a sulfhydryl reagent & enzyme inhib

MS = (R*,S*)-1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol. A compound that, along with its isomer, Cleland's reagent (DITHIOTHREITOL), is used for the protection of sulfhydryl groups against oxidation to disulfides and for the reduction of disulfides to sulfhydryl groups.

UI = D004226

 

Dithionite

MS = Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.

UI = D004227

 

Dithionitrobenzoic Acid

MS = A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.

UI = D004228

 

Dithiothreitol

AN = a sulfhydryl reagent & enzyme inhib

MS = A reagent commonly used in biochemical studies as a protective agent to prevent the oxidation of SH (thiol) groups and for reducing disulphides to dithiols.

UI = D004229

 

Dithizone

AN = a chelating agent; D25-26 qualif

MS = Phenylazothionoformic acid 2-phenylhydrazine. Chelating agent used for heavy metal poisoning and assay; causes diabetes.

UI = D004230

 

Diuresis

AN = /drug eff: consider also DIURETICS

UI = D004231

 

Diuretics

AN = consider also DIURESIS /drug eff

MS = Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.

UI = D004232

 

Diuretics, Mercurial

MS = A group of organometallic compounds, now rarely used, that promote diuresis by inhibiting tubular reabsorption of sodium and chloride. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004233

 

Diuretics, Osmotic

MS = Diuretics that are filtered at the glomerulus and reabsorbed in the renal tubule only to a limited extent. They thus increase the amount of osmotically active solute in the urine and a corresponding increase in urine volume. These compounds also increase the osmolality of plasma, thereby increasing the diffusion of water from the intraocular and cerebrospinal fluids; they can be used for reducing the pressure and volume of these fluids. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004234

 

Diuretics, Sulfamyl

MS = Diuretics containing one or more sulfonamide groups. They are similar to the benzothiazide diuretics in their pharmacological actions, but differ chemically in the nature of the heterocyclic ring.

UI = D004235

 

Diuretics, Thiazide

AN = antihypertensives

MS = Diuretics characterized as analogs of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide. All have a common mechanism of action and differ primarily in the dose required to produce a given effect. They act directly on the kidney to increase the excretion of sodium chloride and water and also increase excretion of potassium ions.

UI = D004236

 

Diuron

AN = an herbicide

MS = A pre-emergent herbicide.

UI = D004237

 

Diverticulitis

AN = inflamm of a diverticulum; IM; coord IM with precoord organ/dis terms (IM) or NIM with precoord DIVERTIC- terms in Permuted MeSH (IM)

MS = Inflammation of a diverticulum. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004238

 

Diverticulitis, Colonic

AN = do not confuse with DIVERTICULOSIS, COLONIC

MS = Inflammatory complications of colonic diverticulosis in which diverticula may undergo perforation with abscess formation.

UI = D004239

 

Diverticulum

AN = for "diverticulum" or "diverticula" or "diverticulosis"; IM; coord IM with precoord organ/dis term (IM) but note that ESOPHAGEAL DIVERTICULUM & STOMACH DIVERTICULUM are available; inflammation = DIVERTICULITIS; "diverticulosis" unspecified is probably DIVERTICULOSIS, COLONIC

MS = A circumscribed pouch or sac of variable size occurring normally or created by herniation of the lining mucous membrane through a defect in the muscular coat of a tubular organ. (Dorland, 27th ed.)

UI = D004240

 

Diverticulosis, Colonic

AN = do not confuse with DIVERTICULITIS, COLONIC

MS = Presence of multiple herniations of the mucosa and submucosa of the colon through the circular muscle layer.

UI = D004241

 

Diving

AN = human & animal; /adv eff permitted for hazards of diving as a Cat G3 concept, /inj permitted for diving as a sport in Cat I: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; includes scuba & bell diving

MS = An activity in which the organism plunges into water. It includes scuba and bell diving. Diving as natural behavior of animals goes here, as well as diving in decompression experiments with humans or animals.

UI = D004242

 

Divorce

MS = Legal dissolution of an officially recognized marriage relationship.

UI = D004243

 

Dizocilpine Maleate

AN = a neuroprotective agent used in exper; DF: note short X ref

MS = 10,11-Dihydro-5-methyl-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate. A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.

UI = D016291

 

Dizziness

AN = "sensation of unsteadiness or lightheadedness": differentiate from VERTIGO, illusion of revolution in space, but use word of text

MS = A disturbed sense of relationship to space, manifesting as a sensation of unsteadiness or lightheadedness; it is not the same as VERTIGO, which is an illusion of movement.

UI = D004244

 

Djibouti

AN = a republic in eastern Africa; the name of the country & the capital

MS = A republic in eastern Africa, on the Gulf of Aden at the entrance to the Red Sea. Djibouti is also the name of its capital. It was formerly the French Territory of Afars and Issas and later French Somaliland, in French hands from 1862 to 1977 when it became independent. The republic was named from the capital, which is said to derive from an Afar word gabouri, plate, with reference to a plate woven from doum palm used in ceremonies. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p10, 335 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p149)

UI = D015730

 

DMF Index

AN = no qualif

MS = "Decayed, missing and filled teeth," a routinely used statistical concept in dentistry.

UI = D004245

 

DMPP

AN = a ganglionic stimulant; X ref explains main heading

MS = A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.

UI = D004246

 

DNA

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; /biosyn permitted but consider also DNA REPLICATION; structural DNA models = DNA (IM) + MOLECULAR MODELS (IM)

MS = A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

UI = D004247

 

DNA Adducts

AN = in mutagenesis: activate DNA repair; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Covalent adducts between chemical mutagens and DNA. Such couplings activate DNA repair processes and, unless repaired prior to DNA replication, may lead to nucleotide substitutions, deletions, and chromosome rearrangements. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

UI = D018736

 

DNA, Antisense

MS = DNA that is complementary to the sense strand. (The sense strand has the same sequence as the mRNA transcript. The antisense strand is the template for mRNA synthesis.) Synthetic antisense DNAs are used to hybridize to complementary sequences in target RNAs or DNAs to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes.

UI = D016373

 

DNA, Archaeal

AN = IM; coord with specific archaeon (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of archaea.

UI = D019641

 

DNA, Chloroplast

AN = IM; coord with PLANTS, ALGAE or specific plant or alga IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of chloroplasts.

UI = D018742

 

DNA, Complementary

AN = a single-stranded DNA

MS = Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

UI = D018076

 

DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase

AN = do not confuse with SITE-SPECIFIC DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (CYTOSINE-SPECIFIC)

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to the 5-position of cytosine or to the 6-position in adenine in mammalian DNA. EC 2.1.1.37.

UI = D004248

 

DNA Damage

AN = do not confuse /drug eff & /rad eff (after the damage) with DNA damage induced by drugs or radiation; coord IM with specific DNA (IM); do not confuse with DNA FRAGMENTATION: see note there

MS = Drug- or radiation-induced injuries in DNA that introduce deviations from its normal double-helical conformation. These changes include structural distortions which interfere with replication and transcription, as well as point mutations which disrupt base pairs and exert damaging effects on future generations through changes in DNA sequence. If the damage is minor, it can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce apoptosis.

UI = D004249

 

DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics RNA POLYMERASE I, etc.

MS = A group of enzymes that catalyzes DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.7.6.

UI = D012321

 

 

 

DNA Fingerprinting

AN = DNA FOOTPRINTING is available

MS = A procedure in which multilocus band patterns of a DNA sample are generated by digestion of the DNA with restriction enzymes followed by electrophoresis and visualization by hybridization with probes specific for repetitive sequences. In forensic medicine the probes used are "core" sequences specific for simple tandem-repetitive sequences (MINISATELLITE REPEATS or VNTRs). The multilocus band patterns, known as DNA fingerprints, are evaluated for similarities with DNA from an individual.

UI = D016172

 

DNA Footprinting

AN = a genet technique; DNA FINGERPRINTING is available

MS = A method for determining the sequence specificity of DNA-binding proteins. DNA footprinting utilizes a DNA damaging agent which cleaves DNA at every base pair; DNA cleavage is inhibited where the ligand binds to DNA. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

UI = D018983

 

 

DNA Fragmentation

AN = do not confuse with DNA DAMAGE which is by drugs or radiation; coord IM with specific DNA (IM)

MS = Endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA into oligonucleosomal fragments at internucleosomal sites. DNA fragmentation along with chromatin condensation are considered the hallmarks of APOPTOSIS.

UI = D019510

 

DNA Helicases

AN = promotes unwinding of DNA helix; do not confuse X ref DNA UNWINDING PROTEINS with DNA UNTWISTING PROTEIN see DNA TOPOISOMERASE

MS = Proteins that promote unwinding of duplex DNA during replication by binding cooperatively to single-stranded regions of DNA or to short regions of duplex DNA that are undergoing transient opening. EC 5.99.-.

UI = D004265

 

DNA, Helminth

AN = IM; coord with specific helminth (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of helminths.

UI = D018509

 

DNA, Kinetoplast

AN = protozoan DNA; from Kinetoplastida, an order of flagellate protozoa; coord IM with specific protozoon (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes and related parasitic protozoa within the order KINETOPLASTIDA. Kinetoplast DNA is used as a DNA probe and consists of a complex network of numerous catenated rings of two classes; the first being a large number of small DNA duplex rings, called minicircles, approximately 2000 base pairs in length, and the second being several dozen much larger rings, called maxicircles, approximately 37 kb in length.

UI = D018105

 

DNA Ligases

AN = do not confuse X ref POLYDEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHETASES with X ref POLYRIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHETASE

MS = Poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide)ligases. Enzymes that catalyze the joining of preformed deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes during repair of a single-stranded break in duplex DNA. The class includes both EC 6.5.1.1 (ATP) and EC 6.5.1.2 (NAD).

UI = D011088

 

DNA Methylation

MS = Enzymatic addition of methyl groups to DNA. This is performed by DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) which all use S-Adenosylmethionine as the methyl group donor. Ancestrally a mechanism for neutralizing potentially damaging DNA elements in the prokaryote genome, in eukaryote vertebrates it appears to play a regulatory role in gene expression.

UI = D019175

 

DNA Modification Methylases

MS = Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They are responsible for producing a species-characteristic methylation pattern, on either adenine or cytosine residues, in a specific short base sequence in the host cell's own DNA. This methylated sequence will occur many times in the host-cell DNA and remain intact for the lifetime of the cell. Any DNA from another species which gains entry into a living cell and lacks the characteristic methylation pattern will be recognized by the restriction endonucleases of similar specificity and destroyed by cleavage. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms.

UI = D015254

 

DNA Mutational Analysis

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific DNA &/or specific protein (IM); DF: DNA MUTATIONAL ANAL

MS = Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

UI = D004252

 

DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase

MS = A non-template-directed DNA polymerase normally found in vertebrate thymus and bone marrow. It catalyzes the elongation of oligo- or polydeoxynucleotide chains and is widely used as a tool in the differential diagnosis of acute leukemias in man. EC 2.7.7.31.

UI = D004253

 

DNA Nucleotidyltransferases

MS = A general term denoting enzymes that catalyze the template-directed incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides into a DNA chain. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.7.7.-.

UI = D004254

 

DNA, Plant

AN = IM; coord with specific plant (IM or NIM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.

UI = D018744

 

DNA Polymerase beta

MS = A DNA repair enzyme that catalyzes DNA synthesis during base excision DNA repair. EC 2.7.7.7.

UI = D019951

 

DNA Primase

MS = A single-stranded DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that functions to initiate, or prime, DNA synthesis by synthesizing a nucleotide RNA polymer. EC 2.7.7.-.

UI = D019915

 

DNA Primers

AN = short DNA seq important in transcription

MS = Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

UI = D017931

 

DNA Probes

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; cDNA PROBES see DNA, COMPLEMENTARY is also available

MS = Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including complementary DNA (DNA, COMPLEMENTARY), conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.

UI = D015342

 

DNA Probes, HLA

AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; HLA-A, -B, -C, -D, -DR, & -Dw probes go here; DF: HLA PROBES

MS = DNA probes specific for the human leukocyte antigen genes, which represent the major histocompatibility determinants in humans. The four known loci are designated as A, B, C, and D. Specific antigens are identified by a locus notation and number, e.g., HLA-A11. The inheritance of certain HLA alleles is associated with increased risk for certain diseases (e.g., insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus).

UI = D015343

 

DNA Probes, HPV

AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: HPV PROBES

MS = DNA probes specific for the identification of human papilloma virus.

UI = D015344

 

DNA, Protozoan

AN = IM; coord with specific protozoon (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of protozoa.

UI = D016054

 

DNA Restriction-Modification Enzymes

AN = DF: RESTRICT MOD ENZYMES

MS = Systems consisting of two enzymes, a modification methylase and a restriction endonuclease. They are closely related in their specificity and protect the DNA of a given bacterial species. The methylase adds methyl groups to adenine or cytosine residues in the same target sequence that constitutes the restriction enzyme binding site. The methylation renders the target site resistant to restriction, thereby protecting DNA against cleavage.

UI = D015280

 

DNA Topoisomerase (ATP-Hydrolysing)

AN = DF: note short X ref

MS = An ATP-requiring enzyme which, in the presence of magnesium ions, introduces negative supertwists into closed and possibly linear duplex DNA. The enzyme is implicated in DNA replication and transcription. It causes the storage of mechanical strain energy in the superhelical turns of DNA at the expense of ATP hydrolysis. EC 5.99.1.3.

UI = D004250

 

DNA Transposable Elements

AN = do not use for retrotransposable elements (RETROELEMENTS)

MS = Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

UI = D004251

 

DNA Polymerase I

MS = A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase characterized in prokaryotes and may be present in higher organisms. It has both 3'-5' and 5'-3' exonuclease activity, but cannot use native double-stranded DNA as template-primer. It is not inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents and is active in both DNA synthesis and repair. EC 2.7.7.7.

UI = D004256

 

DNA Polymerase II

MS = A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase characterized in E. coli and other lower organisms. It may be present in higher organisms and has an intrinsic molecular activity only 5% of that of DNA Polymerase I. This polymerase has 3'-5' exonuclease activity, is effective only on duplex DNA with gaps or single-strand ends of less than 100 nucleotides as template, and is inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents. EC 2.7.7.7.

UI = D004257

 

DNA Polymerase III

MS = A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase characterized in E. coli and other lower organisms but may be present in higher organisms. Use also for a more complex form of DNA polymerase III designated as DNA polymerase III* or pol III* which is 15 times more active biologically than DNA polymerase I in the synthesis of DNA. This polymerase has both 3'-5' and 5'-3' exonuclease activities, is inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, and has the same template-primer dependence as pol II. EC 2.7.7.7.

UI = D004258

 

DNA Repair

AN = coord IM with specific DNA (IM)

MS = The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.

UI = D004260

 

DNA Replication

AN = coord IM with specific DNA (IM); coord IM with VIRUS REPLICATION (IM) for DNA replic in viruses; consider also DNA /biosyn

MS = The process by which the two strands of a DNA double helix separate, allowing each strand to act as a template for the synthesis of a complementary strand by specific base pairing. Includes autonomous but not VIRUS REPLICATION.

UI = D004261

 

DNA Restriction Enzymes

AN = DNA restriction enzyme used as a DNA marker: coord probably NIM with GENETIC MARKER (IM)

MS = Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

UI = D004262

 

DNA Tumor Viruses

AN = GEN only: prefer specifics; infection: coord IM with TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = DNA viruses producing malignant tumors. Of the six major groupings of DNA viruses four contain members which are actually or potentially oncogenic: the Adenoviridae, the Herpesviridae, the Papovaviridae, and the Poxviridae.

UI = D004263

 

DNA Topoisomerase

AN = do not confuse X ref DNA UNTWISTING PROTEIN with DNA UNWINDING PROTEINS see DNA HELICASES

MS = An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2.

UI = D004264

 

DNA Virus Infections

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DNA VIRUS INFECT

UI = D004266

 

DNA Viruses

AN = avoid: too general; prefer specifics; infection = DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS

MS = Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.

UI = D004267

 

DNA, Bacterial

AN = IM; coord with specific bacterium (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: DNA BACT

MS = Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

UI = D004269

 

DNA, Circular

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Any of the covalently closed DNA molecules found in bacteria, many viruses, mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids. Small, polydisperse circular DNA's have also been observed in a number of eukaryotic organisms and are suggested to have homology with chromosomal DNA and the capacity to be inserted into, and excised from, chromosomal DNA. It is a fragment of DNA formed by a process of looping out and deletion, containing a constant region of the mu heavy chain and the 3'-part of the mu switch region. Circular DNA is a normal product of rearrangement among gene segments encoding the variable regions of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, as well as the T-cell receptor. (Riger et al., Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

UI = D004270

 

DNA, Fungal

AN = IM; coord with specific fungus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.

UI = D004271

 

DNA, Mitochondrial

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

MS = Double-stranded DNA of mitochondria. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial genome is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.

UI = D004272

 

DNA, Neoplasm

AN = IM; coord with required neoplasm term(s) (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; Manual 24.4.4.2; DF: DNA NEOPL

MS = DNA present in neoplastic tissue.

UI = D004273

 

DNA, Recombinant

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; formed by in vitro joining of DNA from 2 different species: do not confuse with RECOMBINATION, GENETIC (within same species); for guidelines for preventing hazards of recombinant DNA research, coord IM with CONTAINMENT OF BIOHAZARDS (IM) if by MeSH definition (procedures, facilities, programs, equipmt, etc.); for ethical, moral or religious aspects of DNA research: coord with specific ethical, moral or religious aspect (IM); for legal aspects, coord with LEGISLATION (IM), not LEGISLATION, DRUG nor LEGISLATION, MEDICAL

MS = Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.

UI = D004274

 

DNA, Ribosomal

MS = DNA sequences encoding ribosomal RNA. These sequences contain transcribed and nontranscribed spacer segments as do other gene clusters (MULTIGENE FAMILY).

UI = D004275

 

DNA, Satellite

MS = Highly repetitive DNA sequences found in HETEROCHROMATIN, mainly near centromeres. They are composed of simple sequences (very short) (see MINISATELLITE REPEATS) repeated in tandem many times to form large blocks of sequence. Additionally, following the accumulation of mutations, these blocks of repeats have been repeated in tandem themselves. The degree of repetition is on the order of 1000 to 10 million at each locus. Loci are few, usually one or two per chromosome. They were called satellites since in density gradients, they often sediment as distinct, satellite bands separate from the bulk of genomic DNA owing to a distinct BASE COMPOSITION.

UI = D004276

 

DNA, Single-Stranded

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A single chain of deoxyribonucleotides that occurs in some bacteria and viruses. It usually exists as a covalently closed circle.

UI = D004277

 

DNA, Superhelical

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Circular duplex DNA isolated from viruses, bacteria and mitochondria in supercoiled or supertwisted form. This superhelical DNA is endowed with free energy. During transcription, the magnitude of RNA initiation is proportional to the DNA superhelicity.

UI = D004278

 

DNA, Viral

AN = IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

UI = D004279

 

DNA-Binding Proteins

MS = Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

UI = D004268

 

DNA-Binding Protein, Cyclic AMP-Responsive

AN = a calcium-regulated transcription factor; DF: note short X ref

MS = A protein that has been shown to function as a calcium regulated transcription factor as well as a substrate for depolarization-activated calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinases I and II. This protein functions to integrate both calcium and cAMP signals.

UI = D017362

 

DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase

AN = GEN; prefer specifics

MS = DNA-dependent DNA polymerases found in bacteria, animal and plant cells. During the replication process, these enzymes catalyze the addition of deoxyribonucleotide residues to the end of a DNA strand in the presence of DNA as template-primer. They also possess exonuclease activity and therefore function in DNA repair. EC 2.7.7.7.

UI = D004259

Dobutamine

AN = a cardiotonic

MS = (+-)-4-(2-(3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpropyl)amino)ethyl)-1,2-benzenediol. A beta-2 agonist catecholamine that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia. It is proposed as a cardiotonic after myocardial infarction or open heart surgery.

UI = D004280

 

Docosahexaenoic Acids

AN = found in fish oils

MS = C22-unsaturated fatty acids found predominantly in fish oils.

UI = D004281

 

Documentaries and Factual Films [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for documentaries as a subject, index under main heading DRAMA, for factual films as a subject, index under main heading MOTION PICTURES, for video as a subject, index under main heading VIDEO RECORDING or its specifics

MS = Films, videos, and programs which depict actual persons or actual events. They do not include frank historical re-creations and do not attempt to judge the truth of the depiction in a film purporting to be factual or documentary in character. (Moving Image Materials: Genre Terms, 1988)

UI = D019499

 

Documentation

AN = med docum: do not coord with MEDICINE

UI = D004282

 

Dodecanol

MS = A saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol obtained from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral odor and is used in detergents, lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

UI = D007851

 

Dog Diseases

AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM) or specific dog dis (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under DOGS /abnorm or DOGS /inj; don't forget also DOGS (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: DOG DIS

MS = Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES, FOXES, and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.

UI = D004283

 

Dogfish

AN = a shark; IM; qualif permitted

MS = Sharks of the family Squalidae. The subfamily Squalinae are called dogfish sharks and comprise eight genera with about 44 species. Dogfish often appear in schools near shore and are destructive to fish and fishing gear. Their liver is valued for its oil and its flesh is often made into fertilizer. The Squalus acanthias or spiny dogfish figures heavily in biological research, especially with reference to its rectal gland in water-electrolyte studies.

UI = D004284

 

Dogs

AN = check tag: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; TN 3: spelling of breeds

MS = The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family Canidae. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

UI = D004285

 

Dolichol

AN = a fatty alcohol

MS = Eicosamethyl octacontanonadecasen-1-o1. Polyprenol found in animal tissues that contains about 20 isoprene residues, the one carrying the alcohol group being saturated.

UI = D004286

 

Dolichol Monophosphate Mannose

MS = A lipophilic glycosyl carrier of the monosaccharide mannose in the biosynthesis of oligosaccharide phospholipids and glycoproteins.

UI = D004287

 

Dolichol Phosphates

AN = fatty alcohols

MS = Phosphoric acid esters of dolichol.

UI = D004288

 

Dolphins

AN = mammals; do not confuse with DOLPHIN FISH see PERCIFORMES; note "whales" X refs: these are common misnomers & are taxonomically DOLPHINS, not WHALES; IM; qualif permitted

MS = Mammals of the families Delphinidae (ocean dolphins), Iniidae, Lipotidae, Pontoporiidae, and Platanistidae (all river dolphins). The common name dolphin is applied to small cetaceans having a beaklike snout and a slender, streamlined body, whereas PORPOISES are small cetaceans with a blunt snout and rather stocky body. Dolphins are the most agile of the cetaceans and some of the speediest. They have remarkable group precision and regularity of movement. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, pp978-9)

UI = D004289

 

DOM

AN = = DimethOxyMethylamphetamine (note X ref); a serotonin agonist & hallucinogen

MS = 2,5-Dimethoxy-alpha,4-dimethylbenzeneethanamine. A psychedelic phenylisopropylamine derivative whose mood-altering effects and mechanism of action may be similar to those of LSD.

UI = D004290

 

 

Domestic Violence

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Deliberate, often repetitive, physical abuse by one family member against another: marital partners, parents, children, siblings, or any other member of a household.

UI = D017579

 

Dominance-Subordination

AN = human & animal; no qualif

MS = Relationship between individuals when one individual threatens or becomes aggressive and the other individual remains passive or attempts to escape.

UI = D004291

 

Dominance, Cerebral

MS = Dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over the other in cerebral functions.

UI = D004292

 

Dominica

AN = an island in the West Indies; do not confuse with DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, also in the West Indies

MS = An island republic of the West Indies. Its capital is Roseau. It was discovered in 1493 by Columbus and held at different times by the French and the British in the 18th century. A member of the West Indies Federation, it achieved internal self-government in 1967 but became independent in 1978. It was named by Columbus who discovered it on Sunday, Domingo in Spanish, from the Latin Dominica dies, the Lord's Day. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p338 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p151)

UI = D019424

 

 

Dominican Republic

AN = with Haiti = Hispaniola, a hist name for the island in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies; do not confuse with DOMINICA, also in the West Indies

MS = A republic in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is Santo Domingo. With Haiti, it forms the island of Hispaniola - the Dominican Republic occupying the eastern two thirds, and Haiti, the western third. It was created in 1844 after a revolt against the rule of President Boyer over the entire island of Hispaniola, itself visited by Columbus in 1492 and settled the next year. Except for a brief period of annexation to Spain (1861-65), it has been independent, though closely associated with the United States. Its name comes from the Spanish Santo Domingo, Holy Sunday, with reference to its discovery on a Sunday. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p338, 506 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p151)

UI = D004293

 

Domperidone

AN = an antiemetic

MS = A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.

UI = D004294

 

Dopa

AN = a neurotransmitter; check text to see if LEVODOPA (L-DOPA) is not meant instead

MS = The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (LEVODOPA) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent.

UI = D004295

 

Dopa Decarboxylase

MS = One of the AROMATIC-L-AMINO-ACID DECARBOXYLASES, this enzyme is responsible for the conversion of dopa to dopamine. It is of clinical importance in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. EC 4.1.1.28.

UI = D004296

 

Dopamine

MS = An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator.

UI = D004298

 

Dopamine Agents

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs

MS = Any drugs that are used for their effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons.

UI = D015259

 

Dopamine Agonists

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DOPAMINE AGON or DOPAMINE AG

MS = Drugs that bind to and activate dopamine receptors.

UI = D018491

 

Dopamine Antagonists

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DOPAMINE ANTAG

MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate dopamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. Many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders (ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) are dopamine antagonists, although their therapeutic effects may be due to long-term adjustments of the brain rather than to the acute effects of blocking dopamine receptors. Dopamine antagonists have been used for several other clinical purposes including as ANTIEMETICS, in the treatment of Tourette syndrome, and for hiccup.

UI = D018492

 

Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase

UI = D004299

 

Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIB

MS = Drugs that block the transport of DOPAMINE into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. Most of the ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS also inhibit dopamine uptake.

UI = D018765

 

Doping in Sports

AN = human & animal; coord IM with animal doped (IM)

MS = Illegitimate use of drugs for a desired effect in competitive sports; includes humans and animals.

UI = D004300

 

Doppler Effect

AN = no qualif; note DOPPLER ULTRASOUND see ULTRASONICS; Doppler flowmetry goes under ULTRASONICS, ULTRASONOGRAPHY, their specifics or LASER-DOPPLER FLOWMETRY

MS = Changes in the observed frequency of waves (as sound, light, or radio waves) due to the relative motion of source and observer. The effect was named for the 19th century Austrian physicist Johann Christian Doppler.

UI = D004301

 

Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus

MS = An aggregation of cells in the middle hypothalamus dorsal to the ventromedial nucleus and bordering the third ventricle.

UI = D004302

 

Dosage Compensation (Genetics)

AN = restrict to X chromosome: do not confuse with GENE DOSAGE (any chromosome); no qualif; DF: DOSAGE COMPENSATION

MS = A genetic regulatory mechanism which operates to equalize the phenotypic expression of characteristics determined by genes on the X chromosome so that they are equally expressed in the XY male and the XX female.

UI = D004303

 

Dosage Forms

AN = GEN only: prefer specific drug with qualif /admin; Manual 25.12.2; examine also indentions under DRUG ADMINISTRATION ROUTES in Cat E5

MS = Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include CAPSULES, LINIMENTS, OINTMENTS, PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTIONS, POWDERS, TABLETS, etc.

UI = D004304

 

Dose Fractionation

MS = Adminstration of the total dose of radiation (RADIATION DOSAGE) in parts, at timed intervals.

UI = D019583

 

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

AN = no qualif; IM if general, NIM when coord for specific drug; DF: DOSE RESPONSE RELAT DRUG

MS = The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

UI = D004305

 

Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic

AN = no qualif; IM if general, NIM when coord for specific immunol concept; DF: DOSE RESPONSE RELAT IMMUNOL

MS = A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.

UI = D004306

 

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation

AN = no qualif; IM if general, NIM when coord for specific radiation; DF: DOSE RESPONSE RELAT RAD

MS = The relationship between the dose of administered radiation and the response of the organism or tissue to the radiation.

UI = D004307

 

Dothiepin

AN = an antidepressant

MS = 3-Dibenzo(b,e)thiepin-11(6H)-ylidene-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanamine. A tricyclic antidepressant with some tranquilizing action.

UI = D004308

 

Double Bind Theory

AN = no qualif

MS = Contradictions in verbal and behavioral communication between parent and child (patient) which entrap the child because he is unable to comment on the incongruity or to escape from the situation.

UI = D004309

 

Double Outlet Right Ventricle

AN = incomplete transposition of great vessels; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Incomplete transposition of the great vessels in which both the aorta and the pulmonary artery arise from the right ventricle, often associated with a subaortic ventricular septal defect.

UI = D004310

 

Double-Blind Method

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); when pertinent add CLINICAL TRIAL (PT) or RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (PT); do not index also under PLACEBOS unless particularly discussed; no qualif

MS = A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

UI = D004311

 

Douglas' Pouch

AN = a sac formed by a fold of the peritoneum; diseases: coord IM with PERITONEAL DISEASES (NIM)

MS = A sac or recess formed by a fold of the peritoneum.

UI = D004312

 

Dourine

AN = trypanosome infect in horses; coord IM with HORSE DISEASES (IM) + HORSES (NIM); if in donkeys, coord IM with PERISSODACTYLA (IM); check tag ANIMAL

MS = A disease of horses and donkeys caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum. The disease occurs in Africa, the Americas, and Asia.

UI = D004313

 

Down-Regulation (Physiology)

AN = "regulation" refers to ligand/receptor interactions; DF: DOWN REG

MS = Process that decreases ligand/receptor interactions due to a reduction in the number of available receptors. This can result from internalization of the ligand/receptor complex or from decreased expression of the receptor. Classically the concept referred to hormone receptors but contemporary usage includes other cell surface receptors.

UI = D015536

 

Down Syndrome

AN = multiple abnorm with ment retard; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A chromosome disorder characterized by a small, anteroposteriorly flattened skull, short, flat-bridge nose, epicanthal fold, short phalanges, widened spaces between the first and second digits of hands and feet, and moderate to severe mental retardation, with ALZHEIMER DISEASE developing in the fourth or fifth decade. The chromosomal abnormality is trisomy of chromosome 21 associated with late maternal age. Down syndrome is also called trisomy 21 and nondisjunction. This disease was formerly called mongolism. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004314

 

Doxapram

AN = a CNS stimulant

MS = A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225)

UI = D004315

 

Doxazosin

AN = an anticholesteremic & antihypertensive

MS = A selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker that lowers serum cholesterol. It is also effective in the treatment of hypertension.

UI = D017292

 

Doxepin

MS = A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.

UI = D004316

 

Doxorubicin

MS = Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of DAUNORUBICIN and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors.

UI = D004317

 

Doxycycline

AN = a tetracycline

MS = (4S-(4 alpha,4a alpha,5 alpha,5a alpha,6 alpha,12a alpha)-4-(Dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,5,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-2-naphthacenecarboxamide. A synthetic TETRACYCLINE derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines.

UI = D004318

 

Doxylamine

AN = a histamine H1 antag & sedative

MS = Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in parkinsonism.

UI = D004319

 

Dracunculiasis

AN = nematode infect

MS = Infection with nematodes of the genus DRACUNCULUS. One or more worms may be seen at a time, with the legs and feet being the most commonly infected areas. Symptoms include pruritus, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or asthmatic attacks.

UI = D004320

 

Dracunculoidea

AN = a superfamily of nematodes; infection: coord IM with SPIRURIDA INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A superfamily of nematodes of the suborder CAMALLANINA. Its organisms possess a poorly developed buccal cavity and a rudimentary esophagus and intestine.

UI = D017176

 

Dracunculus

AN = a genus of nematodes; infection = DRACUNCULIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A genus of nematode parasites which inhabit the body cavity, serous membranes, and connective tissues of vertebrates. The species parasitic in man is Dracunculus medinensis.

UI = D004321

 

Drainage

AN = note category; "withdrawal of fluids & discharges"; do not confuse with DRAINAGE, SUCTION see SUCTION; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = The systematic withdrawal of fluids and discharges from a wound, sore, or cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004322

 

Drainage, Postural

AN = ther drainage of "copious mucus secretion" in bronchopulm dis

MS = Therapeutic drainage in bronchopulmonary diseases in which there is copious mucus secretion, such as chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, pulmonary abscess, or cystic fibrosis. The patient is placed with head downward, so that the trachea is inclined downward and below the affected area. It may be done in 15- to 20-minute sessions or by having the patient sleep in a head-down position. The therapy may be used in conjunction with forced expiration, bronchodilator agents, or expectorants.

UI = D015916

 

Drainage, Sanitary

MS = A system of artificial or natural drains, generally used for the disposal of liquid wastes.

UI = D004323

 

Drama

AN = coord IM with LITERATURE, MEDIEVAL (IM) or LITERATURE, MODERN (IM); docudrama as a stage presentation goes here

MS = A composition in prose or verse presenting in dialogue or pantomime a story involving various characters, usually intended to be acted on a stage and to be regarded as a form of entertainment. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D004324

 

Drawings [Publication Type]

MS = Graphic representations of objects or ideas by lines.

UI = D020472

 

Dreams

AN = consider also NIGHT TERRORS & PAVOR NOCTURNUS (both see SLEEP DISORDERS)

MS = A series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep which are dissociated from the usual stream of consciousness of the waking state.

UI = D004325

 

Drinking

AN = not for drinking alcohol or alcohol consumption ( = ALCOHOL DRINKING); when IM, qualif permitted; when NIM in psychol articles, usually no qualif but consider also DRINKING BEHAVIOR; TN 55: differentiate from DRINKING BEHAVIOR

UI = D004326

 

Drinking Behavior

AN = does not refer to drinking alcohol ( = ALCOHOL DRINKING); human & animal; TN 55: differentiate from DRINKING

MS = Behaviors associated with the ingesting of water and other liquids; includes rhythmic patterns of drinking (time intervals - onset and duration), frequency and satiety.

UI = D004327

 

Drive

AN = human & animal; no qualif

MS = A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response.

UI = D004328

 

Droperidol

AN = an antipsychotic agent

MS = A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a state of neuroleptanalgesia in which he is calm and indifferent to his surroundings and able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitated patients in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593)

UI = D004329

 

Drosophilidae

AN = a family of Diptera; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

MS = A family of the order DIPTERA. These flies are generally found around decaying vegetation and fruit. Several species, because of their short life span, giant salivary gland chromosomes, and ease of culturing, have been used extensively in studies of heredity.

UI = D018428

 

Drosophila

AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; NIM when merely research organism in genetic studies; note X ref FRUIT FLIES for fruit fly unspecified: do not confuse with medfly or MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY see DIPTERA

MS = A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

UI = D004330

 

Drosophila melanogaster

AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; NIM when merely research organism in genetic studies; DF: D MELANOGASTER

MS = A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

UI = D004331

 

Drowning

AN = only Cat C qualif if pertinent

UI = D004332

 

Droxidopa

AN = an antiparkinson agent

MS = A precursor of noradrenaline that is used in the treatment of parkinsonism. The racemic form (DL-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine) has also been used, and has been investigated in the treatment of orthostatic hypotension. There is a deficit of noradrenaline as well as of dopamine in Parkinson's disease and it has been proposed that this underlies the sudden transient freezing seen usually in advanced disease. Administration of DL-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine has been claimed to result in an improvement in this phenomenon but controlled studies have failed to demonstrate improvement. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)

UI = D015103

 

Drug Administration Routes

AN = GEN & unspecified: prefer specific; NIM

MS = The various ways of administering a drug or other chemical to a site in a patient or animal from where the chemical is absorbed into the blood and delivered to the target tissue.

UI = D004333

 

Drug Administration Schedule

AN = NIM only; coord NIM with drug term /admin (IM); drug admin based on circadian rhythm = CHRONOTHERAPY: do not coord with DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE or CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; DF: DRUG ADMIN SCHEDULE

MS = Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.

UI = D004334

 

Drug and Narcotic Control

AN = Public Law 91-513; includes internat agreement; specify country or state; DF: DRUG CONTROL CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Control of drug and narcotic use by international agreement, or by institutional systems for handling prescribed drugs. This includes regulations concerned with the manufacturing, dispensing, approval (DRUG APPROVAL), and marketing of drugs.

UI = D004335

 

Drug Antagonism

AN = GEN & IM only as pharmacol principle irrespective of specific drugs; prefer specific drug with /antag; no qualif; DF: DRUG ANTAG

UI = D004336

 

Drug Approval

AN = by govt regulatory agency, U.S. (not restricted to FDA) or foreign

MS = Process that is gone through in order for a drug to receive approval by a government regulatory agency. This includes any required pre-clinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance of the drug.

UI = D017277

 

Drug Carriers

AN = IM for general only, qualif permitted; NIM (no qualif) with specific drug IM (with qualif)

MS = Substances that facilitate time-controlled delivery, organ-specific targeting, protection, prolonged in vivo function, and decrease of toxicity of drugs. Liposomes, albumin microspheres, soluble synthetic polymers, DNA complexes, protein-drug conjugates, and carrier erythrocytes among others have been employed as biodegradable drug carriers.

UI = D004337

 

Drug Combinations

AN = IM for general only; NIM with specific drugs; differentiate from DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION: drug combinations = 2 or more drugs in a single dosage form; combination ther = 2 or more drugs separately for a combined eff; no qualif

MS = Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture. It is differentiated from DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION in which two or more drugs are administered separately for a combined effect.

UI = D004338

 

Drug Compounding

AN = IM when general; do not confuse with PRESCRIPTIONS, DRUG (prescribing is by the MD, cpding by the pharmacist or drug co.) or with DRUG FORMULATION see CHEMISTRY, PHARMACEUTICAL

MS = The preparation, mixing, and assembling of a drug. (From Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th ed, p1814)

UI = D004339

 

Drug Contamination

AN = by organisms, dust, dirt, chemicals, etc.

UI = D004340

 

Drug Costs

AN = costs to a health care facility or organiz: do not confuse with FEES, PHARMACEUTICAL or PRESCRIPTION FEES which are costs to the patient

MS = The amount that a health care institution or organization pays for its drugs. It is one component of the final price that is charged to the consumer (FEES, PHARMACEUTICAL or PRESCRIPTION FEES).

UI = D016527

 

Drug Delivery Systems

AN = coord IM with drug /admin (IM); controlled delivery of a drug in a patient or animal so that "an optimum amount reaches the target site": do not confuse with MEDICATION SYSTEMS, an organizational concept in patient care for providing medication

MS = Systems of administering drugs through controlled delivery so that an optimum amount reaches the target site. Drug delivery systems encompass the carrier, route, and target.

UI = D016503

 

Drug Design

AN = no qualif; do not confuse with DESIGNER DRUGS

MS = The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis.

UI = D015195

 

Drug Eruptions

AN = for any skin dis caused by ther agent whether prescribed by MD or not, or through any route of admin

MS = Adverse cutaneous reactions caused by ingestion, parenteral use, or local application of a drug. These may assume various morphologic patterns and produce various types of lesions.

UI = D003875

 

Drug Evaluation

AN = IM when general; NIM when with specific drug; differentiate from DRUG SCREENING: screening is pre-clin in exper animals or in vitro; evaluation is clin testing; differentiate also from CLINICAL TRIALS & its indented phases: see MeSH definitions

MS = Any process by which toxicity, metabolism, absorption, elimination, preferred route of administration, safe dosage range, etc., for a drug or group of drugs is determined through clinical assessment in humans or veterinary animals.

UI = D004341

 

Drug Hypersensitivity

AN = "drug allergy"; use in conventional sense & not for allergy to every Cat D term: allergy to nickel is not NICKEL + DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY: try DERMATITIS, ALLERGIC CONTACT; DERMATITIS, OCCUPATIONAL; etc.; Manual 23.24+

MS = Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.

UI = D004342

 

Drug Implants

AN = not for radioisotope implants ( = RADIOISOTOPES or specific /admin or BRACHYTHERAPY (see X refs there) ) or prosthetic injections ( = PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS + substance implanted); IM for general only, D25-26 qualif; NIM when specific chemical is IM, no qualif

MS = Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug.

UI = D004343

 

Drug Incompatibility

AN = "one drug is not of suitable composition to be combined or mixed with another": do not confuse with DRUG INTERACTIONS, "the action of one drug on the metab, effect or tox of another"; IM when general; NIM when with specific drug; no qualif

MS = The quality of not being miscible with another given substance without a chemical change. One drug is not of suitable composition to be combined or mixed with another agent or substance. The incompatibility usually results in an undesirable reaction, including chemical alteration or destruction. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D004344

 

Drug Industry

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; /instrum /methods: consider probably better TECHNOLOGY, PHARMACEUTICAL; DF: DRUG INDUST CATALOG /geog/form

MS = That segment of commercial enterprise devoted to the design, development, and manufacture of chemical products for use in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, disability, or other dysfunction, or to improve function.

UI = D004345

 

Drug Information Services

AN = IM; DF: DRUG INFORMATION SERV CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Services providing pharmaceutic and therapeutic drug information and consultation.

UI = D004346

 

Drug Interactions

AN = "the action of one drug on the metab, effect or tox of another": do not confuse with DRUG INCOMPATIBILITY, "the quality of not being miscible with another substance without a chem change"; IM when general; NIM when with specific drugs

MS = The action of one drug on the metabolism, effectiveness or toxicity of another. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004347

 

Drug Labeling

MS = Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a drug container or wrapper. It includes contents, indications, effects, dosages, routes, methods, frequency and duration of administration, warnings, hazards, contraindications, side effects, precautions, and other relevant information.

UI = D004348

 

Drug Monitoring

AN = in diag or ther

MS = The process of observing, recording, or detecting the effects of a chemical substance administered to an individual therapeutically or diagnostically.

UI = D016903

 

Drug Packaging

AN = includes containers, packaging methods, packaging materials; IM; DRUG LABELING is also available

MS = Containers, packaging, and packaging materials for drugs and biological products. These include those in ampule, capsule, tablet, solution or other forms. Packaging includes immediate-containers, secondary-containers, and cartons. In the United States, such packaging is controlled under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which also stipulates requirements for tamper-resistance and child-resistance. Similar laws govern use elsewhere. (From Code of Federal Regulations, 21 CFR 1 Section 210, 1993) DRUG LABELING is also available.

UI = D004349

 

Drug Residues

MS = Drugs and their metabolites which are found in the edible tissues and milk of animals after their medication with specific drugs. This term can also apply to drugs found in adipose tissue of humans after drug treatment.

UI = D004350

 

Drug Resistance

AN = IM when general; NIM when with specific drug (IM); differentiate from DRUG TOLERANCE; resistance of bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, fungi = DRUG RESISTANCE, MICROBIAL; resistance of protozoa, helminths, etc., goes here, not under DRUG RESISTANCE, MICROBIAL; resistance to multidrugs = DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIDRUG; resistance to antineoplastic drugs = DRUG RESISTANCE, NEOPLASM

MS = Diminished or failed response of a human, animal, disease, or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It does not include the resistance of micro-organisms to drugs for which DRUG RESISTANCE, MICROBIAL is available. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.

UI = D004351

 

Drug Resistance, Microbial

AN = restrict to bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, fungi: for protozoa use DRUG RESISTANCE; IM when general; NIM when with specific drug (IM) & specific micro-organism (virus, bacterium & fungus) (IM); note X ref: do not coord with ANTIBIOTICS for general or unspecified articles on "antibiotic resistance"

MS = The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through plasmids containing resistance factors (R FACTORS).

UI = D004352

 

Drug Resistance, Multiple

AN = IM; coord with specific drugs (IM) or specific drug resist term available (IM)

MS = Simultaneous resistance to a broad spectrum of structurally and functionally distinct drugs following exposure to a single agent. It is thought to result from the overexpression of genes encoding integral plasma membrane proteins, P-GLYCOPROTEINS.

UI = D018432

 

Drug Resistance, Neoplasm

AN = IM when general; NIM when with specific drug (IM) & neopl terms (IM); note X refs: do not coord with ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS for general or unspecified antineoplastic drugs; DF: DRUG RESISTANCE NEOPL

MS = Resistance or diminished response of a neoplasm to an antineoplastic agent in humans, animals, or cell or tissue cultures.

UI = D019008

 

Drug Screening

AN = IM when general; NIM when with specific drug; differentiate from DRUG EVALUATION: screening is pre-clin in exper animals or in vitro; evaluation is clin testing

MS = Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications.

UI = D004353

 

Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor

AN = IM when general; NIM when with specific antineoplastic agent (IM)

MS = Methods of investigating the effectiveness of anticancer cytotoxic drugs and biologic inhibitors. These include in vitro cell-kill models and cytostatic dye exclusion tests as well as in vivo measurement of tumor growth parameters in laboratory animals.

UI = D004354

 

Drug Stability

AN = IM when general; NIM when with specific drug (IM); no qualif; for stability of enzymes use ENZYME STABILITY

UI = D004355

 

Drug Storage

AN = IM when general; NIM when with specific drug (IM)

UI = D004356

 

Drug Synergism

AN = IM when general; NIM when with specific drugs (IM); no qualif

UI = D004357

 

Drug Therapy

AN = GEN only: prefer /drug ther with disease term: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.26; note X ref CHEMOTHERAPY: prefer specific chem or chem group, e.g., chemotherapy of lymphoma = LYMPHOMA /drug ther + ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS /ther use, not DRUG THERAPY; DF: DRUG THER

UI = D004358

 

Drug Therapy, Combination

AN = IM when general; NIM when with specific drugs; no qualif; differentiate from DRUG COMBINATIONS which = 2 or more drugs in a single dosage form; combin drug ther = 2 or more drugs given separately for a combined effect; TN 5: anticancer polychemother; note X ref POLYCHEMOTHERAPY: do not confuse with POLYPHARMACY which is available for the use of multiple drugs administered to the same patient

MS = Drug therapy with two or more drugs given separately for a combined effect.

UI = D004359

 

Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted

AN = IM; SPEC: SPEC qualif

MS = Adjunctive computer programs in providing drug treatment to patients.

UI = D004360

 

Drug Tolerance

AN = differentiate from DRUG RESISTANCE; not for tolerability ( = drug /adv eff): Manual 28.19

MS = Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from DRUG RESISTANCE wherein a human, animal, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug.

UI = D004361

 

Drug Toxicity

AN = note category: TOXICOLOGY is the specialty; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific indentions or Cat D term with /adv eff-pois-tox or Cat C term with /chem ind; DF: DRUG TOX

MS = Manifestations of the adverse effects of drugs administered therapeutically or in the course of diagnostic techniques. It does not include accidental or intentional poisoning for which specific headings are available.

UI = D004362

 

Drug Utilization

AN = NIM; not for "use" in ther from patient's viewpoint ( = drug /ther use): for use by MDs, hosp, clinics, pharmacies, localities, etc.; includes over-use or over-prescription of a drug or drugs by a physician

MS = The utilization of drugs as reported in individual hospital studies, FDA studies, marketing, or consumption, etc. This includes drug stockpiling, and patient drug profiles.

UI = D004363

 

Drug Utilization Review

AN = GEN or unspecified, IM; coord IM with specific drug with no qualif (IM); DF: DRUG UTIL REV

MS = Formal programs for assessing drug prescription against some standard. Drug utilization review may consider clinical appropriateness, cost effectiveness, and, in some cases, outcomes. Review is usually retrospective, but some analysis may be done before drugs are dispensed (as in computer systems which advise physicians when prescriptions are entered). Drug utilization review is mandated for Medicaid programs beginning in 1993.

UI = D017723

 

Drugs, Chinese Herbal

AN = drugs used in traditional Chinese medicine, not synthetic drugs manufactured in China; D25-26 qualif; Chinese names of these drugs not capitalized in titles or translations; TN J: indexing instructions

MS = Chinese herbal or plant extracts which are used as drugs to treat diseases or promote general well-being. The concept does not include synthesized compounds manufactured in China.

UI = D004365

 

Drugs, Essential

AN = "essential to meet the health needs of a population"; IM GEN; for specific drug as essential, coord IM with drug (IM)

MS = Drugs considered essential to meet the health needs of a population as well as to control drug costs. (World Health Organization Action Programme on Essential Drugs, 1994, p3)

UI = D018954

 

Drugs, Generic

AN = GEN only or unspecified; D25-26 qualif; for specific drug as a generic, coord IM with drug (IM)

MS = Drugs whose drug name is not protected by a trademark. They may be manufactured by several companies.

UI = D016568

 

Drugs, Investigational

AN = D25-26 qualif; coord IM with specific drug (IM); not restricted to FDA studies: may be used for investigational drugs in other countries

MS = Drugs which have received FDA approval for human testing but have yet to be approved for commercial marketing. This includes drugs used for treatment while they still are undergoing clinical trials (Treatment IND). The main heading includes drugs under investigation in foreign countries.

UI = D015507

 

Drugs, Non-Prescription

AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: note short X ref

MS = Drugs that can be sold legally without a prescription.

UI = D004366

 

Dry Eye Syndromes

AN = defic tear production; GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; do not confuse with XEROPHTHALMIA: read MeSH definitions

MS = Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.

UI = D015352

 

Dry Ice

AN = note X ref; a refrigerant

MS = A solid form of carbon dioxide used as a refrigerant.

UI = D004367

 

Dry Socket

AN = note category: after surg or traumatic tooth extraction

MS = A condition sometimes occurring after tooth extraction, particularly after traumatic extraction, resulting in a dry appearance of the exposed bone in the socket, due to disintegration or loss of the blood clot. It is basically a focal osteomyelitis without suppuration and is accompanied by severe pain (alveolalgia) and foul odor. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004368

 

Duane's Syndrome

AN = defective adduction/abduction of eye musc

MS = A hereditary congenital syndrome in which the affected eye shows limitation or absence of abduction, restriction of adduction, retraction of the globe on adduction, narrowing of the palpebral fissure on adduction and widening on adduction, and deficient convergence. It is transmitted as an autosomal trait. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004370

 

Duck Hepatitis Virus (see: Hepatitis Virus, Duck)

 

Ducks

AN = domestic or wild; IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with POULTRY DISEASES (IM); diseases of wild ducks: coord IM with BIRD DISEASES (IM), not POULTRY DISEASES

UI = D004372

 

Ductus Arteriosus

AN = normal; abnormal is probably DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS, PATENT

MS = A fetal blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery with the descending aorta.

UI = D004373

 

Ductus Arteriosus, Patent

AN = abnormal: normal anat structure is DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Abnormal persistence of an open lumen in the ductus arteriosus after birth, the direction of flow being from the aorta to the pulmonary artery, resulting in recirculation of arterial blood through the lungs. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004374

 

Duffy Blood-Group System

AN = IM; coord with disease /blood (IM), not /immunol nor /genet; TN 230

MS = A blood group consisting mainly of the antigens Fy(a) and Fy(b), determined by allelic genes, the frequency of which varies profoundly in different races; amorphic genes are common.

UI = D004375

 

Dugong

MS = A genus of the order Sirenia characterized by a notched tail, the presence of nasal bones and a long nasal cavity, and large columnar teeth lacking enamel. Dugongs inhabit the coastal waters of the Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and the Malay Archipelago. (From Scott, Concise Encyclopedia Biology, 1996)

UI = D020454

 

Dumping Syndrome

AN = "gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from absent or nonfunctioning pylorus"

MS = Gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from an absent or nonfunctioning pylorus.

UI = D004377

 

Duodenal Diseases

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; inflamm dis = DUODENITIS; duodenal atresia = DUODENAL OBSTRUCTION /congen (IM) + INTESTINAL ATRESIA (IM)

UI = D004378

 

Duodenal Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D004379

 

Duodenal Obstruction

AN = obstruct of external or internal origin; duodenal compression by superior mesenteric artery = SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY SYNDROME; duodenal atresia = DUODENAL OBSTRUCTION /congen (IM) + INTESTINAL ATRESIA (IM)

UI = D004380

 

Duodenal Ulcer

AN = perforation = DUODENAL ULCER /compl (IM) + PEPTIC ULCER PERFORATION (IM); hemorrhage = DUODENAL ULCER /compl (IM) + PEPTIC ULCER HEMORRHAGE (IM)

MS = A peptic ulcer situated in the duodenum. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004381

 

Duodenitis

UI = D004382

 

Duodenogastric Reflux

AN = note category; "reflux of duodenal contents into stomach"

MS = Reflux of duodenal contents into the stomach.

UI = D004383

 

Duodenoscopy

AN = NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Examination of the luminal surface of the duodenum with an endoscope. It is used to localize, identify, and photograph pathologic alterations, to obtain biopsy material and perform other surgical interventions, and for delivery of medication.

UI = D004384

 

Duodenostomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical formation of an opening into the duodenum.

UI = D004385

 

Duodenum

AN = inflammation = DUODENITIS; fistula = DUODENAL DISEASES (IM) + INTESTINAL FISTULA (IM); duodenal atresia = DUODENAL OBSTRUCTION /congen (IM) + INTESTINAL ATRESIA (IM); duodenal juice = DUODENUM (IM) + INTESTINAL SECRETIONS (IM) (not DUODENUM /secret)

UI = D004386

 

Duplicate Publication

AN = IM only for dupl publ as a publishing or bibliothecal problem & for notices that an article has been published in duplicate; do not confuse with Publication Type DUPLICATE PUBLICATION used for an individual item identified as a duplicate publication; do not confuse with PLAGIARISM: read MeSH definition; no qualif; Manual 17.16+

MS = Simultaneous or successive publishing of identical or near- identical material in two or more different sources without acknowledgment. It differs from reprinted publication in that a reprint cites sources. It differs from PLAGIARISM in that duplicate publication is the product of the same authorship while plagiarism publishes a work or parts of a work of another as one's own.

UI = D015713

 

Duplicate Publication [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; when IM as a subject, index under main heading DUPLICATE PUBLICATION

MS = The designation given an article or book of identical or nearly identical material published simultaneously or successively with the material previously published elsewhere, without acknowledgment.

UI = D016438

 

Dupuytren's Contracture

AN = contracture of fingers

MS = A fibromatosis of the palmar fascia characterized by thickening and contracture of the fibrous bands on the palmar surfaces of the hand and fingers. It arises most commonly in men between the ages of 30 and 50.

UI = D004387

 

Dura Mater

UI = D004388

 

Durable Medical Equipment

AN = DF: DURABLE MED EQUIPMENT

MS = Devices which are very resistant to wear and may be used over a long period of time. They include items such as wheelchairs, hospital beds, artificial limbs, etc.

UI = D004389

 

Durapatite

AN = mineral component of bones & teeth; used as a biocompatible material

MS = The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

UI = D017886

 

Dust

AN = coord with specific substance yielding dust: GOLD + DUST, COAL + DUST; do not index here for specific dusts in pneumoconiosis: see note under PNEUMOCONIOSIS

UI = D004391

 

Duty to Warn

AN = duty of MD or other health professional to warn patient or health professional of personal harm

MS = The legal, moral, or ethical responsibility of a health professional to warn an intended victim of specific threats of harm or to warn a person of potential risk for acquiring a disease as the result of a relationship to a patient.

UI = D017007

 

Dwarfism

AN = X ref MULIBREY NANISM: spell in titles & translations with lowercase m: mulibrey (stands for MUscle, LIver, BRain, EYes)

MS = The condition of being undersized as a result of premature arrest of skeletal growth. It may be caused by insufficient secretion of growth hormone.

UI = D004392

 

Dwarfism, Pituitary

AN = manifest of hypopituitarism

MS = A form of dwarfism due to absence or hypofunction of the anterior pituitary gland.

UI = D004393

 

Dydrogesterone

AN = a synthetic progestational hormone

MS = (9 beta,10 alpha)-Pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone with no androgenic or estrogenic properties. Unlike many other progestational compounds, dydrogesterone produces no increase in temperature and does not inhibit ovulation.

UI = D004394

 

Dye Dilution Technique

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition CATALOG: do not use /laboratory manuals

MS = Method for assessing flow through a system by injection of a known quantity of dye into the system and monitoring its concentration over time at a specific point in the system. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004395

 

Dyes

AN = usually non-biol: differentiate from PIGMENTS, largely biol; D25-26 qualif

MS = Colored chemical substances that impart more or less permanent color to other materials. They are used for staining and coloring, as test reagents, and as therapeutic agents in medicine. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed; from Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004396

 

Dynein ATPase

AN = a microtubule protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A structural protein which forms the arms on the microtubule doublets of cilia and flagella. In the presence of divalent cations, dynein catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP. This hydrolysis plays an important functional role in the motility process. EC 3.6.1.33.

UI = D004398

 

Dynorphins

AN = neurotransmitters; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.

UI = D004399

 

Dyphylline

AN = a broncho- & vasodilator

MS = 7-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)-1,3-dimethylxanthine. A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.

UI = D004400

 

Dysarthria

AN = impaired motor control of speech

MS = Impairment of motor control of speech due to faulty innervation of speech musculature or imperfect coordination of the musculature in complex acts.

UI = D004401

 

Dysautonomia, Familial

AN = a disease entity: not for autonomic nerv system dysfunct (DYSAUTONOMIA see AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES); do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; note short X ref CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An autosomal recessive inherited disorder seen predominantly in Jewish infants and children. The peripheral autonomic and sensory neurons are affected. The characteristic distinguishing this disorder from other hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies is the predominance of autonomic symptoms such as excessive perspiration, defective lacrimation, and hypertension. Insensitivity to pain and areflexia are also present.

UI = D004402

 

Dysentery

AN = a form of diarrhea resulting from intestinal inflamm of various origins

MS = Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004403

 

Dysentery, Amebic

AN = amebic intestinal infect caused by Entamoeba histolytica

MS = Dysentery resulting from ulcerative inflammation of the bowel, caused chiefly by infection with ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA. This condition may be associated with amebic infection of the liver and other distant sites.

UI = D004404

 

Dysentery, Bacillary

AN = coord IM with specific Shigella species if pertinent (IM)

MS = An infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus SHIGELLA. This condition is characterized by intestinal pain and diarrhea.

UI = D004405

 

Dysgammaglobulinemia

AN = an immunol defic dis; coord IM with specific immunoglobulin /defic (IM) but note that IGA DEFICIENCY & IGG DEFICIENCY are available; TN 225: relation to AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA

MS = An immunologic deficiency state characterized by selective deficiencies of one or more, but not all, classes of immunoglobulins.

UI = D004406

 

Dysgerminoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646

UI = D004407

 

Dysgeusia

AN = distortion of sense of taste; do not confuse with AGEUSIA, loss of sense of taste

MS = Distortion of the sense of taste. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004408

 

Dyskeratosis Congenita

AN = do not use /congen CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An X-linked syndrome occurring predominantly in males, with onset in childhood and characterized by nail dystrophy, reticular cutaneous hyperpigmentation, mucosal leukokeratosis, and pancytopenia resembling that of Fanconi. It is also known as Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019871

 

Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced

AN = shows repetitive movements: do not confuse with AKATHISIA, DRUG-INDUCED which shows "anxiety, restlessness & agitation"

MS = Abnormal movements induced as an adverse reaction of drug therapy. One particular movement disorder is the "on-off" effect. Tardive dyskinesia differs from AKATHISIA, DRUG-INDUCED in the repetitive nature of the movements rather than being associated with anxiety, restlessness, and agitation found in akathisia.

UI = D004409

 

Dyslexia

AN = inability to read; dyslexia caused by a brain lesion is DYSLEXIA, ACQUIRED

MS = A severe impairment in learning to read, usually presumed to be the result of congenital neurological abnormalities. The "dyslexic" designation is often applied to any child whose reading ability is widely discrepant from his general intelligence, despite adequate educational opportunities. Dyslexia is sometimes restricted to children with this reading disability but who also exhibit particular perceptual or linguistic problems.

UI = D004410

 

Dyslexia, Acquired

AN = dyslexia from brain lesion

MS = Loss of previously possessed reading facility, visual aphasia, or word blindness due to a brain lesion.

UI = D004411

 

Dysmenorrhea

AN = painful menstruation

MS = Painful menstruation.

UI = D004412

 

Dysostoses

AN = defective bone formation

MS = Defective bone formation involving individual bones, singly or in combination.

UI = D004413

 

Dyspareunia

MS = Painful sexual intercourse.

UI = D004414

 

Dyspepsia

AN = impaired digestion

MS = Impairment of the power or function of digestion. It is usually applied to epigastric discomfort following meals. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004415

 

Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome

AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Clinically atypical nevi (usually exceeding 5 mm in diameter and having variable pigmentation and ill defined borders) with an increased risk for development of non-familial cutaneous malignant melanoma. Biopsies show melanocytic dysplasia. Nevi are clinically and histologically identical to the precursor lesions for melanoma in the B-K mole syndrome. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D004416

 

Dyspnea

AN = difficulty in breathing: do not confuse with APNEA or other resp disord; use only when text uses DYSPNEA

MS = Difficult or labored breathing.

UI = D004417

 

Dyspnea, Paroxysmal

MS = A form of respiratory distress related to posture (especially reclining at night) and usually attributed to congestive heart failure with pulmonary edema. It appears suddenly at night, usually wakening the patient after an hour or two of sleep. It is also called paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D004418

 

Dysprosium

AN = a rare earth metal; Dy-164; Dy-156, 158, 160-163 = DYSPROSIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Dy-149-155, 157, 159, 165-167 = DYSPROSIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

MS = Dysprosium. An element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol Dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. Dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts.

UI = D004419

 

Dysthymic Disorder

MS = Chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years. The required minimum duration in children to make this diagnosis is 1 year. During periods of depressed mood, at least 2 of the following additional symptoms are present: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. (DSM-IV)

UI = D019263

 

Dystocia

AN = difficult childbirth

MS = Difficult childbirth or labor.

UI = D004420

 

Dystonia

AN = do not confuse with MUSCLE HYPERTONIA or MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; DYSTONIA MUSCULORUM DEFORMANS is also available

MS = An abnormal movement manifesting as maintenance of a posture by exaggerated muscle tone, the posture being an extreme degree of either flexion or extension. It often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles.

UI = D004421

 

Dystonia Musculorum Deformans

UI = D004422

 

Dystrophin

AN = a muscle protein: see MeSH definition for relation to musc dystrophy; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A muscle protein localized in surface membranes which is the product of the Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy gene. Individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually lack dystrophin completely while those with Becker muscular dystrophy have dystrophin of an altered size. It shares features with other cytoskeletal proteins such as SPECTRIN and alpha-actinin but the precise function of dystrophin is not clear. One possible role might be to preserve the integrity and alignment of the plasma membrane to the myofibrils during muscle contraction and relaxation. MW 400 kDa.

UI = D016189