Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms

E

RETURN TO INDEX

Eagles

MS = Members of the Falconiformes order of birds, family Accipitridae. They are characterized by their powerful talons, which carry long, curved, pointed claws and by their opposable hindtoe.

UI = D020307

 

Ear

AN = GEN only or unspecified; prefer EAR, EXTERNAL or EAR, MIDDLE or LABYRINTH ( = internal ear); /abnorm permitted but note EAR DEFORMITIES, ACQUIRED; /surg: consider also OTOLOGIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; ear acupuncture or otopuncture or auriculoacupuncture (acupunct ther with ear as pressure point): index under ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY (IM) + EAR, EXTERNAL (IM)

UI = D004423

 

Ear Canal

UI = D004424

 

Ear Cartilages

AN = /abnorm permitted for congen deform but acquired deform = EAR DEFORMITIES, ACQUIRED (IM) + EAR CARTILAGES (NIM)

MS = Cartilages of the auricle (pinna) and the external acoustic meatus.

UI = D004425

 

Ear Deformities, Acquired

AN = acquired through inj or dis; do not use /congen : = EAR, EXTERNAL /abnorm & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

MS = Distortion or disfigurement of the ear caused by disease or injury after birth.

UI = D004426

 

Ear Diseases

AN = GEN only; NIM with coord for diseases of specific parts; /diag: consider also DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, OTOLOGICAL; inflamm dis = OTITIS and its specifics

MS = Diseases of the ear, general or unspecified.

UI = D004427

 

Ear Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with specific ear term (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = Neoplasms of the internal, external, or middle ear.

UI = D004428

 

Ear Ossicles

UI = D004429

 

Ear Protective Devices

AN = includes earmuffs & earplugs

MS = Personal devices for protection of the ears from loud or high intensity noise, water, or cold. These include earmuffs and earplugs.

UI = D004430

 

Ear, External

AN = /abnorm permitted for congen deform but acquired deform = EAR DEFORMITIES, ACQUIRED; inflammation = OTITIS EXTERNA; ear acupuncture or auriculoacupuncture or otoacupuncture (acupunct ther with ear as pressure point) goes here (IM) + ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY (IM)

UI = D004431

 

Ear, Middle

AN = /surg: consider TYMPANOPLASTY; inflammation = OTITIS MEDIA; inj caused by pressure = EAR, MIDDLE /inj (IM) + BAROTRAUMA (IM); middle ear effusions = OTITIS MEDIA

UI = D004432

 

Earache

MS = Pain in the ear.

UI = D004433

 

Early Ambulation

MS = Procedure characterized by a shorter period of hospitalization or recumbency or by more rapid mobilization than is normally practiced.

UI = D004434

 

Early Intervention (Education)

AN = restrict to procedures for developing skills in children with special needs: do not use for early intervention in various organic & systemic dis; DF: EARLY INTERVENTION

MS = Procedures and programs that facilitate the development or skill acquisition in infants and young children who have disabilities, who are at risk for developing disabilities, or who are gifted. It includes programs that are designed to prevent handicapping conditions in infants and young children and family-centered programs designed to affect the functioning of infants and children with special needs. (From Journal of Early Intervention, Editorial, 1989, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 3; A Discursive Dictionary of Health Care, prepared for the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, 1976)

UI = D018479

 

Earth (Planet)

AN = 3d planet from sun with 1 moon; no qualif; DF: EARTH

MS = Planet that is the third in order from the sun. It is one of the four inner or terrestrial planets of the SOLAR SYSTEM.

UI = D018534

 

Eating

AN = the act of eating: do not confuse with FOOD (the substance eaten) or EATING BEHAVIOR see FEEDING BEHAVIOR (the manner of eating): TN 63

UI = D004435

 

Eating Disorders

AN = in children, use FEEDING AND EATING DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD if related to mental disorder

MS = A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.

UI = D001068

 

Ebola Virus

AN = a species of Filovirus; Ebola was in Zaire, now called Democratic Republic of the Congo; infection = HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, EBOLA

MS = A species of FILOVIRUS which causes a form of African viral hemorrhagic fever first reported from an outbreak in the Yambuku area of (what was then) Zaire in 1976.

UI = D004436

 

Ebstein's Anomaly

AN = a congen heart defect; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital downward displacement of the tricuspid valve with the septal and posterior leaflets being attached to the wall of the right ventricle.

UI = D004437

 

Ecchymosis

AN = purple patch on skin from sub- or intradermal hemorrh; differentiate from CONTUSIONS: use term in the text

MS = A small hemorrhagic spot, larger than a petechia, in the skin or mucous membrane forming a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004438

 

Eccrine Glands

AN = /secret: see also SWEAT or SWEATING: TN 181

MS = Simple sweat glands that secrete sweat directly onto the skin.

UI = D004439

 

Ecdysone

AN = an insect hormone; do not confuse with ECDYSTERONE

UI = D004440

 

Ecdysterone

AN = an insect hormone; do not confuse with ECDYSONE

MS = 2 beta,3 beta,14,20,22R,25-Hexahydroxy-5 beta-cholest-7-en-6-one. An insect hormone which is active during the molting stage of the insect's development.

UI = D004441

 

Echidna

AN = do not confuse X ref SPINY ANTEATER with X ref ANTEATERS see XENARTHRA; IM; qualif permitted

MS = An oviparous burrowing mammal of the order Monotremata native to Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea. It has hair mingled with spines on the upper part of the body and is adapted for feeding on ants.

UI = D004442

 

Echinococcosis

AN = tapeworm infect; of liver = ECHINOCOCCOSIS, HEPATIC, of lung = ECHINOCOCCOSIS, PULMONARY; Taenia echinococcus infect = Echinococcus granulosus infect = ECHINOCOCCOSIS

MS = Infection caused by tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. The larval stage is called hydatid or hydatid cyst and develops in almost all mammals, especially domestic and farm animals, and in man under certain epidemiological conditions. The liver, lungs, and kidney are particularly common sites of development and infestation. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed). ECHINOCOCCOSIS, HEPATIC and ECHINOCOCCOSIS, PULMONARY are also available.

UI = D004443

 

Echinococcosis, Hepatic

AN = tapeworm infect of the liver

MS = Helminth infection of the liver caused by Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis.

UI = D004444

 

Echinococcosis, Pulmonary

AN = tapeworm infect of the lung; DF: ECHINOCOCCOSIS PULM

MS = Helminth infection of the lung caused by Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis.

UI = D004445

 

Echinococcus

AN = a genus of tapeworms; for larval or adult form; infection = ECHINOCOCCOSIS or its specifics; Taenia echinococcus = Echinococcus granulosus, its infect = ECHINOCOCCOSIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

UI = D004446

 

Echinodermata

AN = includes SEA URCHINS, STARFISH, sea lilies, SEA CUCUMBERS & brittle stars; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = A phylum of the most familiar marine invertebrates. Its class Stelleroidea contains two subclasses, the Asteroidea (the STARFISH or sea stars) and the Ophiuroidea (the brittle stars, also called basket stars and serpent stars). There are 1500 described species of STARFISH found throughout the world. The second class, Echinoidea, contains about 950 species of SEA URCHINS, heart urchins, and sand dollars. A third class, Holothuroidea, comprises about 900 echinoderms known as SEA CUCUMBERS. Echinoderms are used extensively in biological research. (From Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, pp773-826)

UI = D004447

 

Echinomycin

AN = a peptide antineoplastic antibiotic

MS = A toxic polypeptide quinoxaline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces echinatus that binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis. It has antitumor and antibacterial activity.

UI = D004448

 

Echinostoma

AN = infection = ECHINOSTOMIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A genus of intestinal flukes of the family Echinostomatidae which consists of many species. They occur in man and other vertebrates. The intermediate hosts are frequently mollusks.

UI = D004449

 

Echinostomatidae

AN = a family of trematodes; infection: coord IM with TREMATODE INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A family of flukes (TREMATODA) characterized by a collar of spines at their anterior end. The body is elongated and is covered with spines, and the two suckers are usually close together. (Noble et al., Parasitology: the Biology of Animal Parasites, 6th ed, p183)

UI = D004450

 

Echinostomiasis

AN = trematode infect

MS = Infection by flukes of the genus Echinostoma.

UI = D004451

 

Echocardiography

AN = GEN only; prefer /ultrasonogr with specific heart dis; note X ref ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, TRANSTHORACIC; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, TRANSESOPHAGEAL is also available; DF: ECHOCARDIOGR

MS = Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.

UI = D004452

 

Echocardiography, Doppler

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ECHOCARDIOGR DOPPLER

MS = Measurement of intracardiac blood flow using an M-mode and/or two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiogram while simultaneously recording the spectrum of the audible Doppler signal (e.g., velocity, direction, amplitude, intensity, timing) reflected from the moving column of red blood cells.

UI = D015150

 

Echocardiography, Doppler, Color

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ECHOCARDIOGR DOPPLER COLOR

MS = Echocardiography applying the Doppler effect, with the superposition of flow information as colors on a gray scale in a real-time image.

UI = D018618

 

Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ECHOCARDIOGR DOPPLER PULSED

MS = Echocardiography applying the Doppler effect, with velocity detection combined with range discrimination. Short bursts of ultrasound are transmitted at regular intervals and the echoes are demodulated as they return.

UI = D018619

 

Echocardiography, Four-Dimensional

AN = ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, THREE-DIMENSIONAL is also available; DF: ECHOCARDIOGR 4D

MS = Dynamic three-dimensional echocardiography using the added dimension of time to impart the cinematic perception of motion. (Mayo Clin Proc 1993;68:221-40)

UI = D019561

 

Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional

AN = ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, FOUR-DIMENSIONAL is also available; DF: ECHOCARDIOGR 3D

MS = Echocardiography amplified by the addition of depth to the conventional two-dimensional ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY visualizing only the length and width of the heart. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging was first described in 1961 but its application to echocardiography did not take place until 1974. (Mayo Clin Proc 1993;68:221-40)

UI = D019560

 

Echocardiography, Transesophageal

AN = coord IM with specific type of echocardiogr (IM) if pertinent; coord IM with specific heart dis /ultrasonogr (IM); /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: TEE

MS = Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues using a transducer placed in the esophagus.

UI = D017548

 

Echoencephalography

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ECHOENCEPHALOGR

MS = Use of reflected ultrasound in the diagnosis of intracranial pathologic processes.

UI = D004453

 

Echolalia

AN = meaningless repetition of words spoken to person

MS = Stereotyped repetition of another person's words or phrases. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004454

 

Echolocation

AN = animal only; for human consider SOUND LOCALIZATION

MS = An auditory orientation mechanism involving the emission of high frequency sounds which are reflected back to the emitter (animal).

UI = D004455

 

Echo-Planar Imaging

AN = a type of magnetic resonance imaging; for coord see note on MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

MS = A type of MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING that uses only one nuclear spin excitation per image and therefore can obtain images in a fraction of a second rather than the minutes required in traditional MRI techniques. It is used in a variety of medical and scientific applications.

UI = D017352

 

Ecological Systems, Closed

AN = IM; coord with SPACE FLIGHT (IM) or SUBMARINE MEDICINE (IM), if pertinent

MS = Systems that provide for the maintenance of life in an isolated living chamber through reutilization of the material available, in particular, by means of a cycle wherein exhaled carbon dioxide, urine, and other waste matter are converted chemically or by photosynthesis into oxygen, water, and food. (NASA Thesaurus, 1988)

UI = D018504

 

Echothiophate Iodide

AN = a cholinesterase inhib

MS = A potent, long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma.

UI = D004456

 

Echovirus Infections

AN = caused by an enterovirus; coord IM with specific Echovirus (IM)

MS = Infectious disease processes, including meningitis, diarrhea, and respiratory disorders, caused by echoviruses.

UI = D004457

 

Echovirus 6

AN = a species of Enterovirus; do not confuse with ECHOVIRUS 9; infection: coord IM with ECHOVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of ENTEROVIRUS that has caused outbreaks of aseptic meningitis in children and adults.

UI = D004458

 

Echovirus 9

AN = a species of Enterovirus; do not confuse with ECHOVIRUS 6; infection: coord IM with ECHOVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of ENTEROVIRUS associated with outbreaks of aseptic meningitis.

UI = D004459

 

Echoviruses

AN = a group of the genus Enterovirus; from Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan; infection = ECHOVIRUS INFECTIONS

MS = A group of enteroviruses isolated from man and originally thought not to be associated with disease, whence the name Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan; however, several serotypes have been found to cause meningitis, diarrhea, and respiratory disease.

UI = D004460

 

Eclampsia

AN = a pregn toxemia

MS = Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient.

UI = D004461

 

Eclecticism

MS = A nineteenth-century cult popular in America which treats diseases by application of single remedies to known pathologic conditions, without reference to nosology, special attention being given to developing indigenous plant remedies. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004462

 

Ecology

AN = for humans, animals, plants, micro-organisms; IM; NIM for ecological aspects other than organism-organism relationship ( = ECOSYSTEM) but HOST-PARASITE RELATIONS is also available; no qualif; DF: ECOL

MS = The branch of science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their environment, especially as manifested by natural cycles and rhythms, community development and structure, interactions between different kinds of organisms, geographic distributions, and population alterations. (Webster's, 3d ed)

UI = D004463

 

Econazole

AN = an antifungal

MS = A broad spectrum antimycotic with some action against Gram positive bacteria. It is used topically in dermatomycoses also orally and parenterally.

UI = D004464

 

Economic Competition

AN = unfair competition goes here but consider also ANTITRUST LAWS

MS = The effort of two or more parties to secure the business of a third party by offering, usually under fair or equitable rules of business practice, the most favorable terms.

UI = D004465

 

Economic Value of Life

AN = "the evaluation of the monetary value of a life lost or a life saved"; no qualif

MS = The evaluation of the monetary value of a life lost or a life saved.

UI = D004466

 

Economics

AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer /econ: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.27; for purely economic aspects use ECONOMICS, for combination of social & economic aspects use SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; DF: ECON CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The science of utilization, distribution, and consumption of services and materials.

UI = D004467

 

Economics, Dental

AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer /econ with specific dent subject: Manual 19.8.27; DF: ECON DENT CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Economic aspects of the dental profession and dental care.

UI = D004468

 

Economics, Hospital

AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer /econ with specific hosp subject: Manual 19.8.27; DF: ECON HOSP CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Economic aspects related to the management and operation of a hospital.

UI = D004469

 

Economics, Medical

AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer /econ with specific subject: Manual 19.8.27; DF: ECON MED CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Economic aspects of the field of medicine, the medical profession, and health care. It includes the economic and financial impact of disease in general on the patient, the physician, society, or government.

UI = D004470

 

Economics, Nursing

AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer /econ with specific nurs subject: Manual 19.8.27; DF: ECON NURS CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Economic aspects of the nursing profession.

UI = D004471

 

Economics, Pharmaceutical

AN = GEN or unspecified only: pref /econ with specific drugs or specific pharmaceutical subject; Manual 19.8.27; DF: ECON PHARM CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Economic aspects of the fields of pharmacy and pharmacology as they apply to the development and study of medical economics in rational drug therapy and the impact of pharmaceuticals on the cost of medical care. Pharmaceutical economics also includes the economic considerations of the pharmaceutical care delivery system and in drug prescribing, particularly of cost-benefit values. (From J Res Pharm Econ 1989;1(1); PharmacoEcon 1992;1(1))

UI = D017850

 

Ecosystem

AN = ECOLOGY is the science, ECOSYSTEM is the interrelat of organisms within the science; no qualif; specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D017753

 

Ecthyma

AN = Strep infect

MS = An ulcerative pyoderma usually caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection at the site of minor trauma. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004473

 

Ecthyma, Contagious

AN = caused by a poxvirus; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL; don't forget also SHEEP (NIM) but do not index under SHEEP DISEASES

MS = An infectious dermatitis of sheep and goats, affecting primarily the muzzle and lips. It is caused by a poxvirus and may be transmitted to man.

UI = D004474

 

Ectoderm

AN = A 11 qualif

MS = The outer of the three germ layers of the embryo.

UI = D004475

 

Ectodermal Dysplasia

AN = multiple skin abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A group of hereditary disorders involving tissues and structures derived from the embryonic ectoderm. They are characterized by the presence of abnormalities at birth and involvement of both the epidermis and skin appendages. They are generally nonprogressive and diffuse. Various forms exist, including anhidrotic and hidrotic dysplasias, FOCAL DERMAL HYPOPLASIA, and aplasia cutis congenita.

UI = D004476

 

Ectogenesis

AN = genesis in an artificial environment

MS = Embryonal development or fetal maturation that takes place in an artificial environment.

UI = D004477

 

Ectoparasitic Infestations

AN = GEN only: prefer specifics; coord IM with ectoparasite (IM); refers to ectoparasite on, within or under the skin so do not coord with SKIN DISEASES, PARASITIC

MS = Infestations by parasites which live on the outside of the body of the host.

UI = D004478

 

Ectopia Lentis

AN = congen lens dislocation; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital displacement of the lens resulting from defective zonule formation.

UI = D004479

 

Ectromelia

AN = abnorm of arm or leg: see Dorland for definition & inclusions; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Gross hypo- or aplasia of one or more long bones of one or more limbs. The concept includes amelia, hemimelia, and phocomelia.

UI = D004480

 

Ectromelia Virus

AN = a species of Orthopoxvirus; infection = probably ECTROMELIA, INFECTIOUS but see note there

MS = A species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS infecting mice and causing a disease that involves internal organs and produces characteristic skin lesions.

UI = D004481

 

Ectromelia, Infectious

AN = caused by a poxvirus; don't forget also MICE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL

MS = A viral infection of mice, causing edema and necrosis followed by limb loss.

UI = D004482

 

Ectropion

AN = eversion of eyelid: do not confuse with ENTROPION, inversion

MS = The turning outward (eversion) of the edge of the eyelid, resulting in the exposure of the palpebral conjunctiva. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004483

 

Ecuador

UI = D004484

 

Eczema

AN = an indistinct concept: check text for more specific skin dis; if more specific term is not in text, do not make a diagnosis: index here

MS = A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).

UI = D004485

 

Eczema, Dyshidrotic

AN = eczema with hyperhidrosis

MS = A recurrent eczematous reaction characterized by the development of vesicular eruptions on the palms and soles, particularly along the sides and between the digits. It is accompanied by pruritus, a burning sensation, and hyperhidrosis. The disease is self-limiting, lasting only a few weeks. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D011146

 

Edeine

AN = a peptide antibiotic

MS = Basic peptide antibiotic from Bacillus brevis. It exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis.

UI = D004486

 

Edema

AN = accumulation of fluid in tissue; GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with organ/diseases term (IM); egg-white edema: coord IM with OVALBUMIN (NIM if indexed at all); EPH (Edema, Proteinuria, Hypertension) = GESTOSIS, EPH & do not index under EDEMA unless it is particularly discussed

MS = The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body. It is usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g., ASCITES (peritoneal cavity), HYDROTHORAX (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004487

 

Edema Disease of Swine

AN = don't forget also SWINE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL

MS = An acute disease of young pigs that is usually associated with weaning. It is characterized clinically by paresis and subcutaneous edema.

UI = D004488

 

Edema, Cardiac

AN = a manifest of congestive heart failure

MS = A manifestation of congestive heart failure caused by increased venous and capillary pressures and often associated with the retention of sodium by the kidneys. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004489

 

Editorial [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; appears in titles within brackets & in translations within parentheses; Manual 14.5.1.4, 14.5.1.11

MS = A statement of the opinions, beliefs, and policy of the editor or publisher of a journal, usually on current matters of medical or scientific significance to the medical community or society at large. The editorials published by editors of journals representing the official organ of a society or organization are generally substantive.

UI = D016421

 

Edrophonium

AN = a cholinesterase inhib

MS = A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.

UI = D004491

 

Edetic Acid

MS = A chelating agent used mainly in the form of its salts for treatment of poisoning by substances such as heavy metals, cyanide, and organophosphorus compounds. The salts form chelates with metal ions such as lead and mercury and promote the excretion of the metals from the body in a relatively nontoxic form.

UI = D004492

 

Education

AN = GEN only; prefer /educ: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.28; policy: Manual 30.7+; DF: EDUC CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Acquisition of knowledge as a result of instruction in a formal course of study.

UI = D004493

 

Education Department, Hospital

AN = DF: EDUC DEP

MS = Hospital department responsible for administering educational and training activities pertaining to health for patients and staff.

UI = D004494

 

Education, Distance

AN = do not confuse with COMPUTER-ASSISTED INSTRUCTION

MS = Education via communication media (correspondence, radio, television, computer networks) with little or no in-person face-to-face contact between students and teachers. (ERIC Thesaurus, 1997)

UI = D020375

 

Education of Mentally Retarded

AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The teaching or training of those individuals with subnormal intellectual functioning.

UI = D004495

 

Education, Continuing

AN = formal or informal courses to advance or update knowledge: differentiate from EDUCATION, GRADUATE: formal prep for specialty training or advanced study leading to official certification or degree; includes refresher courses; DF: EDUC CONTINUING CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Educational programs designed to inform individuals of recent advances in their particular field of interest. They do not lead to any formal advanced standing.

UI = D004496

 

Education, Dental

AN = DF: EDUC DENT CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Use for articles concerning dental education in general.

UI = D004497

 

Education, Dental, Continuing

AN = differentiate from EDUCATION, DENTAL, GRADUATE: see note on EDUCATION, CONTINUING; DF: EDUC DENT CONTINUING CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Educational programs designed to inform dentists of recent advances in their fields.

UI = D004498

 

Education, Dental, Graduate

AN = differentiate from EDUCATION, DENTAL, CONTINUING: see note on EDUCATION, CONTINUING; DF: EDUC DENT GRAD CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Educational programs for dental graduates entering a specialty. They include formal specialty training as well as academic work in the clinical and basic dental sciences, and may lead to board certification or an advanced dental degree.

UI = D004499

 

Education, Graduate

AN = differentiate from EDUCATION, CONTINUING: see note on EDUCATION, CONTINUING; DF: EDUC GRAD CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Studies beyond the bachelor's degree at an institution having graduate programs for the purpose of preparing for entrance into a specific field, and obtaining a higher degree.

UI = D004500

 

Education, Medical

AN = Manual 19.8.28, 30.7.4, 34.16; DF: EDUC MED CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Use for general articles concerning medical education.

UI = D004501

 

Education, Medical, Continuing

AN = differentiate from EDUCATION, MEDICAL, GRADUATE: see note on EDUCATION, CONTINUING; DF: EDUC MED CONTINUING CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Educational programs designed to inform physicians of recent advances in their field.

UI = D004502

 

Education, Medical, Graduate

AN = differentiate from EDUCATION, MEDICAL, CONTINUING: see note on EDUCATION, CONTINUING; Manual 34.22; DF: EDUC MED GRAD CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Educational programs for medical graduates entering a specialty. They include formal specialty training as well as academic work in the clinical and basic medical sciences, and may lead to board certification or an advanced medical degree.

UI = D004503

 

Education, Medical, Undergraduate

AN = DF: EDUC MED UNDERGRAD CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The period of medical education in a medical school. In the United States it follows the baccalaureate degree and precedes the granting of the M.D.

UI = D004504

 

Education, Nonprofessional

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific occupation /educ (IM); DF: EDUC NONPROFESSIONAL

MS = Education and training outside of that for the professions.

UI = D004505

 

Education, Nursing

AN = GEN: prefer specific; DF: EDUC NURS CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Use for general articles concerning nursing education.

UI = D004506

 

Education, Nursing, Associate

AN = 2-yr community or junior college program; DF: EDUC NURS ASSOCIATE CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A two-year program in nursing education in a community or junior college leading to an A.D. (Associate Degree). Graduates of this program are eligible for state examination for licensure as RN (Registered Nurse).

UI = D004507

 

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate

AN = 4-yr program leading to BS; DF: EDUC NURS BACCALAUREATE CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A four-year program in nursing education in a college or university leading to a B.S.N. (Bachelor of Science in Nursing). Graduates are eligible for state examination for licensure as RN (Registered Nurse).

UI = D004508

 

Education, Nursing, Continuing

AN = differentiate from EDUCATION, NURSING, GRADUATE: see note on EDUCATION, CONTINUING; special courses, workshops, etc.; DF: EDUC NURS CONTINUING CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Educational programs designed to inform nurses of recent advances in their fields.

UI = D004509

 

Education, Nursing, Diploma Programs

AN = 2-3-yr program in hosp school of nurs; DF: EDUC NURS DIPLOMA PROGRAMS CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Programs usually offered in hospital schools of nursing leading to a registered nurse diploma (RN). Graduates are eligible for state examination for licensure as RN (Registered Nurse).

UI = D004510

 

Education, Nursing, Graduate

AN = differentiate from EDUCATION, NURSING, CONTINUING: see note on EDUCATION, CONTINUING; leads to MS or PhD; DF: EDUC NURS GRAD CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Those educational activities engaged in by holders of a bachelor's degree in nursing, which are primarily designed to prepare them for entrance into a specific field of nursing, and may lead to board certification or a more advanced degree.

UI = D004511

 

Education, Pharmacy

AN = DF: EDUC PHARM CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Formal instruction, learning, or training in the preparation, dispensing, and proper utilization of drugs in the field of medicine.

UI = D004512

 

Education, Pharmacy, Continuing

AN = differentiate from EDUCATION, PHARMACY, GRADUATE: see note on EDUCATION, CONTINUING; DF: EDUC PHARM CONTINUING CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Educational programs designed to inform graduate pharmacists of recent advances in their particular field.

UI = D004513

 

Education, Pharmacy, Graduate

AN = differentiate from EDUCATION, PHARMACY, CONTINUING: see note on EDUCATION, CONTINUING; DF: EDUC PHARM GRAD CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Educational programs for pharmacists who have a bachelor's degree or a Doctor of Pharmacy degree entering a specific field of pharmacy. They may lead to an advanced degree.

UI = D004514

 

Education, Predental

AN = DF: EDUC PREDENT CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Preparatory education meeting the requirements for admission to dental school.

UI = D004515

 

Education, Premedical

AN = DF: EDUC PREMED CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Preparatory education meeting the requirements for admission to medical school.

UI = D004516

 

Education, Professional

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: EDUC PROFESSIONAL

MS = Formal education and training in preparation for the practice of a profession.

UI = D004517

 

Education, Professional, Retraining

AN = coord NIM with specific type (medical, dental, etc.) of continuing educ (IM) CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Educational programs for individuals who have been inactive in their profession, or who wish to regain unused skills.

UI = D004518

 

Education, Special

AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Education of the individual who markedly deviates intellectually, physically, socially, or emotionally from those considered to be normal, thus requiring special instruction.

UI = D004519

 

Education, Veterinary

AN = DF: EDUC VET CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Use for general articles concerning veterinary medical education.

UI = D004520

 

Educational Measurement

AN = DF: EDUC MEASUREMENT

MS = The assessing of academic or educational achievement. It includes all aspects of testing and test construction.

UI = D004521

 

Educational Status

AN = NIM; no qualif

MS = Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.

UI = D004522

 

Educational Technology

AN = IM; coord with field or medium of educ (IM); DF: EDUC TECHNOL

MS = Systematic identification, development, organization, or utilization of educational resources and the management of these processes. It is occasionally used also in a more limited sense to describe the use of equipment-oriented techniques or audiovisual aids in educational settings. (Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, December 1993, p132)

UI = D018961

 

Eels

AN = IM; catfish eels does not go here: note EELS, CATFISH see CATFISH; ANGUILLA is available

UI = D004524

 

Effect Modifiers (Epidemiology)

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent; DF: EFF MODIFIERS

MS = Factors that modify the effect of the putative causal factor(s) under study.

UI = D015987

 

Efferent Pathways

AN = coord NIM with origin (IM) + termination (IM)

MS = Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site.

UI = D004525

 

Efficiency

AN = note category: do not confuse with PHYSICAL FITNESS nor with metabolic efficiency; EFFICIENCY, ORGANIZATIONAL is available

MS = Ratio of output to effort, or the ratio of effort produced to energy expended.

UI = D004526

 

Efficiency, Organizational

AN = IM; coord with specific organiz, institution, business, department, etc. (IM); DF: EFFICIENCY ORGAN

MS = The capacity of an organization, institution, or business to produce desired results with a minimum expenditure of energy, time, money, personnel, materiel, etc.

UI = D017598

 

Eflornithine

AN = an enzyme inhib, a trypanocide & antineoplastic; DF:DFMO

MS = 2-(Difluoromethyl)-DL-ornithine. An inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. As a result of this inhibition of polyamine synthesis, the compound is effective in preventing cancer formation in many organ systems, inhibiting cancer growth, and reducing tumor size. It also has synergistic action with other antineoplastic agents. In addition, it has been found effective as a trypanocidal agent.

UI = D000518

 

Egg Proteins

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics & note EGG PROTEINS, DIETARY

MS = Proteins which are found in eggs or ova from any species.

UI = D004527

 

Egg Proteins, Dietary

AN = specifically, "proteins in eggs consumed as food", otherwise EGG PROTEINS is available

MS = Proteins found in eggs which are consumed as a food.

UI = D015387

 

Egg Shell

AN = IM avian only if pertinent; NIM reptilian; do not use for lower animals

UI = D004528

 

Egg White

AN = white of egg as food or as distinct from EGG YOLK, or egg white from dietary, food technol or econ viewpoint; differentiate from OVALBUMIN, the chemical albumin in egg white; egg-white edema: coord EDEMA (IM) + OVALBUMIN (NIM if indexed at all)

MS = The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D004529

 

Egg Yolk

AN = for both ovum nutrient & dietary portion of eggs

MS = The stored nutrient of the egg and the yellow portion of the egg of a bird. (Dorland, 28th)

UI = D004530

 

Eggs

AN = differentiate from OVUM; eggs as food (chicken, duck, quail, etc. eggs); fish roe & reptile eggs as food go here but if physiol or anat, use OVUM

MS = Animal reproductive bodies, or the contents thereof, used as food. The concept is differentiated from OVUM, the anatomic or physiologic entity.

UI = D004531

 

Ego

AN = no qualif; egocentrism: index DEFENSE MECHANISMS

MS = The conscious portion of the personality structure which serves to mediate between the demands of the primitive instinctual drives, (the id), of internalized parental and social prohibitions or the conscience, (the superego), and of reality.

UI = D004532

 

Egtazic Acid

MS = A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID (EDTA).

UI = D004533

 

Egypt

AN = ancient or modern Egypt

MS = A republic in northwest Africa. Its capital is Cairo. It was a very ancient kingdom which, by ca. 3000 B.C., was one of the early civilizations of the ancient world. It was the center of Hellenistic culture 330-323 B.C. and part of the Roman Empire from 30 B.C. until 640 A.D.

UI = D004534

 

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

AN = hyperextensible skin & joints & other defects; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A group of inherited disorders of the connective tissue that vary in severity and are transmitted as autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, or X-linked recessive traits. The primary characteristics are hyperextensible skin and joints, tendency to bruise, reduced wound healing capability, pseudotumors, and ocular defects. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004535

 

Ehrlichia

AN = infection = EHRLICHIOSIS

MS = Small, often pleomorphic, coccoid to ellipsoidal organisms occurring intracytoplasmically in circulating lymphocytes. They are the etiologic agents of tick-borne diseases of humans, dogs, cattle, sheep, goats, and horses.

UI = D004536

 

Ehrlichia chaffeensis

AN = chaffeensis refers to Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, where first discovered; infection: coord IM with EHRLICHIOSIS (IM)

MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria that is the causative agent of human EHRLICHIOSIS. This organism was first discovered at Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, when blood samples from suspected human ehrlichiosis patients were studied.

UI = D018469

 

Ehrlichieae

AN = a tribe of RICKETTSIACEAE; in arthropods & other invertebrates & in man & other mammals; infection: coord IM with RICKETTSIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A tribe of gram-negative bacteria of the family RICKETTSIACEAE whose organisms are pathogenic for certain mammals, including man. Certain species are adapted to existence in invertebrates, especially arthropods.

UI = D016994

 

Ehrlichiosis

AN = infect by genus Ehrlichia, not by tribe Ehrlichieae; tick-borne dis

MS = A tick-borne disease characterized by fever, headache, myalgias, anorexia, and occasionally rash. In humans the disease is caused by EHRLICHIA CHAFFEENSIS, in dogs it is caused by E. canis, and in horses, E. equi.

UI = D016873

 

Eicosanoic Acids

AN = fatty acids

MS = 20-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.

UI = D004537

 

Eicosanoids

AN = unsaturated fatty acids; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A class of oxygenated, endogenous, unsaturated fatty acids derived from arachidonic acid. They include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid compounds (HETE). They are hormone-like substances that act near the site of synthesis without altering functions throughout the body.

UI = D015777

 

5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic Acid

AN = DF: EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID

MS = Important polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish oils. It serves as the precursor for the prostaglandin-3 and thromboxane-3 families. A diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid lowers serum lipid concentration, reduces incidence of cardiovascular disorders, prevents platelet aggregation, and inhibits arachidonic acid conversion into the thromboxane-2 and prostaglandin-2 families.

UI = D015118

 

5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid

MS = A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).

UI = D015117

 

8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid

MS = 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid. A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.

UI = D015126

 

Eidetic Imagery

AN = a form of perception

MS = A visual image which is recalled in accurate detail. It is a sort of projection of an image on a mental screen.

UI = D004538

 

eIF-1

AN = a peptide initiation factor: eIF stands for "eukaryotic Initiation Factor"; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /rad eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Eukaryotic initiation factor that binds to 30s ribosomal subunits. It is called eIF-1 in eukaryotes and IF-1 in bacteria. Its role is not clear but it may be involved in stabilizing the 30s subunit or assisting in the release of bacterial IF-2.

UI = D015977

 

eIF-2

AN = a peptide initiation factor; eIF stands for "eukaryotic Initiation Factor"; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /rad eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Eukaryotic initiation factor of protein synthesis. The factor consists of three subunits, alpha, beta, and gamma. As initiation proceeds, eIF-2 forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNAi and GTP.

UI = D015852

 

eIF-2 Kinase

MS = A dsRNA-activated cAMP-independent protein serine/threonine kinase that is induced by interferon. In the presence of dsRNA and ATP, eiF-2 kinase autophosphorylates on several serine and threonine residues. The phosphorylated enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eIF-2, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis. EC 2.7.10.-

UI = D019892

 

Eikenella

AN = in mouth & intestine; opportunistic; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the human mouth and intestine. Organisms of this genus can be opportunistic pathogens.

UI = D016970

 

Eikenella corrodens

AN = normal bacterium in man & animal but if causing infect, coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = Gram-negative bacteria isolated from infections of the respiratory and intestinal tracts and from the buccal cavity, intestinal tract, and urogenital tract. They are probably part of the normal flora of man and animals.

UI = D016124

 

Eimeria

AN = infection: coord IM with COCCIDIOSIS (IM); drug eff: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A genus of protozoan parasites of the subclass COCCIDIA. Various species are parasitic in the epithelial cells of the liver and intestines of man and other animals.

UI = D004539

 

Eimeria tenella

AN = infection: coord IM with COCCIDIOSIS (IM); drug eff: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A species of coccidian protozoa that mainly infects domestic poultry.

UI = D016786

 

Eimeriina

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; infection: coord IM with COCCIDIOSIS (IM); /drug eff: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A suborder of homoxenous or heteroxenous protozoa in which the macrogamete and microgamont develop independently. The microgamont typically produces many microgametes.

UI = D016784

 

 

Einsteinium

AN = man-made radioactive element; IM

MS = Einsteinium. A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Es, atomic number 99, and atomic weight 252. Its known isotopes range in mass number from 243-246. Its valence can be +2 or +3. Einsteinium was originally discovered in the debris from a thermonuclear explosion in 1952.

UI = D004540

 

Eisenmenger Complex

AN = a congen heart defect; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Defect of the interventricular septum with severe pulmonary hypertension, hypertrophy of the right ventricle, and latent or overt cyanosis.

UI = D004541

 

Ejaculation

UI = D004542

 

Ejaculatory Ducts

UI = D004543

 

El Salvador

UI = D004544

 

Elapid Venoms

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted; note that BUNGAROTOXINS, COBRA NEUROTOXINS, COBRA VENOMS & other specifics are available; TN 241: common & scientific names of various elapids

MS = Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized.

UI = D004546

 

Elapidae

AN = a family of very venomous snakes

MS = A family of extremely venomous snakes, comprising coral snakes, cobras, mambas, kraits, and sea snakes. They are widely distributed, being found in the southern United States, South America, Africa, southern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. The elapids include three subfamilies: Elapinae, Hydrophiinae, and Lauticaudinae. Like the viperids, they have venom fangs in the front part of the upper jaw. The mambas of Africa are the most dangerous of all snakes by virtue of their size, speed, and highly toxic venom. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p329-33)

UI = D017815

 

Elasmobranchii

AN = a subclass of cartilaginous fish; GEN or unspecified; SHARKS, DOGFISH, SKATES (FISH) are also available

MS = A subclass of cartilaginous fish comprising the sharks, rays, skates, and sawfish. Elasmobranchs are typically predaceous, relying more on smell (the olfactory capsules are relatively large) than sight (the eyes are relatively small) for obtaining their food.

UI = D018940

 

Elastic Tissue

UI = D004547

 

Elasticity

AN = of inanimate or living structures; NIM

MS = The capability of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression, or distortion applied by force. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004548

 

Elastin

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D004549

 

Elbow

AN = primates only; TN 238: differentiation from ELBOW JOINT & indexing instructions; TN 117: use FORELIMB for non-primate vertebrates

UI = D004550

 

Elbow Joint

AN = primates only; TN 238: differentiation from ELBOW & indexing instruction; TN 117: use FORELIMB (probably IM) + JOINTS (NIM) for non-primate vertebrates

UI = D004551

 

Elder Abuse

AN = check also tag AGED

MS = Emotional, nutritional, or physical maltreatment of the older person generally by family members or by institutional personnel.

UI = D004552

 

Electric Conductivity

AN = NIM

MS = The capacity to conduct an electric current. Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistance. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004553

 

Electric Countershock

AN = /instrum: consider also DEFIBRILLATORS, IMPLANTABLE; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = An electric shock applied to the heart to terminate a disturbance of its rhythm. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D004554

 

Electric Fish

AN = do not confuse with EEL, ELECTRIC see ELECTROPHORUS; IM; qualif permitted

MS = Fishes which generate an electric discharge. The voltage of the discharge varies from weak to strong in various groups of fish. Electric organ and electroplax are of prime interest in this group. They occur in more than one family.

UI = D004555

 

Electric Impedance

AN = NIM; bioelectric impedance anal of body composition: coord with BODY COMPOSITION

MS = The opposition to the flow of an alternating current, which is the vector sum of ohmic resistance plus additional resistance, if any, due to induction, to capacity, or to both. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D017097

 

Electric Injuries

AN = consider also BURNS, ELECTRIC; accidental shock by electricity is ELECTRIC INJURIES, not ELECTROSHOCK (for exper shock by electricity usually in psychol lit)

MS = Injuries caused by electric currents. The concept excludes electric burns (BURNS, ELECTRIC), but includes accidental electrocution and electric shock.

UI = D004556

 

Electric Organ

AN = animal only; IM

MS = In about 250 species of electric fishes, modified muscle fibers forming disklike multinucleate plates arranged in stacks like batteries in series and embedded in a gelatinous matrix. A large torpedo ray may have half a million plates. Muscles in different parts of the body may be modified, i.e., the trunk and tail in the electric eel, the hyobranchial apparatus in the electric ray, and extrinsic eye muscles in the stargazers. Powerful electric organs emit pulses in brief bursts several times a second. They serve to stun prey and ward off predators. A large torpedo ray can produce of shock of more than 200 volts, capable of stunning a human. (Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p672)

UI = D004557

 

Electric Stimulation

AN = NIM; used therapeutically = ELECTRIC STIMULATION THERAPY

UI = D004558

 

Electric Wiring

MS = An arrangement of wires distributing electricity.

UI = D004559

 

Electricity

AN = /adv eff: consider also ELECTRIC INJURIES; capacitance: index under ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; impedance = ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE; resistance = ELECTRIC RESISTANCE see ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE; shock: see note under ELECTROSHOCK; ELECTROSTATICS is also available

UI = D004560

 

Electric Nerve Stimulation, Transcutaneous (see: Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation

 

Electroacupuncture

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = A form of acupuncture using low frequency electrically stimulated needles to produce analgesia and anesthesia and to treat disease.

UI = D015671

 

Electrocardiography

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; consider also PRE-EXCITATION SYNDROMES & its indentions; DF: note short X ref

MS = Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the heart as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time.

UI = D004562

 

Electrocardiography, Ambulatory

AN = /drug eff /rad effects permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ECG AMBULATORY

MS = Method in which prolonged electrocardiographic recordings are made on a portable tape recorder (Holter-type system) or solid-state device ("real-time" system), while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. It is useful in the diagnosis and management of intermittent cardiac arrhythmias and transient myocardial ischemia.

UI = D015716

 

Electrochemistry

AN = NIM with no qualif; when IM, SPEC qualif

MS = The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.

UI = D004563

 

Electrocoagulation

AN = IM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord organ or disease with /surg; DF: ELECTROCOAG

MS = Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias.

UI = D004564

 

Electroconvulsive Therapy

AN = a psychother technique: do not confuse with ELECTROSHOCK, also called "electroconvulsive shock", an exper tool; /adv eff /mortal permitted; DF: note short X ref

MS = Electrically induced convulsions primarily used in the treatment of severe affective disorders and schizophrenia.

UI = D004565

 

Electrodes

AN = NIM

MS = Mediums used between an electric conductor and the object to which the current is to be applied. In electrotherapy, electrodes are instruments with a point or surface from which to transmit electric current to the body of a patient or to another instrument; in electrodiagnosis, they are needles or metal plates used to stimulate or record the electrical activity of tissue. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004566

 

Electrodes, Implanted

AN = NIM

MS = Electric conductors through which an electric current enters or leaves a medium. When inserted, usually surgically, they are referred to as implanted electrodes.

UI = D004567

 

Electrodiagnosis

AN = IM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Diagnosis of disease states by recording the spontaneous electrical activity of tissues or organs or by the response to stimulation of electrically excitable tissue.

UI = D004568

 

Electroencephalography

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: note short X ref

MS = Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.

UI = D004569

 

Electrogalvanism, Intraoral

AN = IM; no qualif

UI = D004570

 

Electrokymography

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ELECTROKYMOGR

MS = Radiographic technique combining a photoelectric recording system with fluoroscopy. It is used especially with electrocardiography to study heart motion.

UI = D004571

 

Electrolysis

MS = Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution.

UI = D004572

 

Electrolytes

AN = GEN: prefer specifics but use for more than three; /ther use: consider also ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY see FLUID THERAPY

MS = Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D004573

 

Electromagnetic Fields

AN = IM

MS = Fields representing the joint interplay of electric and magnetic forces.

UI = D004574

 

Electromagnetics

AN = SPEC qualif as IM; no qualif when NIM coord; electromagnetic energy or radiation = RADIATION; electromagnetic frequency also goes under RADIATION; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS is also available; MAGNETOMETRY see MAGNETICS is available

MS = Phenomena involving magnets, electric currents through conductors and the electric and magnetic fields thus produced, as in electric motors.

UI = D004575

 

Electromyography

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ELECTROMYOGR

MS = Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.

UI = D004576

 

Electron Probe Microanalysis

AN = a type of x-ray emission spectrometry; NIM; "x-ray microanalysis" probably goes here; x-ray spectrometry using any type of electron microscopy goes here; DF: ELECTRON PROBE MICROANAL

MS = Identification and measurement of concentration of elements based on the fact that primary-emission x-rays emitted by an element excited by an electron beam have a wavelength characteristic of that element and an intensity related to its concentration. It may be performed by an electron probe microanalyzer, an electron microscope microanalyzer, or by an electron microscope, or scanning electron microscope, fitted with an x-ray spectrometer.

UI = D004577

 

Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy

AN = a type of spectrum anal; NIM; DF: note short X ref

MS = A technique applicable to the wide variety of substances which exhibit paramagnetism because of the magnetic moments of unpaired electrons. The spectra are useful for detection and identification, for determination of electron structure, for study of interactions between molecules, and for measurement of nuclear spins and moments. (From McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 7th edition) Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy is a variant of the technique which can give enhanced resolution. Electron spin resonance analysis can now be used in vivo, including imaging applications.

UI = D004578

 

Electron Transport

AN = NIM; not for "proton transport" ( = PROTON PUMP (IM) or PROTONS (IM) + BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT (NIM)

MS = The process by which electrons are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular oxygen. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)

UI = D004579

 

Electronarcosis

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; current applied through the brain: do not confuse with ELECTROANALGESIA ("applied through the skin")

MS = Profound stupor produced by passing an electric current through the brain.

UI = D004580

 

Electronic Journals [Publication Type]

MS = Journals, serials or other periodicals published and distributed in online or other electronic format.

UI = D020473

 

Electronics

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D004581

 

Electronics, Medical

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: ELECTRONICS MED

UI = D004582

 

Electrons

AN = elementary particles; IM

MS = Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called CATHODE RAYS or BETA RAYS, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay.

UI = D004583

 

Electronystagmography

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ELECTRONYSTAGMOGR

MS = Recording of nystagmus based on changes in the electrical field surrounding the eye produced by the difference in potential between the cornea and the retina.

UI = D004584

 

Electrooculography

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: note short X ref

MS = Recording of the average amplitude of the resting potential arising between the cornea and the retina in light and dark adaptation as the eyes turn a standard distance to the right and the left. The increase in potential with light adaptation is used to evaluate the condition of the retinal pigment epithelium.

UI = D004585

 

Electrophoresis

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NIM

MS = An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current.

UI = D004586

 

Electrophoresis, Agar Gel

AN = NIM

MS = Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.

UI = D004587

 

Electrophoresis, Capillary

AN = capillary refers to the highly sensitive equipment used; NIM

MS = A highly-sensitive (in the picomolar range, which is 10,000-fold more sensitive than conventional electrophoresis) and efficient technique that allows separation of proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

UI = D019075

 

Electrophoresis, Cellulose Acetate

AN = NIM

MS = Electrophoresis in which cellulose acetate is the diffusion medium.

UI = D004588

 

Electrophoresis, Disc

AN = disc stands for "discontinous"; NIM

MS = Electrophoresis in which discontinuities in both the voltage and pH gradients are introduced by using buffers of different composition and pH in the different parts of the gel column. The term 'disc' was originally used as an abbreviation for 'discontinuous' referring to the buffers employed, and does not have anything to do with the shape of the separated zones.

UI = D004589

 

Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field

AN = NIM; DF: PFGE

MS = Electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.

UI = D016521

 

Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional

AN = usually performed on polyacrylamide gel (note X ref) but agarose gel is also used; NIM; DF: 2D PAGE

MS = Electrophoresis in which a second perpendicular electrophoretic transport is performed on the separate components resulting from the first electrophoresis. This technique is usually performed on polyacrylamide gels.

UI = D015180

 

Electrophoresis, Paper

AN = NIM

MS = Electrophoresis in which paper is used as the diffusion medium. This technique is confined almost entirely to separations of small molecules such as amino acids, peptides, and nucleotides, and relatively high voltages are nearly always used.

UI = D004590

 

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

AN = do not confuse with POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS, TWO-DIMENSIONAL see ELECTROPHORESIS, GEL, TWO-DIMENSIONAL; DF: E PAG

MS = Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

UI = D004591

 

Electrophoresis, Starch Gel

AN = NIM

MS = Electrophoresis in which a starch gel (a mixture of amylose and amylopectin) is used as the diffusion medium.

UI = D004592

 

Electrophorus

AN = do not confuse X ref with ELECTRIC FISH; IM; qualif permitted

UI = D004593

 

Electrophysiology

AN = as IM, SPEC qualif; as NIM, no qualif; physiol in relation to electricity; coord NIM with organ /physiol or physiol process (IM); DF: ELECTROPHYSIOL

UI = D004594

 

Electroplating

MS = Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis.

UI = D004595

 

Electroporation

AN = a cytol technique

MS = A technique in which electric pulses of intensity in kilovolts per centimeter and of microsecond-to-millisecond duration cause a temporary loss of the semipermeability of cell membranes, thus leading to ion leakage, escape of metabolites, and increased uptake by cells of drugs, molecular probes, and DNA. Some applications of electroporation include introduction of plasmids or foreign DNA into living cells for transfection, fusion of cells to prepare hybridomas, and insertion of proteins into cell membranes.

UI = D018274

 

Electroretinography

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ELECTRORETINOGR

MS = Recording of electric potentials in the retina after stimulation by light.

UI = D004596

 

Electroshock

AN = exper shock by electricity, usually in psychol exper: do not confuse with ELECTRIC INJURIES or ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; X ref ELECTROCONVULSIVE SHOCK: do not coord with CONVULSIONS; electrocountershock = ELECTRIC COUNTERSHOCK

MS = Induction of a stress reaction in experimental subjects by means of an electrical shock; applies to either convulsive or non-convulsive states.

UI = D004597

 

Electrosurgery

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Division of tissues by a high-frequency current applied locally with a metal instrument or needle. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D004598

 

Electric Stimulation Therapy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Application of electric current in treatment without the generation of perceptible heat. It includes electric stimulation of nerves or muscles, passage of current into the body, or use of interrupted current of low intensity to raise the threshold of the skin to pain.

UI = D004599

 

Eledoisin

AN = a neurotransmitter mollusk venom from species of octopus Eledone; a tachykinin; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)

UI = D004600

 

Elementary Particle Interactions

MS = The interactions of particles responsible for their scattering and transformations (decays and reactions). Because of interactions, an isolated particle may decay into other particles. Two particles passing near each other may transform, perhaps into the same particles but with changed momenta (elastic scattering) or into other particles (inelastic scattering). Interactions fall into three groups: strong, electromagnetic, and weak. (From McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, 7th ed)

UI = D019471

 

Elementary Particles

AN = IM; includes nucleons, quarks, gluons, neutrinos, strange particles, antiparticles

MS = Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation.

UI = D004601

 

Elements

AN = GEN only; no qualif; prefer specifics; ISOTOPES (little used) & RADIOISOTOPES & many specifics are also available; m for metastable = RADIOISOTOPES or specific pre-coord radioisotope

MS = Simple substances which cannot be decomposed by chemical means. They are made up of atoms which are alike in their peripheral electronic configurations, their chemical properties, and in the number of protons in their nuclei. They may differ in the number of neutrons in their nuclei. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004602

 

Elements, Radioactive

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals; these are naturally radioactive

MS = Chemical elements which spontaneously transmute into another element with corpuscular or electromagnetic radiation. The natural radioactive elements are all those with an atomic number above 83, and some other elements, such as potassium (atomic number 19) and rubidium (atomic number 7), which are very weakly radioactive. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004603

 

Elephantiasis

AN = a form of lymphedema; for elephantiasis of any cause other than filarial; ELEPHANTIASIS, FILARIAL is available

MS = Hypertrophy and thickening of the tissues from any cause. Elephantiasis caused by filarial infection is ELEPHANTIASIS, FILARIAL. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004604

 

Elephantiasis, Filarial

AN = specify BRUGIA or species or WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI (IM) if pertinent; drug ther: consider FILARICIDES

MS = Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.

UI = D004605

 

Elephants

AN = IM; qualif permitted

UI = D004606

 

Elevators and Escalators

AN = for people or equipment; DF: ELEVATORS

MS = Mechanical ascending and descending devices which convey objects and/or people.

UI = D004607

 

Eligibility Determination

MS = Criteria to determine eligibility of patients for medical care programs and services.

UI = D004608

 

Elimination Disorders

MS = Excretory-related psychiatric disorders usually diagnosed in infancy or childhood.

UI = D019960

 

Eliminative Behavior, Animal

AN = elimination of urine or feces

MS = Behavior associated with the elimination of feces and urine from the body.

UI = D004609

 

Ellagic Acid

MS = 2,3,7,8-Tetrahydroxy(1)benzopyrano(5,4,3-cde)(1)-benzopyran-5,10-dione. A fused four ring compound occurring free or combined in galls. Isolated from the kino of Eucalyptus maculata Hook and E. Hemipholia F. Muell. Activates Factor XII of the blood clotting system which also causes kinin release; used in research and as a dye.

UI = D004610

 

Ellipticines

AN = antileukemic agents & immunosuppressants; /biosyn permitted if by plant

MS = A group of antileukemic agents with immunosuppressive properties, isolated primarily from Ochrosia elliptica. They inhibit both DNA and RNA synthesis.

UI = D004611

 

Elliptocytosis, Hereditary

AN = a congen hemolytic anemia; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An intrinsic defect of erythrocytes inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The erythrocytes assume an oval or elliptical shape.

UI = D004612

 

Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Achondroplasia occurring in association with defective development of skin, hair, and teeth, polydactyly, and defect of the cardiac septum. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004613

 

Emaciation

AN = extreme thinness

MS = Excessive leanness; a wasted condition of the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004614

 

Embalming

MS = Process of preserving a dead body to protect it from decay.

UI = D004615

 

Emblems and Insignia

AN = DF: EMBLEMS

MS = Figures or symbols identifying or representing organizations or societies.

UI = D004616

 

Embolectomy

AN = removal of an embolus transported from its origin: differentiate from THROMBECTOMY, removal of clot at its original site; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical removal of an obstructing clot or foreign material which has been transported from a distant vessel by the bloodstream. Removal of a clot at its original site is called THROMBECTOMY.

UI = D017128

 

Embolism

AN = coord with specific vessel; pulm embolism = PULMONARY EMBOLISM; cerebral embolism = CEREBRAL EMBOLISM AND THROMBOSIS

MS = Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream.

UI = D004617

 

Embolism, Air

MS = Embolism due to air bubbles entering the blood vessels after trauma, surgical procedures, or changes in atmospheric pressure.

UI = D004618

 

Embolism, Amniotic Fluid

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Embolism caused by strong uterine contractions near the end of a normal pregnancy that force amniotic fluid into the maternal circulation.

UI = D004619

 

Embolism and Thrombosis

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

MS = A collective term for diseases characterized by the formation, development, or presence of a thrombus (THROMBOSIS) and the blocking of a vessel by the thrombus brought to its site by the blood current (EMBOLISM). (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D016769

 

Embolism, Cholesterol

AN = lipid debris from atheromatous deposit; do not confuse with EMBOLISM, FAT, from fat entering circ

MS = An embolism of lipid debris from an ulcerated atheromatous deposit, generally from a large artery to small arterial branches. It is usually small and rarely causes infarction. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D017700

 

Embolism, Fat

AN = embolism from fat entering circ; do not confuse with EMBOLISM, CHOLESTEROL, lipid debris from atheroma

MS = Embolism caused by fat entering the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after corticosteriod administration.

UI = D004620

 

Embolism, Paradoxical

AN = IM; coord with specific vessels or vasc dis (IM), often PULMONARY EMBOLISM or HEART SEPTAL DEFECTS, ATRIAL for patent foramen ovale

MS = Blockage of a systemic artery by a thrombus originating in a systemic vein, which has passed through a defect that permits direct communication between the right and the left side of the heart, notably an open foramen ovale. It is also called crossed embolism. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019320

 

Embolization, Therapeutic

AN = coord IM with disease /ther (IM), not /surg

MS = A method of hemostasis utilizing various agents such as Gelfoam, silastic, metal, glass, or plastic pellets, autologous clot, fat, and muscle as emboli. It has been used in the treatment of spinal cord and cerebral arteriovenous malformations, renal arteriovenous fistulas, gastrointestinal bleeding, epistaxis, hypersplenism, certain highly vascular tumors, traumatic rupture of blood vessels, and control of operative hemorrhage.

UI = D004621

 

Embryo

AN = mammalian only; human: 0-2 mos; IM when embryo itself as an organic entity or a tissue: TN 66; prefer /embryol with organs or organisms; /transpl = EMBRYO TRANSFER if mammalian but if non-mammalian index EMBRYO, NONMAMMALIAN /transpl; for plants, PLANT EMBRYOS see SEEDS is available; embryonic tissue or cells in tissue & cell cultures: coord EMBRYO + tissues or cell without qualif (not with /embryol) + culture term, all probably NIM; Manual 21.54; TN 66: relation to /embryol CATALOG: form qualif permitted

MS = The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures.

UI = D004622

 

Embryo Disposition

AN = mammalian only

MS = Process for deciding utilization or disposal of an embryo that is fertilized but not immediately transplanted and resulting course of action.

UI = D019924

 

Embryo Resorption

AN = "before completion of organogenesis": does not include fetal resorption ( = FETAL RESORPTION)

MS = Death and resorption of the embryo that takes place at any developmental stage after ovum implantation and before the completion of organogenesis. Does not include fetal resorption.

UI = D004623

 

Embryo Transfer

AN = mammalian only; transfer of non-mammalian embryo = EMBRYO, NONMAMMALIAN /transpl or CHICK EMBRYO /transpl

MS = Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells.

UI = D004624

 

Embryo, Nonmammalian

AN = IM only when point of article irrespective of species; if NIM, coord with exper non-mammalian organism /embryol or Cat A or Cat B term with /embryol; for chicken use CHICK EMBRYO; /transpl permitted: do not use EMBRYO TRANSFER since this is restricted to mammalian embryos

MS = The embryo of species other than mammals. For the chicken, use the specific CHICK EMBRYO.

UI = D004625

 

Embryology

AN = SPEC only, SPEC qualif; prefer /embryol: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.29; DF: EMBRYOL

MS = The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life.

UI = D004626

 

Embryonic Induction

MS = Embryonic cell differentiation in which one group of cells evokes and controls the differentiation of other groups of cells.

UI = D004627

 

Embryonic Structures

AN = avoid: too inclusive; prefer EMBRYO & specific embryonic stage or Cat A & Cat B with /embryol; for plants, PLANT EMBRYOS see SEEDS is available

MS = The anatomical features of the animal embryo deriving from the fertilized ovum, that eventually become the offspring. (Dorland, 28th ed, p542)

UI = D004628

 

Emepronium

AN = a spasmolytic

MS = A muscarinic antagonist used mainly in the treatment of urinary syndromes. It is incompletely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier.

UI = D004629

 

Emergencies

AN = EMERGENCY MEDICINE is the corresponding specialty; /nurs = the patient, EMERGENCY NURSING = the nursing specialty; emergencies in specific dis: coord NIM with specific dis (IM); "drug emergencies": coord NIM with specific drug or chem with probably /pois (IM)

MS = Situations or conditions having a high probability of disabling or immediately life-threatening consequences or requiring first aid or other immediate intervention.

UI = D004630

 

Emergency Medical Service Communication Systems

AN = commun between hosp & ambulance, 911 systems, emerg calling systems, etc.: do not confuse with EMERGENCY CARE INFORMATION SYSTEMS see INFORMATION SYSTEMS; DF: EMSCS

MS = The use of communication systems, such as telecommunication, to transmit emergency information to appropriate providers of health services.

UI = D004631

 

Emergency Medical Services

AN = Public Law 93-154; DF: EMERGENCY MED SERV CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Services specifically designed, staffed, and equipped for the emergency care of patients.

UI = D004632

 

Emergency Medical Tags

AN = DF: EMERGENCY MED TAGS

UI = D004633

 

Emergency Medical Technicians

AN = DF: EMERGENCY MED TECHNICIANS

MS = Paramedical personnel trained to provide basic emergency care and life support under the supervision of physicians and/or nurses. These services may be carried out at the site of the emergency, in the ambulance, or in a health care institution.

UI = D004634

 

Emergency Medicine

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; differentiate from EMERGENCIES, the patient; DF: EMERGENCY MED

MS = A branch of medicine concerned with an individual's resuscitation, transportation and care from the point of injury or beginning of illness through the hospital or other emergency treatment facility.

UI = D004635

 

Emergency Nursing

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

MS = The specialty or practice of nursing in the care of patients admitted to the emergency department.

UI = D016529

 

Emergency Service, Hospital

AN = DF: EMERGENCY SERV HOSP

MS = Hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of immediate medical or surgical care to the emergency patient.

UI = D004636

 

Emergency Services, Psychiatric

AN = IM; DF: EMERGENCY SERV PSYCHIATRIC CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Organized services to provide immediate psychiatric care to patients with acute psychological disturbances.

UI = D004637

 

Emergency Treatment

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with med condition with appropriate qualif (IM)

MS = First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured.

UI = D004638

 

Emetics

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also NAUSEA /chem ind & VOMITING /chem ind

MS = Agents that cause vomiting. They may act directly on the gastrointestinal tract, bringing about emesis through local irritant effects, or indirectly, through their effects on the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the postremal area near the medulla.

UI = D004639

 

Emetine

AN = an amebicide

MS = The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein syntheis in eucaryotic but not prokaryotic cells.

UI = D004640

 

Emigration and Immigration

AN = DF: EMIGRATION CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The process of leaving one's country to establish residence in a foreign country.

UI = D004641

 

Emodin

AN = formerly used as a cathartic, now as tool in tox studies; D25-26 qualif

MS = 1,3,8-Trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone. Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies.

UI = D004642

 

Emollients

MS = Oleagenous substances used topically to soothe, soften or protect skin or mucous membranes. They are used also as vehicles for other dermatologic agents.

UI = D004643

 

Emotions

AN = human & animal

MS = Those affective states which can be experienced and have arousing and motivational properties.

UI = D004644

 

Empathy

AN = no qualif

MS = An individual's objective and insightful awareness of the feelings and behavior of another person. It should be distinguished from sympathy, which is usually nonobjective and noncritical. It includes caring, which is the demonstration of an awareness of and a concern for the good of others. (From Bioethics Thesaurus, 1992)

UI = D004645

 

Emphysema

AN = accumulation of air in tissue; also available are PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA, MEDIASTINAL EMPHYSEMA & SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA; be careful in foreign texts: often means diseases or techniques starting "pneumo-" (as "mediastinal emphysema" = "pneumomediastinum")

MS = A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.

UI = D004646

 

Empiricism

AN = a major school of med philosophy developed in 3d cent B.C.

MS = One of the principal schools of medical philosophy in ancient Greece and Rome. It developed in Alexandria between 270 and 220 B.C., the only one to have any success in reviving the essentials of the Hippocratic concept. The Empiricists declared that the search for ultimate causes of phenomena was vain, but they were active in endeavoring to discover immediate causes. The "tripod of the Empirics" was their own chance observations (experience), learning obtained from contemporaries and predecessors (experience of others), and, in the case of new diseases, the formation of conclusions from other diseases which they resembled (analogy). Empiricism enjoyed sporadic continuing popularity in later centuries up to the nineteenth. (From Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2d ed, p186; Dorland, 28th ed; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)

UI = D019348

 

Employee Discipline

AN = med or non-med personnel

MS = Regulations or conditions imposed on employees by management in order to correct or prevent behaviors which are counterproductive to the organization.

UI = D004647

 

Employee Grievances

AN = med or non-med personnel

MS = Formal procedures whereby the employee expresses any dissatisfaction or feeling of injustice regarding the work situation.

UI = D004648

 

Employee Incentive Plans

AN = med or non-med personnel

MS = Programs designed by management to motivate employees to work more efficiently with increased productivity, and greater employee satisfaction.

UI = D004649

 

Employee Performance Appraisal

AN = med or non-med personnel

MS = The assessment of the functioning of an employee in relation to his work.

UI = D004650

 

Employee Retirement Income Security Act

AN = Public Law 93-406; DF: note short X ref CATALOG: use NAF entry

MS = A 1974 Federal act which preempts states' rights with regard to workers' pension benefits and employee benefits. It does not affect the benefits and rights of employees whose employer is self-insured. (From Slee & Slee, Health Care Reform Terms, 1993)

UI = D019461

 

Employer Health Costs

AN = health care cost paid by employer

MS = That portion of total HEALTH CARE COSTS borne by an individual's or group's employing organization.

UI = D017049

 

Employment

AN = for pay: differentiate from WORK (see note there)

MS = The state of being engaged in an activity or service for wages or salary.

UI = D004651

 

Employment, Supported

AN = full or part-time employment program for the disabled

MS = Paid work for mentally or physically disabled persons, taking place in regular or normal work settings. It may be competitive employment (work that pays minimum wage) or employment with subminimal wages in individualized or group placement situations. It is intended for persons with severe disabilities who require a range of support services to maintain employment. Supported employment differs from SHELTERED WORKSHOPS in that work in the latter takes place in a controlled working environment. Federal regulations are authorized and administered by the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services.

UI = D016832

 

Empty Sella Syndrome

AN = sella refers to the sella turcica; a pituitary dis; read MeSH definition

MS = A condition, generally diagnosed radiographically, characterized by a defect in the diaphragma sellae such that the meninges extend down into the sella turcica and compress the pituitary against the wall of the sella.

UI = D004652

 

Empyema

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics but empyema unspecified by author may be EMPYEMA, PLEURAL: check text; coord IM with precoord organ/dis term (IM); empyema in tuberc = EMPYEMA, TUBERCULOUS

MS = Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.

UI = D004653

 

Empyema, Pleural

AN = if tuberculous = EMPYEMA, TUBERCULOUS

MS = Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.

UI = D016724

 

Empyema, Subdural

AN = suppuration between dura & arachnoid

MS = An intracranial suppurative process between the dura and the arachnoid. The infection gains entrance to the subdural space from the frontal and ethmoid sinuses, the middle ear, and the mastoid cells.

UI = D013354

 

Empyema, Tuberculous

AN = pleural empyema caused by M. tuberc

MS = Empyema due to MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.

UI = D004654

 

Emulsions

AN = IM for general only, qualif permitted; NIM (no qualif) with specific drug IM (with qualif); FAT EMULSIONS, INTRAVENOUS is also available

MS = Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams.

UI = D004655

 

Emus

MS = Members of the Casuariiformes, an order of flightless, running birds. The Emu is the only surviving member of the family Dromeidae. They naturally inhabit forests, open plains, and grasslands in Australia.

UI = D020312

 

Enalapril

AN = an ACE inhib & antihypertensive

MS = Orally active inhibitor of kininase II. It controls essential and renal hypertension, improves glomerular filtration rate and effective renal blood flow, and decreases renal vascular resistance without producing adverse effects on salt and water excretion or body fluid composition.

UI = D004656

 

Enalaprilat

AN = an ACE inhib & antihypertensive

MS = (S)-1-(N-(1-Carboxy-3-phenylpropyl)-L-alanyl)-L-proline dihydrate. The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and a potent intravenously administered angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.

UI = D015773

 

Enamel Microabrasion

AN = to remove surface discoloration

MS = Mechanical removal of a small amount of tooth structure (not more than a few tenths of a millimeter in depth) to eliminate superficial enamel discoloration defects not successfully removed by bleaching techniques. A common abrasive is a mixture of pumice and hydrochloric acid.

UI = D019243

 

Enamel Organ

MS = Epithelial cells surrounding the dental papilla and differentiated into three layers: the inner enamel epithelium, consisting of ameloblasts which eventually form the enamel, and the enamel pulp and external enamel epithelium, both of which atrophy and disappear before and upon eruption of the tooth, respectively.

UI = D004658

 

Enbucrilate

AN = a tissue adhesive; D25-26 qualif

MS = A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.

UI = D004659

 

Encainide

AN = an anti-arrhythmic

MS = (+-)-4-Methoxy-N-(2-(2-(1-methyl-2-piperidinyl)ethyl)phenyl)- benzamide. An effective and generally well-tolerated anti-arrhythmia agent for suppressing all forms of ventricular arrhythmia. Paradoxically, however, in myocardial infarct patients with either symptomatic or asymptomatic arrhythmia, encainide exacerbates the arrhythmia and is not recommended for use in these patients. The drug is a potent blocker of sodium channels and produces marked slowing of conduction within the His-Purkinje system and myocardium.

UI = D016700

 

Encephalitis

AN = GEN; coord with specific organism /infection heading (IM); viral encephalitis = ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL unless ENCEPHALITIS, EPIDEMIC but see note there; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS & specifics & SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS (see note there) are also available; DF: ENCEPH

MS = Inflammation of the brain, usually caused by viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic agents. The term is sometimes used to refer to viral ones only, for which ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL is available.

UI = D004660

 

Encephalitis Periaxialis

AN = note: no comma; do not confuse X ref SCHILDER'S DISEASE with Addison-Schilder disease ( = ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY); DF: ENCEPH PERIAXIALIS

MS = Rare demyelinating disease characterized by massive destruction of the myelin in the cerebral hemispheres, cavity formation, and glial scarring. Clinical symptoms include bilateral spasticity, cortical blindness, and progressive dementia. Encephalitis periaxialis diffusa (= Schilder's disease) should be reserved for instances of myelinoclastic diffuse sclerosis that correspond to the case described by Schilder in 1912. Schilder's disease should not be confused with Addison-Schilder disease (= ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY).

UI = D004661

 

Encephalitis, Viral

AN = caused by any virus but note ENCEPHALITIS, EPIDEMIC, caused by ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES; coord IM with specific virus infection (IM); DF: ENCEPH VIRAL

MS = Inflammation of the brain caused by viruses. When this is caused by ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, a group of arboviruses, it is referred to as epidemic encephalitis (ENCEPHALITIS, EPIDEMIC). Other viruses, including some herpesviruses, also cause viral encephalitis.

UI = D018792

 

Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine

AN = a species of Alphavirus; infection: coord IM with ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, EQUINE (IM) but see note there; DF: note short X ref

MS = A species of ALPHAVIRUS causing encephalomyelitis in Equidae and humans. The virus ranges along the Atlantic seaboard of the United States and Canada and as far south as the Caribbean, Mexico, and parts of Central and South America. Infections in horses show a mortality of up to 90 percent and in humans as high as 80 percent in epidemics.

UI = D004663

 

Encephalitis Virus, Japanese

AN = a species of the genus Flavivirus: do not confuse with ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE, a subgroup of the genus Flavivirus; infection = ENCEPHALITIS, JAPANESE; DF: ENCEPH VIRUS JAPANESE

MS = A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE), which is the etiological agent of Japanese encephalitis found in Asia, southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.

UI = D004664

 

Encephalitis Virus, Murray Valley

AN = a species of Flavivirus; infection: coord IM with ENCEPHALITIS, EPIDEMIC (IM); DF: ENCEPH VIRUS MURRAY VALLEY

MS = A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE), found in Australia and New Guinea. It causes a fulminating viremia resembling Japanese encephalitis.

UI = D018068

 

Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis

AN = a species of Flavivirus; infection = ENCEPHALITIS, ST. LOUIS; DF: ENCEPH VIRUS ST LOUIS

MS = A species of Flavivirus, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE), which is the etiologic agent of St. Louis encephalitis in the United States, the Caribbean, and Central and South America.

UI = D004665

 

Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine

AN = a species of Alphavirus; infection = ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, VENEZUELAN EQUINE but see note there; DF: ENCEPH VIRUS VENEZ EQUINE

MS = A species of ALPHAVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of equine encephalomyelitis in humans and equines. It is seen most commonly in parts of Central and South America.

UI = D004666

 

Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine

AN = a species of Alphavirus; infection: coord IM with ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, EQUINE (IM) but see note there; DF: note short X ref

MS = A species of ALPHAVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of equine encephalomyelitis in humans and equines in the United States, southern Canada, and parts of South America.

UI = D004667

 

Encephalitis Viruses

AN = a large group of RNA viruses; GEN only: prefer specific; infection = ENCEPHALITIS, EPIDEMIC; DF: ENCEPH VIRUSES

MS = A collection of single-stranded RNA viruses scattered across the Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Togaviridae families whose common property is the ability to induce encephalitic conditions in infected hosts.

UI = D004668

 

Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese

AN = a subgroup of the genus Flavivirus: do not confuse with ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE, a species of Flavivirus; infection = ENCEPHALITIS, EPIDEMIC, not ENCEPHALITIS, JAPANESE; DF: note short X ref

MS = A subgroup of the genus FLAVIVIRUS which comprises a number of viral species that are the etiologic agents of human encephalitis in many different geographical regions. These include Japanese encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE), St. Louis encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, ST. LOUIS), Kunjin virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, MURRAY VALLEY), and WEST NILE VIRUS.

UI = D018349

 

Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne

AN = a subgroup of encephalitis viruses of the genus Flavivirus; infection = ENCEPHALITIS, TICK-BORNE; DF: note short X ref

MS = A subgroup of the genus FLAVIVIRUS that causes encephalitis and hemorrhagic fevers and is found in eastern and western Europe and the former Soviet Union. It is transmitted by tick vectors and there is an associated milk-borne transmission from viremic cattle, goats, and sheep.

UI = D004669

 

Encephalitis, California

AN = caused by California group viruses; DF: ENCEPH CALIFORNIA

MS = Mosquito-borne infection with California group of the Bunyavirus genus. Most California encephalitis is caused by the La Crosse virus.

UI = D004670

 

Encephalitis, Epidemic

AN = caused by ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES: not an "epidemic of encephalitis"; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific types of epidemic encephalitis; DF: ENCEPH EPIDEMIC

MS = A viral encephalitis caused by ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, all arboviruses. The severity of the encephalitis depends upon which virus strain causes the infection. The viruses are maintained by inapparent zoonoses in birds and lower vertebrates, and are transmitted to humans via arthropod vectors. (From Walton, Brain's Diseases of the Nervous System, 10th ed, p321)

UI = D004671

 

Encephalitis, Japanese

AN = caused by a flavivirus; specify geog if pertinent; DF: ENCEPH JAPANESE

MS = A form of epidemic encephalitis occurring in Japan and other Pacific islands, China, Manchuria, the former USSR, and probably much of the Far East. It may occur as a symptomless, subclinical infection, or as an acute meningoencephalomyelitis with cortical damage and cord lesions resembling those of poliomyelitis. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004672

 

Encephalitozoon

AN = a genus of protozoa; infection = ENCEPHALITOZOONOSIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A genus of parasitic protozoa originally considered a member of the class SPOROZOEA but now recognized as part of the class MICROSPOREA.

UI = D016819

 

Encephalitozoon cuniculi

AN = infection: coord IM with ENCEPHALITOZOONOSIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A species of parasitic protozoa. This intracellular parasite is found in the brain, heart, and kidneys of several mammals. Transmission is probably by ingestion of the spores.

UI = D009670

 

Encephalitozoonosis

AN = protozoan infect; nothing to do with zoonosis: caused by Encephalitozoon

MS = Infection with protozoa of the genus ENCEPHALITOZOON. Lesions commonly occur in the brain and kidney tubules. Other sites of infection in mammals are the liver, adrenal glands, optic nerves, retina, and myocardium.

UI = D016890

 

Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated

AN = when post-vaccinal (note X ref) coord IM with vaccine source if pertinent (IM or NIM); DF: ENCEPH ACUTE DISSEM

MS = An acute or subacute encephalomyelitis or myelitis characterized by perivascular lymphocyte and mononuclear cell infiltration and demyelination. It occurs most commonly following an acute viral infection, especially measles, but may occur without a recognizable antecedent, and formerly occurred as a complication of rabies and smallpox vaccination. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004673

 

Encephalomyelitis Virus, Avian

AN = a species of Enterovirus; infection: coord IM with ENTEROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: ENCEPH VIRUS AVIAN

MS = A species of ENTEROVIRUS infecting primarily young chicks, but also found in turkeys, pheasants, and guinea fowl. It causes a fatal neuronal degeneration and is transmitted by mechanical contact.

UI = D001350

 

Encephalitis, St. Louis

AN = caused by a flavivirus; DF: ENCEPH ST LOUIS

MS = A form of epidemic encephalitis, clinically similar to western equine encephalitis, occurring in late summer and early fall and transmitted usually by mosquitoes of the genus Culex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004674

 

Encephalitis, Tick-Borne

AN = caused by a flavivirus; specify geog if pertinent; DF: ENCEPH TICK BORNE

MS = A disease caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus, a species of FLAVIVIRUS, and a member of the subgroup ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, TICK-BORNE. Tick-borne encephalitis appears to be a spectrum of disease caused by two related viruses: the European subtype - central European encephalitis virus and the eastern subtype - Russian spring-summer encephalitis virus.

UI = D004675

 

Encephalocele

AN = congen brain hernia through skull opening; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; cerebellar hernia: coord IM with CEREBELLUM /abnorm (IM) if congen or with CEREBELLAR DISEASES (IM) if traumatic; meningoencephalocele: coord IM with MENINGOCELE (IM) CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Hernia of the brain, manifested by protrusion of brain substance through a congenital or traumatic opening of the skull.

UI = D004677

 

Encephalomalacia

AN = softening of the brain

MS = Softening of the brain. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004678

 

Encephalomyelitis

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific human & animal types; same as myeloencephalitis

MS = Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, usually caused by viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic agents.

UI = D004679

 

Encephalomyelitis Virus, Murine

AN = a strain of encephalomyocarditis virus; do not confuse X ref MURINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS with THEILER'S MURINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS; infection: coord IM with CARDIOVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: ENCEPH VIRUS MURINE

MS = A strain of ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS, a species of CARDIOVIRUS, usually causing an inapparent intestinal infection in mice. A small number of mice may show signs of flaccid paralysis.

UI = D004680

 

Encephalomyelitis, Allergic

AN = an exper autoimmune demyelinating dis; DF: ENCEPH ALLERGIC

MS = An experimental demyelinating disease produced in animals by injections of myelin fractions in order to study the relationship between hypersensitivity and the demyelinating diseases.

UI = D004681

 

Encephalomyelitis, Enzootic Porcine

AN = caused by an enterovirus; don't forget also SWINE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: note short X ref

MS = A picornavirus infection producing symptoms similar to poliomyelitis in pigs.

UI = D004682

 

Encephalomyelitis, Equine

AN = caused by an alphavirus; human & animal; if in horses, coord with HORSE DISEASES (IM) + HORSES (NIM) & use /vet; DF: ENCEPH EQUINE

MS = An ALPHAVIRUS infection of horses and mules, communicable to humans, occurring in the United States and parts of Central and South America. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004683

 

Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine

AN = caused by an alphavirus; human & animal; if in horses, coord with HORSE DISEASES (IM) + HORSES (NIM) & use /vet; DF: ENCEPH VENEZ EQUINE

MS = An arthropod-borne viral encephalomyelitis of equidae and humans.

UI = D004685

 

Encephalomyocarditis Virus

AN = a species of Cardiovirus; infection: coord IM with CARDIOVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: EMCV

MS = The type species of CARDIOVIRUS causing encephalomyelitis and myocarditis in rodents, pigs, and monkeys. Infection in man has been reported with CNS involvement but without myocarditis.

UI = D004686

 

Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform

AN = a prion dis; don't forget also CATTLE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; if transmitted to man, coord IM (with probably /transm) with specific brain or other neurol dis in text (IM) + check tags HUMAN, ANIMAL & CATTLE; if transmitted to another species of animal, coord IM (with probably /transm) with animal/dis precoord + specific animal (IM or NIM) + check tags ANIMAL & CATTLE

MS = Scrapie-like neurological disorder of cattle. The infection appears to be caused by the consumption of scrapie-infected ruminant-derived protein (PRIONS).

UI = D016643

 

Enchondromatosis

AN = non-neoplastic; do not confuse X ref OLLIER'S DISEASE with Ollier's disease as Ollier-Klippel-Trenaunay disease ( = KLIPPEL-TRENAUNAY DISEASE)

MS = Benign growths of cartilage in the metaphyses of several bones.

UI = D004687

 

Encopresis

AN = of psychol origin: differentiate from FECAL INCONTINENCE, of organic origin

MS = Incontinence of feces not due to organic defect or illness.

UI = D004688

 

Encyclopedias

AN = do not confuse with Publication Type ENCYCLOPEDIAS; no qualif CATALOG: form qualif /encyclopedias & double forms are available

MS = Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

UI = D004690

 

Encyclopedias [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for encyclopedias as a subject, index under main heading ENCYCLOPEDIAS

MS = Works containing informational articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

UI = D019500

 

Endarterectomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called ATHERECTOMY.

UI = D004691

 

Endarterectomy, Carotid

AN = specify CAROTID ARTERY, EXTERNAL or CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL (IM or NIM) if pertinent

MS = The excision of the thickened, atheromatous tunica intima of a carotid artery.

UI = D016894

 

Endarteritis

AN = inflamm of the intima of an artery

MS = Inflammation of the tunica intima of an artery. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004692

 

Endemic Diseases

AN = note category; do not confuse with epidemic dis ( = EPIDEMICS see DISEASE OUTBREAKS); IM; coord IM with specific dis /epidemiol (IM) & specify geog; DF: ENDEMIC DIS CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The constant presence of diseases or infectious agents within a given geographic area or population group. It may also refer to the usual prevalence of a given disease with such area or group. It includes holoendemic and hyperendemic diseases. A holoendemic disease is one for which a high prevalent level of infection begins early in life and affects most of the child population, leading to a state of equilibrium such that the adult population shows evidence of the disease much less commonly than do children (malaria in many communities is a holendemic disease). A hyperendemic disease is one that is constantly present at a high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all groups equally. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 3d ed, p53, 78, 80)

UI = D019353

 

Endocardial Cushion Defects

AN = a heart septal defect; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A spectrum of septal defects associated with persistence of the embryonic atrioventricular canal due to incomplete growth and fusion of the endocardial cushion.

UI = D004694

 

Endocardial Fibroelastosis

AN = thickening of endocardium with left ventric hypertrophy

MS = A condition characterized by hypertrophy of the wall of the left ventricle and conversion of the endocardium into a thick fibroelastic coat, with the capacity of the ventricle sometimes reduced, but often increased. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004695

 

Endocarditis

AN = inflamm of endocardium but read MeSH definition; rheumatic endocarditis: index under RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE (IM) + ENDOCARDITIS (IM)

MS = Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004696

 

Endocarditis, Bacterial

AN = coord with specific bacterium /infections heading (IM) if pertinent; DF: ENDOCARDITIS BACT

UI = D004697

 

Endocarditis, Subacute Bacterial

AN = coord with specific bacterium /infections heading (IM); DF: ENDOCARDITIS SUBACUTE BACT

MS = Infection of the endocardium caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This condition does not produce metastatic foci and if untreated may take up to a year to be fatal.

UI = D004698

 

Endocardium

AN = inflammation = ENDOCARDITIS & its specifics

MS = The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells.

UI = D004699

 

Endocrine Cells of Gut

AN = "endocrine cells" of Russian literature probably goes here

MS = Cells found throughout the lining of the gastrointestinal tract that contain regulatory peptide hormones and/or biogenic amines. The substances are located in secretory granules and act in an endocrine or paracrine manner. Some of these substances are also found in neurons in the gut. There are at least 15 different types of endocrine cells of the gut. Some take up amine precursors and have been called APUD CELLS. However, most endocrine cells of the gut apparently have endodermal rather than neuroectodermal origin, so the relationship with APUD cells is not clear.

UI = D019858

 

Endocrine Diseases

AN = GEN; /diag: consider also DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, ENDOCRINE; hormonal defic: TN 194; endocr defic: probably a defic state from Cat C19; Manual 23.25.3 CATALOG: form qualif permitted

UI = D004700

 

Endocrine Gland Neoplasms

AN = GEN: prefer specific precoord; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = Tumor or cancer of the endocrine glands in general or unspecified.

UI = D004701

 

Endocrine Glands

AN = GEN: prefer specific; /physiol or /secret: consider also HORMONES; /surg: consider also ENDOCRINE SURGICAL PROCEDURES; endocr defic: probably a defic state from Cat C19: Manual 23.25.3; "endocrine cells" in Russian literature is probably ENDOCRINE CELLS OF GUT CATALOG: form qualif permitted

MS = Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions.

UI = D004702

 

Endocrine Surgical Procedures

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also ENDOCRINE GLANDS /surg or /surg with specific endocrine glands; also ENDOCRINE DISEASES /surg or /surg with specific endocrine dis; DF: ENDOCRINE SURG PROCEDURES

MS = Surgery performed on any endocrine gland.

UI = D013507

 

Endocrine System

AN = avoid: too general; prefer ENDOCRINE GLANDS, CHROMAFFIN SYSTEM or NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS & their specifics

MS = The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, included are the CHROMAFFIN SYSTEM and the NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS.

UI = D004703

 

Endocrinology

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: ENDOCRINOL

MS = A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system.

UI = D004704

 

Endocytosis

MS = Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.

UI = D004705

 

Endodeoxyribonucleases

MS = A group of enzymes catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA. They include members of EC 3.1.21.-, EC 3.1.22.-, EC 3.1.23.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), EC 3.1.24.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), and EC 3.1.25.-.

UI = D004706

 

Endoderm

AN = A 11 qualif; ENDODERMAL SINUS TUMOR is also available: see note there

MS = The inner of the three germ layers of the embryo.

UI = D004707

 

Endodermal Sinus Tumor

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = An unusual and aggressive tumor of germ-cell origin that reproduces the extraembryonic structures of the early embryo. It is the most common malignant germ cell tumor found in children. It is characterized by a labyrinthine glandular pattern of flat epithelial cells and rounded papillary processes with a central capillary (Schiller-Duval body). The tumor is rarely bilateral. Before the use of combination chemotherapy, the tumor was almost invariably fatal. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1189)

UI = D018240

 

Endodontics

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; ENDODONTICS = the specialty, ROOT CANAL THERAPY = the patient

MS = A dental specialty concerned with the maintenance of the dental pulp in a state of health and the treatment of the pulp cavity (pulp chamber and pulp canal).

UI = D004708

 

Endogenous Retroviruses

MS = Retroviruses that have integrated into the germline (PROVIRUSES) that have lost infectious capability but retained the capability to transpose.

UI = D020077

 

Endolimax

AN = infection: coord IM with AMEBIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A genus of ameboid protozoa found in the intestines of vertebrates and invertebrates.

UI = D004709

 

Endolymph

AN = a labyrinthine fluid; do not use for "endolymphatic injections" ( = INJECTIONS, ENDOLYMPHATIC see INJECTIONS, INTRALYMPHATIC)

MS = The lymph fluid found in the membranous labyrinth of the ear. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D004710

 

Endolymphatic Duct

MS = Duct connecting the endolymphatic sac with the membranous labyrinth.

UI = D004711

 

Endolymphatic Hydrops

AN = endolymphatic refers to the endolymph of the inner ear; note see related

MS = An accumulation of endolymph in the inner ear resulting in deafness and tinnitus, and sometimes vertigo (MENIERE'S DISEASE). Induced experimentally, it often serves as an animal model for Meniere's disease. (From Dorland, 27th ed.)

UI = D018159

 

Endolymphatic Sac

MS = The blind pouch at the end of the endolymphatic duct.

UI = D004712

 

Endolymphatic Shunt

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical fistulization of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear with mastoid, subarachnoid or cochlear shunt. This procedure is used in the treatment of Meniere's disease.

UI = D004713

 

Endometrial Hyperplasia

AN = abnormal overgrowth of endometrium

MS = Abnormal overgrowth of endometrium. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004714

 

 

Endometrial Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = The most common invasive gynecologic malignancy in the United States, typically in postmenopausal women. The neoplasm originates on the endometrial mucosa and may be focal or diffuse. It may progress to invasion of the myometrium. The commonest histologic type is adenocarcinoma but adenoacanthoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, epidermoid carcinoma, and other histological types of cancer are possible.

UI = D016889

 

Endometriosis

AN = non-neoplastic & nothing to do with "endometrial carcinoma" ( = ENDOMETRIAL NEOPLASMS); coord IM with specific precoord organ/dis term (IM) (but not GENITAL DISEASES, FEMALE)

MS = A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity.

UI = D004715

 

Endometritis

AN = uterine inflamm goes here, not under UTERINE DISEASES or ENDOMETRIUM + INFLAMMATION

MS = Inflammation of the endometrium. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004716

 

Endometrium

AN = inflammation = ENDOMETRITIS

UI = D004717

 

Endomyocardial Fibrosis

MS = A disease characterized by thickening of the endocardium, and frequently the inner third of the myocardium. The left ventricle is most frequently involved. Cardiomegaly and congestive heart failure may also be present.

UI = D004719

 

Endonucleases

MS = Any of the enzymes of the hydrolase class that catalyze the hydrolysis of interior bonds of ribonucleotide or deoxyribonucleotide chains, producing poly- or oligonucleotides. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.-.

UI = D004720

 

Endopeptidase K

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of keratin, and of other proteins with subtilisin-like specificity. It hydrolyses peptide amides. Endopeptidase K is from the mold Tritirachium album Limber. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.21.64.

UI = D019286

 

Endophthalmitis

AN = a type of suppurative uveitis; restrict to endophthalmitis as a disease entity, not as a coord for inflamm of specific internal parts of the eye: these are available as -ITIS terms in C11; ophthalmitis goes here; PANOPHTHALMITIS is also available: inflamm of all struct of the eye

MS = Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye; not all layers of the uvea are affected. Fungi, necrosis of intraocular tumors, and retained intraocular foreign bodies often cause a purulent endophthalmitis.

UI = D009877

 

 

 

Endoplasmic Reticulum

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

MS = A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

UI = D004721

 

Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH is also available

MS = A type of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where polyribosomes are present on the cytoplasmic surfaces of the ER membranes. This form of ER is prominent in cells specialized for protein secretion and its principal function is to segregate proteins destined for export or intracellular utilization.

UI = D018870

 

Endoplasmic Reticulum, Smooth

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; smooth endoplasmic reticulum in muscle = SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH is also available

MS = A type of endoplasmic reticulum lacking associated ribosomes on the membrane surface. It exhibits a wide range of specialized metabolic functions including supplying enzymes for steroid synthesis, detoxification, and glycogen breakdown. In muscle cells, smooth endoplasmic reticulum is called SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.

UI = D018871

 

Endoribonucleases

MS = A family of enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA. It includes EC 3.1.26.-, EC 3.1.27.-, EC 3.1.30.-, and EC 3.1.31.-.

UI = D004722

 

alpha-Endorphin

AN = a neurotransmitter; BETA-ENDORPHIN & GAMMA-ENDORPHIN are also available; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = An endogenous opioid peptide derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. It differs from GAMMA-ENDORPHIN by one amino acid.

UI = D018822

 

gamma-Endorphin

AN = a neurotransmitter; ALPHA-ENDORPHIN & BETA-ENDORPHIN are also available; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = An endogenous opioid peptide derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor peptide. It differs from ALPHA-ENDORPHIN by one amino acid.

UI = D018823

 

Endorphins

AN = neurotransmitters; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; OPIOID PEPTIDES is used for the broader group.

UI = D004723

 

Endoscopes

MS = Instruments for the examination of the interior of a hollow viscus, such as the bladder. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019723

 

Endoscopy

AN = NIM; GEN: prefer specific with specific organ or organ/dis, as ESOPHAGOSCOPY with esophagus articles, GASTROSCOPY with stomach articles; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D004724

 

Endoscopy, Digestive System

AN = GEN only: prefer specifics but note 3-organ X ref; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Visual examination of the digestive tract by means of a fiberoptic endoscope. It is used to localize, identify, and photograph pathologic alterations, to obtain biopsy material and perform other surgical interventions, and for delivery of medication.

UI = D016145

 

Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal

AN = GEN only: prefer specifics; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract by means of a fiberoptic endoscope. It is used to localize, identify, and photograph pathologic alterations, to obtain biopsy material and perform other surgical interventions, and for delivery of medication.

UI = D016099

 

Endosomes

AN = cytoplasmic vesicles; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

MS = Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface.

UI = D011992

 

Endosonography

AN = ultrasonogr of hollow organs: endo- = within, not with endoscopy; coord IM with organ or dis /ultrasonogr; do not index under ENDOSCOPY or specific endoscopic technique unless also discussed in article; DF: ENDOSONOGR

MS = Ultrasonography of internal organs using an ultrasound transducer sometimes mounted on a fiberoptic endoscope. In endosonography the transducer converts electronic signals into acoustic pulses or continuous waves and acts also as a receiver to detect reflected pulses from within the organ. An audiovisual-electronic interface converts the detected or processed echo signals, which pass through the electronics of the instrument, into a form that the technologist can evaluate. The procedure should not be confused with ENDOSCOPY which employs a special instrument called an endoscope. The "endo-" of endosonography refers to the examination of tissue within hollow organs, with reference to the usual ultrasonography procedure which is performed externally or transcutaneously.

UI = D019160

 

Endospore-Forming Bacteria

AN = avoid: too general; prefer specific families & genera; DF: ENDOSPORE FORMING BACT

MS = A group of rods or cocci whose taxonomic affinities are uncertain. They form endospores, thick-walled bodies formed within the vegetative cells of certain bacteria, able to withstand adverse environmental conditions for prolonged periods.

UI = D004725

 

Endosulfan

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61)

UI = D004726

 

Endothelial Growth Factors

MS = These growth factors are soluble mitogens secreted by a variety of organs. The factors are a mixture of two single chain polypeptides which have affinity to heparin. Their molecular weight are organ and species dependent. They have mitogenic and chemotactic effects and can stimulate endothelial cells to grow and synthesize DNA. The factors are related to both the basic and acidic fibroblast growth factors but have different amino acid sequences.

UI = D016228

 

Endothelin-1

AN = /drug eff permitted; DF: note short X ref

MS = A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)

UI = D019332

 

Endothelin-2

AN = /drug eff permitted; DF: note short X ref

MS = A 21-amino acid peptide produced predominantly within the kidney and intestine, with smaller amounts produced in the myocardium, placenta, and uterus, but the cells of origin are not clear. Endothelin-2 has no unique physiologic functions, as compared with endothelin-1. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)

UI = D019333

 

Endothelin-3

AN = /drug eff permitted; DF: note short X ref

MS = A 21-amino acid peptide that circulates in the plasma, but its source is not known. Endothelin-3 has been found in high concentrations in the brain and may regulate important functions in neurons and astrocytes, such as proliferation and development. It also is found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the lung and kidney. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)

UI = D019334

 

Endothelins

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /drug eff permitted

MS = 21-Amino-acid peptides produced by vascular endothelial cells and functioning as potent vasoconstrictors. The endothelin family consists of three members, ENDOTHELIN-1, ENDOTHELIN-2, and ENDOTHELIN-3. All three peptides contain 21 amino acids, but vary in amino acid composition. The three peptides produce vasoconstrictor and pressor responses in various parts of the body. However, the quantitative profiles of the pharmacological activities are considerably different among the three isopeptides.

UI = D016232

 

Endothelium

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NIM since specific organ should be IM

MS = The layer of epithelial cells that lines the cavities of the heart and of the blood vessels (ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR) and lymph vessels (ENDOTHELIUM, LYMPHATIC), and the serous cavities of the body, originating from the MESODERM. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004727

 

Endothelium, Corneal

AN = do not confuse with EPITHELIUM, CORNEAL; do not confuse X ref ANTERIOR CHAMBER EPITHELIUM with ANTERIOR CORNEAL EPITHELIUM see EPITHELIUM, CORNEAL

MS = Single layer of large flattened cells covering the surface of the cornea.

UI = D004728

 

Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF:EDRF

MS = A labile humoral agent released by the vascular endothelium that mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. EDRF also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. These actions are believed to be mediated through stimulation of guanylate cyclase and the consequent elevation of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate. EDRF is thought to be nitric oxide or a ready source of it. The factor is believed to be unstable and acts only locally in vivo.

UI = D015648

 

Endothelium, Lymphatic

MS = Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces.

UI = D004729

 

Endothelium, Vascular

MS = Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries.

UI = D004730

 

Endotoxemia

AN = coord IM with specific bact/infect heading (IM) or specific bacterium (IM) if precoord bact/infect heading is not in MeSH; do not use /blood to cover -emia

MS = A condition characterized by the presence of endotoxins in the blood. If endotoxemia is the result of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, shock may occur.

UI = D019446

 

Endotoxins

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; coord IM with specific bacterium (IM with no qualif) but do not coord with BACTERIAL TOXINS

MS = Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells.

UI = D004731

 

Endrin

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = An organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. Its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the United States. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D004732

 

Enema

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; barium enema: coord with BARIUM SULFATE /diag use, not BARIUM

UI = D004733

 

Energy Intake

AN = "total no. of calories taken in daily"

MS = Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes.

UI = D002149

 

Energy Metabolism

UI = D004734

 

Energy Transfer

MS = The transfer of energy of a given form among different scales of motion. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed). In biochemistry, this concept generally refers to the transfer of groups from compounds that contain energy-rich bonding arrangements to compounds that have relatively energy-poor bonding characteristics via thermodynamically permissible enzymatic reactions. This principle is a major premise of the interaction between energy-producing and energy-utilizing metabolic pathways in living cells. (From Devlin, Textbook of biochemistry with clinical correlations, 3d ed, p246)

UI = D004735

 

Energy-Generating Resources

MS = Natural energy sources of power supply.

UI = D004736

 

Enflurane

AN = an inhalation anesthetic

MS = 2-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether. An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.

UI = D004737

 

Engineering

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

MS = The practical application of physical, mechanical, and mathematical principles. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D004738

 

England

AN = LONDON is also available

UI = D004739

 

English Abstract

AN = check tag only for Eng Abst of foreign articles only; do not confuse with author abstracts (Field 22); policy: Manual 16.10+ CATALOG: do not use: for indexers only

UI = D004740

 

Engraving and Engravings

AN = DF: ENGRAVING

UI = D004741

 

Enhancer Elements (Genetics)

AN = DF: ENHANCER ELEMENTS

MS = Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. Enhancers can usually function in either orientation and at various distances from a promoter.

UI = D004742

 

Enkephalin, Leucine

AN = a neurotransmitter; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: LEU ENKEPHALIN

MS = Tyrosylglycylglycylphenylalanylleucine. Endogenous pentapeptide with morphine-like activity. The amino acid in position 5 is leucine.

UI = D004743

 

Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine

AN = /biosyn /physiol /drug eff permitted; DF: DADLE

MS = N-(N-(N-(N-L-Tyrosyl-D-alanyl)glycyl)-L-phenylalanyl)-D-leucine. A synthetic delta-selective opioid peptide with analgesic properties. Treatment with DADLE results in transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.

UI = D016308

 

Enkephalin, Methionine

AN = a neurotransmitter; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: ENKEPHALIN MET or MET ENKEPHALIN

MS = Endogenous pentapeptide with morphine-like activity. The amino acid in position 5 is methionine.

UI = D004744

 

Enkephalins

AN = neurotransmitters; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla.

UI = D004745

 

Enophthalmos

AN = recession of eye into orbit: do not confuse with EXOPHTHALMOS, protrusion

MS = Recession of the eyeball into the orbit.

UI = D015841

 

Enoplida

AN = an order of nematodes; infection = ENOPLIDA INFECTIONS

MS = An order of nematodes of the subclass ADENOPHOREA. Its organisms commonly have a cylindrical esophagus. The superfamilies of this order are DIOCTOPHYMATOIDEA, MERMITHOIDEA, and TRICHUROIDEA.

UI = D017158

 

Enoplida Infections

AN = nematode infect

MS = Infections with nematodes of the order ENOPLIDA.

UI = D017189

 

Enoxacin

AN = an antibiotic

MS = 1-Ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-1,8-naphthyridine 3-carboxylic acid. An orally administered broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Its clinical efficacy has been confirmed in a variety of systemic infections and particularly in urinary tract infections. The drug is well tolerated by adults, but should not be used in children and pregnant women.

UI = D015365

 

Enoxaparin

AN = a low-molec weight heparin fraction

MS = Low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, having a 4-enopyranosuronate sodium structure at the non-reducing end of the chain. It is prepared by depolymerization of the benzylic ester of porcine mucosal heparin. Therapeutically, it is used as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D017984

 

Enoximone

AN = a phosphodiesterase inhib & cardiotonic

MS = 1,3-Dihydro-4-methyl-5-(4-(methylthio)benzoyl)-2H-imidazol-2-one. A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with congestive heart failure.

UI = D017335

 

Enoyl-CoA Hydratase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the hydration of unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA to yield beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA. It plays a role in the oxidation of fatty acids and in mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis, has broad specificity, and is most active with crotonyl-CoA. EC 4.2.1.17.

UI = D004746

 

Enprostil

AN = a synthetic prostaglandin E anti-ulcer agent

MS = 7-(3-Hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-phenoxy-1-butenyl)-5-oxocyclopentyl) methyl ester. A synthetic PGE2 analog that has an inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion, a mucoprotective effect, and a postprandial lowering effect on gastrin. It has been shown to be efficient and safe in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers.

UI = D016620

 

Entamoeba

AN = infection = ENTAMOEBIASIS but see note there; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A genus of ameboid protozoa characterized by the presence of beaded chromatin on the inner surface of the nuclear membrane. Its organisms are parasitic in invertebrates and vertebrates, including humans.

UI = D004747

 

Entamoeba histolytica

AN = infection = ENTAMOEBIASIS but see note there; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A species of parasitic protozoa causing ENTAMOEBIASIS and amebic dysentery (DYSENTERY, AMEBIC). Characteristics include a single nucleus containing a small central karyosome and peripheral chromatin that is finely and regularly beaded.

UI = D004748

 

Entamoebiasis

AN = amebic infect

MS = Infection with amoebae of the genus ENTAMOEBA. Infection with E. histolytica causes DYSENTERY, AMEBIC and LIVER ABSCESS, AMEBIC.

UI = D004749

 

Enteral Nutrition

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with dis /ther (IM), not dis /diet ther; do not confuse with PARENTERAL NUTRITION or PARENTERAL NUTRITION, TOTAL; "includes oral feeding, sip feeding & tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy & jejunostomy tubes"

MS = Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes.

UI = D004750

 

Enteric Nervous System

AN = a major division of the autonomic nerv syst

MS = Two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. (From Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p766)

UI = D017615

 

Enteritis

AN = "inflammation of small intestine" only, GEN or unspecified; jejunitis: coord JEJUNAL DISEASES (IM) + ENTERITIS (NIM)

UI = D004751

 

Enteritis, Transmissible, of Turkeys

AN = caused by a coronavirus; don't forget also TURKEYS (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: note short X ref

MS = An acute, highly contagious virus disease of turkeys characterized by chilling, anorexia, decreased water intake, diarrhea, dehydration and weight loss. The infectious agent is a CORONAVIRUS.

UI = D004753

 

Enterobacter

AN = in feces, soil & water; infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM); note X ref AEROBACTER but AEROBACTER AEROGENES is see KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE

MS = Gram-negative gas-producing rods found in feces of man and other animals, sewage, soil, water, and dairy products.

UI = D004754

 

Enterobacter cloacae

AN = in soil, water, sewage, meat, human & animal skin & intestines; nosocomial; infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in water, sewage, soil, meat, hospital environments, and on the skin and in the intestinal tract of man and animals as a commensal.

UI = D016972

 

Enterobacteriaceae

AN = infection = ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS

MS = A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.

UI = D004755

 

Enterobacteriaceae Infections

AN = gram-neg bact infect

MS = Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.

UI = D004756

 

Enterobiasis

AN = nematode infect caused by Enterobius

MS = Infection with nematodes of the genus ENTEROBIUS. E. vermicularis, the pinworm of man, causes a crawling sensation and pruritus. This condition results in scratching the area, occasionally causing scarification.

UI = D017229

 

Enterobius

AN = a genus of nematodes; infection = ENTEROBIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A genus of intestinal nematode worms which includes the pinworm or threadworm Enterobius vermicularis.

UI = D004757

 

Enterobactin

AN = a siderophore

MS = An iron-binding cyclic trimer of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine. It is produced by E. coli and other enteric bacteria.

UI = D004758

 

Enterochromaffin Cells

AN = A 11 qualif

MS = Group of basal granular cells of the gut whose granules stain readily with silver and chromium salts. The cells secrete serotonin, substance P, and enkephalins. There are three types: gastric (antral mucosa), duodenal, and intestinal.

UI = D004759

 

Enterochromaffin-like Cells

MS = Irregular-shaped argyrophilic cells which produce histamine, chromogranin A/pancreastatin, and an as yet unidentified peptide hormone. They are the predominant endocrine cell type of the oxyntic (acid-producing) mucosa of the stomach. ECL cells respond to gastrin by releasing their secretory products and this source of histamine acts as the positive paracrine stimulator of the release of hydrochloric acid from the parietal cell.

UI = D019861

 

Enterococcus

AN = "normal flora of the intestinal tract"; usually non-pathogenic

MS = A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria consisting of organisms causing variable hemolysis that are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Previously thought to be a member of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS, it is now recognized as a separate genus.

UI = D016983

 

Enterococcus faecalis

AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); do not confuse with ENTEROCOCCUS FAECIUM

MS = A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens and the human intestinal tract. Most strains are nonhemolytic.

UI = D013293

 

Enterococcus faecium

AN = normal intestinal flora; do not confuse with ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS; infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Unlike ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS, this species may produce an alpha-hemolytic reaction on blood agar and is unable to utilize pyruvic acid as an energy source.

UI = D016984

 

Enterocolitis

AN = "inflammation of...small & large" intestines; see also note on ENTERITIS

MS = Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel.

UI = D004760

 

Enterocolitis, Necrotizing

MS = Extensive ulceration and necrosis of the ileum and colon in infants caused by PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA. A similar disease is seen in neutropenic patients with cancer.

UI = D020345

 

Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous

AN = note X ref CLOSTRIDIUM ENTEROCOLITIS, often caused by CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE: for organism other than C. difficile coord with organism (IM) but not also CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS

MS = Acute inflammation of the small and large intestinal mucosa with formation of pseudomembranous plaques over superficial ulceration. It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE is often implicated.

UI = D004761

 

Enteroglucagon

AN = "glucagon-like", not pancreatic glucagon; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Glucagon-like polypeptide secreted in the intestinal tract. It does not share a common receptor site with pancreatic glucagon. The peptide has glycogenolytic activity.

UI = D004763

 

Enterohepatic Circulation

AN = a metab concept, not a hemodynamic circ concept; bile-to-intestines-to-portal circ-to-liver-to-bile; DF: ENTEROHEPATIC CIRC

MS = Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines into portal circulation, passage back into liver, and re-excretion in bile.

UI = D004764

 

Enteropeptidase

UI = D004765

 

Enterosorption

AN = a type of sorption detoxification: do not use Dorland: read MeSH definition; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Adsorption of substances from the gastrointestinal tract onto an orally administered sorbent medium like activated charcoal. This technique is used to eliminate toxic and some biologically active substances and serves to modify the lipid and amino acid spectrum of the intestinal contents.

UI = D016061

 

Enterostomy

AN = GEN only: prefer specific intestinal -ostomy; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Creation of an artificial external opening or fistula in the intestines.

UI = D004766

 

Enterotoxemia

AN = Clostridium infect; animal only; check tag ANIMAL; coord IM with precoord animal/dis term (IM) + animal (NIM) or with animal (IM) in absence of precoord

MS = Disease caused by the liberation of exotoxins of CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS in the intestines of sheep, goats, cattle, foals, and piglets. Type B enterotoxemia in lambs is lamb dysentery; type C enterotoxemia in mature sheep produces "struck", and in calves, lambs and piglets it produces hemorrhagic enterotoxemia; type D enterotoxemia in sheep and goats is pulpy-kidney disease or overeating disease.

UI = D004767

 

Enterotoxins

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; coord IM with specific bacterium (IM or NIM)

MS = Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria.

UI = D004768

 

Enterovirus Infections

AN = caused by a picornavirus

UI = D004769

 

Enterovirus

AN = a genus of the family Picornaviridae; infection = ENTEROVIRUS INFECTIONS

MS = A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated "human enterovirus".

UI = D004770

 

Enteroviruses, Porcine

AN = species of Enterovirus; infection: coord IM with ENTEROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = Species of ENTEROVIRUS causing mild to severe neurological diseases among pigs especially in Eastern Europe. Mild strains are also present in Canada, U.S., and Australia.

UI = D004771

 

Entomobirnavirus

AN = a genus of the family Birnaviridae; infection: coord IM with BIRNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A genus of RNA viruses of the family BIRNAVIRIDAE infecting fruitflies. Transmission is horizontal and there are no known vectors. Drosophila melanogaster is the natural host and the type species is Drosophila X virus.

UI = D019203

 

Entrepreneurship

AN = use qualif discreetly

MS = The organization, management, and assumption of risks of a business or enterprise, usually implying an element of change or challenge and a new opportunity.

UI = D016520

 

Entomology

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: ENTOMOL

UI = D004772

 

Entomophthora

AN = infection: coord IM with ZYGOMYCOSIS (IM)

MS = A genus of fungi in the family Entomophthoraceae, order Entomorphthorales. They are primarily parasites of insects and spiders, but have been found to cause mycotic infections of the nose in man and horses.

UI = D004773

 

Entomophthorales

AN = infection: coord IM with ZYGOMYCOSIS (IM)

MS = An order of fungi comprising mostly insect pathogens, though some infect mammals including humans. Strict host specificity make these fungi a focus of many biological control studies.

UI = D020091

 

Entomopoxvirinae

AN = a subfamily of the family Poxviridae infecting insects (entomo-); coord IM with specific insect /virol (IM)

MS = A subfamily of POXVIRIDAE comprising poxviruses infecting insects including members of Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Orthoptera.

UI = D017996

 

Entorhinal Cortex

AN = in the limbic system

MS = The cytoarchitecturally well-defined area of multilaminate cerebral cortex on the medial aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus, immediately caudal to the olfactory cortex of the uncus. The entorhinal cortex is the origin of the major neural fiber system afferent to the hippocampus, the so-called perforant pathway. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D018728

 

Entropion

AN = inversion of eyelid: do not confuse with ECTROPION, eversion

MS = The turning inward (inversion) of the edge of the eyelid, with the tarsal cartilage turned inward toward the eyeball. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004774

 

Entropy

AN = a principle of thermodynamics wherein "heat or energy of a system is not available to perform work"; no qualif

MS = The measure of that part of the heat or energy of a system which is not available to perform work. Entropy increases in all natural (spontaneous and irreversible) processes. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019277

 

Enuresis

MS = Involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which urinary control should have been achieved; often used alone with specific reference to involuntary discharge of urine occurring during sleep at night (bed-wetting; nocturnal enuresis). (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004775

 

Enviomycin

AN = a peptide antituberc antibiotic

MS = 1-(L-threo-3,6-Diamino-4-hydroxyhexanoic acid)-6-(L-2-(2- amino-1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4-pyrimidinyl)glycine)viomycin. Cyclic basic peptide related to VIOMYCIN. It is isolated from an induced mutant of Streptomyces griseoverticillatus var. tuberacticus and acts as an antitubercular agent with less ototoxicity than tuberactinomycin.

UI = D004776

 

Environment

AN = no qualif; DF: ENVIR CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The sum total of all the conditions and elements which make up the surroundings and influence the development and actions of an individual. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004777

 

Environment and Public Health

AN = not used for indexing

MS = Natural and man-made environments and their impact on public health.

UI = D004778

 

Environment Design

AN = DF: ENVIR DESIGN

MS = The structuring of the environment to permit or promote specific patterns of behavior.

UI = D004779

 

Environment, Controlled

AN = no qualif; DF: ENVIR CONTROLLED

MS = A state in which the environs of hospitals, laboratories, domestic and animal housing, work places, spacecraft, and other surroundings are under technological control with regard to air conditioning, heating, lighting, humidity, ventilation, and other ambient features. The concept includes control of atmospheric composition. (From Jane's Aerospace Dictionary, 3d ed)

UI = D004780

 

Environmental Exposure

AN = may or may not result in a disease; coord IM with specific substance (IM); DF: ENVIR EXPOSURE CATALOG: subdivision by special age groups & pregn permitted

MS = The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.

UI = D004781

 

Environmental Health

AN = specify geog if pertinent; DF: ENVIR HEALTH CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health.

UI = D004782

 

Environmental Illness

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific disease (IM) or source of illness (IM); also available are MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY, PERSIAN GULF SYNDROME & SICK BUILDING SYNDROME; not for diseases caused by environmental pollution: index under specific dis (IM) + ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (IM) or specific envir pollut (IM); DF: ENVIR ILLNESS

MS = A polysymptomatic condition believed by clinical ecologists to result from immune dysregulation induced by common foods, allergens, and chemicals, resulting in various physical and mental disorders. The medical community has remained largely skeptical of the existence of this "disease", given the plethora of symptoms attributed to environmental illness, the lack of reproducible laboratory abnormalities, and the use of unproven therapies to treat the condition. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

UI = D018876

 

Environmental Medicine

AN = SPEC dealing with envir factors in human dis; SPEC qualif; DF: ENVIR MED

MS = Medical specialty concerned with environmental factors that may impinge upon human disease, and development of methods for the detection, prevention, and control of environmentally related disease.

UI = D019550

 

Environmental Microbiology

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; coord with specific microbe (IM); DF: ENVIR MICROBIOL

MS = The study of microorganisms living in a variety of environments (air, soil, water, etc.) and their pathogenic relationship to other organisms including man.

UI = D004783

 

Environmental Monitoring

AN = DF: ENVIR MONITORING

MS = The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment or workplace by measuring the amounts of these toxicants in the bodies of people and animals in that environment, among other methods. It also includes the measurement of ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE. Levels in humans and animals are used as indicators of toxic levels of undesirable chemicals.

UI = D004784

 

Environmental Pollutants

AN = specify pollutant if pertinent (IM or NIM); in addition to AIR POLLUTANTS, RADIOACTIVE POLLUTANTS, SOIL POLLUTANTS & WATER POLLUTANTS & their specifics, CARCINOGENS, ENVIRONMENTAL is also available; DF: ENVIR POLLUTANTS

MS = Substances which pollute the environment. Use for environmental pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading.

UI = D004785

 

Environmental Pollutants, Noxae, and Pesticides

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

MS = Substances capable of producing a harmful or deadly effect on living organisms as well as the environment.

UI = D004786

 

Environmental Pollution

AN = IM; coord with source of pollution (IM); specify geog if pertinent; DF: ENVIR POLLUTION CATALOG: /geog /form

UI = D004787

 

Enzootic Bovine Leukosis

AN = a specific dis caused by BOVINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS (see LEUKEMIA VIRUS, BOVINE): do not confuse with the general group BLV INFECTIONS see HTLV-BLV INFECTIONS; don't forget also CATTLE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL

MS = A lymphoid neoplastic disease in cattle caused by the bovine leukemia virus. Enzootic bovine leukosis may take the form of lymphosarcoma, malignant lymphoma, or leukemia but the presence of malignant cells in the blood is not a consistent finding.

UI = D016583

 

Enzyme Activation

AN = IM for general only; NIM with specific enzyme (IM); "enzyme reactivation": coord IM with specific enzyme /metab (IM) + ENZYME REACTIVATORS (IM) if discussed (see note there)

MS = Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1) activation by ions (activators); 2) activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3) conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

UI = D004789

 

Enzyme Induction

AN = IM for general only; NIM with specific enzyme /biosyn (IM)

MS = An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

UI = D004790

 

Enzyme Inhibitors

AN = GEN only; prefer /antag with specific enzyme; DF: ENZYME INHIB

MS = Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

UI = D004791

 

Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique

AN = used often to detect drugs of abuse in urine as EMIT (d.a.u); NIM; coord IM or NIM with specific drug /urine (IM); coord IM or NIM with specific enzyme (if pertinent) with no qualif (NIM); DF: EMIT CATALOG: do not use /laboratory manuals

MS = An immunoenzyme test that uses antibodies to detect the presence of drugs and other substances in the urine and blood. The test uses antibodies that react only with the particular drug for which the sample is being tested. In the test mixture the antibodies attach themselves to the drug if it is present in the sample. It is not designed to measure amounts of the drug present, only its presence or absence. It is commonly seen in the literature as EMIT (d.a.u.) wherein the d.a.u. means "drugs of abuse in urine". Though launched in 1973 for the study of antiepilepsy drugs, it is now used predominantly, but not exclusively, for the detection of drugs of abuse in the urine.

UI = D017248

 

Enzyme Precursors

AN = IM; coord with specific enzyme (IM); zymogen granules: index under ENZYME PRECURSORS (IM) + CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES (IM) + specific enzyme (IM)

MS = Inactive precursors that can be converted to active enzymes. Enzyme precursors containing extra-long polypeptide chains that block activity are activated by acid or enzymatic hydrolysis to remove the inhibiting portion. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004792

 

Enzyme Reactivators

AN = coord IM with specific enzyme (IM) but CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS is available for reactivators of CHOLINESTERASES & ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (see note there)

MS = Compounds which restore enzymatic activity by removing an inhibitory group bound to the reactive site of the enzyme.

UI = D004793

 

Enzyme Repression

AN = IM for general only; NIM with specific enzyme /biosyn (IM)

MS = The interference in synthesis of an enzyme due to the elevated level of an effector substance, usually a metabolite, whose presence would cause depression of the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

UI = D004794

 

Enzyme Stability

AN = IM for general only; NIM with specific enzyme (IM)

MS = The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

UI = D004795

 

Enzyme Tests

AN = IM; see Manual 25.19.4 & 26.8 for definition; coord with specific enzyme (with pertinent qualif) (IM) + disease /diag (IM), not disease /enzymol

UI = D004796

 

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

AN = NIM; IMMUNOSORBENTS is also available

MS = An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

UI = D004797

 

Enzymes

AN = GEN only: avoid; prefer /enzymol: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.30; /defic permitted but specific enzyme /defic is more likely; /diag use: very unlikely: probably incorrect for ENZYME TESTS; TN 222: indexing policy & specific enzyme defic, also Manual 23.25.1; policy: Manual 25.19+; index enzyme substrate as NIM without qualif; SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY, restricted to enzymes, is also available; "enzyme activation" = ENZYME ACTIVATION; "enzyme reactivation": coord ENZYME ACTIVATION (IM) + specific enzyme /metab (IM) + ENZYME REACTIVATORS (IM) if discussed (see note there)

UI = D004798

 

Enzymes, Coenzymes, and Enzyme Inhibitors

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

MS = Proteins or RNA that act as biological catalysts, their cofactors, and inhibitors.

UI = D004799

 

Enzymes, Immobilized

MS = Enzymes which are immobilized on or in a variety of water-soluble or water-insoluble matrices with little or no loss of their catalytic activity. Since they can be reused continuously, immobilized enzymes have found wide application in the industrial, medical and research fields.

UI = D004800

 

Eosine I Bluish

AN = a fluorescein stain; D25-26 qualif

MS = 4',5'-Dibromo-3',6'-dihydroxy-3',7'-dinitrospiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one disodium salt. A red fluorescein dye used as a histologic stain. It may be cytotoxic, mutagenic, and inhibit certain mitochondrial functions.

UI = D010697

 

Eosine Yellowish-(YS)

AN = a red dye; D25-26 qualif; DF: note short X ref

MS = A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.

UI = D004801

 

Eosinophilia

AN = increase in no. of eosinophils; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; for eosinophilic states (as eosinophilic gastritis, eosinophilic meningitis) coord IM with disease (IM); /chem ind: consider also EOSINOPHILIA-MYALGIA SYNDROME; HYPEREOSINOPHILIC SYNDROME is also available

MS = Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs.

UI = D004802

 

Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome

AN = possibly caused by an impure lot of genet-engineered tryptophan from a single manufacturer

MS = A complex systemic syndrome with inflammatory and autoimmune components that affect the skin, fascia, muscle, nerve, blood vessels, lung, and heart. The varied symptoms include severe muscle pain and abnormally high numbers of eosinophils. This disease has presented itself only in people taking the amino acid L-tryptophan and it is believed that a specific impurity (probably stemming from a genetically engineered bacterial strain) in lots of L-tryptophan made by a single manufacturer may be the cause of the syndrome.

UI = D016603

 

Eosinophilic Granuloma

AN = a "form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis"

MS = The most benign clinical form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis (HISTIOCYTOSIS, LANGERHANS-CELL), which involves localized nodular lesions of the gastric mucosa, small intestine, bones, lungs, or skin, with infiltration by eosinophils. The proliferating cell that appears to be responsible for the clinical manifestations is the Langerhans cell.

UI = D004803

 

Eosinophils

AN = restrict to leukocytes: not for "eosinophilic", stainable with eosin ( = STAINS AND STAINING + EOSIN); A 11 qualif; eosinophilic states: see note under EOSINOPHILIA; eosinophil count: coord with LEUKOCYTE COUNT

MS = Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin.

UI = D004804

 

Ependyma

MS = The lining of the ventricles of the brain and of the central canal of the spinal cord (Dorland, 27th ed).

UI = D004805

 

Ependymoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord brain/neopl term (IM) + site (IM)

MS = A glioma derived from relatively undifferentiated ependymal cells, comprising approximately 1%-3% of all intracranial neoplasms. Ependymomas occur in all age groups and may originate from the lining of any of the ventricles or, more commonly, from the central canal of the spinal cord. Over 60% occur below the tentorium and most of these are in the posterior fossa, predominantly in the fourth ventricle. Ependymomas constitute about 5% of adult intracranial gliomas and up to 10% of childhood central nervous system tumors. (Stedman 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1100)

UI = D004806

 

Eperythrozoon

AN = infection = EPERYTHROZOONOSIS

MS = A genus of gram-negative bacteria whose organisms are obligate parasites of various vertebrate species including rodents, ruminants, and pigs. Some species have been shown to be transmitted by arthropod vectors.

UI = D004807

 

Eperythrozoonosis

AN = rickettsial infect; has nothing to do with ZOONOSES: is the -osis for Eperythrozoon

MS = Infection with bacteria of the genus EPERYTHROZOON.

UI = D004808

 

Ephedrine

AN = a vasoconstrictor & bronchodilator

MS = An alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.

UI = D004809

 

Ephemera [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for ephemera as a subject, index under main heading for specific type of ephemeron such as ADVERTISING, CORRESPONDENCE, PAMPHLETS, etc.

MS = Transient everyday items, usually printed on paper, that are produced for a specific limited use and then often thrown away. Similar material of the past has acquired literary or historical significance. The word comes from the Greek ephemeros, lasting only a day. (From Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special Collections Cataloguing, 2d ed & The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

UI = D019502

 

Ephemeral Fever

AN = caused by an Ephemerovirus; animal only; check tag ANIMAL; don't forget also CATTLE (NIM) but do not index under CATTLE DISEASES

MS = An Ephemerovirus infection of cattle caused by bovine ephemeral fever virus (EPHEMERAL FEVER VIRUS, BOVINE). It is characterized by respiratory symptoms, increased oropharyngeal secretions and lacrimation, joint pains, tremor, and stiffness.

UI = D004810

 

Ephemeral Fever Virus, Bovine

AN = a species of Ephemerovirus; infection = EPHEMERAL FEVER: see note there

MS = The type species of EPHEMEROVIRUS causing disease in cattle. Transmission is by hematophagous arthropods and the virus has been isolated from both culicoides and mosquitoes.

UI = D018115

 

Ephemerovirus

AN = a genus of the family Rhabdoviridae, primarily infecting cattle; infection = RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

MS = A genus of the family RHABDOVIRIDAE which primarily infect cattle. EPHEMERAL FEVER VIRUS, BOVINE is the type species.

UI = D019235

 

Epichlorohydrin

AN = a male contraceptive

MS = (Chloromethyl)oxirane. A chlorinated epoxy compound used as a solvent in a variety of resins, gums, paints, etc. It has shown anti-fertility activity in males. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), epichlorohydrin may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D004811

 

Epidemiologic Factors

AN = IM GEN only; for epidemiol factors of a disease, index only as disease /epidemiol (IM); no qualif; DF: EPIDEMIOL FACTORS

MS = Events, characteristics, or other definable entities that have the potential to bring about a change in a health condition or other defined outcome.

UI = D015981

 

Epidemiologic Measurements

AN = avoid: too general; prefer specifics; DF: EPIDEMIOL MEASUREMENTS

MS = Statistical calculations on the occurrence of disease or other health-related conditions in defined populations.

UI = D015991

 

Epidemiologic Methods

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM); specify geog if pertinent; DF: EPIDEMIOL METHODS

UI = D004812

 

Epidemiologic Studies

AN = exam & anal of data leading to epidemiol conclusions: differentiate from EPIDEMIOLOGY, the specialty; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: EPIDEMIOL STUDIES

MS = Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are CASE-CONTROL STUDIES, COHORT STUDIES, and CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES.

UI = D016021

 

Epidemiologic Study Characteristics

AN = not used for indexing

MS = Types and formulations of studies used in epidemiological and clinical research.

UI = D016020

 

Epidemiologic Research Design

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with subject of research (IM)

MS = The form and structure of analytic studies in epidemiologic and clinical research.

UI = D015340

 

Epidemiology

AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; prefer /epidemiol with diseases: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.31; do not confuse with TOPOGRAPHY, MEDICAL: epidemiol emphasizes disease outbreaks & disease-related conditions, topography emphasizes geography-related events; DF: EPIDEMIOL CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Field of medicine concerned with the determination of causes, incidence, and characteristic behavior of disease outbreaks affecting human populations. It includes the interrelationships of host, agent, and environment as related to the distribution and control of disease.

UI = D004813

 

Epidemiology, Molecular

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; GEN or unspecified; IM; also as an epidemiol application of molec biol (NIM, no qualif); prefer specific epidemiol concept & specific molec or genet concept (IM) as coord with main headings /epidemiol (IM) & /genet (IM), as "molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in France" = RABIES VIRUS /genet (IM) + RNA, VIRAL /genet (NIM) (molec aspect from text) + RABIES /epidemiol (IM) (epidemiol aspect from text) + FRANCE /epidemiol (NIM); DF: EPIDEMIOL MOL

MS = The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples.

UI = D017720

 

Epidermal Cyst

AN = non-neoplastic; coord IM with organ/diseases term (IM); /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Intradermal or subcutaneous saclike structure, the wall of which is stratified epithelium containing keratohyalin granules.

UI = D004814

 

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase

AN = DF: EGF RECEPT KINASE

MS = The catalytic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE domain found on the cytoplasmic beta-portion of epidermal growth factor receptor.

UI = D017935

 

Epidermal Growth Factor-Urogastrone

AN = DF: EGFUG

MS = Single chain, nonhelical, acidic polypeptides of about 52 amino acids found in most mammals. Epidermal growth factor and urogastrone are not identical but seem to share biological acivities. They promote growth of, and cell proliferation in, certain tissues, especially epidermal structures and inhibit acid secretion by the stomach. They have been used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.

UI = D004815

 

Epidermal Necrolysis, Toxic

AN = a toxic reaction to drugs; do not confuse X ref NONSTAPHYLOCOCCAL SCALDED SKIN SYNDROME with STAPHYLOCOCCAL SCALDED SKIN SYNDROME

MS = An exfoliative disease of skin seen primarily in adults and characterized by flaccid bullae and spreading erythema so that the skin has the appearance of being scalded. It results primarily from a toxic reaction to various drugs, but occasionally occurs as a result of infection, neoplastic conditions, or other exposure.

UI = D004816

 

Epidermis

MS = Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis).

UI = D004817

 

Epidermitis, Exudative, of Swine

AN = don't forget also SWINE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL

MS = An acute generalized dermatitis of pigs which occurs from 5 to 35 days of age, characterized by sudden onset, with morbidity of 10 to 90% and mortality of 5 to 90%. The lesions are caused by Staphylococcus hyos but the bacterial agent is unable to penetrate the intact skin. Abrasions on the feet and legs or lacerations on the body frequently precede infection. In acute cases, a vesicular-type virus may be the predisposing factor. The causative organism is inhibited by most antibiotics. (Merck Veterinary Manual, 5th ed)

UI = D004818

 

Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis

AN = a non-neoplastic tumor virus infect

MS = An autosomal recessive trait with impaired cell-mediated immunity. About 15 human papillomaviruses are implicated in associated infection, four of which lead to skin neoplasms. The disease begins in childhood with red papules and later spreads over the body as gray or yellow scales.

UI = D004819

 

Epidermolysis Bullosa

AN = vesiculobullous skin dis; GEN only: prefer specifics; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.

UI = D004820

 

Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita

AN = note that this is acquired; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by trauma-induced, subepidermal blistering with no family history of the disease. Direct immunofluorescence shows IgG deposited at the dermo-epidermal junction.

UI = D016107

 

Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by atrophy of blistered areas, severe scarring, and nail changes. It is most often present at birth or in early infancy and occurs in both autosomal dominant and recessive forms.

UI = D016108

 

Epidermolysis Bullosa, Junctional

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Form of epidermolysis bullosa having onset at birth or during the neonatal period and transmitted through autosomal recessive inheritance. It is characterized by generalized blister formation, extensive denudation, and separation and cleavage of the basal cell plasma membranes from the basement membrane.

UI = D016109

 

Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance and by serous bullae that heal without scarring.

UI = D016110

 

Epidermophyton

AN = infection = EPIDERMOPHYTOSIS see TINEA

MS = A fungal genus which grows in the epidermis and is the cause of TINEA.

UI = D004821

 

Epididymis

AN = NIM when used in fat-pad tissue studies; diseases: coord IM with TESTICULAR DISEASES (IM); inflammation = EPIDIDYMITIS

UI = D004822

 

Epididymitis

AN = inflamm of epididymis

MS = Inflammation of the epididymis. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004823

 

Epidural Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM) but do not use vertebra headings to locate site on spinal cord

MS = Neoplasms located in the epidural space, at or above the dura mater of the spinal cord.

UI = D015174

 

Epidural Space

AN = NIM: usually locational so few qualif apply

MS = Space between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal.

UI = D004824

 

Epigastric Arteries

AN = nothing to do with stomach or gastric: read MeSH definition

MS = Inferior and external epigastric arteries arise from external iliac; superficial from femoral; superior from internal thoracic. They supply the abdominal muscles, diaphragm, iliac region, and groin. The inferior epigastric artery is used in coronary artery bypass grafting and myocardial revascularization.

UI = D019074

 

Epiglottis

AN = inflammation = EPIGLOTTITIS

MS = Thin leaf-shaped cartilage, covered with mucous membrane, at the root of the tongue, which folds back over the entrance to the larynx, covering it, during the act of swallowing.

UI = D004825

 

Epiglottitis

AN = inflamm of epiglottis

MS = Inflammation of the epiglottis.

UI = D004826

 

Epikeratophakia

AN = a type of corneal transpl; epi- refers to transpl to anterior surface; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed

MS = A procedure that modifies the refractive error of the lens by the transplantation of a donor cornea to the anterior surface of the patient's cornea. The basic indication for epikeratophakia is the incapability of correcting refractive errors with conservative methods, such as glasses, contact lenses, or intraocular lenses.

UI = D017391

 

Epilepsia Partialis Continua

AN = "focal motor STATUS EPILEPTICUS"

MS = Focal motor STATUS EPILEPTICUS characterized by high fever, delirium, localized muscular spasms and generalized convulsion, then clonic twitching of one group of muscles at regular intervals (seconds apart) lasting for hours or months, remaining localized. These continue throughout sleep, possibly at a reduced rate.

UI = D017036

 

Epilepsy

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Paroxysmal transient disturbances of brain function that may be manifested as episodic impairment or loss of consciousness, abnormal motor phenomena, psychic or sensory disturbances, or perturbation of the autonomic nervous system. Symptoms are due to paroxysmal disturbance of the electrical activity of the brain. On the basis of origin, epilepsy is idiopathic (cryptogenic, essential, genetic) or symptomatic (acquired, organic). (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004827

 

Epilepsy, Complex Partial

AN = do not confuse with EPILEPSY, SIMPLE PARTIAL see EPILEPSY, PARTIAL

MS = Epileptic seizures that are episodic changes in behavior in which an individual loses conscious contact with the environment. The onset of such seizures involves any of a variety of auras: deja-vu, an unusual smell, a sudden intense emotional feeling, a sensory illusion such as micropsia (objects growing smaller) or macropsia (objects growing larger), or other sensory hallucination. There may be a cessation of activity with some minor motor activity such as lip smacking, walking aimlessly, or other automatisms. The seizures may also be accompanied by the unconscious performance of highly skilled activities such as driving a car. When the seizure ends, the individual is amnesic for events that took place during the seizure and may take minutes or hours to recover fully to consciousness.

UI = D017029

 

Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe

MS = Epileptic seizures arising from the frontal lobe characterized by simple partial, complex partial, secondary generalized seizures, or combinations of these. The seizures, which are short in duration, may occur several times a day, mostly during sleep. Affected individuals usually have prominent motor manifestations which are tonic or postural, complex gestational automatisms at the onset, and fall to the ground when the discharge is bilateral. STATUS EPILEPTICUS is a frequent complication.

UI = D017034

 

Epilepsy, Partial

AN = note X ref EPILEPSY, GENERALIZED SECONDARY: do not confuse with EPILEPSY, GENERALIZED PRIMARY see EPILEPSY, GENERALIZED; note X ref EPILEPSY, SIMPLE PARTIAL: do not confuse with EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL

MS = Epileptic seizures that originate at a specific location or focal point in the cortex of the brain and either remain localized or may generalize. These seizures occur without the loss of consciousness of the individual. The specific clinical symptoms depend on the area of the cortex involved.

UI = D004828

 

Epilepsy, Generalized

AN = "generalized" as opposed to "focal" or partial ( = EPILEPSY, PARTIAL); prefer specific indentions; note X ref EPILEPSY, GENERALIZED PRIMARY: do not confuse with EPILEPSY, GENERALIZED SECONDARY see EPILEPSY, PARTIAL; note X ref EPILEPSY, TONIC: do not confuse with EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC

MS = Epileptic seizures in which the first clinical changes indicate initial involvement of both hemispheres of the brain, as opposed to epileptic seizures involving a particular focal point of the brain (EPILEPSY, PARTIAL). Generalized seizures can be convulsive or non-convulsive. Consciousness may be impaired and this impairment may be the initial manifestation of the seizure. Motor manifestations, if present, are also bilateral.

UI = D004829

 

Epilepsy, Rolandic

MS = A benign, autosomal, dominant form of epilepsy occurring in children characterized clinically by arrest of speech, by muscular contractions of the side of the face and arm and electroencephalographically by high voltage spikes followed by slow waves in the rolandic area leads. (Stedman's 26th ed) Named for Luigi Rolando, an Italian anatomist (1773-1831).

UI = D019305

 

Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic

AN = called "major epilepsy"; do not confuse with EPILEPSY, TONIC see EPILEPSY, GENERALIZED

MS = Primary generalized epileptic seizures, starting without warning, characterized by loss of consciousness, tonic contraction of muscles, loss of postural control, and production of a cry by the forced expiration of air due to contraction of the respiratory muscles. The individual then falls to the floor and remains rigid for a few seconds, after which a series of rhythmic contractions occur in all four limbs. This clonic phase can last for a variable period, ending only upon muscle relaxation. Upon recovery, there is a gradual return to consciousness, disorientation, amnesia for the seizure, sometimes retrograde amnesia as well, headache, and drowsiness. The individual may not return to baseline functioning for days.

UI = D004830

 

Epilepsy, Myoclonic

MS = A progressive encephalopathy characterized by myoclonic jerks (single or repetitive muscle contractions involving one body part or the entire body), mental retardation, and ataxia. The disease, an autosomal recessive form of epilepsy, occurs usually at puberty. The most significant pathological findings are Lafora's inclusion bodies, which contain mucopolysaccharides.

UI = D004831

 

Epilepsy, Absence

AN = called "minor epilepsy"; note X ref EPILEPSY, PETIT MAL: do not confuse with PETIT MAL STATUS see STATUS EPILEPTICUS

MS = Epileptic seizures that consist of a sudden cessation of ongoing conscious activity without convulsive muscular activity or loss of postural control. These seizures may be so brief as to be inapparent, lasting seconds and occasionally several minutes. Absence seizures usually begin in otherwise neurologically normal children and rarely appear for the first time in adults. The seizures may occur hundreds of times per day and go on for weeks or months before it is recognized that a child is having seizures.

UI = D004832

 

Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe

MS = Epileptic seizures characterized by simple partial seizures, complex partial seizures, and secondary generalized seizures, or combinations of these. Seizures may present with autonomic and/or psychic symptoms and certain sensory phenomena such as olfactory and auditory. Most common is an epigastric rising sensation. Some seizures may begin with motor arrest and continue with oro-alimentary automatisms (with other automatisms following). Attacks are followed by amnesia and recovery is gradual. Usually, there is a history of febrile seizures in the individual or a history of seizures in the family. Seizures occur in clusters, randomly, or at intervals.

UI = D004833

 

Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic

AN = coord IM with specific type of epilepsy (IM or NIM)

MS = Epileptic seizures occurring as the result of trauma such as a gunshot wound or other injury to the brain.

UI = D004834

 

Epimestrol

AN = a synthetic estrogen

MS = 3-Methoxy-estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-16 alpha,17 alpha-diol. A synthetic steroid with estrogenic activity.

UI = D004836

 

Epinephrine

AN = a multi-acting adrenal medulla hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics.

UI = D004837

 

Epiphyses

AN = end of long bones; IM GEN or unspecified; NIM with specific long bone IM; DIAPHYSES (shaft of long bones) is also available

MS = The expanded articular ends of long bones, developed from a secondary ossification center, during which the period of growth is either entirely cartilaginous or is separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal cartilage. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004838

 

Epiphyses, Slipped

UI = D004839

 

Epirizole

AN = a non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent

MS = 4-Methoxy-2-(5-methoxy-3-methylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine. A pyrimidinyl pyrazole with antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity.

UI = D004840

 

Epirubicin

AN = an anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic

MS = An anthracycline antibiotic which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA. Clinical studies indicate activity in breast cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, ovarian cancer, soft-tissue sarcomas, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, small-cell lung cancer and acute leukemia. It is equal in activity to doxorubicin but exhibits less acute toxicities and less cardiotoxicity.

UI = D015251

 

Episiotomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = An incision of the posterior vaginal wall and a portion of the pudenda which enlarges the vaginal introitus to facilitate delivery and prevent lacerations.

UI = D004841

 

Episode of Care

AN = may be one instance of care, a series of episodes or a sequence of care: read MeSH definition; no qualif

MS = An interval of care by a health care facility or provider for a specific medical problem or condition. It may be continuous or it may consist of a series of intervals marked by one or more brief separations from care, and can also identify the sequence of care (e.g., emergency, inpatient, outpatient), thus serving as one measure of health care provided.

UI = D017050

 

Epispadias

AN = urethral abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital absence of the upper wall of the urethra.

UI = D004842

 

Epistasis, Genetic

AN = no qualif

MS = A form of gene interaction whereby one gene interferes with the phenotypic expression of another nonallelic gene or genes. Genes whose expression is altered by nonallelic genes are said to be "hypostatic" or to exhibit "hypostasis".

UI = D004843

 

Epistaxis

AN = nosebleed

MS = Bleeding from the nose. It may be caused by a manifestation of a general disease, as in the early stages of acute fevers, from a local disease of the nasal passages, or from high blood pressure.

UI = D004844

 

Epitestosterone

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = 17 alpha-Hydroxy-androst-4-ene-3-one. A naturally occurring stereoisomer of testosterone with androgenic activity.

UI = D004845

 

Epithalamus

MS = The dorsal posterior subdivision of the diencephalon. The epithalamus is generally considered to include the habenular nuclei and associated fiber bundles, the PINEAL BODY, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle. The anterior and posterior paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus are included with the THALAMIC NUCLEI although they develop from the same pronuclear mass as the epithalamic nuclei and are sometimes considered part of the epithalamus.

UI = D019261

 

Epithelial Attachment

AN = do not confuse with "periodontal attachment" as in PERIODONTAL ATTACHMENT LOSS

UI = D004846

 

Epithelial Cells

AN = A 11 qualif; do not confuse with EPITHELIOID CELLS (type of macrophage)

MS = Cells that cover the surface of the body and line its cavities. (Dorland, 28th ed, p289)

UI = D004847

 

Epithelioid Cells

AN = a type of macrophage; A 11 qualif; do not confuse with EPITHELIAL CELLS

MS = Characteristic cells of granulomatous hypersensitivity. They appear as large, flattened cells with increased endoplasmic reticulum. They are believed to be activated macrophages that have differentiated as a result of prolonged antigenic stimulation. Further differentiation or fusion of epithelioid cells is thought to produce multinucleated giant cells (GIANT CELLS).

UI = D015622

 

Epithelium

AN = almost never IM: IM probably the specific organ; /cytol = EPITHELIAL CELLS

MS = The covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances. Epithelium is classified into types on the basis of the number of layers deep and the shape of the superficial cells. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004848

 

Epithelium, Corneal

AN = do not confuse with ENDOTHELIUM, CORNEAL; do not confuse X ref ANTERIOR CORNEAL EPITHELIUM with ANTERIOR CHAMBER EPITHELIUM see ENDOTHELIUM, CORNEAL

MS = The outer epithelial layer of the cornea, consisting of stratified squamous epithelium continuous with that of the conjunctiva. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019573

 

Epitopes

AN = sites on the surface of an antigen to which the antibody binds; X ref ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS: do not confuse with genetic determinants ( = GENES or specific)

MS = Sites on the surface of an antigen molecule to which a single antibody molecule binds. An antigen has many different epitopes and reacts with antibodies of many different specificities. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D000939

 

Epiretinal Membrane

AN = note category: a retinal dis

MS = A membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) retinal pigment epithelial cells. Localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the fovea centralis. Epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. In younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. The majority occur in association with retinal holes, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p291)

UI = D019773

 

Epitope Mapping

MS = Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.

UI = D018604

 

Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte

AN = sites on antigens recognized by T-lymphocytes; DF: note short X ref

MS = Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the T-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the T-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the T-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen.

UI = D018984

 

Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte

AN = sites on antigens recognized by B-lymphocytes; DF: note short X ref

MS = Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the B-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the B-cell receptor are located on the surface of the antigen.

UI = D018985

 

EPN

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as a acaricide.

UI = D004849

 

Epoetin Alfa

AN = a recombinant erythropoetin; /drug eff permitted

MS = A 165-amino acid glycoprotein (approximately 62% protein and 38% carbohydrate by weight) that regulates red blood cell production. Epoetin alfa is produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells into which the human erythropoetin gene has been inserted. (USP Dictionary of USAN and International Drug Names, 1996)

UI = D019322

 

Eponyms

AN = IM; no qualif

UI = D004850

 

Epoprostenol

AN = a prostaglandin platelet aggreg inhib; /biosyn /physiol permitted; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC; DF: PGX or PGI

MS = A prostaglandin that is biosynthesized enzymatically from prostaglandin endoperoxides in human vascular tissue. It is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The sodium salt has been also used to treat primary pulmonary hypertension.

UI = D011464

 

Epoxide Hydrolases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze reversibly the formation of an epoxide or arene oxide from a glycol or aromatic diol, respectively. EC 3.3.2.3.

UI = D004851

 

Epoxy Compounds

AN = DF: EPOXY CPDS

UI = D004852

 

Epoxy Resins

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = Thermosetting resins based on the reactivity of the epoxide group, which is characterized by toughness, adhesibility, chemical resistance, dielectric properties, and dimensional stability. Several modified types are used as denture base material. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004853

 

Epstein-Barr Virus Infections

MS = Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).

UI = D020031

 

Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens

AN = DF: note short X ref

MS = Nuclear antigens encoded by Epstein-Barr virus genes. At least six nuclear antigens have been identified but their mechanism of action and role in B-cell transformation is still unknown.

UI = D019309

 

Equatorial Guinea

AN = a republic in central Africa; formerly Spanish Guinea; do not confuse with GUINEA (formerly French Guinea) or GUINEA-BISSAU (formerly Portuguese Guinea); in titles & translations spell Râio Muni with accent

MS = A republic in central Africa, north of GABON and bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. Its capital is Malabo. Equatorial Guinea was discovered by the Portuguese in 1491 and ceded to Spain in 1778. The country gained independence in 1968. Equatorial refers to its location near the equator in the broad region long known as Guinea (from the Tuareg aginaw, black people). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p375 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p173, 222)

UI = D016703

 

Equidae

AN = a family of Perissodactyla; note X refs but HORSES is available; IM; qualif permitted

MS = A family of hoofed mammals consisting of HORSES, asses, donkeys, and zebras. Members of this family are strict herbivores and can be classified as either browsers or grazers depending on how they feed.

UI = D018397

 

Equilenin

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; do not confuse with EQUILIN

MS = 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10),6,8-pentaen-17-one. A naturally occurring steroid with estrogenic activity obtained from the urine of pregnant mares.

UI = D004855

 

Equilibrium

AN = an aspect of musculoskeletal physiol; not for equilibrium in chem reactions ( = CHEMISTRY); disord of equilibrium: coord IM with SENSATION DISORDERS (IM)

MS = A state of being evenly balanced or the harmonious performance of function. Its physiological application is in the biomechanical responses of the musculoskeletal system during standing, walking, sitting, and other movements. Stability and equilibrium are related to the mathematics of the center of gravity of the body.

UI = D004856

 

Equilin

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; do not confuse with EQUILENIN

MS = 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)7-tetraen-17-one. A naturally occurring steroid with estrogenic activity obtained from the urine of pregnant mares.

UI = D004857

 

Equid Herpesvirus 3

AN = a species of Varicellovirus; from Latin equus, horse; do not confuse with HERPESVIRUS 1, EQUID; infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = A species of VARICELLOVIRUS causing coital exanthema in horses.

UI = D004858

 

Equine Infectious Anemia

AN = caused by a lentivirus; don't forget also HORSES (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DGF: note short X ref

MS = Viral disease of horses caused by the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV; INFECTIOUS ANEMIA VIRUS, EQUINE). It is characterized by intermittent fever, weakness, and anemia. Chronic infection consists of acute episodes with remissions.

UI = D004859

 

Equine Infectious Anemia Virus

AN = a species of Lentivirus; infection = EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA; DF: note short X ref

MS = A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus equine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, EQUINE), causing acute and chronic infection in horses. It is transmitted mechanically by biting flies, mosquitoes, and midges, and iatrogenically through unsterilized equipment. Chronic infection often consists of acute episodes with remissions.

UI = D004860

 

Equid Herpesvirus 1

AN = a species of Varicellovirus; from Latin equus, horse; do not confuse with HERPESVIRUS 3, EQUID; infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of VARICELLOVIRUS and the etiologic agent of a disease in horses causing abortion. It may also cause respiratory catarrh in young horses.

UI = D004861

 

Equine Rhinoviruses (see: Rhinoviruses, Equine)

 

Equinus Deformity

AN = foot deformity; /congen permitted; do not confuse with EQUINOVARUS see CLUBFOOT

MS = Plantar declination of the foot.

UI = D004863

 

Equipment and Supplies

AN = GEN only: prefer /instrum: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.40; when GEN & IM, Manual 26.24+; DF: EQUIPMENT

MS = Expendable and nonexpendable equipment, supplies, apparatus, and instruments that are used in diagnostic, surgical, therapeutic, scientific, and experimental procedures.

UI = D004864

 

Equipment and Supplies, Hospital

AN = covers wide range from furnaces to surgical dressings; DF: EQUIPMENT HOSP

MS = Any materials used in providing care specifically in the hospital.

UI = D004865

 

Equipment Contamination

MS = The presence of an infectious agent on instruments, prostheses, or other inanimate articles.

UI = D004866

 

Equipment Design

AN = NIM; coord with specific equip (IM) or specific techn /instrum (IM)

UI = D004867

 

Equipment Failure

AN = NIM; coord with specific equip (IM) or specific techn /instrum (IM)

MS = Failure of equipment to perform up to standards. The failure may be due to defects or improper use.

UI = D004868

 

Equipment Failure Analysis

AN = NIM; coord with specific equip (IM) or specific techn /instrum (IM)

MS = Determination of reliability and maintainability of equipment.

UI = D019544

 

Equipment Reuse

AN = NIM; coord with specific equip (IM) or specific techn /instrum (IM)

MS = Further or repeated use of equipment, instruments, devices, or materials. It includes additional use regardless of the original intent of the producer as to disposability or durability. It does not include the repeated use of fluids or solutions.

UI = D017743

 

Equipment Safety

AN = NIM; coord with specific equip (IM) or specific techn /instrum (IM)

MS = Freedom of equipment from actual or potential hazards.

UI = D004869

 

Erabutoxins

AN = toxins from venom of a sea snake; /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS

MS = Toxins isolated from the venom of Laticauda semifasciata, a sea snake (Hydrophid); immunogenic, basic polypeptides of 62 amino acids, folded by four disulfide bonds, block neuromuscular end-plates irreversibly, thus causing paralysis and severe muscle damage; they are similar to Elapid neurotoxins.

UI = D004870

 

Erbium

AN = a rare earth metal; Er-166; Er-162, 164, 167, 168, 170 = ERBIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Er-158-161, 163, 165, 169, 171, 172 = ERBIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

MS = Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.

UI = D004871

 

Ergocalciferols

AN = D vitamins; /defic permitted but coord IM with VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY (IM)

MS = Vitamin D2 analogs or derivatives. The compounds are used chiefly as oral antirachitic vitamins.

UI = D004872

 

Ergolines

AN = ergot alkaloids

UI = D004873

 

Ergometry

MS = Any method of measuring the amount of work done by an organism, usually during EXERTION. Ergometry also includes measures of power. Some instruments used in these determinations include the hand crank and the bicycle ergometer.

UI = D016552

 

Ergonovine

AN = an oxytocic; ergonovine derivatives = ERGONOVINE /analogs

MS = A water soluble alkaloid, from ergot or produced synthetically. It is used as an oxytoxic and to relieve migraine headache. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004874

 

Ergosterol

AN = a D vitamin

UI = D004875

 

Ergot Alkaloids

AN = /pois = ERGOTISM

MS = Alkaloids isolated from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea (Hypocreaceae). The ergot alkaloids were the first alpha-adrenergic antagonists discovered, but side effects generally prevent their administration in doses that would produce more than a minimal blockade in humans. Their smooth muscle-stimulating activities may be attributed to alpha-agonistic properties, thus characterizing these alkaloids as a series of partial agonists. They have many clinical applications, notably in obstetrics and the treatment of migraine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 28th ed, p662).

UI = D004876

 

Ergoloid Mesylates

AN = an ergot alkaloid of possible use in mental impairment in elderly

MS = Dihydroergotoxine monomethanesulfonate. A mixture of the mesylates of dihydroergocornine, dihydroergocristine, and the alpha- and beta-isomers of dihydroergocryptine. The substance produces a generalized peripheral vasodilation and a fall in arterial pressure and has been used to treat symptoms of mild to moderate impairment of mental function in the elderly.

UI = D004877

 

Ergotamine

AN = a vasoconstrictor ergot alkaloid

MS = A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is an alpha-1 selective adrenergic agonist and is commonly used in the treatment of migraine headaches.

UI = D004878

 

Ergotamine Derivatives

MS = Analogs and derivatives of ergotamine.

UI = D004879

 

Ergothioneine

AN = an ergot alkaloid

UI = D004880

 

Ergotism

AN = pois from eating ergot-tainted grain or ergot admin as ther agent

MS = Poisoning caused by ingesting ergotized grain or by the misdirected or excessive use of ergot as a medicine.

UI = D004881

 

Eritrea

AN = a country of eastern Africa, formerly a province of Ethiopia

MS = A country of eastern Africa, west of the Red Sea. In ancient times, it formed a part of many kingdoms at different periods. Its capital is Asmara. Under Italian rule from 1869 to 1890 and under the British as a protectorate until 1952, it was federated with Ethiopia in 1952 and was made one of its provinces in 1962. In 1991 Eritrea was established as a de facto independent state and became fully independent in 1993. The name Eritrea alludes to its location near the Red Sea since it comes from the Greek erythros, red. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, p376 & Information Section, Embassy of Eritrea, Washington, D.C., 1995; from Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p174)

UI = D019017

 

Erotica

AN = only /hist /legis /psychol

MS = Literary or artistic items having an erotic theme. It refers especially to books treating sexual love in a sensuous or voluptuous manner. (Webster, 3d ed)

UI = D004882

 

Erucic Acids

MS = cis-13-Docosenoic Acids. 22-Carbon monounsaturated, monocarboxylic acids.

UI = D004883

 

Eructation

AN = note X ref

MS = The act of belching, or of casting up wind from the stomach through the mouth. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004884

 

Erwinia

AN = in plants; rarely infects humans but if so, coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are associated with plants as pathogens, saprophytes, or as constituents of the epiphytic flora.

UI = D004885

 

Erwinia carotovora

AN = causes rotting in stored plants

MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that causes rotting, particularly of storage tissues, of a wide variety of plants and causes a vascular disease of carrot and potato plants.

UI = D016973

 

Erwinia chrysanthemi

AN = causes plant wilt

MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that causes vascular wilts on a wide range of plant species.

UI = D016974

 

Erysipelas

AN = Strep skin dis; do not confuse with ERYSIPELOID, caused by Erysipelothrix; do not confuse with SWINE ERYSIPELAS, also an Erysipelothrix infection

MS = An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.

UI = D004886

 

Erysipeloid

AN = caused by the bacterium Erysipelothrix; do not confuse with ERYSIPELAS, caused by a Streptococcus

MS = An infection caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae that is almost wholly restricted to persons who in their occupation handle infected fish, shellfish, poultry, or meat. Three forms of this condition exist: a mild localized form manifested by local swelling and redness of the skin; a diffuse form that might present with fever; and a rare systemic form associated with endocarditis.

UI = D004887

 

Erysipelothrix

AN = infection = ERYSIPELOTHRIX INFECTIONS

MS = A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that has a tendency to form long filaments. Its organisms are widely distributed in nature and are parasitic on mammals, birds, and fish.

UI = D004888

 

Erysipelothrix Infections

AN = gram-pos bact infect; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus ERYSIPELOTHRIX.

UI = D004889

 

Erythema

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; redness of the skin from various causes: do not confuse with ERYTHRODERMA see DERMATITIS, EXFOLIATIVE & do not make diagnoses: use the word of the text; prickly heat: index under MILIARIA

MS = Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes.

UI = D004890

 

Erythema Chronicum Migrans

AN = from a tick bite; "stage-1 manifestation of LYME DISEASE"

MS = A deep type of gyrate erythema that follows a bite by an ixodid tick; it is a stage-1 manifestation of LYME DISEASE. The site of the bite is characterized by a red papule that expands peripherally as a nonscaling, palpable band that clears centrally. This condition is often associated with systemic symptoms such as chills, fever, headache, malaise, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, backache, and stiff neck.

UI = D015787

 

Erythema Infectiosum

AN = caused by Parvovirus B19 but do not index under PARVOVIRUS B19, HUMAN unless particularly discussed

MS = Contagious infection with human B19 Parvovirus most commonly seen in school age children and characterized by fever, headache, and rashes of the face, trunk, and extremities. It is often confused with rubella.

UI = D016731

 

Erythema Induratum

AN = a form of cutaneous tuberc

MS = A type of panniculitis characterized histologically by the presence of granulomas, vasculitis, and necrosis. It is traditionally considered to be the tuberculous counterpart of nodular vasculitis, but is now known to occur without tuberculous precedent. It is seen most commonly in adolescent and menopausal women, is initiated or exacerbated by cold weather, and typically presents as one or more recurrent erythrocyanotic nodules or plaques on the calves. The nodules may progress to form indurations, ulcerations, and scars.

UI = D004891

 

Erythema Multiforme

AN = skin & mucous membrane dis

MS = A disorder of the skin and mucous membranes characterized by the sudden onset of an erythematous eruption, with the characteristic lesion being a central papule with two or more concentric rings. This complex comprises a mild, self-limited form (erythema multiforme minor) and a severe, occasionally fatal, multisystemic form (STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME). (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004892

 

Erythema Nodosum

AN = a drug eruption with inflamm nodules; erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) = ERYTHEMA NODOSUM (IM) + LEPROSY, LEPROMATOUS (IM)

MS = An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.

UI = D004893

 

Erythrasma

AN = bact skin dis caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum

MS = A chronic bacterial infection of major folds of the skin, caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum.

UI = D004894

 

Erythrina

AN = used in native medicine

MS = A genus of leguminous shrubs or trees, mainly tropical, yielding certain alkaloids, lectins, and other useful compounds.

UI = D004895

 

Erythritol

MS = A four-carbon sugar formed from erythrose by reduction of the carbonyl group and occurring in algae, lichens, grasses, and several fungi. It is about twice as sweet as sucrose.(From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004896

 

Erythrityl Tetranitrate

AN = a vasodilator

MS = A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1020)

UI = D004897

 

Erythroblastosis Virus, Avian

AN = a species of the genus Retroviruses Type C, Avian; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + AVIAN LEUKOSIS (IM) but see note there

MS = A species of avian type C retroviruses (RETROVIRUSES TYPE C, AVIAN) causing progressive anemia and weakness in domestic and wild fowl.

UI = D004898

 

Erythroblastosis, Fetal

AN = a blood group incompatibility; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; erythroblastosis, non-fetal may be ERYTHREMIC MYELOSIS but be careful; do not confuse with HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Hemolytic anemia of the fetus or newborn infant, caused by the transplacental transmission of maternally formed antibody, usually secondary to an incompatibility between the blood group of the mother and that of her offspring. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004899

 

Erythroblasts

AN = A 11 qualif

MS = Immature, nucleated erythrocytes occupying the stage of erythropoiesis that follows formation of ERYTHROID PROGENITOR CELLS and precedes formation of RETICULOCYTES. Popularly called normoblasts.

UI = D004900

 

Erythrocebus

AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = a genus of Old World monkeys of the family CERCOPITHECINAE that inhabit the forests and savannas of Africa. It contains only one species, ERYTHROCEBUS PATAS, also known as the patas monkey or red monkey.

UI = D016669

 

Erythrocebus patas

AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A species of the genus ERYTHROCEBUS, subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE. It inhabits the flat open arid country of Africa. It is also known as the patas monkey or the red monkey.

UI = D004901

 

Erythrocruorins

AN = in plasma of various annelids & mollusks

MS = High molecular weight (1,500,000 to 3,000,000) hemoglobins found in the plasma of many polychete and oligochete annelid worms and various mollusks. They bind one mole of oxygen per heme and function as oxygen carriers.

UI = D004902

 

Erythrocyte Aggregation

AN = coord with disease /blood, not disease /physiopathol

MS = Aggregation of erythrocytes probably resulting from changes in the negative surface charge (zeta potential) of the cells caused by the dielectric effect of proteins in the surrounding plasma, especially asymmetric macromolecules like fibrinogen and gamma-globulin.

UI = D004903

 

Erythrocyte Aggregation, Intravascular

AN = do not confuse with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION; DF: ERYTHROCYTE AGGREGATION INTRAVASC

MS = The massing or clumping of erythrocytes in intact blood vessels in response to injury or in certain diseases, interfering with adequate blood flow. It is also called sludging of blood and intravascular agglutination. (Dorland, 24th ed)

UI = D004904

 

Erythrocyte Aging

AN = coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol

MS = Senescence of the red blood cell. Lacking the organelles that make protein synthesis possible, the mature erythrocyte is incapable of self-repair, reproduction, and carrying out certain functions performed by other cells. This limits the average life span of an erythrocyte to 120 days.

UI = D004905

 

Erythrocyte Count

AN = NIM; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol

MS = A count of the number of red blood cells per unit volume in a sample of venous blood.

UI = D004906

 

Erythrocyte Deformability

AN = note category: "ability of erythrocytes to change shape as they pass through narrow spaces, such as the microvasculature"; do not confuse with ERYTHROCYTES, ABNORMAL: deformability is a normal desirable characteristic of erythrocytes; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol

MS = Ability of erythrocytes to change shape as they pass through narrow spaces, such as the microvasculature.

UI = D004907

 

Erythrocyte Inclusions

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol

MS = Pathologic inclusions occurring in erythrocytes.

UI = D004908

 

Erythrocyte Indices

AN = emphasis here is on determinative techniques; do not confuse with ERYTHROCYTES /cytol where emphasis is on structure; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol

MS = Quantification of size and cell hemoglobin content or concentration of the erythrocyte, usually derived from erythrocyte count, blood hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit. Includes the mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Use also for cell diameter and thickness.

UI = D004909

 

Erythrocyte Membrane

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

MS = The semipermeable outer portion of the red corpuscle. It is known as a 'ghost' after hemolysis.

UI = D004910

 

Erythrocyte Transfusion

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; for transfusion back to donor, coord IM with BLOOD TRANSFUSION, AUTOLOGOUS (NIM)

MS = The transfer of erythrocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor.

UI = D017707

 

Erythropoietin, Recombinant

AN = "prepared by recombinant DNA technol"; /drug eff permitted

MS = ERYTHROPOIETIN prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

UI = D019321

 

Erythrocyte Volume

AN = restrict to total amt of circulating erythrocytes: do not use for size of individual erythrocytes (use ERYTHROCYTES /cytol); ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME, PACKED & ERYTHROCYTE INDICES are also available; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol

MS = Volume of circulating erythrocytes. It is usually measured by radioisotope dilution technique.

UI = D004911

 

Erythrocytes

AN = vertebrates only; for invertebrates index under HEMOCYTES; A 11 qualif; /cytol: consider also ERYTHROCYTE INDICES & its X refs; /pathol permitted: do not equate with ERYTHROCYTES, ABNORMAL; nucleated erythrocytes in circulating blood = ERYTHROCYTES /pathol; ERYTHROCYTE DEFORMABILITY is available: see definition there; erythrocyte antibodies: index BLOOD GROUPS /immunol + ISOANTIBODIES & do not index under ERYTHROCYTES

MS = Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen.

UI = D004912

 

Erythrocytes, Abnormal

AN = = abnorm of size & shape; do not equate with ERYTHROCYTES /pathol; do not confuse with ERYTHROCYTE DEFORMABILITY which is the "ability of erythrocytes to change shape as they pass through narrow spaces, such as the microvasculature"; A 11 qualif; coord with disease /blood, not /compl

UI = D004913

 

Erythroblastic Leukemia (see:Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute)

 

Erythroid Progenitor Cells

AN = A 11 qualif

MS = Committed, erythroid stem cells derived from myeloid stem cells. The progenitor cells develop in two phases: erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) followed by erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E). BFU-E differentiate into CFU-E on stimulation by erythropoietin, and then further differentiate into erythroblasts when stimulated by other factors.

UI = D015672

 

Erythromelalgia

AN = painful burning & redness of limbs

MS = Disease marked by paroxysmal, bilateral vasodilatation, particularly of the extremities, with burning pain, and increased skin temperature and redness.

UI = D004916

 

Erythromycin

MS = A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.

UI = D004917

 

Erythromycin Estolate

MS = A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.

UI = D004918

 

Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate

MS = A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.

UI = D015643

 

Erythroplasia

AN = precancerous dis of the mucous membranes

MS = A condition of the mucous membrane characterized by erythematous papular lesions. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004919

 

Erythropoiesis

AN = formation of erythrocytes

MS = The production of erythrocytes. In the human, in early embryonic life they are produced in the yolk sac; in the middle trimester, by the liver; in the third trimester and after birth, by the bone marrow exclusively. The maintenance in a normal individual of a remarkably constant erythrocyte count and erythrocyte mass in the peripheral blood implies the existence of an erythropoietic stimulus that under physiological conditions so regulates the rate of production of new erythrocytes as to balance the rate of normal destruction. (Guyton, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 8th ed, p356 & Miale, Laboratory Medicine Hematology, 6th ed, p17)

UI = D004920

 

Erythropoietin

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.

UI = D004921

 

Erythrosine

AN = a dye; D25-26 qualif; do not confuse with Erythrocin, a brand of ERYTHROMYCIN

MS = 3',6'-Dihydroxy-2',4',5',7'-tetraiodospiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one disodium salt. A vital stain and coloring agent used in dentistry to disclose plaque. It is used as a tissue stain and dye in foods and pharmaceuticals, may inhibit some enzymes, and is preferentially absorbed by certain tumor cells.

UI = D004923

 

Erythrovirus

AN = a genus of the family Parvoviridae; infection: coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A genus of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, and containing one known species PARVOVIRUS B19, HUMAN.

UI = D019218

 

Escape Reaction

AN = human & animal

MS = Innate response elicited by sensory stimuli associated with a threatening situation, or actual confrontation with an enemy.

UI = D004924

 

Escherichia

AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms occur in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. The species are nonpathogenic or opportunistic pathogens.

UI = D004925

 

Escherichia coli

AN = not for "coliform bacillus" ( = COLIFORM BACILLI see ENTEROBACTERIACEAE); infection = ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS; DF: E COLI

MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce diarrhea and pyogenic infections.

UI = D004926

 

Escherichia coli Infections

AN = gram-neg bact infect; DF: E COLI INFECTIONS or E COLI INFECT

MS = Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.

UI = D004927

 

Escherichia coli O157

AN = infection: coord IM with ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS (IM); consider also HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; in titles & translations use O157 (the letter O), not 0157 (the figure zero)

MS = A verocytotoxin-producing serogroup belonging to the O subfamily of Escherichia coli which has been shown to cause severe food-borne disease. Recently, a strain from this serogroup, serotype H7 which produces Shiga-like toxins, has been linked to human disease outbreaks resulting from contamination of foods from bovine origin. This serogroup causes hemorrhagic and HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME and predominantly hemorrhagic diarrhea and GASTROENTERITIS in children.

UI = D019453

 

Escin

AN = a saponin from horse chestnut seeds

MS = Aescigenin-(2-methyl-3-acetoxybutyrate)-(2-xylosido 4-glucosidoglucuronoside). Saponin occurring in the seed of the horse chestnut tree. Inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility. Synonyms: Feparil; Reparil; Aescusan.

UI = D004928

 

Esculin

UI = D004929

 

E-Selectin

AN = a cell adhesion molecule & CD antigen

MS = Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that mediates neutrophil, monocyte, and memory T-cell adhesion to cytokine-activated endothelial cells. E-selectin recognizes sialylated carbohydrate groups related to the Lewis X or Lewis A family.

UI = D019040

 

Eskimos

AN = IM; Eskimos are of the MONGOLOID RACE; specify geog if pertinent; as ethnic group: Manual 30.6.1-.4, 34.7 CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = An ethnic group of the Mongoloid racial stock inhabiting primarily arctic areas.

UI = D004930

 

Esocidae

AN = a family of fish: the pikes

MS = A family of freshwater fish of the order SALMONIFORMES, comprising the pikes, inhabiting the waters of the Northern Hemisphere. There is one genus, Esox, with three species: one in eastern North America, one in Siberia, one in the circumpolar region. Esox is from the Greek isox, a fish, itself of Celtic origin. (Nelson, Fishes of the World, 1976, p94)

UI = D017859

 

Esophageal Achalasia

AN = failure of esophageal sphincter to relax; X ref CARDIOSPASM refers to spasm of the cardia, not the heart; not for esophageal spasm ( = ESOPHAGEAL SPASM, DIFFUSE)

MS = Disorder of lower esophagogastric motility due to failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax with swallowing. It is sometimes caused by degeneration of the ganglion cells of the myenteric plexus or of the vagal motor nuclei.

UI = D004931

 

Esophageal and Gastric Varices

AN = do not specify esophageal or gastric aspect unless particularly discussed; hemorrhaging esophageal or gastric varices: coord IM with HEMORRHAGE, GASTROINTESTINAL (IM)

MS = Submucosal varices of the lower esophagus or gastric fundus mucosa, frequently caused by the development of portal collateral vessels consequent to portal hypertension.

UI = D004932

 

Esophageal Atresia

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital failure of the full esophageal lumen to develop that commonly occurs with TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA. Symptoms include excessive salivation, gagging, cyanosis, and dyspnea.

UI = D004933

 

Esophageal Cyst

AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D004934

 

Esophageal Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = ESOPHAGITIS; hemorrhage: coord IM with HEMORRHAGE, GASTROINTESTINAL (NIM); motility disord = ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY DISORDERS or specific; esophageal varix or varices = ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES & see note there

UI = D004935

 

Esophageal Diverticulum

AN = single or multiple; inflamm divertic or diverticulitis: coord IM with DIVERTICULITIS (NIM)

MS = Saccular, outward protrusion of all or a portion of the esophageal wall from the lumen of the esophagus.

UI = D004936

 

Esophageal Fistula

AN = abnorm passage in esophagus or between esophagus & another organ; fistula policy: Manual 23.19+; ESOPHAGOTRACHEAL FISTULA see TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA is also available

MS = Abnormal passage communicating with the esophagus.

UI = D004937

 

Esophageal Motility Disorders

MS = Disorders affecting the motor function of the upper or lower esophageal sphincters, the esophageal body, or a combination of these parts. The failure of the sphincters to maintain a tonic pressure may result in the impeding of the passage of food, regurgitation of food, or reflux of gastric acid into the esophagus.

UI = D015154

 

Esophageal Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D004938

 

Esophageal Perforation

AN = caused by dis or inj; esophageal rupture does not go here: index ESOPHAGUS /inj (IM) + RUPTURE (NIM) or ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES (IM) + RUPTURE, SPONTANEOUS (NIM)

MS = An opening or hole in the esophagus as the result of an injury or pathological process. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004939

 

 

 

Esophageal Spasm, Diffuse

AN = "diffuse" need not be used by author: note X ref; DF: ESOPHAGEAL SPASM

MS = A motor disorder of the esophagus characterized by chest pain and dysphagia. Pathogenesis is unclear. Strong, nonpropulsive contractions of the esophagus evoked by deglutition occur, especially in the elderly.

UI = D015155

 

 

 

Esophageal Stenosis

AN = caustic stenosis is indexed ESOPHAGEAL STENOSIS /chem ind + BURNS, CHEMICAL

MS = Stricture of the esophagus.

UI = D004940

 

Esophagectomy

AN = includes partial & total; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Excision of part (partial) or all (total) of the esophagus. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D016629

 

Esophagitis

AN = ESOPHAGITIS, PEPTIC is also available

MS = Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma.

UI = D004941

 

Esophagitis, Peptic

AN = inflamm of esophagus from gastric reflux

MS = Inflammation of the esophagus caused by reflux of gastric juice and/or stomach and duodenal contents.

UI = D004942

 

Esophagogastric Junction

AN = diseases: coord IM with ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS or ESOPHAGEAL NEOPLASMS (IM) depending on text

UI = D004943

 

Esophagoplasty

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = A plastic operation on the esophagus. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004944

 

Esophagoscopy

AN = NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Endoscopic examination of the esophagus. It is used to localize, identify, and photograph pathologic alterations, to obtain biopsy material and perform other surgical interventions, and for delivery of medication.

UI = D004945

 

Esophagostomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical formation of an external opening (stoma) into the esophagus.

UI = D004946

 

Esophagus

AN = /blood supply: ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES is available: see note there; /surg: consider also ESOPHAGECTOMY, ESOPHAGOPLASTY or ESOPHAGOSTOMY; inflammation = ESOPHAGITIS; hemorrhage = ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES (IM) + GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE (NIM); rupture: index under ESOPHAGUS /inj (IM) + RUPTURE (NIM) or ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES (IM) + RUPTURE, SPONTANEOUS (NIM); esophageal spasm = ESOPHAGEAL SPASM see ESOPHAGEAL SPASM, DIFFUSE; esophageal stricture = ESOPHAGEAL STENOSIS; peristalsis of the esophagus = ESOPHAGUS /physiol (IM) + PERISTALSIS (NIM); esophageal intubation = ESOPHAGUS (IM) + INTUBATION (IM); esophageal obturator airway = ESOPHAGUS (IM) + INTUBATION /instrum (IM)

UI = D004947

 

Esotropia

AN = a type of strabismus, eye turning inward; do not confuse with EXOTROPIA, eye turning outward

MS = Strabismus in which the deviating eye looks inwards towards the nose.

UI = D004948

 

Essays [Publication Type]

MS = Collections of papers and essays not previously published.

UI = D020474

 

Estazolam

AN = an anti-anxiety agent & central muscle relaxant

MS = 8-Chloro-6-phenyl-4H-(1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-a)(1,4)benzodiazepine. A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than diazepam or nitrazepam.

UI = D004949

 

Esterases

UI = D004950

 

Esterification

AN = almost never IM

MS = The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes.

UI = D004951

 

Esters

AN = NIM; avoid qualif

UI = D004952

 

Estetrol

MS = Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,15 alpha,16 alpha,17 beta-tetrol. A metabolite of estradiol in man, with estrogenic properties.

UI = D004953

 

Esthesioneuroblastoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with NASAL CAVITY (IM) + NOSE NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A malignant olfactory neuroblastoma arising from the olfactory epithelium of the superior nasal cavity and cribriform plate. It is uncommon (3% of nasal tumors) and its etiology is unknown. The type and extent of primary therapy depends on tumor size and location. Generally early-stage disease is treated with a single modality approach such as complete excision. Adjuvant radiotherapy is used for extensive tumors or for tumors where microscopic residual disease is suspected. It has a high propensity for multiple local recurrences. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1245)

UI = D018304

 

Esthetics

MS = The branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of the beautiful. It includes beauty, esthetic experience, esthetic judgment, esthetic aspects of medicine, etc.

UI = D004954

 

Esthetics, Dental

AN = includes teeth, mouth or face; DF: ESTHETICS DENT

MS = Skills, techniques, standards, and principles used to improve the art and symmetry of the teeth and face to improve the appearance as well as the function of the teeth, mouth, and face. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p108)

UI = D004955

 

Estivation

AN = animal only; a natural physiol process; summer dormancy corresponding to HIBERNATION, winter dormancy

MS = The dormant state of decreased metabolism in which certain animal species, as some tropical amphibians, survive a hot, dry summer. It is also called summer dormancy. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D004956

 

Estonia

UI = D004957

 

Estradiol

MS = The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex.

UI = D004958

 

Estradiol Antagonists

AN = DF: ESTRADIOL ANTAG

MS = Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or action of estradiol.

UI = D004959

 

Estradiol Dehydrogenases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of estradiol at the 17-hydroxyl group in the presence of NAD+ or NADP+ to yield estrone and NADH or NADPH. The 17-hydroxyl group can be in the alpha- or beta-configuration. EC 1.1.1.62

UI = D004960

 

Estramustine

AN = an alkylating antineoplastic & radiation-protective agent

MS = A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.

UI = D004961

 

Estranes

AN = do not confuse with ESTRENES

MS = A group of compounds forming the nucleus of the estrogenic steroid family.

UI = D004962

 

Estrenes

AN = do not confuse with ESTRANES

MS = Unsaturated derivatives of the ESTRANES with methyl groups at carbon-13, with no carbon at carbon-10, and with no more than one carbon at carbon-17. They must contain one or more double bonds.

UI = D004963

 

Estriol

AN = /physiol permitted

MS = (16 alpha,17 beta)-Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol. A metabolite of estradiol and usually the predominant estrogenic metabolite in urine. During pregnancy, large amounts of estriol are produced by the placenta. It has also been obtained from plant sources. The 16 beta-isomer has also been isolated from the urine of pregnant women.

UI = D004964

 

Estrogen Antagonists

AN = DF: ESTROGEN ANTAG

MS = Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the action or biosynthesis of estrogen.

UI = D004965

 

 

 

Estrogen Replacement Therapy

AN = coord IM with specific estrogen /ther use (IM or NIM); check tag FEMALE; DF: ESTROGEN REPLACE

MS = The use of estrogenic substances in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, dyspareunia, and progressive development of osteoporosis.

UI = D015914

 

 

 

Estrogens, Catechol

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = 2- or 4-Hydroxyestrogens. Substances that are physiologically active in mammals, especially in the control of gonadotropin secretion. Physiological activity can be ascribed to either an estrogenic action or interaction with the catecholaminergic system.

UI = D002393

 

 

 

 

Estrogens, Conjugated

MS = An amorphous preparation containing water-soluble, conjugated forms of mixed estrogens obtained either wholly or partly from the urine of pregnant mares or synthetically from ESTRONE and EQUILIN. The principal estrogen present is sodium estrone sulfate. The total estrogenic potency of the preparation is expressed in terms of an equivalent quantity of sodium estrone sulfate. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D004966

 

Estrogens

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /defic: consider also HYPOGONADISM & other gonadal disorders in Cat C19; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to ESTROGENS, SYNTHETIC

MS = A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of secondary female sex characteristics and control of the cyclical changes in the reproductive cycle. They are also required for pregnancy maintenance and have an anabolic effect on protein metabolism and water retention.

UI = D004967

 

Estrogens, Non-Steroidal

MS = Non-steroidal compounds with estrogenic activity.

UI = D004968

 

Estrogens, Synthetic

AN = /antag permitted: do not confuse with ESTROGENS /chem syn; DF: ESTROGENS SYN

MS = Compounds obtained by chemical synthesis which possess estrogenic activity, but differ in structure from naturally occurring estrogens.

UI = D004969

 

Estrone

AN = /physiol permitted

MS = 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one. A metabolite of estradiol but possessing less biological activity. It is found in the urine of pregnant women and mares, in the human placenta, and in the urine of bulls and stallions. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), estrone may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed).

UI = D004970

 

Estrus

AN = mammal only except human; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; note spelling: estrous cycle but estrus

UI = D004971

 

Estrus Detection

AN = animal only

MS = Methods for recognition of the state of estrus.

UI = D004972

 

Estrus Synchronization

AN = animal only; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY

MS = Occurrence or induction of estrus in all of the females in a group at the same time, applies only to animals.

UI = D004973

 

Etanidazole

AN = a radiation-sensitizing agent & antineoplastic

MS = N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2-nitro-1H-imidazole. A nitroimidazole that sensitizes hypoxic tumor cells that are normally resistant to radiation therapy.

UI = D017341

 

Etazolate

AN = a phosphodiesterase inhib

MS = 1-Ethyl-4-((1-methylethylidene)hydrazino)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-b) pyridine-5-carboxylic acid, ethyl ester. A potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor proposed as an antipsychotic agent.

UI = D004974

 

Ethacridine

AN = an anti-infective

MS = 7-Ethoxy-3,9-acridinediamine. A topically applied anti-infective agent.

UI = D004975

 

Ethacrynic Acid

AN = a diuretic

MS = A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of FRUSEMIDE although it is chemically unrelated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p814)

UI = D004976

 

Ethambutol

AN = an antituberc agent

MS = An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863)

UI = D004977

 

Ethamoxytriphetol

AN = an estrogen antag

MS = alpha-(4-(2-(Diethylamino)ethoxy)phenyl)-4-methoxy-alpha-phenylbenzeneethanol. A non-steroidal estrogen antagonist.

UI = D004978

 

Ethamsylate

AN = a hemostatic

MS = 2,5-Dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid compound with diethylamine (1:1). Benzenesulfonate derivative used as a systemic hemostatic.

UI = D004979

 

Ethane

UI = D004980

 

Ethanol

AN = for "alcohol" unspecified; /antag: consider also ALCOHOL DETERRENTS; ethanol production by organisms = /metab; /pois: for acute alcohol pois, acute alcoholic intox, binge drinking, but ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION is available for drunkenness & ALCOHOLISM for chronic alcohol intox; consider also ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; hypophysectomy by alcohol injection = HYPOPHYSECTOMY, CHEMICAL & do not index under ETHANOL unless particularly discussed; "abstinence from alcohol" = TEMPERANCE

MS = A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.

UI = D000431

 

Ethanolamine

AN = ETHANOLAMINES also available

MS = A viscous, hygroscopic amino alcohol with an ammoniacal odor. It is widely distributed in biological tissue and is a component of lecithin. It is used as a surfactant, fluorimetric reagent, and to remove CO2 and H2S from natural gas and other gases.

UI = D019856

 

Ethanolamine Ammonia-Lyase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of ethanolamine to acetaldehyde. EC 4.3.1.7.

UI = D004981

 

Ethanolaminephosphotransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the transfer of phosphoethanolamine from CDP-ethanolamine to diacylglycerol to yield phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin) and CMP. The enzyme is found in the endoplasmic reticulum. EC 2.7.8.1.

UI = D004982

 

Ethanolamines

AN = ETHANOLAMINE is also available

MS = AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the ETHANOLAMINE (-NH2CH2CHOH) group and its derivatives.

UI = D004983

 

Ethchlorvynol

AN = a nonbarbiturate sedative

MS = A sedative and hypnotic that has been used in the short-term management of insomnia. Its use has been superseded by other drugs.

UI = D004984

 

Ethenoadenosine Triphosphate

AN = "a fluorescent analog of ATP"

MS = 1,N-6-Ethenoadenosine triphosphate. A fluorescent analog of adenosine triphosphate.

UI = D004985

 

Ether, Ethyl

AN = an inhalation anesthetic & solvent

MS = 1,1'-Oxybisethane. A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.

UI = D004986

 

Ethers

AN = do not confuse with ETHER see ETHER, ETHYL

UI = D004987

 

Ethers, Cyclic

MS = Compounds of the general formula R-O-R arranged in a ring or crown formation.

UI = D004988

 

Ethics

AN = coord with religion (IM or NIM) or geog if pertinent

MS = The philosophy or code pertaining to what is ideal in human character and conduct.

UI = D004989

 

Ethics Committees

AN = CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Committees whose purpose may be to direct educational programs; to provide forums for discussion of ethical issues among hospital or medical professionals and others; to serve in an advisory capacity and/or as a resource to health professionals involved in biomedical decision making; or to review and evaluate institutional experiences related to decisions having biomedical ethical implications. (From Hospital Administration Terminology, 2d ed)

UI = D017041

 

Ethics, Dental

AN = specify geog if pertinent; DF: ETHICS DENT CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The principles of proper professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the dentist himself, his patients, and his fellow practitioners, as well as his actions in the care of patients and in relations with their families.

UI = D004990

 

Ethics, Institutional

AN = coord IM with type of institution (IM); specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The moral and ethical obligations or responsibilities of institutions.

UI = D004991

 

Ethics, Medical

AN = specify geog if pertinent; DF: ETHICS MED CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The principles of proper professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the physician himself, his patients, and his fellow practitioners, as well as his actions in the care of patients and in relations with their families. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D004992

 

Ethics, Nursing

AN = specify geog if pertinent; DF: ETHICS NURS CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The principles of proper professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of nurses themselves, their patients, and their fellow practitioners, as well as their actions in the care of patients and in relations with their families.

UI = D004993

 

Ethics, Pharmacy

AN = specify geog if pertinent; DF: ETHICS PHARM CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The principles of proper professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the pharmacist himself, the patient, and his fellow practitioners.

UI = D004994

 

Ethics, Professional

AN = specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The principles of professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the professional person himself and of his fellow professionals.

UI = D004995

 

Ethidium

AN = an enzyme inhib & trypanocidal agent

MS = A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.

UI = D004996

 

Ethinyl Estradiol

AN = "often used as the estrogenic component in oral contraceptives"

MS = (17 alpha)-19-Norpregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-20-yne-3,17-diol. A semisynthetic estrogen with high oral estrogenic potency. It is often used as the estrogenic component in oral contraceptives.

UI = D004997

 

Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination

AN = an oral contraceptive; DF: EEN COMBINATION

MS = Ethinyl Estradiol and Norgestrel given in fixed proportions. It has proved to be an effective contraceptive.

UI = D019304

 

Ethiodized Oil

AN = contrast media; D25-26 qualif

MS = Ethyl ester of iodinated fatty acid of poppyseed oil. It contains 37% organically bound iodine and has been used as a diagnostic aid (radiopaque medium) and as an antineoplastic agent when part of the iodine is 131-I. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D004998

 

Ethionamide

AN = an antituberc agent

MS = A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis. It also may be used for treatment of leprosy. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p868)

UI = D005000

 

Ethionine

AN = a carcinogen & antimetabolite; /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted

MS = 2-Amino-4-(ethylthio)butyric acid. An antimetabolite and methionine antagonist that interferes with amino acid incorporation into proteins and with cellular ATP utilization. It also produces liver neoplasms.

UI = D005001

 

Ethiopia

AN = a country in eastern Africa on the Red Sea

MS = An independent state in eastern Africa, east of SUDAN and bounded on the north by the Red Sea. Its capital is Addis Ababa. It is an ancient country, being, from early times, under the sway of the ancient Egyptians, Jews, Christians, and Moslems. In modern times it has been governed by Italy, Great Britain, France. It gained independence in 1941. In 1952 it became federated with ERITREA. The name is from the Greek aithi- (burn) + opsis (appearance), with reference to the dark skin of the natives. The indigenous name of the country is Abyssinia (from an Amharic root hbs, meaning mixed, with reference to the mixed black and white races inhabiting the country); its biblical name Cush comes from the name of the son of Ham with reference to the country of his descendants, possibly also from an Ethiopian word meaning dark-faced. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p380 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p4, 134, 176)

UI = D005002

 

Ethisterone

MS = 17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.

UI = D005003

 

Ethmoid Bone

AN = fractures: coord ETHMOID BONE /inj (IM) + SKULL FRACTURES (IM); neopl: coord IM with SKULL NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D005004

 

Ethmoid Sinus

AN = inflammation or sinusitis = ETHMOID SINUSITIS; fractures: coord ETHMOID SINUS /inj (IM) + SKULL FRACTURES (IM); neopl: coord IM with PARANASAL SINUS NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = Numerous small thin-walled spaces or air cells in the ethmoid bone, where they form an ethmoidal labyrinth.

UI = D005005

 

Ethmoid Sinusitis

MS = Inflammation of the ethmoid sinus. It may present itself as an acute (associated with viral rhinitis) or chronic (associated with allergic or hyperplastic sinusitis) condition.

UI = D015521

 

Ethnic Groups

AN = IM; do not confuse ethnicity with race ( = RACIAL STOCKS); policy: Manual 30.6.1-30.6.7; specify geog: Manual 36.8; with /hist: Manual 34.7; with /psychol: Manual 30.9 but consider also ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY; don't forget /ethnol is available with Cat Z CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships.

UI = D005006

 

Ethnobotany

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; specify geog or ethnic group if pertinent; coord NIM with specific plant (IM) for ethnobotany aspects of the plant

MS = The plant lore and agricultural customs of a people. In the field of medicine, the emphasis is on traditional medicine and the existence and medicinal uses of plants and their constituents, both historically and in modern times.

UI = D019448

 

Ethnology

AN = do not confuse with ETHOLOGY, the study of animal behavior; prefer /ethnol: Manual 19.7+; IM as SPEC; SPEC qualif; Manual 30.6; don't forget /ethnol with Cat Z: Manual 19.8.32; note other categories with /ethnology; DF: ETHNOL

MS = The comparative and theoretical study of culture, often synonymous with cultural anthropology.

UI = D005007

 

Ethnopsychology

AN = IM, GEN only; SPEC qualif; for psychol of specific ethnic group, index under ethnic group or race /psychol (IM), as "psychol of Italo-Americans" = ETHNIC GROUPS /psychol (IM) + ITALY /ethnol (NIM) + UNITED STATES (NIM); Manual 27.15; DF: ETHNOPSYCHOL

MS = Comparative psychology of races and peoples.

UI = D005008

 

Ethoglucid

AN = an alkylating antineoplastic

MS = 1,2:15,16-Diepopxy-4,7,10,13-tetraoxahexadecane. Alkylating antineoplastic agent used especially in bladder neoplasms. It is toxic to hair follicles, gastro-intestinal tract, and vasculature.

UI = D005009

 

Ethology

AN = "the study of animal behavior"; do not confuse with ETHNOLOGY; SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: ETHOL

MS = The discipline pertaining to the study of animal behavior.

UI = D005010

 

Ethopabate

MS = An inhibitor of folate metabolism. It is used as a coccidiostat in poultry.

UI = D005011

 

Ethosuximide

MS = An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.

UI = D005013

 

Ethoxyquin

AN = an anti-oxidant

MS = 6-Ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline. Antioxidant; also a post-harvest dip to prevent scald on apples and pears. Synonyms: Santoquin; Stop-Scald.

UI = D005015

 

Ethoxzolamide

AN = a carbonic anhydrase inhib

MS = 6-Ethoxy-2-benzothiazolesulfonamide. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.

UI = D005016

 

Ethyl Biscoumacetate

MS = A courmarin that is used as an anticoagulant. It has actions similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p226)

UI = D005017

 

Ethyl Chloride

AN = a local anesthetic

MS = A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.

UI = D005018

 

Ethyl Ethers

AN = do not confuse with ETHER see ETHER, ETHYL

UI = D005019

 

Ethyl Methanesulfonate

AN = an alkylating antineoplastic

MS = Methanesulfonic acid, ethyl ester. An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.

UI = D005020

 

Ethylamines

UI = D005021

 

Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide

MS = 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide. Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.

UI = D005022

 

Ethylene Chlorohydrin

AN = a solvent

MS = 2-Chloroethanol. Used as a solvent, in the manufacture of insecticides, and for treating sweet potatoes before planting. May cause nausea, vomiting, pains in head and chest, stupefaction. Irritates mucous membranes and causes kidney and liver degeneration.

UI = D005023

 

Ethylene Dibromide

AN = an insecticide & nematocide

MS = 1,2-Dibromoethane. An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen.

UI = D015946

 

Ethylene Dichlorides

AN = household & indust uses; do not confuse with DICHLOROETHYLENES

MS = Toxic, chlorinated, saturated hydrocarbons. Include both the 1,1- and 1,2-dichloro isomers. The latter is considerably more toxic. It has a sweet taste, ethereal odor and has been used as a fumigant and intoxicant among sniffers. Has many household and industrial uses.

UI = D005025

 

Ethylene Glycol

AN = ETHYLENE GLYCOLS also available

MS = A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.

UI = D019855

 

Ethylene Glycols

AN = ETHYLENE GLYCOL is also available

MS = An ethylene compound with two hydroxy groups (-OH) located on adjacent carbons. They are viscous and colorless liquids. Some are used as anesthetics or hypnotics. However, the class is best known for their use as a coolant or antifreeze.

UI = D005026

 

Ethylene Oxide

MS = A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794)

UI = D005027

 

Ethylenebis(dithiocarbamates)

AN = an antifungal

MS = A class of thiocarbamate derivatives whose salts possess fungicidal activity.

UI = D005028

 

Ethylenediamines

UI = D005029

 

Ethylenes

MS = Derivatives of ethylene, a simple organic gas of biological origin with many industrial and biological use.

UI = D005030

 

Ethylenethiourea

AN = a carcinogen

MS = 2-Imidazolidinethione. A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause thyroid hyperplasia.

UI = D005031

 

Ethylestrenol

AN = an anabolic steroid

MS = 19-Nor-17 alpha-pregn-4-en-17-ol. An anabolic steroid with some progestational activity and little androgenic effect.

UI = D005032

 

Ethylketocyclazocine

AN = a nonnarcotic analgesic

MS = 3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-6-ethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-8-hydroxy-11-methyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-1(2H)-one. A kappa opioid receptor agonist. The compound has analgesic action and shows positive inotropic effects on the electrically stimulated left atrium. It also affects various types of behavior in mammals such as locomotion, rearing, and grooming.

UI = D016314

 

Ethylmaleimide

AN = a sulfhydryl reagent

MS = A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.

UI = D005033

 

Ethylmercuric Chloride

AN = an agric fungicide

MS = A highly toxic compound used as a fungicide for treating seeds.

UI = D005034

 

Ethylmercury Compounds

AN = indust fungicides; DF: ETHYLMERCURY CPDS

MS = Organic mercury compounds in which the mercury is attached to an ethyl group.

UI = D005035

 

Ethylmorphine

AN = a narcotic analgesic & antitussive

MS = A narcotic analgesic and antitussive. It is metabolized in the liver by ETHYLMORPHINE-N-DEMETHYLASE and used as an indicator of liver function.

UI = D005036

 

Ethylmorphine-N-Demethylase

MS = A drug-metabolizing enzyme of the hepatic microsomal oxidase system which catalyzes the oxidation of the N-methyl group of ethylmorphine with the formation of formaldehyde.

UI = D005037

 

Ethylnitrosourea

AN = a carcinogen & mutagen; D25-D26 qualif

MS = 1-Ethyl-1-nitrosourea. A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.

UI = D005038

 

Etidronate Disodium

AN = inhibits calcium metab

MS = Disodium 1-hydroxyethylidenediphosphonate. A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.

UI = D012968

 

 

 

Etilefrine

AN = a vasoconstrictor

MS = An adrenergic agonist that appears to interact with beta-2 and some alpha adrenergic receptors. It has been used as a vasoconstrictor agent.

UI = D005039

 

Ethynodiol Diacetate

AN = an oral contraceptive

MS = A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive.

UI = D005040

 

Etidocaine

AN = a local anesthetic

MS = A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.

UI = D005041

 

Etimizol

MS = 1-Ethyl-N,N'-dimethyl-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarboxamide. Russian drug with adrenergic properties. Synonyms: Aethimazole; Ethylnorantifeine.

UI = D005042

 

Etiocholanolone

AN = a 17-ketosteroid

MS = 3-alpha-Hydroxy-5-beta-androstan-17 one. A ketosteroid of mainly human origin; causes fever, immunostimulation and leukocytosis; used to evaluate adrenal cortex function, bone marrow performance and in neoplastic disease for immunostimulation. Synonym: 5-isoandrosterone.

UI = D005043

 

Etioporphyrins

AN = pigments

MS = Porphyrins with four methyl and four ethyl side chains attached to the pyrrole rings.

UI = D005044

 

Etodolac

AN = a cyclooxygenase inhib & non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent

MS = 1,8-Diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano(3,4-b)indole-1-acetic acid. A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with potent analgesic and antiarthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and in the alleviation of postoperative pain.

UI = D017308

 

Etomidate

AN = a nonbarbiturate sedative & intravenous anesthetic

MS = (+)-1-(alpha-Methylbenzyl)imidazol-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester. Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.

UI = D005045

 

Etoposide

MS = A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle.

UI = D005047

 

Etorphine

AN = a narcotic analgesic

MS = 6,7,8,14-Tetrahydro-7-alpha-(1-hydroxy-1-methylbutyl)-6,14-endo-ethenooripavine. A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice.

UI = D005048

 

Etretinate

AN = a keratolytic agent

MS = An oral retinoid used in the treatment of keratotic genodermatosis, lichen planus, and psoriasis. Beneficial effects have also been claimed in the prophylaxis of epithelial neoplasia. The compound may be teratogenic.

UI = D005050

 

Eubacterium

AN = for genus Eubacterium only: not for Eubacteria, the kingdom of all prokaryotes not classified as Archaea

MS = A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria found in cavities of man and animals, animal and plant products, infections of soft tissue, and soil. Some species may be pathogenic. No endospores are produced.

UI = D005051

 

Eucalyptus

AN = chiefly Australian

MS = A genus of Australian trees of the Myrtaceae family that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics, and formerly to treat diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract infections.

UI = D005052

 

Eucoccidiida

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; infection: coord IM with COCCIDIOSIS (IM); /drug eff: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = An order of parasitic protozoa found in blood cells and epithelial cells of vertebrates and invertebrates. Life cycles involve both sexual and asexual phases. The order comprises three suborders: Adeleina, EIMERIINA, and HAEMOSPORINA.

UI = D016783

 

Eugenics

UI = D005053

 

Eugenol

AN = a plant oil used in dentistry

UI = D005054

 

Euglena

AN = "considered both a protozoon & an alga"; in stagnant water

MS = An organism considered both a protozoon (Dorland, 27th ed) and an alga (Bold, Introduction to the Algae, 2d ed, p292). Characteristics include a pellicle usually marked by spiral or longitudinal striations. Most are found in stagnant water.

UI = D005055

 

Euglena gracilis

AN = "considered both a protozoon & an alga"

MS = An organism considered both a protozoon (Dorland, 27th ed) and an alga (Bold, Introduction to the Algae, 2d ed, p292). It is a flagellate organism commonly found in stagnant water.

UI = D005056

 

Euglenida

AN = an order of freshwater protozoa

MS = An order of plantlike, flagellate protozoa commonly found in freshwater. Characteristics include one or two flagella emerging from an anterior invagination of the cell and chloroplasts absent in many genera.

UI = D016822

 

 

Eukaryotic Cells

AN = A 11 qualif with discretion

MS = Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.

UI = D005057

 

Eulogies [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; do not confuse with Publication Type FUNERAL SERMONS for eulogies delivered at funeral services

MS = Speeches or writings in praise of a person or thing, especially a set oration in honor of a deceased person. They differ from FUNERAL SERMONS [PUBLICATION TYPE] in that the latter are delivered at ceremonies for the deceased prior to their burial or cremation. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D019504

 

Eumycetozoea

AN = a class of protozoa

MS = A class of protozoa comprising myxamoebae having filiform subpseudopodia. Aerial fruiting bodies are produced and the presence of a stalk tube in the fruiting body is observed in some species.

UI = D016836

 

Eunuchism

AN = = eunuchoidism; male only; HYPOGONADISM in males permitted: do not interpret as EUNUCHISM: use terminol of author; check tags HUMAN and MALE

MS = The condition of being a eunuch or of having undeveloped sexual organs in which testicular hormones are not produced. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D005058

 

Euphorbiaceae

AN = a large family of herbs, shrubs & trees

MS = The spurge family of flowering plants, in the order Euphorbiales, contains some 7,500 species in 275 genera. The family consists of annual and perennial herbs and woody shrubs or trees.

UI = D019665

 

Euphoria

MS = An exaggerated feeling of physical and emotional well-being not consonant with apparent stimuli or events; usually of psychologic origin, but also seen in organic brain disease and toxic states.

UI = D005059

 

Euplotes

AN = a genus of ciliate protozoa

MS = A genus of ciliate protozoa having a dorsoventrally flattened body with widely spaced rows of short bristle-like cilia on the dorsal surface.

UI = D016812

 

Europe

AN = each European country is available as a heading

UI = D005060

 

Europe, Eastern

AN = in translations of historical articles use spelling: People's Republic, not Peoples' nor Peoples

UI = D005061

 

European Union

AN = name specific European country if pertinent

MS = The collective designation of three organizations with common membership: the European Economic Community (Common Market), the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). It was known as the European Community until 1994. It is primarily an economic union with the principal objectives of free movement of goods, capital, and labor. Professional services, social, medical and paramedical, are subsumed under labor. The constituent countries are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. (The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1997, p842)

UI = D005062

 

Europium

AN = a rare earth metal; Eu-153; Eu-151 = EUROPIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Eu-144-150, 152, 154-160 = EUROPIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

MS = Europium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.

UI = D005063

 

Euryarchaeota

AN = a kingdom of Archaea

MS = A kingdom of ARCHAEA comprising the METHANOGENS, extreme halophiles (HALOBACTERIALES), sulfate-reducing species (ARCHAEOGLOBALES), and the thermophiles THERMOCOCCALES and THERMOPLASMALES.

UI = D019605

 

Eustachian Tube

AN = "eustachian" is not capitalized in titles or translations

UI = D005064

 

Euthanasia

AN = human & animal

MS = The act or practice of putting to death people or animals suffering from incurable conditions or diseases.

UI = D005065

 

Euthanasia, Passive

AN = human only; differentiate X ref ALLOWING TO DIE from RIGHT TO DIE

MS = The withdrawing or withholding of extraordinary means used to prolong life.

UI = D005066

 

Euthyroid Sick Syndromes

AN = abnorm thyroid-related hormone levels "in euthyroid patients suffering from some other illness"; differentiate from THYROID HORMONE RESISTANCE SYNDROME where no other dis is present

MS = Abnormalities in thyroid hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, often simulating hypothyroidism, in euthyroid patients suffering some other illness, such as diabetes mellitus or liver cirrhosis.

UI = D005067

 

Eutrophication

MS = Growth of a superabundance of algae and other microscopic plant life usually from an enrichment of a natural body of water by the addition of dissolved nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. It may be natural, induced (water pollution), or controlled (harvesting phytoplankton for food in an aquaculture system).

UI = D005068

 

Evaluation Studies

AN = NIM; no qualif; use for "studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment": do not use for "precision" or "accuracy" of various techniques; do not use for evaluation of drugs ( = probably DRUG EVALUATION or DRUG SCREENING or CLINICAL TRIALS terms); do not use for evaluation of patient care ( = probably terms indented under QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE)

MS = Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS, DRUG EVALUATION, and DRUG SCREENING are available.

UI = D005069

 

Evans Blue

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = 6,6'-((3,3'-Dimethyl(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diyl)bis(azo))bis (4-amino-5-hydroxy-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid) tetrasodium salt. An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.

UI = D005070

 

Event-Related Potentials, P300

AN = an evoked potential; DF: P300 COMPONENT

MS = A late-appearing component of the event-related potential. P stands for positive voltage potential and 300 represents 300 millisecond poststimulus. Its amplitude increases with unpredictable, unlikely, or highly significant stimuli and thereby constitutes an index of mental activity. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 6th ed)

UI = D018913

 

Evidence-Based Medicine

AN = a type of clinical med; DF: EVIDENCE BASED MED

MS = The process of systematically finding, appraising, and using contemporaneous research findings as the basis for clinical decisions. Evidence-based medicine asks questions, finds and appraises the relevant data, and harnesses that information for everyday clinical practice. Evidence-based medicine follows four steps: formulate a clear clinical question from a patient's problem; search the literature for relevant clinical articles; evaluate (critically appraise) the evidence for its validity and usefulness; implement useful findings in clinical practice. The term "evidence based medicine" (no hyphen) was coined at McMaster Medical School in Canada in the 1980's to label this clinical learning strategy, which people at the school had been developing for over a decade. (From BMJ 1995;310:1122)

UI = D019317

 

Evoked Potentials

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), or visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus.

UI = D005071

 

Evoked Potentials, Auditory

AN = IM

MS = The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by acoustic stimulation or stimulation of the auditory pathways.

UI = D005072

 

Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem

AN = IM; DF: BAEP

MS = Electrical waves in the cerebral cortex generated by brain stem structures in response to auditory click stimuli. These are found to be abnormal in many patients with cerebellopontine angle lesions, multiple sclerosis, or other demyelinating diseases.

UI = D016057

 

Evoked Potentials, Motor

AN = IM

MS = The electrical response evoked in a muscle or motor nerve by electrical or magnetic stimulation. Common methods of stimulation are by transcranial electrical and transcranial magnetic stimulation. It is often used for monitoring during neurosurgery.

UI = D019054

 

Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory

AN = IM

MS = The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by stimulation of afferent pathways from peripheral nerves to cerebrum.

UI = D005073

 

Evoked Potentials, Visual

AN = IM

MS = The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by visual stimulation or stimulation of the visual pathways.

UI = D005074

 

Evolution

AN = no qualif; Man in the evolutionary process is HOMINIDAE; evolution at molec level of DNA seq is EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR

MS = The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

UI = D005075

 

Evolution, Chemical

AN = in both planetary bodies & terrestrial biochem; DF: EVOLUTION CHEM

MS = Chemical and physical transformation of the biogenic elements from their nucleosynthesis in stars to their incorporation and subsequent modification in planetary bodies and terrestrial biochemistry. It includes the mechanism of incorporation of biogenic elements into complex molecules and molecular systems, leading up to the origin of life.

UI = D019418

 

Evolution, Molecular

AN = "evolution at the molec level of DNA seq and proteins"; DF: EVOLUTION MOL

MS = Evolution at the molecular level of DNA sequences and proteins. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

UI = D019143

 

Evolution, Planetary

AN = creation & develop of planetary bodies

MS = Creation and development of bodies within solar systems, includes study of early planetary geology.

UI = D019419

 

Examination Questions [Publication Type]

MS = Compilations of questions and answers pertaining to a particular subject, used for study and review.

UI = D020475

 

Exanthema

AN = a skin eruption usually chem- or viral-induced; EXANTHEMA SUBITUM is also available

MS = Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.

UI = D005076

 

Exanthema Subitum

AN = acute short-lived viral dis of inf & young child caused by human herpesvirus 6

MS = An acute, short-lived, viral disease of infants and young children characterized by a high fever at onset that drops to normal after 3-4 days and the concomitant appearance of a macular or maculopapular rash that appears first on the trunk and then spreads to other areas. It is the sixth of the classical exanthematous diseases and is caused by HHV-6 (HERPESVIRUS 6, HUMAN). (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D005077

 

Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not confuse with PLASMA EXCHANGE (removal & replacement of plasma); TN 186: differentiate from BLOOD TRANSFUSION, AUTOLOGOUS; DF: EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION

MS = Repetitive withdrawal of small amounts of blood and replacement with donor blood until a large proportion of the blood volume has been exchanged. Used in treatment of fetal erythroblastosis, hepatic coma, sickle cell anemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, septicemia, burns, thrombotic thrombopenic purpura, and fulminant malaria.

UI = D005078

 

Excipients

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc.

UI = D005079

 

Excitatory Amino Acids

AN = neurotransmitters; endogenous: do not confuse with EXCITATORY AMINO ACID AGENTS which are exogenous; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: EXCITATORY AA

MS = Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear.

UI = D018846

 

Excitatory Amino Acid Agents

AN = exogenous: do not confuse with EXCITATORY AMINO ACIDS which are endogenous; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; DF: EAA AGENTS

MS = Drugs used for their actions on any aspect of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter systems. Included are drugs that act on excitatory amino acid receptors, affect the life cycle of excitatory amino acid transmitters, or affect the survival of neurons using excitatory amino acids.

UI = D018683

 

Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists

AN = note X ref GLUTAMATE AGONISTS: do not coord with GLUTAMATES; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: EAA AG

MS = Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors.

UI = D018690

 

Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: EAA ANTAG

MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.

UI = D018691

 

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials

AN = DF: note short X ref

MS = The change in potential produced in the membrane of the next neuron when an impulse which has an excitatory influence arrives at the synapse; it is a local change in the direction of depolarization; summation of these potentials can lead to discharge of an impulse by the neuron. (Stedman, 26th ed)

UI = D019706

 

Exercise

AN = restrict to humans: for animals use PHYSICAL CONDITIONING, ANIMAL; EXERCISE THERAPY & EXERCISE TEST are also available; /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol /psychol permitted; do not confuse with EXERTION: see MeSH definition; includes body building unless article specifies WEIGHT LIFTING

MS = Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure.

UI = D015444

 

Exercise Test

AN = NIM; not restricted to use with ECG; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity.

UI = D005080

 

Exercise Therapy

AN = "exercise" is not "exercise therapy": use EXERCISE; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Motion of the body or its parts to relieve symptoms or to improve function, leading to PHYSICAL FITNESS, but not PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING.

UI = D005081

 

Exercise Tolerance

MS = The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an EXERCISE TEST.

UI = D017079

 

Exertion

AN = TN 166: exertion as a control state, opposite "at rest"

MS = Expenditure of energy by skeletal muscles. Intensity of exertion may be measured by rate of oxygen consumption, heat produced, or heart rate. Perceived exertion, a psychological measure of exertion, is included.

UI = D005082

 

Exfoliation Syndrome

AN = shedding of pigment from the iris

MS = The deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. It sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. Exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)

UI = D017889

 

Exfoliatins

AN = exotoxin from Staph aureus; /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS

MS = Protein exotoxins from Staphylococcus aureus, phage type II, which cause epidermal necrolysis. They are proteins with a molecular weight of 26,000 to 32,000. They cause a condition variously called scaled skin, Lyell or Ritter syndrome, epidermal exfoliative disease, toxic epidermal necrolysis, etc.

UI = D005083

 

Exhibitionism

MS = A disorder in which fantasies about or the act of exposing the genitals to an unsuspecting stranger produces sexual excitement with no attempt at further sexual activity with the stranger.

UI = D005084

 

Exhibitions [Publication Type]

MS = Descriptions or catalogs of public displays or items representative of a given subject.

UI = D020476

 

Exhibits

AN = no qualif CATALOG: form qualif /exhibitions & double forms are available

UI = D005085

 

Existentialism

MS = A philosophical doctrine basic to Existential Psychology or Existential Psychiatry. It focuses on the individual's subjective awareness of his style of existence, his intimate interaction with himself, and his environment.

UI = D005086

 

Exobiology

AN = exo- (from Greek exo, outside) refers to extraterrestrial environ; IM: SPEC with SPEC qualif; for "exobiological aspects of", NIM with no qualif; DF: EXOBIOL

MS = The interdisciplinary science that studies evolutionary biology, including the origin and evolution of the major elements required for life, their processing in the interstellar medium and in protostellar systems. This field also includes the study of chemical evolution and the subsequent interactions between evolving biota and planetary evolution as well as the field of biology that deals with the study of extraterrestrial life.

UI = D018559

 

Exocrine Glands

AN = GEN: prefer specifics

UI = D005088

 

Exocytosis

MS = Cellular release of secretory products within membrane-limited vesicles or granules.

UI = D005089

 

Exodeoxyribonucleases

MS = A family of enzymes that catalyze the exonucleolytic cleavage of DNA. It includes members of the class EC 3.1.11 that produce 5'-phosphomonoesters as cleavage products. EC 3.1.-.

UI = D005090

 

Exons

MS = Coding regions of messenger RNA included in the genetic transcript which survive the processing of RNA in cell nuclei to become part of a spliced messenger of structural RNA in the cytoplasm. They include joining and diversity exons of immunoglobulin genes.

UI = D005091

 

Exonucleases

MS = Any of the enzymes of the hydrolase class that catalyze the hydrolysis of terminal bonds of deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide chains, releasing mononucleotides. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.-.

UI = D005092

 

Exophiala

AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOSES (IM) or specific mycosis (IM)

MS = A normally saprophytic mitosporic Chaetothyriales fungal genus. Infections in humans include phaeohyphomycosis, peritonitis, and chromoblastomycosis. Exophiala jeanselmei (previously Phialophora jeanselmei) is an etiological agent of maduromycosis.

UI = D005093

 

Exophthalmos

AN = protrusion of eye: do not confuse with ENOPHTHALMOS, recession

MS = Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.

UI = D005094

 

Exoribonucleases

MS = A family of enzymes that catalyze the exonucleolytic cleavage of RNA. It includes EC 3.1.13.-, EC 3.1.14.-, EC 3.1.15.-, and EC 3.1.16.-. EC 3.1.-

UI = D005095

 

Exostoses

AN = cartilaginous & osteocartilaginous exostoses: index under OSTEOCHONDROMA; EXOSTOSES, MULTIPLE HEREDITARY is also available

MS = Benign hypertrophy that projects outward from the surface of bone, often containing a cartilaginous component.

UI = D005096

 

Exostoses, Multiple Hereditary

AN = a type of osteochondromatosis

MS = Hereditary disorder transmitted by an autosomal dominant gene and characterized by multiple exostoses (multiple osteochondromas) near the ends of long bones. The genetic abnormality results in a defect in the osteoclastic activity at the metaphyseal ends of the bone during the remodeling process in childhood or early adolescence. The metaphyses develop benign, bony outgrowths often capped by cartilage. A small number undergo neoplastic transformation.

UI = D005097

 

Exotoxins

AN = bacterial or fungal toxins; /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS: coord IM with source of exotoxin (IM or NIM)

MS = Toxins produced, especially by bacterial or fungal cells, and released into the culture medium or environment.

UI = D005098

 

Exotropia

AN = a type of strabismus, eye turning outward; do not confuse with ESOTROPIA, eye turning inward

MS = Strabismus in which the deviating eye turns templeward.

UI = D005099

 

Expectorants

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; D25-26 qualif

MS = Agents that increase mucous excretion. Mucolytic agents, that is drugs that liquefy mucous secretions, are also included here.

UI = D005100

 

Expeditions

AN = IM; coord with type of exped & geog destination (IM)

MS = Usually refers to planned scientific data-gathering excursions.

UI = D005101

 

Expenditures, (see: Health Expenditures)

 

Expert Systems

AN = IM; restrict to field of computer programs & artificial intelligence

MS = Computer programs based on knowledge developed from consultation with experts on a problem, and the processing and/or formalizing of this knowledge using these programs in such a manner that the problems may be solved.

UI = D005103

 

Expert Testimony

MS = Presentation of pertinent data by one with special skill or knowledge representing mastery of a particular subject.

UI = D005104

 

Expiratory Reserve Volume

AN = NIM; in texts as ERV

MS = The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV.

UI = D005105

 

Exploratory Behavior

AN = human & animal

MS = The tendency to explore or investigate a novel environment. It is considered a motivation not clearly distinguishable from curiosity.

UI = D005106

 

Explosions

UI = D005107

 

Expressed Emotion

AN = negative emotions like anger & hostility: coord IM with specific emotion (IM) if relevant

MS = Frequency and quality of negative emotions, e.g., anger or hostility, expressed by family members or significant others, that often lead to a high relapse rate, especially in schizophrenic patients. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 7th ed)

UI = D019260

 

Expressed Sequence Tags

AN = do not confuse with SEQUENCE TAGGED SITES

MS = Sequence tags derived from cDNAs. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are partial DNA sequences from clones.

UI = D020224

 

External Fixators

AN = for fracture fixation

MS = External devices which hold wires or pins that are placed through one or both cortices of bone in order to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment. These devices allow easy access to wounds, adjustment during the course of healing, and more functional use of the limbs involved.

UI = D016267

 

Extinction (Psychology)

AN = DF: EXTINCTION

MS = The procedure of presenting the conditioned stimulus without reinforcement to an organism previously conditioned. It refers also to the diminution of a conditioned response resulting from this procedure.

UI = D005108

 

Extracellular Matrix

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

MS = A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere.

UI = D005109

 

Extracellular Matrix Proteins

AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., COLLAGEN, ELASTIN, FIBRONECTINS AND LAMININ).

UI = D016326

 

Extracellular Space

AN = do not confuse X ref EXTRACELLULAR FLUID with BODY WATER

MS = Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances.

UI = D005110

 

Extrachromosomal Inheritance

MS = Transmission of hereditary characters by non-chromosomal replicating cytoplasmic structures such as mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids.

UI = D005111

 

Extracorporeal Circulation

AN = "diversion of blood flow through a circuit located outside the body but continuous with the bodily circulation"; GEN & unspecified: prefer specifics; do not confuse with CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS or ASSISTED CIRCULATION; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: EXTRACORPOREAL CIRC

MS = Diversion of blood flow through a circuit located outside the body but continuous with the bodily circulation.

UI = D005112

 

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; note short X ref

MS = Application of a life support system that circulates the blood through an oxygenating system, which may consist of a pump, a membrane oxygenator, and a heat exchanger. Examples of its use are to assist victims of smoke inhalation injury, respiratory failure, and cardiac failure.

UI = D015199

 

Extraction and Processing Industry

AN = indust removal of raw materials from the earth & conversion into refined products CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The industry concerned with the removal of raw materials from the Earth's crust and with their conversion into refined products.

UI = D019652

 

Extraction, Obstetrical

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Extraction of the fetus by means of obstetrical instruments.

UI = D005113

 

Extramarital Relations

AN = no qualif; DF: EXTRAMARITAL RELAT

MS = Voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and someone other than the spouse.

UI = D005114

 

Extraoral Traction Appliances

MS = Extraoral devices for applying force to the dentition in order to avoid some of the problems in anchorage control met with in intermaxillary traction and to apply force in directions not otherwise possible.

UI = D005115

 

Extrapyramidal Tracts

UI = D005116

 

Extraterrestrial Environment

AN = no qualif; space itself or the SOLAR SYSTEM, PLANETS other than Earth; DF: EXTRATERRESTRIAL ENVIR

MS = The environment outside the earth or its atmosphere. The environment may refer to a closed cabin (such as a space shuttle or space station) or to space itself, the moon, or other planets.

UI = D005118

 

Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials

AN = note category: use only sensible qualif; DF: EXTRAVASATION

MS = The escape of diagnostic or therapeutic material from the vessel into which it is introduced into the surrounding tissue or body cavity.

UI = D005119

 

Extravascular Lung Water

AN = DF: EVLW

MS = Water present within the lungs; its volume is roughly equal to, or a little less than, the intracellular blood volume of the lungs. Accumulations of extravascular lung water result in pulmonary edema.

UI = D015633

 

Extravehicular Activity

AN = activity of crew members outside a spacecraft; /adv eff /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref

MS = Activities by crew members conducted outside the pressurized hull of a spacecraft.

UI = D018478

 

Extraversion (Psychology)

AN = no qualif; DF: EXTRAVERSION

MS = A state in which attention is largely directed outward from the self.

UI = D005120

 

Extremities

AN = TN 75: extremities of animals; TN 117: joints of animals & table of human, primate & non-primate extremities; ulcero-mutilating acropathy: diabetic = DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES, alcoholic = ALCOHOLISM + PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES, hereditary = NEUROPATHIES, HEREDITARY SENSORY AND AUTONOMIC

UI = D005121

 

Exudates and Transudates

AN = breast cyst fluid = FIBROCYSTIC DISEASE OF BREAST (IM) + EXUDATES AND TRANSUDATES with pertinent qualif (NIM); DF: EXUDATES

MS = Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid material derived from cells. A transudate is a fluid substance which has passed through a membrane or been extruded from a tissue, sometimes as a result of inflammation; it has a low content of proteins, cells, or solid material derived from cells. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D005122

 

Eye

AN = inflamm of eye = ENDOPHTHALMITIS (but see note there) or better -ITIS specifics in C11 CATALOG: form qualif permitted

UI = D005123

 

Eye Abnormalities

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; these are structural abnorm: EYE DISEASES, HEREDITARY is also available CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.

UI = D005124

 

Eye Banks

MS = Centers for storing various parts of the eye for future use.

UI = D005125

 

Eye Burns

AN = chem burns of eye = EYE BURNS /chem ind (IM) + BURNS, CHEMICAL (IM)

MS = Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.

UI = D005126

 

Eye Color

AN = = color of iris, not the color of the eye as in disease

MS = Color of the iris.

UI = D005127

 

Eye Diseases

AN = GEN; coord IM with specific part of eye (IM); /diag: consider also DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, OPHTHALMOLOGICAL CATALOG: form qualif permitted

UI = D005128

 

Eye Diseases, Hereditary

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Transmission of gene defects or chromosomal aberrations/abnormalities which are expressed in extreme variation in the structure or function of the eye. These may be evident at birth, but may be manifested later with progression of the disorder.

UI = D015785

 

Eye Enucleation

AN = "removal of eyeball leaving eye musc & remaining orbital contents intact": do not confuse with EYE EVISCERATION ("removal of inner contents of eye, leaving sclera intact"); do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = The surgical removal of the eyeball leaving the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact.

UI = D015353

 

Eye Evisceration

AN = "removal of the inner contents of the eye, leaving the sclera intact": do not confuse with EYE ENUCLEATION ("removal of eyeball leaving eye musc & remaining orbital contents intact") or ORBIT EVISCERATION ("removal of contents of orbit, including eyeball, blood vessels, muscles, fat, nerve supply & periosteum"); do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = The surgical removal of the inner contents of the eye, leaving the sclera intact. It should be differentiated from ORBIT EVISCERATION which removes the entire contents of the orbit, including eyeball, blood vessels, muscles, fat, nerve supply, and periosteum.

UI = D017234

 

Eye Foreign Bodies

UI = D005129

 

Eye Hemorrhage

AN = GEN or unspecified; hemorrh of eye tissue: do not confuse with RETROBULBAR HEMORRHAGE, hemorrh within the orbital cavity behind the eyeball; CHOROIDAL HEMORRHAGE, HYPHEMA, RETINAL HEMORRHAGE & VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE are also available

MS = Intraocular hemorrhage from the vessels of various tissues of the eye, e.g., CHOROIDAL HEMORRHAGE and RETINAL HEMORRHAGE. It is to be differentiated from RETROBULBAR HEMORRHAGE which refers to hemorrhage within the orbital cavity behind the eye.

UI = D005130

 

Eye Infections

AN = coord IM with specific infect dis (IM); DF: EYE INFECT

MS = Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.

UI = D015817

 

Eye Infections, Bacterial

AN = coord IM with specific bact dis (IM); DF: EYE INFECT BACT

MS = Infections in the inner or external eye caused by microorganisms belonging to several families of bacteria. Some of the more common genera found are Haemophilus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Chlamydia.

UI = D015818

 

Eye Infections, Fungal

AN = coord IM with specific fungal dis (IM); DF: EYE INFECT FUNGAL

MS = Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.

UI = D015821

 

Eye Infections, Parasitic

AN = coord IM with specific parasitic dis (IM); DF: EYE INFECT PARASITIC

MS = Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.

UI = D015822

 

Eye Infections, Viral

AN = coord IM with specific viral dis (IM); DF: EYE INFECT VIRAL

MS = Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.

UI = D015828

 

Eye Injuries, Penetrating

MS = Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.

UI = D015807

 

Eye Injuries

AN = GEN or unspecified; consider also /inj with specific parts of eye; EYE INJURIES, PENETRATING & EYE BURNS are also available

MS = Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.

UI = D005131

 

Eye Manifestations

AN = not used for indexing since 1989; prior to 1989 used for eye manifest of non-eye diseases

MS = Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.

UI = D005132

 

Eye Movements

AN = do not equate with nystagmography which can be recording of eye movement (EYE MOVEMENTS or ELECTRONYSTAGMOGRAPHY) in physiol exper or in disease or recording of eye movement in NYSTAGMUS, a specific eye disease (NYSTAGMUS + EYE MOVEMENTS or ELECTRONYSTAGMOGRAPHY)

MS = Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.

UI = D005133

 

Eye Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with specific site in eye (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D005134

 

Eye Protective Devices

AN = for physical protection: do not confuse with EYEGLASSES which is for improvement of vision

MS = Personal devices for protection of the eyes from impact, flying objects, glare, liquids, or injurious radiation.

UI = D005135

 

Eye Proteins

AN = IM; coord with specific protein (IM) & specific part of eye (IM); /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

UI = D005136

 

Eye, Artificial

MS = A ready-made or custom-made prosthesis of glass or plastic shaped and colored to resemble the anterior portion of a normal eye and used for cosmetic reasons. It is attached to the anterior portion of an orbital implant (ORBITAL IMPLANTS) which is placed in the socket of an enucleated or eviscerated eye. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D005137

 

Eyebrows

UI = D005138

 

Eyeglasses

AN = prescription lenses to aid vision: do not confuse with EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICES

MS = A pair of ophthalmic lenses in a frame or mounting which is supported by the nose and ears. The purpose is to aid or improve vision. It does not include goggles or nonprescription sun glasses for which EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICES is available.

UI = D005139

 

Eyelashes

UI = D005140

 

Eyelid Diseases

AN = GEN; many specifics are available; inflamm dis = BLEPHARITIS

UI = D005141

 

Eyelid Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D005142

 

Eyelids

AN = inflammation = BLEPHARITIS; plasty = BLEPHAROPLASTY; ptosis = BLEPHAROPTOSIS; spasm = BLEPHAROSPASM

UI = D005143

 

 

Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms

A