Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms
G
RETURN TO INDEX G0 Phase
AN = a phase of the cell cycle
MS = Phase of the cell cycle where cells exist in a quiescent state. These cells have unduplicated DNA, degraded RNA and protein, and low enzyme activity. The ability to switch between G0 and G1 (and vice versa) determines the post-embryonic cell proliferation rate and is defectively controlled in neoplastic cells.
UI = D016192
G1 Phase
AN = a phase of the cell cycle
MS = Phase of the cell cycle preceding protein systhesis. The subphases of G1 include competence, entry (G1a), progression (G1b), and assembly (G1c), based on the effects of limiting growth factors, nutrients, or inhibitors.
UI = D016193
G2 Phase
AN = a phase of the cell cycle
MS = Phase of the cell cycle following DNA synthesis and preceding mitosis. The chromosomes are tetraploid in this phase.
UI = D016195
(see also: S Phase)
G Cells
MS = Endocrine cells found in the pyloric gland mucosa (antral mucosa) of the stomach and responsible for the secretion of gastrin.
UI = D019863
G(M1) Ganglioside
MS = Galcactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)- glactosyl-glucosylceramide. A ganglioside structurally similar to G(M2) GANGLIOSIDE but with an additional galactose residue linked to the N-acetylgalactosamine residue of GM2. It accumulates abnormally in tissues in GANGLIOSIDOSIS GM1. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D005677
G(M2) Ganglioside
MS = N-acetylgalactosaminyl-galactosyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-glucosylceramide. A ganglioside containing an N-acetylgalactosamine residue linked to the galactose of the core ganglioside structure. It accumulates abnormally in tissues in GM2 gangliosidosis (SANDHOFF DISEASE and TAY-SACHS DISEASE). (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D005678
G(M3) Ganglioside
AN = G(M3) gangliosidosis: coord NIM with GANGLIOSIDOSIS (IM)
MS = A ganglioside present in abnormally large amounts in the brain and liver due to a deficient biosynthetic enzyme, G(M3):UDP-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Deficiency of this enzyme prevents the formation of G(M2) ganglioside from G(M3) ganglioside and is the cause of an anabolic sphingolipidosis.
UI = D005679
G Suits
AN = MAST suit (Military or Medical Anti-Shock Trousers) goes here (do not add MILITARY MEDICINE); SPACE SUITS is also available; DF: MAST
MS = Double-layered inflatable suits which, when inflated, exert pressure on the lower part of the wearer's body. The suits are used to improve or stabilize the circulatory state, i.e., to prevent hypotension, control hemorrhage, and regulate blood pressure. The suits are also used by pilots under positive acceleration.
UI = D005676
GABA
AN = a neurotransmitter; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
UI = D005680
GABA Agents
AN = agents acting on GABAergic systems; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs
MS = Substances used for their pharmacological actions on GABAergic systems. GABAergic agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
UI = D018682
GABA Agonists
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with GABA ANTAGONISTS; DF: GABA AGON or GABA AG
MS = Drugs that bind to and activate GABA receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA).
UI = D018755
GABA Antagonists
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with GABA AGONISTS; DF: GABA ANTAG
MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous GABA or GABA agonists.
UI = D018756
GABA Modulators
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Substances that do not act as agonists or antagonists but do affect the GABA receptor-ionophore complex. GABA-A receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA-A) appear to have at least three allosteric sites at which modulators act: a site at which benzodiazepines act by increasing the opening frequency of GABA-activated chloride channels; a site at which barbiturates act to prolong the duration of channel opening; and a site at which some steroids may act. General anesthetics probably act at least partly by potentiating GABAergic responses, but they are not included here.
UI = D018757
Gabexate
AN = a serine proteinase inhib & anticoagulant
MS = 4-((6-((Aminoiminomethyl)amino)-1-oxohexyl)oxy)benzoic acid ethyl ester. A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.
UI = D016670
Gabon
AN = a republic in west equatorial Africa
MS = A republic in west equatorial Africa, south of CAMEROON and west of CONGO. Its capital is Libreville. It was the first part of French Equatorial Africa to be settled in 1841. Gabon achieved independence from France in 1960. Gabon was named for the Gabon River, whose estuary was discovered by the Portuguese in the late 15th century: gabao is the word for hood, probably with reference to its shape. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p423 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p198)
UI = D005681
Gadolinium
AN = a rare earth metal; Gd-158; Gd-154-157, 160 = GADOLINIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Gd-145-153, 159, 161 = GADOLINIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = Gadolinium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.
UI = D005682
Gadolinium DTPA
MS = A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)
UI = D019786
Gagging
MS = Contraction of the constrictor muscle of the pharynx elicited by stimulation of sensory receptors on the soft palate, by psychic stimuli, or systemically by drugs.
UI = D005683
Gait
AN = differentiate from LOCOMOTION & WALKING: gait is the way one locomotes or walks
MS = Manner or style of walking.
UI = D005684
Galactans
AN = polysaccharides
MS = Polysaccharides composed of repeating galactose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.
UI = D005685
Galactitol
MS = A naturally occurring product of plants obtained following reduction of galactose. It appears as a white crystalline powder with a slight sweet taste. It may form in excess in the lens of the eye in galactosemia, a deficiency of galactokinase.
UI = D004376
Galactokinase
AN = /defic: consider also GALACTOSEMIA
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the formation of galactose 1-phosphate and ADP from ATP and D-galactose. Galactosamine can also act as the acceptor. A deficiency of this enzyme results in GALACTOSEMIA. EC 2.7.1.6.
UI = D005686
Galactorrhea
AN = persistent secretion of milk in both sexes & not necessarily related to pregn; usually check tags PREGNANCY & FEMALE also
MS = Excessive or spontaneous flow of milk. The milk secretion persists irrespective of nursing. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D005687
Galactosamine
UI = D005688
Galactosaminidase
UI = D005689
Galactose
AN = a hexose; do not use /blood: "blood galactose" is most likely to be GALACTOSEMIA; for determ of galactose levels of blood index as GALACTOSE /anal to avoid confusion with clin state
MS = An aldohexose obtained from lactose or milk sugar by enzymatic action or by boiling with a mineral acid. It is a white crystalline substance, resembles glucose in most of its properties, but is less soluble, less sweet, and forms mucic acid when oxidized with nitric acid. D-galactose is found in milk sugar, in the cerebrosides of the brain, in the raffinose of the sugar beet, and in many gums and seaweeds; L-galactose, in flaxseed mucilage. Defective galactose metabolism results in GALACTOSEMIA. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D005690
Galactose Dehydrogenases
MS = D-Galactose:NAD(P)+ 1-oxidoreductases. Catalyzes the oxidation of D-galactose in the presence of NAD+ or NADP+ to D-galactono-gamma-lactone and NADH or NADPH. Includes EC 1.1.1.48 and EC 1.1.1.120.
UI = D005691
Galactose Oxidase
MS = An enzyme that oxidizes galactose in the presence of molecular oxygen to D-galacto-hexodialdose. It is a copper protein. EC 1.1.3.9.
UI = D005692
Galactosemia
AN = an inborn error of carbohydrate metab; for determ of galactose levels of blood index under GALACTOSE /anal, not /blood; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = An inborn error of galactose metabolism due to congenital deficiency of the enzyme galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, resulting in tissue accumulation of galactose 1-phosphate. It is manifested by nutritional failure, hepatosplenomegaly with cirrhosis, cataracts, mental retardation, galactosuria, aminoaciduria, and albuminuria which regress or disappear if galactose is removed from the diet. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D005693
Galactosephosphates
MS = Phosphoric acid esters of galactose.
UI = D005695
Galactosidases
AN = note ALPHA- & BETA-GALACTOSIDASES are also available
MS = A family of galactoside hydrolases that hydrolyze compounds with an O-galactosyl linkage. EC 3.2.1.-.
UI = D005696
Galactosides
MS = Glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of galactose with an alcohol to form an acetal. They include both alpha- and beta-galactosides.
UI = D005697
Galactosylceramidase
MS = An enzyme that hydrolyzes galactose from ceramide monohexosides. EC 3.2.1.46.
UI = D005698
Galactosylceramides
AN = cerebrosides
MS = Cerebrosides which contain as their polar head group a galactose moiety bound in glycosidic linkage to the hydroxyl group of ceramide. Their accumulation in tissue, due to a defect in beta-galactosidase, is the cause of galactosylceramide lipidosis or globoid cell leukodystrophy.
UI = D005699
Galactosyltransferases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of galactose from a nucleoside diphosphate galactose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.
UI = D005700
Galago
AN = prosimian; IM; qualif permitted
MS = A genus of the family Lorisidae having four species which inhabit the forests and bush regions of Africa south of the Sahara and some nearby islands. The four species are G. alleni, G. crassicaudatus, G. demidovii, and G. senegalensis. There is another genus, Euoticus, containing two species which some authors have included in the Galago genus.
UI = D005701
Galanin
AN = a neuropeptide
MS = A 29-amino acid peptide that is found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It inhibits glucose-induced insulin release, hippocampal acetylcholine release, hippocampal glutamate (but not GABA) release, and it lowers spinal excitability and firing of locus coeruleus neurons. It stimulates food (fat) intake and growth hormone release upon hypothalamic or i.c.v. injection. (Crit Rev Neurobiol 1993;7(3-4):229-74)
UI = D019004
Galanthamine
AN = an alkaloid cholinesterase inhib
MS = A cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used to reverse the muscular effects of gallamine and tubocurarine and has been studied as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.
UI = D005702
Gallamine Triethiodide
AN = a neuromusc nondepolarizing agent
MS = A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)
UI = D005703
Gallbladder
AN = /surg: consider also CHOLECYSTECTOMY & CHOLECYSTOSTOMY; gallstones or gallbladder calculi = CHOLELITHIASIS; inflammation = CHOLECYSTITIS
UI = D005704
Gallbladder Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = CHOLECYSTITIS
UI = D005705
Gallbladder Emptying
MS = A process whereby bile is delivered from the gallbladder into the duodenum. The emptying is caused by both contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter mechanism at the choledochal terminus.
UI = D016473
Gallbladder Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D005706
Gallic Acid
MS = A colorless or slightly yellow crystalline compound obtained from nutgalls. It is used in photography, pharmaceuticals, and as an analytical reagent.
UI = D005707
Gallium
AN = Ga-69
MS = A rare metal liquid at room temperature; atomic number 31, atomic weight 69.72; symbol Ga. Some of its compounds are poisonous. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D005708
Gallium Isotopes
AN = Ga-71; NIM; no qualif
MS = Stable gallium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element gallium, but differ in atomic weight. Ga-71 is a stable gallium isotope.
UI = D005709
Gallium Radioisotopes
AN = Ga-63-68, 70, 72-76; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)
MS = Unstable isotopes of gallium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ga atoms with atomic weights 63-68, 70 and 72-76 are radioactive gallium isotopes.
UI = D005710
Gallopamil
AN = a coronary vasodilator
MS = alpha-(3-((2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl)methylamino)propyl)-3,4,5-trimethoxy-alpha-(1-methylethyl)benzeneacetonitrile. Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.
UI = D005711
Galvanic Skin Response
MS = A change in electrical resistance of the skin, occurring in emotion and in certain other conditions.
UI = D005712
Gambia
AN = a republic in western Africa
MS = A republic in western Africa, constituting an enclave within SENEGAL extending on both sides of the Gambia River. Its capital is Banjul, formerly Bathurst. The mouth of the river was discovered in 1455 by the Portuguese and the English ascended the river 1618-19. The British claim to the region was recognized by the Treaty of Versailles in 1783. Its status under the British and Sierra Leone changed several times from 1807 until 1965 when it became independent. The country is named for the river and is a Portuguese corruption of the native name Ba-Dimma, meaning river. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p426 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p200)
UI = D005714
Gambling
MS = An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.
UI = D005715
Game Theory
AN = no qualif
MS = A mathematical theory that deals with action in a conflict situation as if it were a game in which each player seeks to maximize his opponent's losses.
UI = D005716
Games, Experimental
AN = no qualif; DF: GAMES EXPER
MS = Games designed to provide information on hypotheses, policies, procedure or strategies.
UI = D005717
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = A technique that came into use in the mid-1980's for assisted conception in infertile women with normal fallopian tubes. The protocol consists of hormonal stimulation of the ovaries, followed by laparoscopic follicular aspiration of oocytes, and then the transfer of sperm and oocytes by catheterization into the fallopian tubes.
UI = D015181
Gametogenesis
MS = The first phase of sexual reproduction which involves the transforming of certain cells in the parent into specialized reproductive cells.
UI = D005718
Gamma Cameras
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Electronic instruments that produce photographs or cathode-ray tube images of the gamma-ray emissions from organs containing radionuclide tracers.
UI = D015902
Gamma Rays
AN = IM: Manual 28.11; TN 158: how to index gamma rays
MS = Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays.
UI = D005720
Gamma-Globulins
AN = /defic = AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or DYSGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA (TN 225); do not use /ther use: index under IMMUNIZATION, PASSIVE for ther with gamma-globulins in general or unspecified; anti-gamma globulin antibodies = ANTI-ANTIBODIES (IM) + GAMMA-GLOBULINS (IM); TN 224: relation to IMMUNOGLOBULINS; gammopathies or gammapathies (excessive immunoglobulins in blood) = HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA: see note there & TN 226; various gamma-globulins: TN 224
MS = Serum globulins that migrate in the gamma region on electrophoresis. At one time, gamma-globulins came to be used as a synonym for immunoglobulins since most immunoglobulins are gamma globulins. But since some immunoglobulins exhibit an alpha or beta electrophoretic mobility, that usage is in decline.
UI = D005719
gamma-Glutamylcyclotransferase
AN = do not confuse with GAMMA-GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of pyroglutamate from a gamma-glutamyl-amino acid, also releasing the free amino acid. The enzyme acts on derivatives of glutamate, 2-aminobutyrate, alanine and glycine. The enzyme has been proposed to have a role in a gamma-glutamyl cycle for amino acid transport into cells in the intestines. EC 2.3.2.4.
UI = D005722
gamma-Glutamyltransferase
AN = do not confuse with GAMMA-GLUTAMYLCYCLOTRANSFERASE
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the transfer of a glutamyl group from a glutamyl-peptide and an amino acid to a peptide and a glutamyl-amino acid. EC 2.3.2.2.
UI = D005723
Gammaherpesvirinae
AN = a subfamily of the family Herpesviridae; infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM); if discussed as tumor viruses, add TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A subfamily of HERPESVIRIDAE characterized by variable reproductive cycles. There are two official genera, LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS and RHADINOVIRUS, and possibly a third, as yet unnamed, which includes Marek's Disease Herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 2, GALLID).
UI = D018142
Ganciclovir
AN = an antiviral; do not confuse DHPG, a common abbrev for ganciclovir with DHPG for both 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol & 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylene glycol
MS = ACYCLOVIR analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections.
UI = D015774
Ganglia
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; wrist ganglion is indexed under WRIST (IM) + SYNOVIAL CYST (IM);
MS = A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system. It is occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g., BASAL GANGLIA. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D005724
Ganglia, Autonomic
MS = Clusters of neurons and their processes in the autonomic nervous system. In the autonomic ganglia, the preganglionic fibers from the central nervous system synapse onto the neurons whose axons are the postganglionic fibers innervating target organs. The ganglia also contain intrinsic neurons and supporting cells and preganglionic fibers passing through to other ganglia.
UI = D005725
Ganglia, Invertebrate
MS = Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in invertebrates. Invertebrate ganglia may also contain neuronal processes and non-neuronal supporting cells. Many invertebrate ganglia are favorable subjects for research because they have small numbers of functional neuronal types which can be identified from one animal to another.
UI = D017952
Ganglia, Parasympathetic
AN = includes ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, otic ganglia
MS = Ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system, including the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia in the cranial region and intrinsic (terminal) ganglia associated with target organs in the thorax and abdomen.
UI = D005726
Ganglia, Sensory
AN = ganglia of the peripheral nerv syst
MS = Clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons. Sensory ganglia may also have intrinsic interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells.
UI = D017950
Ganglia, Spinal
AN = sensory ganglia on spinal nerve roots
MS = Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.
UI = D005727
Ganglia, Sympathetic
AN = /surg = probably GANGLIONECTOMY; includes cervical, mesenteric & celiac ganglia but SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLION is available; STELLATE GANGLION is also available
MS = Ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system including the paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia. Among these are the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia.
UI = D005728
Ganglioglioma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably BRAIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM)
MS = A rare form of glioma composed of nearly mature, slowly growing neuron-like cells. It is found in the optic chiasm or cerebral white matter. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D018303
Ganglionectomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with specific ganglion (NIM); coord IM with disease /surg (IM)
MS = Removal of an autonomic or sensory ganglion by any means.
UI = D015171
Ganglioneuroblastoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A malignant neoplasm composed of nerve fibers and mature ganglion cells. It is regarded by many as a fully differentiated neuroblastoma. (From Dorland, 27th ed))
UI = D018305
Ganglioneuroma
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A benign neoplasm composed of mature ganglionic neurons, in varying numbers, scattered singly or in clumps within a relatively abundant and dense stroma of neurofibrils and collagenous fibers. It is usually found in the posterior mediastinum and retroperitoneum, sometimes in relation to the adrenal glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D005729
Ganglionic Blockers
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also GANGLIA /drug eff; DF: GANGLIONIC BLOCK
MS = Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery.
UI = D005730
Ganglionic Stimulants
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also GANGLIA /drug eff
MS = Agents that mimic neural transmission by stimulation of the nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Drugs that indirectly augment ganglionic transmission by increasing the release or slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine or by non-nicotinic effects on postganglionic neurons are not included here nor are the nonspecific cholinergic agonists.
UI = D005731
Gangliosides
MS = A subclass of ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS. They contain one or more sialic acid (N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACID) residues. Using the Svennerholm system of abbrevations, gangliosides are designated G for ganglioside, plus subscript M, D, or T for mono-, di-, or trisialo, respectively, the subscript letter being followed by a subscript arabic numeral to indicated sequence of migration in thin-layer chromatograms. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1997)
UI = D005732
Gangliosidoses
AN = a group of lysosomal storage dis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific ganglioside (NIM) but GANGLIOSIDOSIS G(M1) is available CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A group of fatal inherited ganglioside storage diseases with onset in infancy or childhood and characterized by accumulation of a specific ganglioside caused by absence or severe deficiency of specific enzymes. They involve mental and motor deterioration, autosomal recessive inheritance, and neuronal lipoidosis.
UI = D005733
Gangliosidosis G(M1)
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Form of gangliosidosis characterized by accumulation of G(M1) ganglioside and oligosaccharides, and caused by an absence or severe deficiency of beta-galactosidase A. The three phenotypes of G(M1) gangliosidosis are called infantile (generalized), juvenile, and adult (types 1, 2, and 3 respectively), referring to the age at which clinical manifestations appear.
UI = D016537
Gangrene
AN = IM for general or for gangrene process; NIM as coord for /pathol, with no qualif
MS = Death of tissue, usually in considerable mass and generally associated with loss of vascular (nutritive) supply and followed by bacterial invasion and putrefaction. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D005734
Gap Junctions
AN = intercellular junctions; A 11 qualif except /cytol /transpl; /genet permitted
MS = Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of CONNEXINS, the family of proteins which form the junctions.
UI = D017629
GAP-43 Protein
MS = A nervous tissue specific protein which is highly expressed in neurons during development and nerve regeneration. It has been implicated in neurite outgrowth, long-term potentiation, signal transduction, and neurotransmitter release. (From Neurotoxicology 1994;15(1):41-7) It is also a substrate of protein kinase C.
UI = D019922
Garbage
AN = no qualif
MS = Discarded animal and vegetable matter from a kitchen or the refuse from food preparation. (From Random House College Dictionary, 1982)
UI = D005735
Gardnerella
AN = infection: coord IM with BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) but see note at GARDNERELLA VAGINALIS
MS = A genus of bacteria found in the human genital and urinary tract. It is considered to be a major cause of bacterial vaginosis (VAGINOSIS, BACTERIAL).
UI = D016975
Gardnerella vaginalis
AN = infection: coord IM with BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) but consider also IM with VAGINOSIS, BACTERIAL (IM)
MS = The only species in the genus GARDNERELLA, and previously classed as Haemophilus vaginalis. This bacterium, also isolated from the female genital tract of healthy women, is implicated in the cause of bacterial vaginosis (VAGINOSIS, BACTERIAL). It occasionally causes postpartum bacteremia and bacteremia following a transurethral resection of the prostate.
UI = D006194
Gardner Syndrome
AN = multiple intestinal polyps & other multiple neopl; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = An autosomal dominant disease featuring multiple colonic polyposis with malignant tendency, subcutaneous fibromata and lipomata, exostoses and osteomas of the skull and facial bones, and epidermal inclusion cysts.
UI = D005736
Garlic
AN = as plant & food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2
MS = Allium sativum. One of the Liliaceae used as a spice and traditional remedy. It contains allicin, the pungent active ingredient, which may reduce blood cholesterol and inhibit platelet aggregation.
UI = D005737
Gas Gangrene
AN = usually caused by Clostridium perfringens but all C. perfringens infections need not be gas gangrene
MS = A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases.
UI = D005738
Gas Poisoning
AN = GEN or unspecified gas; prefer /pois with specific gas term
UI = D005739
Gas Scavengers
AN = note category & cross refs or read MeSH definition
MS = Apparatus for removing exhaled or leaked anesthetic gases or other volatile agents, thus reducing the exposure of operating room personnel to such agents, as well as preventing the buildup of potentially explosive mixtures in operating rooms or laboratories.
UI = D015920
Gases
AN = does not include natural gas ( = GAS, NATURAL see FOSSIL FUELS); does not include blood gases ( = OXYGEN /blood or CARBON DIOXIDE /blood); gas embolism = EMBOLISM, AIR; intestinal gases = GASES + INTESTINES /physiol unless clinically referred to as FLATULENCE (Cat C)
MS = The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
UI = D005740
Gases, Noble (see:Noble Gases)
Gasoline
MS = Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc.
UI = D005742
Gastrectomy
AN = includes partial, total & subtotal; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Excision of the whole (total gastrectomy) or part (subtotal gastrectomy, partial gastrectomy, gastric resection) of the stomach. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D005743
Gastric Acid
AN = absence of gastric HCl = ACHLORHYDRIA; hyperacidity: index under GASTRIC ACID /secret
MS = Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice.
UI = D005744
Gastric Acidity Determination
AN = NIM
MS = Gastric analysis for determination of free acid or total acid.
UI = D005745
Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia
MS = A capillary ectasia of the gastric antrum mucosa characterized by thickened, red vascular folds radiating longitudinally from the pylorus to the antrum and resembling, upon endoscopic examination, the stripes on the skin of a ripened watermelon. Histological characteristics include dilated mucosal capillaries, focal thrombosis, and fibromuscular hypertrophy of the lamina propria. It is a cause of chronic upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
UI = D020252
Gastric Balloon
AN = note category: an inflatable device; do not confuse with digestive gases; used in ther of morbid obesity: note XR & do not coord with OBESITY, MORBID unless particularly discussed
MS = An inflatable device implanted in the stomach as an adjunct to therapy of morbid obesity. Specific types include the silicone Garren-Edwards Gastric Bubble (GEGB), approved by the FDA in 1985, and the Ballobes Balloon.
UI = D015905
Gastric Bypass
AN = in ther of morbid obesity: note XR ref & do not coord with OBESITY, MORBID unless particularly discussed; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Surgical procedure in which the stomach is transected high on the body. The resulting proximal remnant is joined to a loop of the jejunum in an end-to-side anastomosis. This procedure is used frequently in the treatment of morbid obesity.
UI = D015390
Gastric Emptying
MS = The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum.
UI = D005746
Gastric Fistula
AN = abnorm passage in stomach or between stomach & another organ; fistula policy: Manual 23.19+
MS = Abnormal passage communicating with the stomach.
UI = D005747
Gastric Fundus
AN = NIM when merely locational; neopl of gastric fundus: coord NIM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = The superior portion of the body of the stomach above the level of the cardiac notch.
UI = D005748
Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide
AN = a neurotransmitter gastrointestinal hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: GIP
MS = A gastrointestinal hormone consisting of a 43-amino acid polypeptide (molecular weight 5105). It inhibits gastric secretion and motility and stimulates release of insulin.
UI = D005749
Gastric Juice
AN = /secret permitted but consider GASTRIC MUCOSA /secret if pertinent, and not STOMACH /secret; GASTRIC ACID is also available; absence of gastric HCl = ACHLORHYDRIA; hyperacidity: index under GASTRIC ACID /secret
MS = The liquid secretion of the stomach mucosa consisting of hydrochloric acid (GASTRIC ACID), PEPSINOGENS, INTRINSIC FACTOR, GASTRIN, MUCUS, and the bicarbonate ion (BICARBONATES). (From Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p651)
UI = D005750
Gastric Lavage
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D005751
Gastric Mucin
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D005752
Gastric Mucosa
AN = /secret permitted but consider GASTRIC JUICE /secret if pertinent, but not STOMACH /secret; mucosal neopl: coord NIM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); mucosal prolapse = GASTRIC MUCOSA (IM) + STOMACH DISEASES (NIM) + PROLAPSE (NIM)
MS = Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells.
UI = D005753
Gastric Outlet Obstruction
AN = hindered output from stomach to intestine; coord IM with cause of obstruct (IM)
MS = The hindering of output from the stomach to the small intestine. The source varies: peptic ulcer, foreign bodies, aging, neoplasms, etc.
UI = D017219
Gastric Stump
AN = stomach remnant after gastrectomy; a common site of neopl: coord IM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = That portion of the stomach remaining after gastric surgery, usually gastrectomy or gastroenterostomy for cancer of the stomach or peptic ulcer. It is a common site of cancer referred to as stump cancer or carcinoma of the gastric stump.
UI = D018530
Gastrinoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS (IM) or other precoord organ/neopl term (IM) if not in pancreas
MS = A gastrin-secreting tumor of the non-beta islet cells. It is usually located in the pancreas but is also found at other sites, as in the antrum of the stomach, hilus of the spleen, and regional lymph nodes. The presence of gastrinoma is one of three requirements to be met for identification of ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME, which sometimes occurs in families with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1 (MEN-1). Gastrinomas in patients with MEN-1 are usually diffuse in nature.
UI = D015408
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide
MS = Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate gastric acid secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the stomach, the neuropeptide stimulates release of gastrin from the G CELLS.
UI = D019886
Gastrins
AN = neurotransmitter gastrointestinal hormones; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of gastric juices. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.
UI = D005755
Gastritis
UI = D005756
Gastritis, Atrophic
AN = a chronic dis: do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE
MS = Chronic gastritis with mucosal atrophy.
UI = D005757
Gastritis, Hypertrophic
MS = Gastritis with hypertrophy of gastric mucosa folds. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, excessive mucus secretion, and hypoproteinemia.
UI = D005758
Gastroenteritis
UI = D005759
Gastroenteritis Virus, Porcine Transmissible
AN = a species of Coronavirus; infection = GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE but see note there; DF: note short X ref
MS = A species of CORONAVIRUS causing a fatal disease to pigs under 3 weeks old.
UI = D005760
Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine
AN = caused by a coronavirus; don't forget also SWINE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: GASTROENTERITIS TRANSM SWINE
MS = A condition of chronic gastroenteritis in adult pigs and fatal gastroenteritis in piglets caused by a CORONAVIRUS.
UI = D005761
Gastroenteritis Virus, Murine
AN = a species of Coronavirus; infection: coord IM with CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); since formerly called murine hepatitis virus & causing hepatitis in mice, coord IM with HEPATITIS, VIRAL, ANIMAL (IM) if pertinent
MS = A species of the CORONAVIRUS genus causing hepatitis in mice. Four strains have been identified as MHV 1, MHV 2, MHV 3, and MHV 4 (also known as JHM, which is neurotropic and causes disseminated encephalomyelitis with demyelination as well as focal liver necrosis).
UI = D006517
Gastroenterology
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: GASTROENTEROL
MS = A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas).
UI = D005762
Gastroenterostomy
AN = restrict to specific internal surg procedure; do not confuse with GASTROSTOMY & ENTEROSTOMY (both artif external openings) or specifics (e.g. DUODENOSTOMY, ILEOSTOMY, etc.); do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Surgical construction of a channel between the stomach and intestines.
UI = D005763
Gastroesophageal Reflux
AN = note ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX see ESOPHAGITIS, PEPTIC
MS = Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth.
UI = D005764
Gastrointestinal Agents
MS = Drugs used for their effects on the gastrointestinal system, as to control gastric acidity, regulate gastrointestinal motility and water flow, and improve digestion.
UI = D005765
Gastrointestinal Diseases
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; inflamm dis = GASTROENTERITIS CATALOG: form qualif permitted
UI = D005767
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
AN = coord IM with specific intestinal dis (IM), as colonic hemorrhage = GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE (IM) + COLONIC DISEASES (IM); rectal bleeding: see note under RECTUM; X ref HEMATOCHEZIA is red blood in the feces when bleeding is from the lower bowel: do not coord with FECES unless feces are particularly discussed
MS = Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract.
UI = D006471
Gastrointestinal Hormones
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Hormones that originate in and regulate motor and secretory activity of the digestive organs. (Dorland 27th ed)
UI = D005768
Gastrointestinal Motility
AN = not necessary to specify STOMACH or INTESTINES as coord; coord with specific intestine /physiol if pertinent (IM); GASTRIC EMPTYING is available
UI = D005769
Gastrointestinal Neoplasms
AN = GEN: prefer specific precoord; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D005770
Gastrointestinal System
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; /surg: consider also GASTROENTEROSTOMY; inflammation = GASTROENTERITIS CATALOG: form qualif permitted
UI = D005771
Gastrointestinal Transit
AN = transit time also goes here
MS = Passage of food (sometimes in the form of a test meal) through the gastrointestinal tract as measured in minutes or hours. The rate of passage through the intestine is an indicator of small bowel function.
UI = D005772
Gastroparesis
AN = paralysis of stomach muscles
MS = Paralysis of the muscular coat of the stomach. It is most often seen as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D018589
Gastroplasty
AN = in ther of morbid obesity: note XR ref & do not coord with OBESITY, MORBID unless particularly discussed; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Surgical treatment of the stomach or lower esophagus used to decrease the size of the stomach. The procedure is used mainly in the treatment of morbid obesity and to correct defects in the lower esophagus or the stomach. Different procedures employed include vertical (mesh) banded gastroplasty, silicone elastomer ring vertical gastroplasty and horizontal banded gastroplasty.
UI = D015391
Gastroschisis
AN = do not confuse with HERNIA, UMBILICAL; do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A congenital fissure of the abdominal wall not involving the site of insertion of the umbilical cord, and usually accompanied by protrusion of the small and part of the large intestine. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D020139
Gastroscopy
AN = NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Endoscopic examination of the interior of the stomach. It is used to localize, identify, and photograph pathologic alterations, to obtain biopsy material and perform other surgical interventions, and for delivery of medication.
UI = D005773
Gastrospirillum
AN = in gastric mucosa of mammals; infection: coord IM with BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that is pathogenic and has been isolated from the gastric mucosa of mammals, including humans.
UI = D017883
Gastrospirillum hominis
AN = in gastric mucosa of man; infection: coord IM with BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria found in the gastric mucosa that is associated with chronic antral gastritis. This bacterium was first discovered in samples removed at endoscopy from patients investigated for HELICOBACTER PYLORI colonization.
UI = D018247
Gastrostomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression.
UI = D005774
Gastrula
AN = "the embryo in the early stage following the blastula"; A 11 qualif
MS = The embryo in the early stage following the blastula, characterized by morphogenetic cell movements, cell differentiation, and the formation of the three germ layers.
UI = D005775
Gated Blood-Pool Imaging
AN = a type of radionuclide ventriculography usually for the left heart: for the right heart VENTRICULOGRAPHY, FIRST-PASS is usually preferred; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Radionuclide ventriculography where scintigraphic data is acquired during repeated cardiac cycles at specific times in the cycle, using an electrocardiographic synchronizer or gating device. Analysis of right ventricular function is difficult with this technique; that is best evaluated by first-pass ventriculography (VENTRICULOGRAPHY, FIRST-PASS).
UI = D015637
Gaucher's Disease
AN = disord of glucocerebroside metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Hereditary disorder of glucocerebroside metabolism, usually occurring in infancy, and characterized by mental retardation, bulbar palsy, opisthotonus, and enlargement of the spleen and liver.
UI = D005776
Geese
AN = domestic or wild; IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with POULTRY DISEASES (IM); diseases of wild geese: coord IM with BIRD DISEASES (IM)
UI = D005777
Gefarnate
AN = an anti-ulcer agent
MS = 5,9,13-Trimethyl-4,8,12-tetradecatrienoic acid 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl ester. A water insoluble terpene fatty acid used in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers; it facilitates the healing and function of mucosal tissue.
UI = D005778
Gelatin
AN = a scleroprotein
MS = A product obtained by partial hydrolysis of collagen derived from the skin, white connective tissue, and bones of animals. It is used as a suspending agent. It is used also pharmaceutically in the manufacture of capsules and suppositories, has been suggested for intravenous use as a plasma substitute, and has been used as an adjuvant protein food. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D005780
Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = Sterile, gelatin-base surgical sponge applied topically as an adjunct to hemostasis when the control of bleeding by conventional procedures is ineffective to reduce capillary ooze or is impractical. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p797)
UI = D005781
Gelatinases
MS = A class of enzymes that catalyzes the degradation of gelatin by acting on the peptide bonds. EC 3.4.99.-.
UI = D018093
Gels
AN = IM for general only, qualif permitted; NIM (no qualif) with specific drug IM (with qualif)
MS = Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol.
UI = D005782
Gelsolin
AN = a calcium-binding microfilament protein; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
MS = A 90-kD protein produced by macrophages that severs actin filaments and forms a cap on the newly exposed filament end. Gelsolin is activated by calcium ions and participates in the assembly and disassembly of actin, thereby increasing the motility of some cells.
UI = D018260
Gemfibrozil
AN = an antilipemic
MS = 2,2-Dimethyl-5-(2,5-xylyloxy)valeric acid. A lipid-regulating agent that lowers elevated serum lipids primarily by decreasing serum triglycerides with a variable reduction in total cholesterol. These decreases occur primarily in the VLDL fraction and less frequently in the LDL fraction. Gemfibrozil increases HDL subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 as well as apolipoproteins A-I and A-II. Its mechanism of action has not been definitely established. Side effects involve mainly the gastrointestinal system.
UI = D015248
Geminiviridae
AN = a family of plant viruses; Latin gemini, twins, refers to its double particle; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)
MS = A family of plant viruses where the virions possess an unusual morphology consisting of a pair of isometric particles. Transmission occurs via leafhoppers or whitefly and some viruses cause economically important diseases in cultivated plants. There are three genera: Subgroup I Geminivirus, Subgroup II Geminivirus, and Subgroup III Geminivirus.
UI = D017791
Gender Identity
AN = psychological; do not confuse with SEX CHARACTERISTICS (physiological); do not confuse with SEXUAL ORIENTATION see SEX BEHAVIOR: gender identity is knowing that one is male or female; sexual orientation is preferring heterosexual or homosexual behavior; SEX PREFERENCE is desired or preferred sexual composition of a family; no qualif
MS = A person's concept of himself as being male and masculine or female and feminine, or ambivalent, usually based on the physical characteristics, parental attitudes and expectations, and psychological and social pressures to which the individual is subjected. It is the private experience of gender role. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D005783
Gene Amplification
MS = A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication.
UI = D005784
Gene Conversion
MS = The asymmetrical segregation of genes during replication which leads to the production of non-reciprocal recombinant strands and the apparent conversion of one allele into another. Thus, e.g., the meiotic products of an Aa individual may be AAAa or aaaA instead of AAaa, i.e., the A allele has been converted into the a allele or vice versa.
UI = D005785
Gene Deletion
AN = no qualif
MS = A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.
UI = D017353
Gene Dosage
AN = number of copies of a given gene in a cell or nucleus on any chromosome: do not confuse with DOSAGE COMPENSATION (GENETICS) which is restricted to the X chromosome; no qualif
MS = The number of copies of a given gene present in a cell or nucleus. An increase in gene dosage can result in the formation of higher levels of gene product, provided that the gene is not subject to autogenous regulation.
UI = D018628
Gene Duplication
AN = a process; do not confuse with GENES, DUPLICATE
MS = A chromosomal structural change resulting in the doubling of a section of the genome of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The size of the duplicated segment may vary considerably. Duplications may be interchromosomal, with the duplicate segment incorporated into another chromosome, or intrachromosomal, with the duplicate region present in the same chromosome. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
UI = D020440
Gene Expression
MS = The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action.
UI = D015870
Gene Expression Regulation
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: GENE EXPRESSION REG
MS = Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action at the level of transcription or translation. These processes include gene activation and genetic induction.
UI = D005786
Gene Expression Regulation, Archaeal
AN = coord IM with specific archaeon /genet (IM); DF: GENE EXPRESSION REG ARCHAEAL
MS = Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in archaea.
UI = D019848
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
AN = coord IM with specific bacterium /genet (IM); DF: GENE EXPRESSION REG BACT
MS = Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.
UI = D015964
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
AN = developmental includes embryonic; DF: GENE EXPRESSION REG DEVELOPMENTAL
MS = Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.
UI = D018507
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
AN = coord IM with specific enzyme /genet (IM); DF: GENE EXPRESSION REG ENZYMOL
MS = Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.
UI = D015971
Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
AN = coord IM with specific fungus /genet (IM); DF: GENE EXPRESSION REG FUNGAL
MS = Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi.
UI = D015966
Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
AN = coord IM with specific type of LEUKEMIA /genet (IM); DF: GENE EXPRESSION REG LEUKEMIC
MS = Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in leukemia.
UI = D015973
Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
AN = coord IM with specific organ/neopl term with /genet (IM) + specific histol type of neopl /genet (IM); DF: GENE EXPRESSION REG NEOPL
MS = Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.
UI = D015972
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
AN = coord IM with specific plant /genet (IM); DF: GENE EXPRESSION REG PLANT
MS = Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.
UI = D018506
Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
AN = coord IM with specific virus /genet (IM); DF: GENE EXPRESSION REG VIRAL
MS = Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.
UI = D015967
Gene Frequency
MS = The proportion of one particular allelotype to the total of all alleles at this genetic locus in a breeding population.
UI = D005787
Gene Fusion
AN = fusion to analyze protein behav or to determine regulation mechanisms
MS = Fusion of structural genes to analyze protein behavior or fusion of regulatory sequences with structural genes to determine mechanisms of regulation.
UI = D019677
Gene Library
AN = do not confuse with GENOMIC LIBRARY; do not confuse X ref GENE BANK with BIOLOGICAL SPECIMEN BANKS; no qualif
MS = A large collection of cloned DNA fragments from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.
UI = D015723
Gene Pool
AN = not for micro-organisms; no qualif
MS = The total genetic information possessed by the reproductive members of a population of sexually reproducing organisms.
UI = D005788
Gene Products, env
AN = Env stands for "envelope"; IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Retroviral proteins, often glycosylated, coded by the envelope (env) gene. They are usually synthesized as protein precursors (polyproteins) and later cleaved into the final products by a viral protease.
UI = D015686
Gene Products, gag
AN = Gag stands for "group-specific antigen"; IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Proteins coded by the retroviral gag gene. The products are usually synthesized as protein precursors or polyproteins, which are then cleaved by viral proteases to yield the final products. Many of the final products are associated with the nucleoprotein core of the virion. gag is short for group-specific antigen.
UI = D015683
Gene Products, nef
AN = nef stands for "negative factor"; IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Products of the HIV nef gene (formerly 3'-orf gene). The products trans-suppress viral replication and function as negative regulators of transcription. nef stands for negative factor.
UI = D015693
Gene Products, pol
AN = Pol stands for "polymerase"; IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Retroviral proteins coded by the pol gene. Often synthesized as a gag-pol fusion protein (FUSION PROTEINS, GAG-POL) and later cleaved into final products that include reverse transcriptase, endonuclease/integrase, and viral protease. pol is short for polymerase, the enzyme class of reverse transcriptase.
UI = D015684
Gene Products, rev
AN = Rev stands for "regulator of virion"; IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Trans-acting nuclear proteins whose functional expression are required for HIV viral replication. Specifically, the rev gene products are required for processing and translation of the HIV gag and env mRNAs, and thus rev regulates the expression of the viral structural proteins. rev can also regulate viral regulatory proteins. A cis-acting antirepression sequence (CAR) in env, also known as the rev-responsive element (RRE), is responsive to the rev gene product. rev is short for regulator of virion.
UI = D015694
Gene Products, rex
AN = Rex stands for "regulator x"; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Post-transcriptional regulatory proteins required for the accumulation of mRNAs that encode the gag and env gene products in HTLV-I and HTLV-II. The rex (regulator x; x is undefined) products act by binding to elements in the LTR.
UI = D016370
Gene Products, tat
AN = Tat stands for "trans-activation of transcription"; IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Trans-acting transcription factors. Nuclear proteins whose expression is required for HIV viral replication. The tat protein stimulates HIV-LTR-driven RNA synthesis for both viral regulatory and viral structural proteins. tat stands for trans-activation of transcription.
UI = D015696
Gene Products, tax
AN = Tax stands for "trans-activator x"; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Transcriptional trans-acting proteins of the promoter elements found in the long terminal repeats (LTR) of HTLV-I and HTLV-II. The tax (trans-activator x; x is undefined) proteins act by binding to enhancer elements in the LTR.
UI = D016356
Gene Products, vif
AN = Vif stands for "virion infectivity factor"; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = A 23 kDa regulatory protein important for virion infectivity in HIV. The protein is found in the cytoplasm of HIV-infected cells and is not absolutely required for virion formation.
UI = D016346
Gene Products, vpr
AN = Vpr stands for "viral protein R"; in X ref GENE PRODUCTS, RAP, Rap stands for "R activation protein"
MS = Trans-acting proteins which accelerate virus replication in HIV. The vpr proteins act in trans to increase the levels of HIV specified proteins. vpr is short for viral protein R, where R is undefined.
UI = D016336
Gene Products, vpu
AN = Vpu stands for "viral protein U"; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Non-glycosylated, membrane-associated, 16 kDa proteins which are expressed in large amounts in cells infected with HIV-1. The proteins are required for efficient virion maturation and release. They are not present in HIV-2 nor in SIV. vpu is short for viral protein U, with U undefined.
UI = D016340
Gene Rearrangement
AN = DF: GENE REARR
MS = Ordered rearrangement of variable gene regions; especially, the rearrangement of antibody genes during the differentiation of B-lymphocytes and the rearrangement of T-cell antigen receptor genes.
UI = D015321
Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
AN = DF: GENE REARR ALPHA CHAIN
MS = Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the alpha-chain of antigen receptors.
UI = D015332
Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte
AN = DF: GENE REARR B CELL
MS = Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions coding for the immunoglobulin chains, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the differentiation of the immature B-lymphocyte.
UI = D015322
Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain
AN = DF: GENE REARR HEAVY CHAIN
MS = Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the first stage of differentiation of the immature B-lymphocyte.
UI = D015326
Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain
AN = DF: GENE REARR LIGHT CHAIN
MS = Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions coding for the kappa or lambda light chains, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the second stage of differentiation of the immature B-lymphocyte.
UI = D015328
Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
AN = DF: GENE REARR BETA CHAIN
MS = Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the beta-chain of antigen receptors.
UI = D015333
Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
AN = DF: GENE REARR DELTA CHAIN
MS = Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the delta-chain of antigen receptors.
UI = D016694
Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
AN = DF: GENE REARR GAMMA CHAIN
MS = Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the gamma-chain of antigen receptors.
UI = D015334
Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
AN = DF: GENE REARR T CELL
MS = Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the antigen receptors.
UI = D015329
Gene Targeting
MS = The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination.
UI = D018390
Gene Therapy
MS = The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia.
UI = D015316
Gene Transfer
MS = The introduction of functional (usually cloned) genes into cells and organisms. A variety of techniques can be used for gene transfer: (1) cell hybridization; (2) microcell-mediated gene transfer; (3) chromosome-mediated gene transfer; (4) DNA-mediated gene transfer. Gene transfer results in genetically transformed cells and individuals and is a step in recombinant DNA technology when cloned genes are being used for transfer. (Rieger, et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
UI = D018014
Genealogy and Heraldry
AN = IM; no qualif; do not confuse with GENEALOGICAL TREE see PEDIGREE; DF: GENEALOGY
UI = D005789
General Adaptation Syndrome
AN = systemic reaction to continued stress; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = The sum of all nonspecific systemic reactions of the body to long-continued exposure to systemic stress.
UI = D005790
General Practice, Dental
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; "extraction in general practice in dentistry" is GENERAL PRACTICE, DENTAL (NIM) if indexed there at all; DF: GENERAL PRACTICE DENT
MS = Nonspecialized dental practice which is concerned with providing primary and continuing dental care.
UI = D005792
Generalization (Psychology)
AN = DF: GENERALIZATION
MS = The phenomenon of an organism's responding to all situations similar to one in which it has been conditioned.
UI = D005793
Generalization, Response
MS = The principle that after an organism learns to respond in a particular manner to a stimulus, that stimulus is effective in eliciting similar responses.
UI = D005794
Generalization, Stimulus
MS = The tendency to react to stimuli that are different from, but somewhat similar to, the stimulus used as a conditioned stimulus.
UI = D005795
Genes
AN = locus = CHROMOSOME MAPPING; flow = GENETICS, POPULATION; interaction = PHENOTYPE; suppressor genes = GENES, SUPPRESSOR; restorer genes: index under SUPPRESSION, GENETIC; repressor genes = GENES, REGULATOR; lac gene = LAC OPERON but consider also LAC FACTORS or LAC REPRESSORS (see note on REPRESSOR PROTEINS) CATALOG: form qualif permitted
MS = Specific sequences of nucleotides along a molecule of DNA (or, in the case of some viruses, RNA) which represent the functional units of heredity. The majority of eukaryotic genes contain coding regions (codons) that are interrupted by non-coding regions (introns) and are therefore labeled split genes.
UI = D005796
Genes, abl
AN = abl stands for "ABelson Leukemia"
MS = Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (abl) originally isolated from the Abelson murine leukemia virus (Ab-MuLV). The proto-oncogene abl (c-abl) codes for a protein that is a member of the tyrosine kinase family. The human c-abl gene is located at 9q34.1 on the long arm of chromosome 9. It is activated by translocation to bcr on chromosome 22 in chronic myelogenous leukemia.
UI = D016313
Genes, APC
AN = APC stands for "Adenomatous Polyposis Coli"
MS = Tumor suppressor genes located in the 5q21 region on the long arm of chromosome 5. The mutation of these genes is associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (APC stands for adenomatous polyposis coli) and Gardner's syndrome, as well as some sporadic colorectal cancers.
UI = D017491
Genes, araC
AN = araC stands for "arabinose C" where C is 3d of a sequence araA, araB, etc.
MS = Regulatory genes which encode a cyclic AMP receptor protein required for L-arabinose utilization in E. coli. It is an example of positive control or regulation of gene expression in the bacterial operon.
UI = D005797
Genes, Archaeal
AN = coord IM with specific archaeon /genet (IM)
MS = The genetic material of archaea.
UI = D019766
Genes, Bacterial
AN = coord IM with specific bacterium /genet (IM); DF: GENES BACT
MS = The genetic material of bacteria.
UI = D005798
Genes, bcl-1
AN = bcl stands for "B-Cell Leukemia"
MS = The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-1 genes, associated with various neoplasms when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(11;14) translocation, which is characteristic of mantle zone-derived B-cell lymphomas. The human c-bcl-1 gene is located at 11q13 on the long arm of chromosome 18.
UI = D019940
Genes, bcl-2
AN = bcl stands for "B-Cell Leukemia"
MS = The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 genes, responsible for blocking apoptosis in normal cells, and associated with follicular lymphoma when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(14;18) translocation. The human c-bcl-2 gene is located at 18q24 on the long arm of chromosome 18.
UI = D019254
Genes, BRCA1
AN = BRCA stands for "BReast CAncer"; tumor suppressor genes
MS = Tumor suppressor genes located on human chromosome 17q12-21. The mutation of these genes is associated with the formation of familial breast and ovarian cancer.
UI = D019398
Genes, cdc
AN = cdc stands for "Cell Division Cycle"
MS = Genes that code for proteins that regulate the cell division cycle. These genes form a regulatory network that culminates in the onset of mitosis by activating the p34cdc2 protein (PROTEIN P34CDC2).
UI = D018816
Genes, Dominant
MS = Genes that are reflected in the phenotype both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state.
UI = D005799
Genes, DCC
AN = DCC stands for "Deleted in Colorectal Cancer"
MS = Tumor suppressor genes located in the 18q21-qter region of human chromosome 18. The absence of these genes is associated with the formation of colorectal cancer (DCC stands for deleted in colorectal cancer). The products of these genes show significant homology to neural cell adhesion molecules and other related cell surface glycoproteins.
UI = D016163
Genes, Duplicate
AN = coord with specific gene or gene product; do not confuse with GENE DUPLICATION
MS = Two identical genes showing the same phenotypic action but localized in different regions of a chromosome or on different chromosomes. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
UI = D020131
Genes, env
AN = env stands for "envelope"; coord IM with specific virus /genet (IM)
MS = DNA sequences that form the coding region for the viral envelope (env) proteins in retroviruses. The env genes contain a cis-acting RNA target sequence for the rev protein (= GENE PRODUCTS, REV), termed the rev-responsive element (RRE).
UI = D015752
Genes, erbA
AN = erbA stands for "ERythroBlastosis virus, Avian"; GENES, ERBB & its specifics are also available; in titles & translations spell as erbA
MS = Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (ERYTHROBLASTOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN, hence erbA) originally isolated from the avian erythroblastosis virus. The c-erbA proto-oncogene encodes the thyroid hormone receptors (RECEPTORS, THYROID HORMONE). Two distinct c-erbA proto-oncogenes have been identified, erbA-alpha and erbA-beta, each giving rise to at least two proteins. erbA-alpha is located at 17q21 on the long arm of chromosome 17. erbA-beta is located at 3p24 on the short arm of chromosome 3. The v-erbA oncogene potentiates cell transformation through inhibition of spontaneous differentiation of cells already transformed by the v-erbB gene and eliminates growth requirements of transformed erythroblasts.
UI = D018776
Genes, erbB
AN = spell in titles & translations as erbB; GENES, ERBB-1 & GENES, ERBB-2 are also available
MS = Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (erbB) originally isolated from, or related to, the avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV). These genes code for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptors which is important in the control of normal cell proliferation and in the pathogenesis of human cancer. The genes include erbB-1 (GENES, ERBB-1), erbB-2 (GENES, ERBB-2), and erbB-3, all of which show abnormalities of expression in various human neoplasms.
UI = D018815
Genes, erbB-1
AN = spell in titles & translations as erbB-1; ERBB-2 is also available
MS = Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (erbB) originally isolated from the avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV). The oncogene v-erbB arose by insertion of viral DNA into the c-erbB-1 proto-oncogene resulting in expression of a protein lacking the amino-terminal ligand-binding domain. v-erbB is the primary transforming gene of AEV and abrogates the requirements for other mitogens. The proto-oncogene c-erbB-1 codes for the protein epidermal growth factor receptor (EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR-UROGASTRONE). Overexpression of the gene occurs in a wide range of tumors, commonly squamous carcinomas of various sites and less commonly adenocarcinomas. The human c-erbB-1 gene is located at 7p12-13 on the short arm of chromosome 7.
UI = D018773
Genes, erbB-2
AN = in titles & translations spell as erbB-2; ERBB-1 is also available
MS = Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (erbB) related to the c-erbB-1 gene and identified by probes from c-erbB-1 or its avian viral homologue v-erbB. The proto-oncogene erbB-2 (c-erbB-2) codes for a protein that has structural features indicative of a growth factor receptor with close similarity to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. Overexpression and amplification of the gene is associated with adenocarcinomas and with poor prognosis in breast carcinomas. The human c-erbB-2 gene is located at 17p12-21 on the short arm of chromosome 17.
UI = D018734
Genes, Essential
AN = coord NIM with specific genes
MS = Those genes found in an organism which are necessary for its viability and normal function.
UI = D020043
Genes, fms
AN = fms stands for "Feline McDonough Sarcoma", a family of DNA sequences "originally isolated from the Susan McDonough strain of feline sarcoma virus"
MS = Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (fms) originally isolated from the Susan McDonough strain of feline sarcoma virus (SM-FeSV). The proto-oncogene fms (c-fms) codes for a protein (CSF-1) that is a member of the transmembrane tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor family. The human c-fms gene is located at 5q33.3 on the long arm of chromosome 5.
UI = D016236
Genes, fos
AN = fos stands for "Finkel" & "Osteogenic Sarcoma"
MS = Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (fos) originally isolated from the Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins (FBJ-MSV) and Finkel-Biskis-Reilly (FBR-MSV) murine sarcoma viruses. The proto-oncogene protein c-fos codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in growth-related transcriptional control. The insertion of c-fos into FBJ-MSV or FBR-MSV induces osteogenic sarcomas in mice. The human c-fos gene is located at 14q21-31 on the long arm of chromosome 14.
UI = D016762
Genes, Fungal
AN = coord IM with specific fungus /genet (IM)
MS = The genetic material of fungi. It includes mating type genes of SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE.
UI = D005800
Genes, gag
AN = gag stands for "Group-specific AntiGen"; coord IM with specific virus /genet (IM)
MS = DNA sequences that form the coding region for proteins associated with the viral core in retroviruses. gag is short for group-specific antigen.
UI = D015750
Genes, Helminth
AN = coord IM with specific helminth /genet (IM)
MS = The hereditary material of helminths.
UI = D017238
Genes, Homeobox
MS = Highly conserved DNA sequences which have been identified in specific gene transcripts ranging from those of Drosophila melanogaster to mouse and human. Homeobox genes function, in part, to generate DNA-binding proteins with an evolutionary conserved approximately 60-residue sequence (HOMEODOMAIN PROTEINS).
UI = D005801
Genes, Intracisternal A-Particle
MS = Genes of IAP elements (a family of retrovirus-like genetic elements) which code for virus-like particles (IAPs) found regularly in rodent early embryos. ("Intracisternal" refers to the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum.) Under certain circumstances, such as DNA hypomethylation they are transcribed. Their transcripts are found in a variety of neoplasms, including plasmacytomas, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcomas, teratocarcinomas, and colon carcinomas.
UI = D007426
Genes, Immediate-Early
AN = genes showing rapid & transient expression in absence of protein synthesis: read MeSH definition for history of "immediate-early"
MS = Genes that show rapid and transient expression in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. The term was originally used exclusively for viral genes where immediate-early referred to transcription immediately following virus integration into the host cell. It is also used to describe cellular genes which are expressed immediately after resting cells are stimulated by extracellular signals such as growth factors and neurotransmitters.
UI = D017781
Genes, Immunoglobulin
AN = DF: GENES IG
MS = Genes encoding the light and heavy chain segments of immunoglobulins. Light chain gene segments are symbolized L-V (variable), J (joining) and C (constant); Ig heavy chain segments have, in addition, a diversity (D) gene. Each segment codes for certain amino acids, and each has a different nucleotide sequence; the genes are assembled by a remarkable shuffling of the segments during B lymphocyte maturation.
UI = D005803
Genes, Insect
AN = coord IM with specific insect /genet (IM)
MS = The hereditary material of insects.
UI = D017344
Genes, jun
AN = jun stands for "JU-Nana", Japanese for 17 (avian sarcoma virus 17)
MS = Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (jun) originally isolated from the avian sarcoma virus 17 (ASV 17). The proto-oncogene jun (c-jun) codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in growth-related transcriptional control. Insertion of c-jun into ASV-17 or the constitutive expression of the c-jun protein produces tumorgenicity. The human c-jun gene is located at 1p31-32 on the short arm of chromosome 1.
UI = D016758
Genes, Lethal
AN = lethal genotype goes here
MS = Genes which result in the premature death of the organism; dominant lethal genes kill heterozygotes, whereas recessive lethal genes kill only homozygotes.
UI = D005804
Genes, MCC
AN = MCC stands for "Mutated in Colorectal Cancer"
MS = Tumor suppressor genes located in the 5q21 region on the long arm of human chromosome 5. The mutation of these genes is associated with the formation of colorectal cancer (MCC stands for mutated in colorectal cancer).
UI = D017431
Genes, MDR
AN = MDR stands for 'MultiDrug Resistance'
MS = Genes responsible for multidrug resistance resulting from their overexpression in mammalian cells. Mammalian P-glycoproteins are encoded by small MDR gene familes. The human multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene responds to environmental stress including various anticancer agents. It is a major determinant in the development of resistance to a large number of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. (Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994;199(3):1428-35; Cancer Res 1994:54(6):1536-41)
UI = D019450
Genes, MHC Class I
AN = MHC stands for "Major Histocompatibility Complex"; DF: note short X ref
MS = Genetic loci in the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex which encode polymorphic characteristics not related to immune responsiveness or complement activity, e.g., B loci (chicken), DLA (dog), GPLA (guinea pig), H-2 (mouse), RT-1 (rat), HLA-A, -B, and -C class I genes of man.
UI = D005805
Genes, MHC Class II
AN = MHC stands for "Major Histocompatibility Complex"; DF: note short X ref
MS = Genetic loci in the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex that encode polymorphic products which control the immune response to specific antigens. The genes are found in the HLA-D region in humans and in the I region in mice.
UI = D005802
Genes, mos
AN = mos stands for "MOloney Sarcoma"
MS = Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (mos) originally isolated from the Moloney murine sarcoma virus (Mo-MSV). The proto-oncogene mos (c-mos) codes for a protein which is a member of the serine kinase family. There is no evidence as yet that human c-mos can become transformed or has a role in human cancer. However, in mice, activation can occur when the retrovirus-like intracisternal A-particle inserts itself near the c-mos sequence. The human c-mos gene is located at 8q22 on the long arm of chromosome 8.
UI = D016258
Genes, myc
AN = myc stands for "MYeloCytomatosis"
MS = Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (myc) originally isolated from an avian myelocytomatosis virus. The proto-oncogene myc (c-myc) codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. Truncation of the first exon, which appears to regulate c-myc expression, is crucial for tumorigenicity. The human c-myc gene is located at 8q24 on the long arm of chromosome 8.
UI = D016259
Genes, nef
AN = nef stands for "NEgative Factor"; coord IM with specific HIV /genet (IM)
MS = DNA sequences that form the coding region for a protein that down-regulates the expression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). nef is short for negative factor.
UI = D015754
Genes, Neurofibromatosis 1
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = Tumor suppressor genes located on the long arm of human chromosome 17 in the region 17q11.2. Mutation of these genes is thought to cause neurofibromatosis 1.
UI = D016514
Genes, Neurofibromatosis 2
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = Tumor suppressor genes located on the long arm of human chromosome 22. Mutation or loss of these genes causes neurofibromatosis 2.
UI = D016515
Genes, Nitrogen Fixation
AN = in bacteria, fungi & blue-green algae; coord IM with specific organism /genet (IM)
MS = Regulatory and structural genes present in certain bacteria, algae and fungi that control the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into biologically usable compounds; include nif structural genes (e.g., nifD, nifH) for nitrogenase and nitrate reductase as well as regulator genes nifA, nifB, ntrA, ntrB, ntrC. Some are responsible for regulating transcription of genes involved in the assimilation of poor nitrogen sources in enteric bacteria.
UI = D005806
Genes, Overlapping
MS = Genes whose nucleotide sequences overlap to some degree. The overlapped sequences may involve structural or regulatory genes of eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells.
UI = D005807
Genes, p16
MS = Tumor suppressor genes located on human chromosome 9 in the region 9p21. This gene is either deleted or mutated in a wide range of malignancies. (From Segen, Current Med Talk, 1995)
UI = D019942
Genes, p53
MS = Tumor suppressor genes located on the short arm of human chromosome 17 and coding for the phosphoprotein p53.
UI = D016158
Genes, pX
MS = DNA sequences that form the coding region for at least three proteins which regulate the expression of HTLV-I and HTLV-II. The proteins are p21(x), p27(rex), and p40(tax). The tax (trans-activator x) and rex (regulator x) genes are part of pX but are in overlapping reading frames. X was the original designation for the sequences or region (at that time of unknown function) in the long open reading frame (lor) which is now called pX.
UI = D016355
Genes, Plant
AN = coord IM with specific plant term /genet (IM)
MS = The hereditary material of plants.
UI = D017343
Genes, pol
AN = pol stands for "POLymerase"; coord IM with specific virus /genet (IM)
MS = DNA sequences that form the coding region for retroviral enzymes including reverse transcriptase, protease, and endonuclease/integrase. "pol" is short for polymerase, the enzyme class of reverse transcriptase.
UI = D015751
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
AN = latent susceptibility to dis only: coord with specific dis/genet; for positive genetic predisposition (like longevity) use specific trait/genet
MS = A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.
UI = D020022
Genes, Protozoan
AN = coord IM with specific protozoon /genet (IM)
MS = The genetic material of protozoa.
UI = D017125
Genes, RAG-1
AN = RAG stands for "Recombination-Activating Gene"
MS = Genes involved in activating the enzyme VDJ recombinase. RAG-1 is located on chromosome 11 in humans (chromosome 2 in mice) and is expressed exclusively in maturing lymphocytes.
UI = D016654
Genes, ras
AN = ras stands for "Retrovirus Associated Sequences"
MS = Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (ras) originally isolated from Harvey (H-ras, Ha-ras, rasH) and Kirsten (K-ras, Ki-ras, rasK) murine sarcoma viruses. Ras genes are widely conserved among animal species and sequences corresponding to both H-ras and K-ras genes have been detected in human, avian, murine, and non-vertebrate genomes. The closely related N-ras gene has been detected in human neuroblastoma and sarcoma cell lines. All genes of the family have a similar exon-intron structure and each encodes a p21 protein.
UI = D011905
Genes, Reporter
MS = Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.
UI = D017930
Genes, Retinoblastoma
MS = Tumor suppressor genes located on human chromosome 13 in the region 13q14 and coding for a family of phosphoproteins with molecular weights ranging from 104 kDa to 115 kDa. One copy of the wild-type Rb gene is necessary for normal retinal development. Loss or inactivation of both alleles at this locus results in retinoblastoma.
UI = D016161
Genes, rev
AN = rev stands for "REgulator of Virion"; coord IM with specific HIV /genet (IM)
MS = DNA sequences that form the coding region for a protein that regulates the expression of the viral structural and regulatory proteins in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). rev is short for regulator of virion.
UI = D015757
Genes, src
AN = src stands for "SaRComa": see MeSH definition
MS = Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (src) originally isolated from the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). The proto-oncogene src (c-src) codes for a protein that is a member of the tyrosine kinase family and was the first proto-oncogene identified in the human genome. The human c-src gene is located at 20q12-13 on the long arm of chromosome 20.
UI = D016391
Genes, Structural, Bacterial
AN = coord IM with specific bacterium /genet (IM); DF: GENES STRUCTURAL BACT
MS = DNA sequences that code for RNA and for the proteins required for the enzymatic and structural function of bacterial cells.
UI = D016003
Genes, Structural, Fungal
AN = coord IM with specific fungus /genet (IM)
MS = DNA sequences that code for RNA and for the proteins required for the enzymatic and structural function of fungal cells.
UI = D016004
Genes, Structural, Helminth
AN = coord IM with specific helminth /genet (IM)
MS = DNA sequences that code for RNA and for the proteins required for the enzymatic and structural function of helminthic cells.
UI = D017342
Genes, Structural, Insect
AN = coord IM with specific insect /genet (IM)
MS = DNA sequences that code for RNA and for proteins required for the enzymatic and structural function of insect cells.
UI = D017345
Genes, Structural, Neoplasm
AN = coord IM with specific organ/neopl term with /genet (IM) + histol type of neopl /genet (IM)
MS = DNA sequences that code for RNA and for the proteins required for the enzymatic and structural function of neoplastic cells.
UI = D016005
Genes, Structural, Plant
AN = coord IM with specific plant term /genet (IM)
MS = DNA sequences that code for RNA and for the proteins required for the enzymatic and structural function of plant cells.
UI = D016006
Genes, Structural, Protozoan
AN = coord IM with specific protozoon /genet (IM)
MS = DNA sequences that code for RNA and for the proteins required for the enzymatic and structural function of protozoan cells.
UI = D017340
Genes, Structural, Viral
AN = coord IM with specific virus /genet (IM)
MS = DNA or RNA sequences that code for RNA and for the proteins required for the enzymatic and structural function of viral cells.
UI = D016007
Genes, Suppressor
MS = Genes that inhibit expression of a previous mutation. They allow the wild-type phenotype to be wholly or partially restored.
UI = D016153
Genes, Suppressor, Tumor
AN = Manual 24.4.4.3
MS = Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. They are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. When tumor suppressor genes are inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and deregulated growth is possible.
UI = D016147
Genes, tat
AN = tat stands for "Trans-Activation of Transcription"; coord IM with HIV /genet (IM)
MS = DNA sequences that form the coding region for the protein responsible for trans-activation of transcription (tat) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
UI = D015756
Genes, T-Cell Receptor
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: note short X ref
MS = DNA sequences, in cells of the T-lymphocyte lineage, that code for T-cell receptors. The TcR genes are formed by somatic rearrangement (see GENE REARRANGEMENT, T-LYMPHOCYTE and its children) of germline gene segments, and resemble Ig genes in their mechanisms of diversity generation and expression.
UI = D019672
Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha
MS = DNA sequences encoding the alpha chain of the T-cell receptor. The genomic organization of the TcR alpha genes is essentially the same in all species and is similar to the organization of Ig genes.
UI = D019673
Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
MS = DNA sequences encoding the beta chain of the T-cell receptor. The genomic organization of the TcR beta genes is essentially the same in all species and is similar to the organization of Ig genes.
UI = D019674
Genes, T-Cell Receptor delta
MS = DNA sequences encoding the delta chain of the T-cell receptor. The delta-chain locus is located entirely within the alpha-chain locus.
UI = D019676
Genes, T-Cell Receptor gamma
MS = DNA sequences encoding the gamma chain of the T-cell receptor. The human gamma-chain locus is organized similarly to the TcR beta-chain locus.
UI = D019675
Genes, vif
AN = vif stands for "Virion Infectivity Factor"; in X ref GENES, SOR, sor stands for "Short Open Reading frame"
MS = DNA sequences that form the coding region for the vif (virion infectivity factor) protein that is important for the generation of infectious virions in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The former name of this gene was sor (short open reading frame).
UI = D016341
Genes, vpr
AN = vpr stands for "Viral Protein R"; in X ref GENES, RAP, rap stands for "R Activation Protein"
MS = DNA sequences that form the coding region for a trans-activator protein that specifies rapid growth in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). vpr is short for viral protein R, where R is undefined.
UI = D016334
Genes, vpu
AN = vpu stands for "Viral Protein U"
MS = DNA sequences that form the coding region for the HIV-1 regulatory protein vpu (viral protein U) that greatly increases the export of virus particles from infected cells. The vpu genes are not present in HIV-2 or SIV.
UI = D016338
Genes, Wilms' Tumor
MS = Tumor suppressor genes located in the 11p13 region on the short arm of human chromosome 11. The absence of these genes is associated with the formation of Wilms' tumor.
UI = D016162
Genes, Recessive
MS = Genes that are reflected in the phenotype only in the homozygous state.
UI = D005808
Genes, Regulator
AN = regulatory proteins go under TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS or REPRESSOR PROTEINS or TRANS-ACTIVATORS; DF: GENES REG
MS = Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for proteins (repressors or activators) which regulate the genetic transcription of the structural genes and/or regulatory genes.
UI = D005809
Multigene Family (see:Multigene Family)
Genes, Structural
MS = Genes that code for proteins required for the enzymatic and structural functions of cells. They include developmental and differentiated genes.
UI = D005811
Genes, Switch
MS = Genes that cause the epigenotype (i.e., the interrelated developmental pathways through which the adult organism is realized) to switch to an alternate cell lineage-related pathway. Switch complexes control the expression of normal functional development as well as oncogenic transformation.
UI = D005812
Genes, Synthetic
AN = DF: GENES SYN
MS = Biologically functional sequences of DNA chemically synthesized in vitro.
UI = D005813
Genes, Viral
AN = coord IM with specific virus /genet (IM)
MS = The hereditary material of viruses, consisting in all DNA and some RNA viruses of a single molecule of nucleic acid, and in some RNA viruses of several separate pieces of RNA.
UI = D005814
Genetic Code
MS = The precise protocol stored in the nucleic acid of the gene, according to which an exact sequence of nucleotide base pairs is transcribed into a molecule of messenger RNA to be translated into the amino acid sequence of a peptide.
UI = D005815
Genetic Complementation Test
AN = DF: GENET COMPLEMENTATION TEST
MS = A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.
UI = D005816
Genetic Counseling
MS = Advising families of the risks involved pertaining to birth defects, in order that they may make an informed decision on current or future pregnancies.
UI = D005817
Genetic Engineering
AN = altering genes by various means; DF: GENET ENGINEERING
MS = Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc.
UI = D005818
Genetic Heterogeneity
AN = a concept in population genet; DF: GENET HETEROGENEITY
MS = The presence of apparently similar characters for which the genetic evidence indicates that different genes or different genetic mechanisms are involved in different pedigrees. In clinical settings genetic heterogeneity refers to the presence of a variety of genetic defects which cause the same disease, often due to mutations at different loci on the same gene, a finding common to many human diseases including Alzheimer's disease, cystic fibrosis, lipoprotein lipase and polycystic kidney disease. (Rieger, et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
UI = D018740
Genetic Markers
AN = usually NIM; IM GEN only; coord with specific genetic feature (IM) if pertinent
MS = A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.
UI = D005819
Genetic Screening
AN = human & animal; for phenotype or genotype; Manual 19.7+, 19.8.34, 22.25, 28.36.8; DF: GENET SCREENING
MS = Searching a population or individuals for persons possessing certain genotypes or karyotypes that: (1) are already associated with disease or predispose to disease; (2) may lead to disease in their descendants; or (3) produce other variations not known to be associated with disease. Genetic screening may be directed toward identifying phenotypic expression of genetic traits. It includes prenatal genetic screening.
UI = D005820
Genetic Techniques
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition CATALOG: do not use /laboratory manuals
MS = Chromosomal, biochemical, intracellular, and other methods used in the study of genetics.
UI = D005821
Genetic Vectors
AN = coord with specific bacterium, virus, phage or plasmid
MS = Any DNA molecule capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. They are or are derived from plasmids, bacteriophages, or viruses and are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain genetic markers to facilitate their selective recognition.
UI = D005822
Genetics
AN = GEN or SPEC only: prefer /genet with diseases, organisms & chemicals: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.34, 22.25, 28.36.8; DF: GENET
MS = The branch of science concerned with the means and consequences of transmission and generation of the components of biological inheritance. (Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D005823
Genetics, Behavioral
AN = IM as SPEC only, SPEC qualif; when NIM, /drug eff /rad eff permitted; prefer specific coords
MS = The experimental study of the relationship between the genotype of an organism and its behavior. The scope includes the effects of genes on simple sensory processes to complex organization of the nervous system.
UI = D005824
Genetics, Biochemical
AN = IM as SPEC only, SPEC qualif; when NIM, /drug eff /rad eff permitted; prefer specific coords
MS = A branch of genetics which deals with the chemical structure of the genes and with the mechanisms by which the genes control and regulate the structure and synthesis of proteins.
UI = D005825
Genetics, Medical
AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; restrict to the field of human genetics dealing with genet or hered disord; see note on GENETICS; DF: GENET MED
MS = A field of human genetics which entails the reliable prediction of certain human disorders as a function of the lineage and/or genetic makeup of any two parents or potential parents.
UI = D005826
Genetics, Microbial
AN = GEN & unspecified only: prefer /genet with specific microbes: Manual 19.8.34; Manual 22.25; Manual 28.36.8.1; TN 196: avoid as an added coord with better specifics; SPEC qualif permitted when viewed as specialty; DF: GENET MICROBIAL
MS = A branch of genetics which deals with the genetic mechanisms and processes of microorganisms.
UI = D005827
Genetics, Population
AN = human & animal; specify geog: Manual 36.26 CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The study of the genetic composition of populations and of the effects of factors such as selection, population size, mutation, migration, and genetic drift on the frequencies of various genotypes and phenotypes.
UI = D005828
Geniculate Bodies
MS = Part of the diencephalon inferior to the caudal end of the dorsal thalamus. Includes the lateral geniculate body which relays visual impulses from the optic tract to the calcarine cortex, and the medial geniculate body which relays auditory impulses from the lateral lemniscus to the auditory cortex.
UI = D005829
Geniculate Ganglion
AN = sensory ganglion of facial (7th cranial) nerve; neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = The sensory ganglion of the facial (7th cranial) nerve. The geniculate ganglion cells send central processes to the brain stem and peripheral processes to the taste buds in the anterior tongue, the soft palate, and the skin of the external auditory meatus and the mastoid process.
UI = D005830
Genistein
MS = An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE and topoisomerase-II (DNA TOPOISOMERASE (ATP-HYDROLYSING)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines.
UI = D019833
Genital Diseases, Female
AN = human & animal; GEN: prefer specifics CATALOG: form qualif permitted
UI = D005831
Genital Diseases, Male
AN = human & animal; GEN: prefer specifics
UI = D005832
Genital Neoplasms, Female
AN = human & animal; GEN or unspecified only: prefer specifics; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; /vet: consider also VENEREAL TUMORS, VETERINARY
UI = D005833
Genital Neoplasms, Male
AN = human & animal; GEN or unspecified only: prefer specifics PENILE NEOPLASMS, PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS, TESTICULAR NEOPLASMS; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; /vet: consider also VENEREAL TUMORS, VETERINARY
MS = Neoplasms of the male genitalia.
UI = D005834
Genitalia
AN = GEN; GENITALIA, FEMALE & GENITALIA, MALE are also available but prefer even better specifics
UI = D005835
Genitalia, Female
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; /surg: consider also GYNECOLOGIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; dis = GENITAL DISEASES, FEMALE
UI = D005836
Genitalia, Male
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; dis = GENITAL DISEASES, MALE
MS = The male reproductive organs. They are divided into the external organs (penis, scrotum, and urethra) and the internal organs (testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, prostate, and bulbourethral gland.
UI = D005837
Genome
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with animal /genet (IM) or organism /genet (IM) but see specifics for indexing of coords; no qualif
MS = The complete gene complement of an organism. It is contained in a set of chromosomes in eukaryotes, a single chromosome in bacteria, or a DNA or RNA molecule in viruses.
UI = D016678
Genome, Bacterial
AN = no qualif; coord IM with specific bacterium /genet (IM); DF: GENOME BACT
MS = The complete gene complement contained in a single chromosome in a bacterium.
UI = D016680
Genome, Fungal
AN = no qualif; coord IM with specific fungus /genet (IM)
MS = The complete gene complement contained in a set of chromosomes in a fungus.
UI = D016681
Genome, Human
AN = "the complete gene complement contained in a set of chromosomes in a human"; no qualif
MS = The complete gene complement contained in a set of chromosomes in a human, either haploid (the set derived from one parent) or diploid (the double set, derived from both parents). The haploid set contains 50,000 to 100,000 genes and about 3 billion base pairs.
UI = D015894
Genomic Imprinting
MS = The variable phenotypic expression of a gene depending on whether it is of paternal or maternal origin, which is a function of the methylation pattern. Imprinted regions are observed to be more methylated and less transcriptionally active. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
UI = D018392
Genome, Plant
AN = no qualif; coord IM with specific plant /genet (IM)
MS = The complete gene complement contained in a set of chromosomes in a plant.
UI = D018745
Genome, Protozoan
AN = no qualif; coord IM with specific protozoan /genet (IM)
MS = The complete gene complement contained in a set of chromosomes in a protozoan.
UI = D018503
Genome, Viral
AN = no qualif; coord IM with specific virus /genet (IM)
MS = The complete gene complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.
UI = D016679
Genomic Library
AN = a form of gene library containing complete DNA seq; no qualif
MS = A form of GENE LIBRARY containing the complete DNA sequences present in the genome of a given organism. It contrasts with a cDNA library which contains only sequences utilized in protein coding (lacking introns).
UI = D015698
Genotype
AN = NIM; no qualif
MS = The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes.
UI = D005838
Gentamicins
AN = aminoglycoside antibiotics
MS = A complex of three different closely related aminoglycoside sulfates, Gentamicins C1, C2, and C1(subA), obtained from Micromonospora purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. It acts during the translation phase of protein synthesis.
UI = D005839
Gentian Violet
AN = an anti-infective & antinematodal agent; D25-26 qualif
MS = A dye occuring as a dark green powder or greenish glistening pieces having a metallic luster, with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties, applied topically in the treatment of infections of the skin and muscous membranes associated with gram-positive bacteria and molds, and administered orally in pinworm and liver fluke infections. It has been given in strongyloidosis. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D005840
Gentisates
MS = Salts and esters of gentisic acid.
UI = D005841
Geographic Locations
AN = not used for indexing; Cat Z: do not confuse with GEOGRAPHY (Cat H); rules on Cat Z terms as coords: Manual section 36; DF: GEOGR LOCATIONS
MS = All of the continents and every country situated within, the UNITED STATES and each of the constituent states arranged by region, CANADA and each of its provinces, AUSTRALIA and each of its states, the major bodies of water and major islands on both hemispheres, and selected major cities. Although the geographic locations are not printed in INDEX MEDICUS as main headings, in indexing they are significant in epidemiologic studies and historical articles and for locating administrative units in education and the delivery of health care.
UI = D005842
Geography
AN = for Earth, Moon, etc.; must discuss geog features (lakes, streams, shores, mountains, plains, seas, etc.); not for epidemiol aspects of disease nor for occur of diseases in cities named in a country or a country ( = /epidemiol); no qualif unless as SPEC; for X ref GEOGRAPHY, MEDICAL, do not coord with MEDICINE; TOPOGRAPHY, MEDICAL is also available; DF: GEOGR
MS = The science that deals with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including man and his industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (Webster, 3d ed)
UI = D005843
Geologic Sediments
AN = not restricted to water, marine or fresh: read MeSH definition; DF: GEOL SEDIMENTS
MS = A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)
UI = D019015
Geology
AN = for Earth, Moon, etc.; DF: GEOL
UI = D005844
Georgia
AN = U.S. only; do not confuse with GEORGIA (REPUBLIC) in the former Soviet Union
UI = D005845
Georgia (Republic)
UI = D005846
Geotrichosis
AN = fungus dis
MS = Infection due to the fungus Geotrichum.
UI = D005847
Geotrichum
AN = infection = GEOTRICHOSIS
MS = A mitosporic Saccharomycetales fungal genus, various species of which have been isolated from pulmonary lesions. Teleomorphs include Dipodascus and Galactomyces.
UI = D005848
Gerbillinae
AN = rodents; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
MS = A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.
UI = D005849
Geriatric Assessment
AN = DF: GERIATRIC ASSESS
MS = Evaluation of the level of physical, physiological, or mental functioning in the older population group.
UI = D015577
Geriatric Dentistry
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: GERIATRIC DENT
MS = The branch of dentistry concerned with the dental problems of older people.
UI = D005850
Geriatric Nursing
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; check also tag AGED
MS = Nursing care of the aged patient given in the home, the hospital, or special institutions such as nursing homes, psychiatric institutions, etc.
UI = D005851
Geriatric Psychiatry
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif, not for mental disorders in the aged ( = MENTAL DISORDERS (IM) + AGED (NIM) ): Manual 27.9
MS = A subspecialty of psychiatry concerned with the mental health of the aged.
UI = D005852
Geriatrics
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; when permitted for "geriatric dis": Manual 28.10.1; relation to AGED: Manual 34.10.1
MS = The branch of medicine concerned with the physiological and pathological aspects of the aged, including the clinical problems of senescence and senility.
UI = D005853
Germ Cells
AN = GEN; prefer specific OVUM or SPERMATOZOA; A 11 qualif & /growth
MS = The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms.
UI = D005854
Germ Layers
AN = A 11 qualif
MS = The three layers of cells comprising the early embryo.
UI = D005855
Germ-Free Life
AN = IM
MS = Animals not contaminated by or associated with any foreign organisms.
UI = D005856
Germanium
AN = Ge-74; Ge-70, 72, 73, 76 = GERMANIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Ge-65-69, 71, 75, 77, 78 = GERMANIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = Germanium. A rare metal element, having the appearance of a bluish gray metalloid, atomic number 32, atomic weight 72.59, symbol Ge. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D005857
Germany
AN = for Germany before 23 May 1949 & after 3 Oct 1990; for historical articles before & after 1949: Manual 36.11; BERLIN is also available
UI = D005858
Germany, East
AN = for East Germany 7 Oct 1949-3 Oct 1990; Manual 36.11; BERLIN is also available; in German texts as DDR (Deutsche Demokratische Republik)
UI = D005859
Germany, West
AN = for West Germany 23 May 1949-3 Oct 1990; Manual 36.11; BERLIN is also available; in German texts as BRD (Bundesrepublik Deutschland)
UI = D005860
Germine Acetates
AN = antihypertensive agents
MS = Germine derivatives acetylated on any one or more of the hydroxy groups. These compounds are present in many polyester alkaloids which occur in Veratrum and Zygadenus species. They are used as antihypertensive agents, and in some cases, exhibit curare-like activity.
UI = D005861
Germ-Line Mutation
AN = germ-line refers to germ cells (ovum or spermatozoon), not micro-organisms
MS = Any detectable and heritable alteration in the lineage of germ cells. Mutations in these cells (i.e., "generative" cells ancestral to the gametes) are transmitted to progeny while those in somatic cells are not.
UI = D018095
Germinal Center
MS = The area in the center of a lymph node containing aggregations of actively proliferating lymphocytes (antibody-forming B cells). It appears as a spherical mass surrounded by a capsule of elongated cells that is partially invested by a crescentic cap of small lymphocytes. Germinal centers are also found in the spleen, thymus, and chicken caecal tonsil. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D018858
Germination
AN = initial stages of seed growth
MS = The initial stages of the growth of a seed into a seedling. The embryonic shoot (plumule) and embryonic root (radicle) emerge and grow upwards and downwards respectively. Food reserves for germination come from endosperm tissue within the seed and/or from the seed leaves (cotyledons). (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
UI = D018525
Germinoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the gonads, mediastinum, or pineal region. The degree of differentiation to form adult cell types varies. The germ cell tumors of infants and children reflect the transformation of primordial cells that have failed to migrate to their predestined location. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. Germinomas comprise about 3% of childhood neoplasms; almost 67% arise in extragonadal sites. They account for 10% of ovarian tumors in children and 15% of all germ cell tumors. (Stedman, 25th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)
UI = D018237
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BONE NEOPLASMS (IM) or specific precoord bone/neopl term (IM) or specific bone (IM) + BONE NEOPLASMS (IM); osteoblastoclastoma: coord IM with OSTEOBLASTOMA (IM) + organ/neopl coords (IM)
MS = A bone tumor composed of cellular spindle-cell stroma containing scattered multinucleated giant cells resembling osteoclasts. The tumors range from benign to frankly malignant lesions. The tumor occurs most frequently in an end of a long tubular bone in young adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D018212
Giardiavirus
AN = a genus of the family Totiviridae; infects the protozoan Giardia lamblia; coord IM with GIARDIA LAMBLIA /virol (IM)
MS = A genus of RNA protozoan viruses of the family TOTIVIRIDAE. It infects many isolates of the flagellated protozoan human parasite G. lamblia, but does not seem to be associated with the virulence of the parasite. The type species is Giardia lamblia virus.
UI = D019198
Gingival Overgrowth
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY or GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA
MS = Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY) or by an increase in their number (GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)
UI = D019214
Gerstmann's Syndrome
AN = a type of agnosia: do not confuse with GERSTMANN-STRAUSSLER SYNDROME, a slow virus dis
MS = Tetrad of finger agnosia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, and right-left disorientation. The syndrome can occur in brain-damaged and apparently normal children as well as in adults who have had vascular accidents.
UI = D005862
Gerstmann-Straussler Syndrome
AN = a prion dis: do not confuse with GERSTMANN'S SYNDROME, a type of agnosia
MS = Familially occurring neurodegenerative condition that has morphological similarities to CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME. In Gerstmann-Straussler syndrome there is slower progression, signs of spinocerebellar ataxia, and the spongiosis is less pronounced. Prion proteins and amyloid plaques are found in the brain of patients with the syndrome. A germline mutation of the prion protein has been demonstrated.
UI = D016098
Gestalt Theory
MS = A system which emphasizes that experience and behavior contain basic patterns and relationships which cannot be reduced to simpler components; that is, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
UI = D005863
Gestalt Therapy
AN = a psychother technique; DF: GESTALT THER
MS = A form of psychotherapy with emphasis on the interplay of organism and environment. Basic to this therapy is the development of awareness and maturity, as well as self-confidence.
UI = D005864
Gestational Age
AN = mammalian only; no qualif; for fetus, not mother; with PREGNANCY TRIMESTERS terms, specify trimester but do not also use GESTATIONAL AGE
MS = Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis.
UI = D005865
Gestonorone Caproate
AN = a synthetic progestational hormone
MS = A long-acting potent progestogen structurally related to PROGESTERONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1185)
UI = D005866
Gestosis, EPH
AN = EPH stands for Edema, Proteinuria, Hypertension; check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY
MS = Hypertensive state associated with edema and proteinuria which develops during pregnancy up to the 20th week of gestation, after which it is classified as pre-eclampsia.
UI = D015184
Gestrinone
AN = a female contraceptive
MS = A non-estrogenic contraceptive which is a weak progestin with strong anti-progesterone properties. It is effective if used once a week orally or can also be used in intravaginal devices.
UI = D005867
Gestures
AN = no qualif
MS = Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication.
UI = D005868
Ghana
AN = a republic in western Africa; X ref GOLD COAST was its former name
MS = A republic in western Africa, south of BURKINA FASO and west of TOGO. Its capital is Accra. It was called the Gold Coast until 1957, from the gold discovered there by the Portuguese in the late 15th century. A center for slave trade, it was acquired by the British in the 19th century and became independent in 1957. Ghana took its name from a tribal leader that stands for king. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p441 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p206)
UI = D005869
Giant Cell Tumors
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM) but GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE is available
MS = Tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. The most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE.
UI = D005870
Giant Cells
AN = any very large cell; A 11 qualif
MS = Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus.
UI = D015726
Giant Cells, Foreign-Body
AN = a type of macrophage; A 11 qualif
MS = Multinucleated cells (fused macrophages), characteristic of granulomatous inflammation, which form around exogenous material in the skin. They are similar in appearance to Langhans giant cells (GIANT CELLS, LANGHANS), but foreign-body giant cells have more abundant chromatin and their nuclei are scattered in an irregular pattern in the cytoplasm.
UI = D015743
Giant Cells, Langhans
AN = a type of macrophage; do not confuse with LANGERHANS CELLS (cutaneous) nor with ISLETS OF LANGERHANS (pancreatic); A 11 qualif
MS = Multinucleated cells (fused macrophages) seen in granulomatous inflammations such as tuberculosis, syphilis, sarcoidosis, and deep fungal infections. They resemble foreign-body giant cells (GIANT CELLS, FOREIGN BODY) but Langhans giant cells contain less chromatin and their nuclei are arranged peripherally in a horseshoe-shaped pattern. Langhans giant cells occur frequently in delayed hypersensitivity.
UI = D015744
Giant Lymph Node Hyperplasia
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = Large benign, hyperplastic lymph nodes. The more common hyaline vascular subtype is characterized by small hyaline vascular follicles and interfollicular capillary proliferations. Plasma cells are often present and represent another subtype with the plasma cells containing IgM and IgA.
UI = D005871
Giardia
AN = infection = GIARDIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A genus of flagellate intestinal protozoa parasitic in various vertebrates, including humans. Characteristics include the presence of four pairs of flagella arising from a complicated system of axonemes and cysts that are ellipsoidal to ovoidal in shape.
UI = D005872
Giardia lamblia
AN = infection = GIARDIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN; a virus infecting Giardia lamblia is named GIARDIAVIRUS: read MeSH definition there
MS = A species of parasitic protozoa that attaches itself to the intestinal mucosa and feeds on mucous secretions. The organism is roughly pear-shaped and motility is somewhat erratic, with a slow oscillation about the long axis. Considered for many years to be non-pathogenic and often found in completely asymptomatic individuals, there is presently strong evidence for its pathogenic potential.
UI = D016829
Giardiasis
AN = protozoan infect of intestines
MS = An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA LAMBLIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.
UI = D005873
Gibberella
AN = an ascomycete yielding gibberellin & gibberellic acid
MS = A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Hypocreaceae, order Hypocreales including several pathogens of grains and cereals. It is also the source of plant growth regulators such as gibberellin and gibberellic acid.
UI = D005874
Gibberellins
AN = plant growth regulators
MS = A class of plant growth hormone isolated from cultures of Gibberella fujikuroi, a fungus causing Bakanae disease in rice. There are many different members of the family as well as mixtures of multiple members; all are diterpenoid acids based on the gibberellane skeleton.
UI = D005875
Gibraltar
UI = D005876
Gigantism
AN = manifest of hyperpituitarism
MS = The condition of abnormal overgrowth or excessive size of the whole body or any of its parts.
UI = D005877
Gilbert's Disease
AN = a low-grade chronic hyperbilirubinemia; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A benign familial disorder, transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. It is characterized by low-grade chronic hyperbilirubinemia with considerable daily fluctuations of the bilirubin level.
UI = D005878
Gills
UI = D005880
Gingiva
AN = /surg: prefer GINGIVOPLASTY or GINGIVECTOMY; inflammation = GINGIVITIS; peripheral giant cell granuloma = GINGIVAL DISEASES (IM) + GRANULOMA, GIANT CELL (IM), central giant cell granuloma = JAW DISEASES (IM) + GRANULOMA, GIANT CELL (IM)
UI = D005881
Gingival Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = GINGIVITIS or PERICORONITIS; note X ref EPULIS: EPULIS /congen = EPULIS, CONGENITAL see GINGIVAL NEOPLASMS & is indexed GINGIVAL NEOPLASMS /congen
UI = D005882
Gingival Crevicular Fluid
AN = note X ref; crevicular refers to the gingival crevice
MS = A fluid occurring in minute amounts in the gingival crevice, believed by some authorities to be an inflammatory exudate and by others to cleanse material from the crevice, containing sticky plasma proteins which improve adhesions of the epithelial attachment, have antimicrobial properties, and exert antibody activity. (From Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
UI = D005883
Gingival Hemorrhage
AN = as a result of gingival or periodontal dis or inj: do not confuse with BLEEDING ON PROBING, GINGIVAL see PERIDONTAL INDEX
MS = The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as gingivitis, marginal periodontitis, injury, and ascorbic acid deficiency.
UI = D005884
Gingival Hyperplasia
AN = differentiate from GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY
MS = Non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. It is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p400)
UI = D005885
Gingival Hypertrophy
AN = differentiate from GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA
MS = Abnormal enlargement or overgrowth of the gingivae brought about by enlargement of existing cells.
UI = D005886
Gingival Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); note X ref EPULIS, CONGENITAL: do not confuse with EPULIS see GINGIVAL DISEASES; index EPULIS, CONGENITAL under GINGIVAL NEOPLASMS /congen
UI = D005887
Gingival Pocket
AN = do not confuse with PERIODONTAL POCKET: read MeSH definition
MS = An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.
UI = D005888
Gingival Recession
AN = exposure of root surface
MS = The exposure of root surface by an apical shift in the position of the gingiva.
UI = D005889
Gingivectomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Surgical excision of the gingiva at the level of its attachment, thus creating new marginal gingiva. This procedure is used to eliminate gingival or periodontal pockets or to provide an approach for extensive surgical interventions, and to gain access necessary to remove calculus within the pocket. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D005890
Gingivitis
UI = D005891
Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative
MS = An acute or chronic gingival infection characterized by redness and swelling, necrosis extending from the interdental papillae along the gingival margins, pain, hemorrhage, necrotic odor, and often a pseudomembrane. The condition may extend to the oral mucosa, tongue, palate, or pharynx.
UI = D005892
Gingivoplasty
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Surgical reshaping of the gingivae and papillae for correction of deformities (particularly enlargements) and to provide the gingivae with a normal and functional form, the incision creating an external bevel. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D005893
Ginkgo biloba
MS = Plant of the order Ginkgoales. This order included a group of gymnosperms composed of the family Ginkgoaceae, which comprised approximately 15 genera that date from the Permian period of the Paleozoic era, some 286 to 245 million years ago. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the species or to this specific member.
UI = D020441
Genes, rRNA
MS = Genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the RNA which is incorporated into ribosomes. Prokaryotic rRNA genes are usually found in operons dispersed throughout the genome, whereas eukaryotic rRNA genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units.
UI = D020459
Ginseng
AN = used as a tonic, stimulant & aphrodisiac
MS = An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine.
UI = D005894
Gizzard
AN = dis: coord IM with STOMACH DISEASES /vet (IM); neopl: coord IM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS /vet (IM) + histol type (IM)
UI = D005895
Glanders
AN = Pseudomonas infect; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL; don't forget also HORSES (NIM) but do not index under HORSE DISEASES
MS = A contagious disease of horses that can be transmitted to humans. It is caused by Pseudomonas mallei and characterized by ulceration of the respiratory mucosa and an eruption of nodules on the skin.
UI = D005896
Glafenine
MS = An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.
UI = D005897
Glare
AN = a harsh bright light; usually causes eye discomfort
MS = Relatively bright light, or the dazzling sensation of relatively bright light, which produces unpleasantness or discomfort, or which interferes with optimal vision. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
UI = D019466
Glasgow Coma Scale
AN = for assessment of coma in head and brain inj; no qualif
MS = A scale that assesses the degree of coma in patients with craniocerebral injuries; also assesses brain function, brain damage, and patient progress.
UI = D015600
Glass
AN = few qualif apply
MS = Hard, amorphous, brittle, inorganic, usually transparent, polymerous silicate of basic oxides, usually potassium or sodium. It is used in the form of hard sheets, vessels, tubing, fibers, ceramics, beads, etc.
UI = D005898
Glass Ionomer Cements
AN = dent cements; D25-26 qualif
MS = A polymer obtained by reacting polyacrylic acid with a special anion-leachable glass (alumino-silicate). The resulting cement is more durable and tougher than others in that the materials comprising the polymer backbone do not leach out.
UI = D005899
Glaucarubin
AN = an amebicide; /biosyn permitted if by plant
MS = (1 beta,2 alpha,11 beta,12 alpha,15 beta(S))-11,20-Epoxy-1,2,11,12-tetrahydroxy-15-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-oxobutoxy)picras-3-en-16-one. A quassinoid (Simaroubolide) from Simaruba glauca, a tropical shrub. It has been used as an antiamebic agent and is found to be cytotoxic. It may be of use in cancer chemotherapy.
UI = D005900
Glaucoma
AN = pathol increase in intraocular pressure: differentiate from OCULAR HYPERTENSION ("intraocular pressure above normal & which may lead to glaucoma"); /surg: consider also FILTERING SURGERY or SCLEROSTOMY or TRABECULECTOMY
MS = An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
UI = D005901
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure
AN = do not confuse with GLAUCOMA, OPEN-ANGLE: note X ref
MS = A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.
UI = D015812
Glaucoma Drainage Implants
MS = Devices, usually incorporating unidirectional valves, which are surgically inserted in the sclera to maintain normal intraocular pressure.
UI = D020327
Glaucoma, Neovascular
MS = A form of secondary glaucoma which develops as a consequence of another ocular disease and is attributed to the forming of new vessels in the angle of the anterior chamber.
UI = D015355
Glaucoma, Open-Angle
AN = do not confuse with GLAUCOMA, CLOSED-ANGLE see GLAUCOMA, ANGLE-CLOSURE
MS = Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.
UI = D005902
Gliadin
AN = from gluten
MS = Simple protein, one of the prolamines, derived from the gluten of wheat, rye, etc. May be separated into 4 discrete electrophoretic fractions. It is the toxic factor associated with celiac disease.
UI = D005903
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
AN = an intermediate filament protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: GFAP
MS = An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.
UI = D005904
Gliocladium
MS = A mitosporic fungal genus occurring in soil or decaying plant matter. It is structurally similar to Penicillium.
UI = D020462
Glioma, Subependymal
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord brain/neopl term (IM) + site (IM); do not confuse with ASTROCYTOMA, SUBEPENDYMAL GIANT CELL see GLIOMA
MS = An ependymoma in which there is a diffuse proliferation of subependymal fibrillary astrocytes among the ependymal tumor cells. Discrete lobulated ependymal nodules in the walls of the anterior third or posterior fourth ventricle are commonly found at autopsy. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D018315
Gliosarcoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord brain/neopl term (IM) + site (IM)
MS = A glioma consisting of immature, undifferentiated, pleomorphic, spindle-shaped cells with relatively large, hyperchromatic, frequently bizarre nuclei and poorly formed fibrillary processes. It is sometimes used as a term for a malignant neoplasm derived from connective tissue (e.g., that associated with blood vessels in the brain) in which there are proliferating glial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D018316
Glossinidae
AN = a family of Diptera occurring only in Africa; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
MS = A family of the order DIPTERA that includes the TSETSE FLIES. These flies occur only in Africa.
UI = D018429
Gloves, Protective
AN = for patients, lab or indust workers, housewives, police, etc.; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; GLOVES, SURGICAL is also available
MS = Coverings for the hands, usually with separations for the fingers, made of various materials, for protection against infections, toxic substances, extremes of hot and cold, radiations, water immersion, etc. The gloves may be worn by patients, care givers, housewives, laboratory and industrial workers, police, etc.
UI = D017575
Glucose Intolerance
AN = an inborn or acquired error of carbohydrate metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS but also occurs with other diseases.
UI = D018149
Glucose-6-Phosphate
MS = An ester of glucose with phosphoric acid, made in the course of glucose metabolism by mammalian and other cells. It is a normal constituent of resting muscle and probably is in constant equilibrium with fructose-6-phosphate. (Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D019298
Glutamate Dehydrogenase (NADP+)
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate, H2O, and NADP+ to 2-oxoglutarate, NH3, and NADPH. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.4.1.4.
UI = D018086
Glutamic Acid
AN = an amino acid; /agon = EXCITATORY AMINO ACID AGONISTS; /antag = EXCITATORY AMINO ACID ANTAGONISTS
MS = An amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
UI = D018698
Glutathione Disulfide
MS = A glutathione derivative that forms when the sulfhydryl side chains of the cysteine residues of two glutathione molecules form a disulfide bond during the course of being oxidized with various oxides and peroxides in cells. Glutathione reductase, with the coupled oxidation of NADPH, reduces GSSG to two moles of glutathione. (From Dr. Micheal King, Terre Haute Center for Medical Education)
UI = D019803
Glyburide
AN = a hypoglycemic
MS = 5-Chloro-N-(2-(4-((((cyclohexylamino)carbonyl)amino)sulfonyl)phenyl)ethyl)-2-methyoxybenzamide. An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions similar to those of chlorpropamide.
UI = D005905
Gliclazide
AN = a hypoglycemic
MS = N-(((Hexahydrocyclopenta(c)pyrrol-2(1H)-yl)amino)carbonyl)- 4-methylbenzenesulfonamide. An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.
UI = D005907
Gliding Bacteria
AN = avoid: too general; prefer specific families & genera; DF: GLIDING BACT
MS = Bacteria having the ability to move upon a solid surface without any visible means of locomotion.
UI = D005908
Glioblastoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably precoord brain/neopl term + site (IM)
MS = A general term for malignant forms of astrocytoma. Grades III and IV glioblastoma are referred to as glioblastoma multiforme. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D005909
Glioma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); do not confuse X ref ASTROCYTOMA, SUBEPENDYMAL GIANT CELL with GLIOMA, SUBEPENDYMAL
MS = A malignant tumor composed of tissue which represents neuroglia in any one of its stages of development. The term is sometimes extended to include all the primary intrinsic neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord, including astrocytomas, ependymomas, neurocytomas, etc. Gliomas are the most common primary tumors of the brain. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p. 1560)
UI = D005910
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative
AN = do not confuse with GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, MEMBRANOUS; do not make diagnoses: use the term used by the author; DF: note short X ref
MS = Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of mesangial cells, increase in the mesangial matrix, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. The wall thickening is sometimes said to be a result of the interposition of mesangial cytoplasm or matrix between the basement membrane and the endothelium of the capillary wall. It is often divided into types I and II, and sometimes III. Pathogenesis is not well understood, but some types are thought to involve the immune system, with the complement system, in particular, being implicated.
UI = D015432
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous
AN = do not confuse with GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE; do not make diagnoses: use the term used by the author; DF: note short X ref
MS = A disease of the glomerulus manifested clinically by proteinuria, and sometimes by other features of the nephrotic syndrome. It is histologically characterized by deposits in the glomerular capillary wall between the epithelial cell and the basement membrane and a thickening of the membrane. Also characteristic are outward projections of the membrane between the epithelial deposits in the form of "spikes". There is some agreement that the deposits are antigen-antibody complexes.
UI = D015433
Gliosis
AN = refers to excess of astroglia
MS = The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion.
UI = D005911
Gliotoxin
AN = an immunosuppressive mycotoxin; /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; /biosyn permitted if by fungus
MS = A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.
UI = D005912
Glipizide
AN = a hypoglycemic
MS = An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.
UI = D005913
Globin
AN = "the protein constituent of hemoglobin"
MS = The protein constituent of hemoglobin. It is also used for any member of a group of proteins similar to the typical globin. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D005914
Globosides
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Glycosphingolipids containing N-acetylglucosamine (paragloboside) or N-acetylgalactosamine (globoside). Globoside is the P antigen on erythrocytes and paragloboside is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of erythrocyte blood group ABH and P 1 glycosphingolipid antigens. The accumulation of globoside in tissue, due to a defect in hexosaminidases A and B, is the cause of Sandhoff disease.
UI = D005915
Globulins
AN = GEN; permeability globulins: index under SERUM GLOBULINS; EUGLOBULINS & PSEUDOGLOBULINS are see refs to SERUM GLOBULINS; do not confuse with GLOBULINS, IMMUNE see IMMUNOGLOBULINS, INTRAVENOUS
UI = D005916
Globus Pallidus
AN = the oldest part of the corpus striatum, hence paleo- in X ref PALEOSTRIATUM
MS = The representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. It forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus.
UI = D005917
Glomus Tumor
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A blue-red, extremely painful paraganglioma involving a glomeriform arteriovenous anastomosis (glomus body), which may be found anywhere in the skin, most often in the distal portion of the fingers and toes, especially beneath the nail. They may also occur in the stomach and nasal cavity. It is composed of specialized pericytes (sometimes termed glomus cells), usually in single encapsulated nodular masses which may be several millimeters in diameter. When located in the usual subungual site, the abundant innervation makes the tumor exquisitely painful; when located elsewhere, the glomus tumor is painless. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
UI = D005918
Glomerular Filtration Rate
AN = a kidney funct test; NIM
MS = The quantity of glomerular filtrate (the volume of water filtered out of the plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsule) formed per unit time in all nephrons of both kidneys. It is considered to be equivalent to the inulin clearance, usually measured clinically by endogenous creatinine clearance. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D005919
Glomerular Mesangium
MS = The thin membrane which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus. It is connective tissue composed of mesangial cells - myofibroblasts phenotypically related to vascular smooth muscle cells (MUSCLE, SMOOTH, VASCULAR), PHAGOCYTES and the mesangial EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.
UI = D005920
Glomerulonephritis
AN = "minimal lesion glomerulonephritis" = GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS, FOCAL
MS = Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury.
UI = D005921
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
AN = IGA deposits in the mesangium; do not confuse X ref BERGER'S DISEASE with BUERGER'S DISEASE see THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS
MS = Chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by recurring hematuria with only slight proteinuria and by deposits of IGA immunoglobulin in the mesangial areas of the renal glomeruli. It usually occurs in young males.
UI = D005922
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal
AN = a form of glomerulonephritis
MS = Glomerular disease characterized by focal and segmental areas of glomerular sclerosis, usually commencing in the juxtamedullary glomeruli and gradually spreading to involve other parts of the kidney, with eventual kidney failure.
UI = D005923
Glomus Jugulare
AN = a nonchromaffin paraganglion
MS = A nonchromaffin paraganglion located in the wall of the jugular bulb. The most common tumors of the middle ear arise from this tissue. (Lockard, Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 1992, p114)
UI = D005924
Glomus Jugulare Tumor
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; organ/neopl & histol coords not necessary
MS = A paraganglioma involving the glomus jugulare, a microscopic collection of chemoreceptor tissue in the adventitia of the bulb of the jugular vein. It may cause paralysis of the vocal cords, attacks of dizziness, blackouts, and nystagmus. It is not resectable but radiation therapy is effective. It regresses slowly, but permanent control is regularly achieved. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1603-4)
UI = D005925
Glossalgia
AN = painful tongue
MS = Painful sensations in the tongue, including a sensation of burning.
UI = D005926
Glossectomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Partial or total surgical excision of the tongue. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D005927
Glossitis
AN = inflamm of the tongue
MS = Inflammation of the tongue.
UI = D005928
Glossitis, Benign Migratory
AN = migratory refers to colored lesions which change position every few days
MS = An inflammatory disease of the tongue of unknown etiology, characterized by multiple annular areas of desquamation of the filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue, usually presenting pinkish-red central lesions outlined by thin, yellowish lines or bands that change patterns and shift from one area to another every few days. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D005929
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
AN = 9th cranial nerve; dis: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus.
UI = D005930
Glottis
AN = glottitis: coord NIM with LARYNGITIS (IM); stenosis = LARYNGOSTENOSIS
MS = The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis).
UI = D005931
Gloves, Surgical
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition: DF: GLOVES SURG
MS = Gloves, usually rubber, worn by surgeons, examining physicians, dentists, and other health personnel for the mutual protection of personnel and patient.
UI = D005932
Glucagon
AN = do not confuse with ENTEROGLUCAGON secreted by the intestine
MS = A pancreatic hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans. It is a 29-amino acid straight chain polypeptide (MW 3550 D) that plays an important role in regulation of blood glucose concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511)
UI = D005934
Glucagonoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = Glucagon-secreting tumor of the pancreatic alpha cells characterized by a distinctive rash, weight loss, stomatitis, glossitis, diabetes, hypoaminoacidemia, and normochromic normocytic anemia.
UI = D005935
1,4-alpha-Glucan Branching Enzyme
AN = DF: GLUCAN BRANCHING ENZYME
MS = In glycogen or amylopectin synthesis, the enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a segment of a 1,4-alpha-glucan chain to a primary hydroxy group in a similar glucan chain. EC 2.4.1.18.
UI = D015061
Glucan Endo-1,3-beta-D-Glucosidase
AN = DF: ENDO GLUCANASE
MS = An enzyme that hydrolyzes 1,3-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in 1,3-beta-D-glucans including laminarin, paramylon, and pachyman. EC 3.2.1.39.
UI = D004693
Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase
AN = /defic: consider also GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE II; DF: note short X ref
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal 1,4-linked alpha-D-glucose residues successively from non-reducing ends of polysaccharide chains with the release of beta-glucose. It is also able to hydrolyze 1,6-alpha-glucosidic bonds when the next bond in sequence is 1,4. EC 3.2.1.3.
UI = D005087
Glucans
AN = polysaccharides
MS = Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.
UI = D005936
Glucaric Acid
MS = D-Glucaric acid. A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.
UI = D005937
Glucocorticoids
AN = GEN: avoid: prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted; /admin: consider also GLUCOCORTICOIDS, TOPICAL; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to GLUCOCORTICOIDS, SYNTHETIC
MS = A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.
UI = D005938
Glucocorticoids, Synthetic
AN = do not confuse with GLUCOCORTICOIDS /chem syn; DF: GLUCOCORTICOIDS SYN
MS = Synthetic chemical compounds which increase gluconeogenesis, raising the concentration of liver glycogen and blood sugar, but differ in structure from naturally occurring glucocorticoids.
UI = D005939
Glucocorticoids, Topical
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; steroidal anti-inflamm agents
MS = A class of corticosteroids that produces suppression of inflammatory diseases when applied as ointments, lotions, or other topical dosage forms. Penetration of the preparations may be increased by means of occlusive dressings.
UI = D005940
Glucokinase
MS = A group of enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and D-glucose to ADP and D-glucose 6-phosphate. They are found in invertebrates and microorganisms, and are highly specific for glucose. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.2.
UI = D005941
Gluconates
AN = do not confuse with GLUCURONATES
UI = D005942
Gluconeogenesis
MS = The formation of glucose from molecules that are not themselves carbohydrates, as from amino acids, lactate, and the glycerol portion of fats. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D005943
Glucosamine
UI = D005944
Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase (Isomerizing)
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of fructose-6-phosphate plus glutamine from glutamate plus glucosamine-6-phosphate. EC 2.6.1.16.
UI = D005945
Glucuronosyltransferase
AN = /defic: consider also CRIGLER-NAJJAR SYNDROME & coord with BILIRUBIN /metab (NIM)
MS = A family of enzymes accepting a wide range of substrates, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and fatty acids. They function as drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of UDPglucuronic acid to a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. EC 2.4.1.17.
UI = D014453
Glucosaminidase
UI = D005946
Glucose
AN = /blood = BLOOD GLUCOSE but consider also HYPERGLYCEMIA & HYPOGLYCEMIA; /defic: consider also HYPOGLYCEMIA
MS = D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
UI = D005947
Glucose Clamp Technique
MS = Maintenance of a constant blood glucose level by perfusion or infusion with glucose or insulin. It is used for the study of metabolic rates (e.g., in glucose, lipid, amino acid metabolism) at constant glucose concentration.
UI = D015309
Glucose Dehydrogenases
MS = D-Glucose:1-oxidoreductases. Catalyzes the oxidation of D-glucose to D-glucono-gamma-lactone and reduced acceptor. Any acceptor except molecular oxygen is permitted. Includes EC 1.1.1.47; EC 1.1.1.118; EC 1.1.1.119 and EC 1.1.99.10.
UI = D005948
Glucose Oxidase
MS = An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of beta-D-glucose and oxygen to D-glucono-1,5-lactone and peroxide. It is a flavoprotein, highly specific for beta-D-glucose. The enzyme is produced by Penicillium notatum and other fungi and has antibacterial activity in the presence of glucose and oxygen. It is used to estimate glucose concentration in blood or urine samples through the formation of colored dyes by the hydrogen peroxide produced in the reaction. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.1.3.4.
UI = D005949
Glucose Solution, Hypertonic
AN = NIM: no qualif; when IM, use D25-26 qualif; DF: GLUCOSE SOL HYPERTONIC
MS = Solution that is usually 10 percent glucose but may be higher. An isotonic solution of glucose is 5 percent.
UI = D005950
Glucose Tolerance Test
AN = NIM
MS = Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose.
UI = D005951
Glucose-6-Phosphatase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-glucose 6-phosphate and water to D-glucose and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.9.
UI = D005952
Glycerophospholipids
MS = Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine.
UI = D020404
Growth Cones
MS = Bulbous enlargement of the growing tip of nerve axons and dendrites. They are crucial to neuronal development because of their pathfinding ability and their role in synaptogenesis.
UI = D020439
Glycine Agents
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Substances used for their pharmacological actions on glycinergic systems. Glycinergic agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
UI = D018684
Glycocalyx
AN = a carbohydrate-rich zone on cell surface
MS = The carbohydrate-rich zone on the cell surface. This zone can be visualized by a variety of stains as well as by its affinity for lectins. Although most of the carbohydrate is attached to intrinsic plasma membrane molecules, the glycocalyx usually also contains both glycoproteins and proteoglycans that have been secreted into the extracellular space and then adsorbed onto the cell surface. (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, p502)
UI = D019276
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.
UI = D005953
P-Glycoprotein
AN = P-GLYCOPROTEINS is also available
MS = A 170 kD transmembrane glycoprotein from the superfamily of ABC TRANSPORTERS. It serves as an ATP-dependent efflux pump for a variety of chemicals, including many ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS. Overexpression of this glycoprotein is associated with multidrug resistance (see DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE).
UI = D020168
P-Glycoproteins
AN = P-GLYCOPROTEIN is also available; P stands for "permeability"
MS = A subfamily of transmembrane proteins from the superfamily of ABC TRANSPORTERS. When overexpressed, they function as adenosine triphosphate-dependent efflux pumps able to extrude lipophilic drugs, especially ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, from cells causing multidrug resistance (DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE). Mammalian P-glycoproteins are encoded by small mdr gene families. There are several isotypes in multiple species.
UI = D018435
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase
AN = DF: GPD
UI = D005954
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
AN = a congen hemolytic anemia; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: GPD DEFIC CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of enzyme activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.
UI = D005955
Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate, and is a part of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, results in liver glycogenesis and hemolytic anemia. EC 5.3.1.9.
UI = D005956
Glucose (UTP)-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase (see:UTP-Glucose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase)
Glucosephosphates
UI = D005958
Glucosidases
MS = Enzymes that hydrolyze O-glucosyl-compounds. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.2.1.-.
UI = D005959
Glucosides
AN = do not confuse with GLYCOSIDES
UI = D005960
Glucosinolates
MS = Substituted thioglucosides. They are found in rapeseed (Brassica campestris) products and related cruciferae. They are metabolized to a variety of toxic products which are most likely the cause of hepatocytic necrosis in animals and humans.
UI = D005961
Glycosylation End Products, Advanced
AN = "products derived from the nonenzymatic reaction of glucose & proteins"; seen in diabetes mellitus; DF: GEPA
MS = Products derived from the nonenzymatic reaction of glucose and proteins in vivo that exhibit a yellow-brown pigmentation and an ability to participate in protein-protein cross-linking. These substances are involved in biological processes relating to protein turnover and it is believed that their excessive accumulation contributes to the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus.
UI = D017127
Glucosylceramidase
AN = /defic: consider also GAUCHER'S DISEASE
MS = A glycosidase that hydrolyzes a glucosylceramide to yield free ceramide plus glucose. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to abnormally high concentrations of glucosylceramide in the brain in Gaucher's disease. EC 3.2.1.45.
UI = D005962
Glucosylceramides
AN = cerebrosides
MS = Cerebrosides which contain as their polar head group a glucose moiety bound in glycosidic linkage to the hydroxyl group of ceramides. Their accumulation in tissue, due to a defect in beta-glucosidase, is the cause of Gaucher's disease.
UI = D005963
Glycosylphosphatidylinositols
AN = glycolipids; DF: GPTI
MS = Compounds containing carbohydrate or glycosyl groups linked to phosphatidylinositols. They act to anchor proteins or polysaccharides to cell membranes.
UI = D017261
Glucosyltransferases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glucose from a nucleoside diphosphate glucose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.
UI = D005964
Glucuronates
AN = do not confuse with GLUCONATES
UI = D005965
Glucuronidase
UI = D005966
Glue Proteins, Drosophila
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; DF: DME GLUE PROTEINS
MS = Glycosylated proteins which are part of the salivary glue that Drosophila larvae secrete as a means of fixing themselves to an external substrate for the duration of the pre-pupal and pupal period. The proteins which consist of at least eight polypeptides are encoded in the third larval instar by the Sgs-3, Sgs-4, Sgs-7 and Sgs-8 genes.
UI = D005967
Glutamate Decarboxylase
MS = A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GABA levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.
UI = D005968
Glutamate Dehydrogenase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and NH3 in the presence of NAD+. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.4.1.2.
UI = D005969
Glutamate Synthase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of 2 molecules of glutamate from glutamine plus alpha-ketoglutarate in the presence of NADPH. EC 1.4.1.13.
UI = D005970
Glutamates
AN = "salts & esters of glutamic acid", an amino acid; /agon = EXCITATORY AMINO ACID AGONISTS
MS = Salts and esters of glutamic acid.
UI = D005971
Glutaminase
UI = D005972
Glutamine
AN = an amino acid; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D005973
Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP, L-glutamate, and NH3 to ADP, orthophosphate, and L-glutamine. It also acts more slowly on 4-methylene-L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 6.3.1.2.
UI = D005974
Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase
MS = One of the enzymes active in the gamma-glutamyl cycle. It catalyzes the synthesis of gamma-glutamylcysteine from glutamate and cysteine in the presence of ATP with the formation of ADP and orthophosphate. EC 6.3.2.2.
UI = D005721
Glutamate-tRNA Ligase
MS = An enzyme that activates glutamic acid with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.17.
UI = D005975
Glutaral
MS = A disinfectant used for sterilization of equipment that cannot be heat-sterilized and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.
UI = D005976
Glutarates
UI = D005977
Glutathione
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A tripeptide that has a wide variety of roles in a cell; it is the most prevalent non-protein thiol. A deficiency of glutathione can cause hemolysis with oxidative stress. It is also the principal low molecular weight thiol compound in living plant cells. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D005978
Glutathione Peroxidase
MS = An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9.
UI = D005979
Glutathione Reductase
UI = D005980
Glutathione Synthase
MS = One of the enzymes active in the gamma-glutamyl cycle. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutathione from gamma-glutamylcysteine and glycine in the presence of ATP with the formation of ADP and orthophosphate. EC 6.3.2.3.
UI = D005981
Glutathione Transferase
MS = A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic radicals as well as epoxides and arene oxides to glutathione. Addition takes place at the sulfur atom. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite. EC 2.5.1.18.
UI = D005982
Gluten
AN = a plant protein
MS = A protein substance of wheat which is intermixed with the starchy endosperm of the grain. It causes the carbon dioxide produced during dough fermentation to be retained by the dough in a manner which provides the porous and spongy structure of bread. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D005983
Glutethimide
AN = a nonbarbiturate sedative
MS = A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.
UI = D005984
Glyceraldehyde
UI = D005985
Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate
AN = /physiol permitted
MS = 2-Hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propanal. An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis.
UI = D005986
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases
MS = A group of three enzymes, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) that forms 3-phosphoglycerate, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (NADP+) (phosphorylating), that form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. The latter two are key enzymes in glycolysis. EC 1.2.1.9, EC 1.2.1.12, EC 1.2.1.13.
UI = D005987
Glyceric Acids
UI = D005988
Glycerides
AN = lipids
UI = D005989
Glycerol
AN = Acyl derivatives are GLYCERIDES and its indentions
MS = A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is the backbone of many lipids and an important intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Pharmaceutical preparations of glycerol are referred to as glycerin, a clear, colorless, syrupy liquid. It is obtained as a by-product of soap, by carbohydrate fermentation, and by propylene synthesis. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D005990
Glycerol Kinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of glycerol 3-phosphate from ATP and glycerol. Dihydroxyacetone and L-glyceraldehyde can also act as acceptors; UTP and, in the case of the yeast enzyme, ITP and GTP can act as donors. It provides a way for glycerol derived from fats or glycerides to enter the glycolytic pathway. EC 2.7.1.30.
UI = D005991
Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that transfers acyl groups from acyl-CoA to glycerol-3-phosphate to form monoglyceride phosphates. It acts only with CoA derivatives of fatty acids of chain length above C-10. Also forms diglyceride phosphates. EC 2.3.1.15.
UI = D005992
Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase
UI = D005993
Glycerophosphates
MS = Any salt or ester of glycerophosphoric acid.
UI = D005994
Glyceryl Ethers
MS = Compounds in which one or more of the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol are in ethereal linkage with a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol; one or two of the hydroxyl groups of glycerol may be esterified. These compounds have been found in various animal tissue.
UI = D005995
Glycerylphosphorylcholine
MS = A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES (lecithins), in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed) It counteracts the effects of urea on enzymes and other macromolecules.
UI = D005997
Glycine
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A nonessential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.
UI = D005998
Glycine Hydroxymethyltransferase
MS = A pyridoxal phosphate enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of glycine and 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate to form serine. It also catalyzes the reaction of glycine with acetaldehyde to form L-threonine. EC 2.1.2.1.
UI = D012696
Glycine-tRNA Ligase
MS = An enzyme that activates glycine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.14.
UI = D006032
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid
AN = a bile acid; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
UI = D005999
Glycocholic Acid
AN = a bile acid; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A bile salt that is usually used as the sodium salt. It is the glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.
UI = D006000
Glycoconjugates
AN = GEN: prefer specific glycoconjugate
MS = Carbohydrates covalently linked to a nonsugar moiety (lipids or proteins). The major glycoconjugates are glycoproteins, glycopeptides, peptidoglycans, glycolipids, and lipopolysaccharides. (From Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, 2d ed; From Principles of Biochemistry, 2d ed)
UI = D006001
Glycodeoxycholic Acid
AN = a bile acid; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.
UI = D006002
Glycogen
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /metab: consider also GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE & note specifics under GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE; don't forget LIVER GLYCOGEN is also available
UI = D006003
Glycogen Debranching Enzyme System
AN = /defic: consider also GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE III
MS = 1,4-alpha-D-Glucan-1,4-alpha-D-glucan 4-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase/dextrin 6 alpha-D-glucanohydrolase. An enzyme system having both 4-alpha-glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.25) and amylo-1,6-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.33) activities. As a transferase it transfers a segment of a 1,4-alpha-D-glucan to a new 4-position in an acceptor, which may be glucose or another 1,4-alpha-D-glucan. As a glucosidase it catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,6-alpha-D-glucoside linkages at points of branching in chains of 1,4-linked alpha-D-glucose residues. Amylo-1,6-glucosidase activity is deficient in glycogen storage disease type III.
UI = D006004
Glycogen Synthase
AN = GLYCOGEN (STARCH) SYNTHASE
MS = An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the reaction of UDPglucose and (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n to yield UDP and 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n+1. The reaction is highly regulated by allosteric effectors, by phosphorylation reactions, and by insulin. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 2.4.1.11.
UI = D006006
Glycogen-Synthase-D Phosphatase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphorylated, inactive glycogen synthase D to active dephosphoglycogen synthase I. EC 3.1.3.42.
UI = D006007
Glycogen Storage Disease
AN = an inborn error of carbohydrate metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.
UI = D006008
Glycogen Storage Disease Type II
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Glycogenosis due to alpha-1,4-glucosidase (acid maltase) deficiency. It affects muscle, heart, and other organs.
UI = D006009
Glycogen Storage Disease Type III
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder due to deficient expression of amylo-1,6-glucosidase (one part of the glycogen debranching enzyme system). The clinical course of the disease is similar to that of glycogen storage disease type I, but milder. Massive hepatomegaly, which is present in young children, diminishes and occasionally disappears with age. Levels of glycogen with short outer branches are elevated in muscle, liver, and erythrocytes. Six subgroups have been identified, with subgroups Type IIIa and Type IIIb being the most prevalent.
UI = D006010
Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder due to a deficiency in expression of branching enzyme (alpha-1,4-glucan-6-alpha-glucosyltransferase), resulting in an accumulation of abnormal glycogen with long outer branches. Clinical features are muscle hypotonia and cirrhosis. Death from liver disease usually occurs before age 2.
UI = D006011
Glycogen Storage Disease Type V
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Glycogenosis due to muscle phosphorylase deficiency. Characterized by painful cramps following sustained exercise.
UI = D006012
Glycogen Storage Disease Type VI
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A hepatic glycogen storage disease in which there is an apparent deficiency of hepatic phosphorylase activity. However, studies have not been able to distinguish between phosphorylase deficiency and phosphorylase kinase deficiency in patients with hepatic glycogenosis.
UI = D006013
Glycogen Storage Disease Type VII
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = An autosomal recessive muscle glycogen storage disease in which there is deficient expression of muscle phosphofructokinase activity, resulting in increased concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate and low concentrations of fructose-1,6-diphosphate in muscle tissue. Glycogen storage in muscle is increased, perhaps due to activation of glycogen synthase by accumulated glucose-6-phosphate. It has been proposed that shunting of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate into the pentose phosphate pathway may result in increased synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, causing hyperuricemia and gout. Erythrocytes from patients may show decreased phosphofructokinase activity and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate deficiency. Exercise intolerance is present and severe congenital muscular dystrophy has been reported.
UI = D006014
Glycogen Storage Disease Type VIII
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = An x-linked recessive hepatic glycogen storage disease resulting from lack of expression of phosphorylase-b-kinase activity. Symptoms are relatively mild; hepatomegaly, increased liver glycogen, and decreased leukocyte phosphorylase are present. Liver shrinkage occurs in response to glucagon.
UI = D006015
Glycolates
UI = D006016
Glycolipids
MS = Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage)
UI = D006017
Glycols
MS = A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights.
UI = D006018
Glycolysis
MS = The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of glucose to the simpler compounds lactate or pyruvate, resulting in energy stored in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), as occurs in muscle. It differs from respiration in that organic substances, rather than molecular oxygen, are used as electron acceptors. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006019
Glycopeptides
MS = Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight.
UI = D006020
Glycophorin
AN = an erythrocyte protein
MS = The major sialoglycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane. It consists of at least two sialoglycopeptides and is composed of 60% carbohydrate including sialic acid and 40% protein. It is involved in a number of different biological activities including the binding of MN blood groups, influenza viruses, kidney bean phytohemagglutinin, and wheat germ agglutinin.
UI = D006021
Glycoprotein Hormones, alpha Subunit
AN = DF: GPHAS
MS = A non-covalently bound subunit of the glycoprotein hormones TSH, FSH, LH, and HCG which originates in the anterior pituitary gland and placenta. This subunit is virtually identical in structure and indistinguishable by radioimmunoassay in all of the above glycoproteins. It is present in both men and women, but is elevated in postmenopausal women and in patients with hypothyroidism, uremia and malignant tumors. The alpha subunit may be involved directly in recognition of certain receptors.
UI = D015292
Glycoproteins
AN = VIRAL FUSION GLYCOPROTEINS see VIRAL FUSION PROTEINS is also available
MS = Conjugated proteins containing one or more covalently linked carbohydrate residues. While technically describing conjugates in which the carbohydrate is less than 4 per cent by weight, the term is often used generically to include the mucoproteins and proteoglycans. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006023
Glycopyrrolate
AN = a spasmolytic
MS = A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.
UI = D006024
Glycosaminoglycans
AN = polysaccharides; note X ref
MS = Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine.
UI = D006025
Glycoside Hydrolases
UI = D006026
Glycosides
AN = GEN; do not confuse with GLUCOSIDES; glucides go here but could be CARBOHYDRATES
MS = Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (From Dorland, 28th ed; From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)
UI = D006027
Glycosphingolipids
MS = Lipids containing at least one monosaccharide residue and either a sphingoid or a ceramide (CERAMIDES). They are subdivided into NEUTRAL GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS comprising monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylsphingoids and monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylceramides; and ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS which comprises sialosylglycosylsphingolipids (GANGLIOSIDES), SULFOGLYCOSYLSPHINGOLIPIDS (formerly known as sulfatides), glycuronoglycosphingolipids, and phospho- and phosphonoglycosphingolipids. (From IUPAC's webpage)
UI = D006028
Glycosuria
AN = note category; presence of glucose (sugar) in urine
MS = The presence of glucose in the urine, especially the excretion of an abnormally large amount of sugar (glucose) in the urine. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006029
Glycosuria, Renal
AN = from inability of renal tubules to reabsorb glucose completely; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Glycosuria occurring when there is only the normal amount of sugar in the blood, due to inherited inability of the renal tubules to reabsorb glucose completely. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006030
Glycosylation
AN = almost never IM
MS = The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.
UI = D006031
Glycosylceramidase
MS = The enzyme hydrolyzing glycosyl-N-acylsphingosine to a sugar and N-acylsphingosine. It also catalyzes the hydrolysis of phlorizin to phloretin and glucose. It is found in the intestinal brush border membrane often in conjunction with lactase. EC 3.2.1.62.
UI = D010694
Glycosyltransferases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups to an acceptor. Most often another carbohydrate molecule acts as an acceptor, but inorganic phosphate can also act as an acceptor, such as in the case of phosphorylases. Some of the enzymes in this group also catalyze hydrolysis, which can be regarded as transfer of a glycosyl group from the donor to water. Subclasses include the HEXOSYLTRANSFERASES, PENTOSYLTRANSFERASES, SIALYLTRANSFERASES, and those transferring other glycosyl groups. EC 2.4.
UI = D016695
Glycylglycine
AN = "the simplest of all peptides"; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted
MS = N-Glycylglycine. The simplest of all peptides. It functions as a gamma-glutamyl acceptor.
UI = D006033
Glycyrrhetinic Acid
AN = an anti-inflamm agent from the plant Glycyrrhiza, the source of licorice
MS = 3-beta-Hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid. A product from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Leguminosae with some antiallergic, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. It is used topically for allergic or infectious skin inflammation and orally for its aldosterone effects in electrolyte regulation.
UI = D006034
Glycyrrhiza
AN = note category; yields the flavoring LICORICE (X ref)
MS = A genus of leguminous herbs or shrubs whose roots yield GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID and its derivatives, CARBENOXOLONE for example. Licorice toxicity is manifested as hypokalemia, low blood potassium. Licorice is used as flavoring and aromatic in pharmaceuticals and as candy.
UI = D006035
Glycyrrhizic Acid
AN = a non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent: do not confuse with GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID
MS = A widely used anti-inflammatory agent isolated from the licorice root. It is metabolized to glycyrrhetic acid, which inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and other enzymes involved in the metabolism of corticosteroids. Therefore, glycyrrhizic acid, which is the main and sweet component of licorice, has been investigated for its ability to cause hypermineralocorticoidism with sodium retention and potassium loss, edema, increased blood pressure, as well as depression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
UI = D019695
Glyoxal
UI = D006037
Glyoxylates
UI = D006038
GMP, Cyclic (see: Cyclic GMP)
Gnathostoma
AN = a genus of nematodes; infection: coord IM with SPIRURIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
MS = A genus of parasitic nematodes that occurs in mammals including man. Infection in humans is either by larvae penetrating the skin or by ingestion of uncooked fish.
UI = D006039
Goals
AN = no qualif
MS = The end-result or objective, which may be specified or required in advance.
UI = D006040
Goat Diseases
AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under GOATS /abnorm or GOATS /inj; don't forget also GOATS (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: GOAT DIS
MS = Diseases of the domestic or wild goat of the genus Capra.
UI = D015511
Goats
AN = includes chamois; IM; qualif permitted
MS = Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep.
UI = D006041
Goblet Cells
MS = Cells of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins.
UI = D020397
Goiter
AN = enlarged thyroid; lingual goiter: index here to avoid complex coords
MS = Enlargement of the thyroid gland.
UI = D006042
Goiter, Endemic
AN = enlarged thyroid in a large population group
MS = Enlargement of the thyroid gland in a significantly large fraction of a population group, generally considered to be due to insufficient iodine in the diet.
UI = D006043
Goiter, Nodular
AN = a goiter containing circumscribed nodules in the thyroid
MS = An enlarged thyroid gland containing circumscribed nodules within its substance. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006044
Goiter, Substernal
AN = a goiter where part of the enlarged thyroid lies beneath the sternum
MS = An enlarged thyroid gland where the enlarged gland is situated beneath the sternum. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006045
Gold
AN = Au-197
MS = A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications are in the form of its salts.
UI = D006046
Gold Alloys
AN = used in dental prosth & restor; IM; D25-26 qualif
MS = Alloys that contain a high percentage of gold. They are used in restorative or prosthetic dentistry.
UI = D006047
Gold Colloid
AN = used as probe in immunochem
MS = A purplish suspension of minute particles of metallic gold, made by reducing a solution of bromauric acid or other acid or salt of gold. (From Dorland, 27th ed) It is used as a probe in immunochemistry.
UI = D017979
Gold Colloid, Radioactive
AN = also called radio-colloidal gold; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)
MS = A radioactive suspension of minute particles of metallic gold, made by exposure to neutrons. It is used in the pleural cavity to treat lung cancer. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006048
Gold Compounds
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: GOLD CPDS
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain gold as an integral part of the molecule.
UI = D017612
Gold Isotopes
AN = Au-197; NIM; no qualif
MS = Stable gold atoms that have the same atomic number as the element gold, but differ in atomic weight. Au-197 is a stable isotope.
UI = D006049
Gold Radioisotopes
AN = Au-185-196, 198-201, 203; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)
MS = Unstable isotopes of gold that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Au 185-196, 198-201, and 203 are radioactive gold isotopes.
UI = D006050
Gold Sodium Thiomalate
AN = a gold antirheumatic
MS = A variable mixture of the mono- and disodium salts of gold thiomalic acid used mainly for its anti-inflammatory action in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It is most effective in active progressive rheumatoid arthritis and of little or no value in the presence of extensive deformities or in the treatment of other forms of arthritis.
UI = D006052
Gold Sodium Thiosulfate
AN = a gold antirheumatic
MS = An antirheumatic agent with the same actions and uses as GOLD SODIUM THIOMALATE.
UI = D012971
Goldenhar Syndrome
AN = "mandibulofacial dysostosis with congen eyelid dermoids"; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Mandibulofacial dysostosis with congenital eyelid dermoids.
UI = D006053
Goldfish
AN = a type of carp; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D006054
Golf
AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; Manual 30.15.1
MS = A game whose object is to sink a ball into each of 9 or 18 successive holes on a golf course using as few strokes as possible.
UI = D006055
Golgi Apparatus
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
MS = A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
UI = D006056
Golgi-Mazzoni Corpuscles
AN = mechanoreceptors
MS = Tactile corpuscles found in the subcutaneous tissue of the fingertips, resembling PACINIAN CORPUSCLES, but possessing fewer lamellae and a relatively larger cone, and having the contained fibers more extensively branched (Dorland, 27th ed).
UI = D006057
Gonadal Disorders
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: GONADAL DIS
MS = Disease of the ovaries and testes of any etiology.
UI = D006058
Gonadal Dysgenesis
AN = in male or female; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; includes agenesis; do not use TESTIS or OVARY merely to denote sex: check tag MALE or FEMALE CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Any of several developmental anomalies involving the total or partial failure of the indifferent embryonic gonad to differentiate into ovary or testis. This concept includes gonadal agenesis.
UI = D006059
Gonadal Dysgenesis, Mixed
AN = in male or female: use genetic sex of subject & do not index under OVARY or TESTIS or both merely to denote sex: check tag MALE or FEMALE; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A syndrome of gonadal dysgenesis in which there is a testis on one side and a "streak gonad" on the other. The phenotype is generally male, but may be female since the individual is a mosaic. Various karyotypes have been identified, including 45,XO/47,XYY; 45,XO/46,XY; and 45,XO/46,XYo.
UI = D006060
Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XY
AN = for check tag use genetic sex & do not index under TESTIS or OVARY; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A syndrome characterized by "streak gonads" in a phenotypic female with a 46,XY karyotype. It is due to a mutation which inhibits the function of the Y-borne determinant that would normally cause the indifferent embryonic gonad to differentiate into a testis. The streak gonad is incapable of ovulation or estrogen secretion. The syndrome is sometimes called "pure gonadal dysgenesis," but this designation may also refer to the presence of streak gonads with a 46,XX karyotype.
UI = D006061
Gonadoblastoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM) or TESTICULAR NEOPLASMS (IM) & appropriate check tags
MS = A DYSGERMINOMA that contains all gonadal elements - germ cells, sex cord derivatives, and stromal derivatives. It occurs almost exclusively in abnormal gonads, most often associated with some form of gonadal dysgenesis, frequently associated with abnormal chromosomal karyotype. It is rare and occurs almost exclusively during the first two decades of life. Almost 33% are associated with germinomas. Gonadoblastomas consist of large germ cells surrounded by smaller round, darkly staining Sertoli cells, forming microfollicles consisting of hyaline bodies and calcium deposits. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1643)
UI = D018238
Gonadorelin
MS = A decapeptide hormone released by the hypothalamus. It stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland.
UI = D007987
Gonadotropins
AN = GEN; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D006062
Gonadotropins, Chorionic
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D006063
Gonadotropins, Equine
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = Polypeptide hormones secreted in pregnant mares at the junction of the placenta and endometrial cups. Preparations of this taken from the blood serum of pregnant mares have been used in the treatment of infertility, pituitary dwarfism, cryptorchidism, and other conditions in both human males and females.
UI = D006064
Gonadotropins, Pituitary
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulate the normal functioning of the gonads and the secretion of sex hormones in both men and women.
UI = D006065
Gonads
AN = GEN: prefer OVARY or TESTIS; disord: see specific gonadal disord in Cat C19; /abnorm: agenesis & dysgenesis: index under GONADAL DYSGENESIS & consider also SEX DIFFERENTIATION DISORDERS (C16); excision: see note under CASTRATION
MS = The gamete-producing glands, OVARY or TESTIS.
UI = D006066
Gonanes
AN = includes gonenes, gonadienes, gonatrienes
MS = Steroids containing the fundamental tetracyclic unit with no methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and with no side chain at C-17. The concept includes both saturated and unsaturated derivatives.
UI = D006067
Gonioscopy
AN = NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye with the gonioscope. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006068
Gonorrhea
AN = caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
MS = Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.
UI = D006069
Goodpasture Syndrome
AN = pulm hemorrhage & glomerulonephritis
MS = A combination of pulmonary hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis. It is known also as the lung purpura glomerulonephritis complex. It is considered by some to be a form of hypersensitivity reaction.
UI = D006070
Gorilla gorilla
AN = the largest ape; IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with APE DISEASES (IM) + specific dis /vet (IM); DF: GORILLA
MS = This single species of Gorilla, which is a member of the PONGIDAE family, is the largest and most powerful of the Primates. It is distributed in isolated scattered populations throughout forests of equatorial Africa.
UI = D006071
Goserelin
AN = a hormonal antineoplastic
MS = 6-(O-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-D-serine)-10-deglycinamideluteinizing hormone-releasing factor (pig) 2-(aminocarbonyl)hydrazide. A long-acting GONADORELIN agonist. It is used in the treatment of malignant neoplasms of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.
UI = D017273
Gossypol
AN = in cottonseed
MS = 1,1',6,6',7,7'-Hexahydroxy-3,3'-dimethyl-5,5'-bis(1-methylethyl)(2,2'-binaphthalene)-8,8'-dicarboxaldehyde. Poisonous pigment found in cottonseed and potentially irritating to gastrointestinal tract.
UI = D006072
Gout
AN = a rheum dis; /drug ther: consider also GOUT SUPPRESSANTS & its indentions; ARTHRITIS, GOUTY is also available
MS = Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi.
UI = D006073
Gout Suppressants
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also GOUT /drug ther
MS = Agents that increase uric acid excretion by the kidney (URICOSURIC AGENTS), decrease uric acid production (antihyperuricemics), or alleviate the pain and inflammation of acute attacks of gout.
UI = D006074
Governing Board
AN = coord NIM with society, hosp or other organiz (IM)
MS = The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of health-related institutions and organizations.
UI = D006075
Government
AN = "government" as an abstract concept as opposed to the private citizen or private enterprises; no qualif; specify country or state CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The complex of political institutions, laws, and customs through which the function of governing is carried out in a specific political unit.
UI = D006076
Government Agencies
AN = specify country or state CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities in the U.S. and abroad.
UI = D006077
Government Programs
AN = GEN or unspecified; coord IM with endeavor sponsored (IM); specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Programs and activities sponsored or administered by local, state, or national governments.
UI = D006078
Government Publications
AN = no qualif CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D006079
G-Protein, Inhibitory Gi
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /rad eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = A G-protein that inhibits adenylyl cyclase and activates K+ channels.
UI = D019206
G-Protein, Stimulatory Gs
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /rad eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = A G-protein that mediates the receptor activation of adenylyl cyclase.
UI = D019205
G-Proteins
AN = membrane proteins; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /rad eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = The mediators of activated cell-surface receptors and their enzymes or of ion channels. They are responsible for activating a chain of events that alters the concentration of intracellular signaling molecules (i.e., intracellular messengers) such as cyclic AMP and Ca2+. In turn, these intracellular messengers alter the behavior of other target proteins within the cell.
UI = D006149
Graft Enhancement, Immunologic
AN = to prevent graft rejection of normal or tumor tissue; do not coord with IMMUNOTHERAPY; DF: GRAFT ENHANCEMENT
MS = The induction of prolonged survival and growth of allografts of either tumors or normal tissues which would ordinarily be rejected. It may be induced passively by introducing graft-specific antibodies from previously immunized donors, which bind to the graft's surface antigens, masking them from recognition by T-cells; or actively by prior immunization of the recipient with graft antigens which evoke specific antibodies and form antigen-antibody complexes which bind to the antigen receptor sites of the T-cells and block their cytotoxic activity.
UI = D006082
Graft Occlusion, Vascular
AN = graft may be biologic or prosthetic
MS = Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.
UI = D006083
Graft Rejection
AN = use Cat C qualif; may be used with transpl neopl
MS = An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient.
UI = D006084
Graft Survival
AN = may be used with transpl neopl
MS = The survival of a graft in a host, the factors responsible for the survival and the changes occurring within the graft during growth in the host.
UI = D006085
Graft vs Host Disease
AN = do not confuse with GRAFT VS HOST REACTION (Cat G); DF: note short X ref
MS = The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.
UI = D006086
Graft vs Host Reaction
AN = do not confuse with HOST VS GRAFT REACTION nor with GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE
MS = An immunological attack mounted by a graft against the host because of tissue incompatibility when immunologically competent cells are transplanted to an immunologically incompetent host; the resulting clinical picture is that of GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE.
UI = D006087
Graft vs Tumor Effect
MS = Immunological rejection of tumor tissue/cells following bone marrow transplantation.
UI = D020350
Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; do not use as a routine coord for a gram-negative aerobic bact; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM NEG AEROBIC BACT
MS = A large group of aerobic bacteria which show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.
UI = D006088
Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; do not use as a routine coord for a gram-negative anaerobic bact; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM NEG ANAEROBIC BACT
MS = A large group of anaerobic bacteria which show up as pink (negative) when treated by the Gram-staining method.
UI = D006089
Gram-Negative Anaerobic Cocci
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM NEG ANAEROBIC COCCI
MS = A group of anaerobic coccoid bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.
UI = D016964
Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods and Cocci
AN = avoid: too general; prefer specific families & genera; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM NEG AEROBIC RODS
MS = A group of gram-negative bacteria consisting of rod- and coccus-shaped cells. They are both aerobic (able to grow under an air atmosphere) and microaerophilic (grow better in low concentrations of oxygen) under nitrogen-fixing conditions but, when supplied with a source of fixed nitrogen, they grow as aerobes.
UI = D016946
Gram-Negative Anaerobic Straight, Curved, and Helical Rods
AN = avoid: too general; prefer specific families & genera; coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM NEG ANAEROBIC RODS
MS = A group of anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the Gram-staining method.
UI = D016965
Gram-Negative Bacteria
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; do not use as a routine coord for a gram-negative bact; infection = GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; DF: GRAM NEG BACT
MS = Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method.
UI = D006090
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; DF: GRAM NEG BACT INFECT
MS = Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.
UI = D016905
Gram-Negative Chemolithotrophic Bacteria
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; do not use as a routine coord for a gram-negative chemolithotrophic bact; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: note short X ref
MS = A large group of bacteria including those which oxidize ammonia or nitrite, metabolize sulfur and sulfur compounds, or deposit iron and/or manganese oxides.
UI = D006091
Gram-Negative Facultatively Anaerobic Rods
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A large group of facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.
UI = D006092
Gram-Negative Oxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM NEG OXYGENIC PHOTOSYN BACT
MS = Widely distributed unicellular or multicellular bacteria. The CYANOBACTERIA use chlorophyll a and phycobilins for oxygenic photosynthesis while genera in the PROCHLORALES use both chlorophyll a and b but not phycobilins.
UI = D019688
Gram-Positive Asporogenous Rods
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; do not use as a routine coord for a gram-positive asporogenous bact; infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A gram-positive, non-spore-forming group of bacteria comprising organisms that have morphological and physiological characteristics in common.
UI = D006093
Gram-Positive Asporogenous Rods, Irregular
AN = do not confuse with GRAM-POSITIVE ASPOROGENOUS RODS, REGULAR; avoid: too general; prefer specific families & genera; infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM POS ASPOROGENOUS RODS IRREGULAR
MS = A group of irregular rod-shaped bacteria that stain gram-positive and do not produce endospores.
UI = D016988
Gram-Positive Asporogenous Rods, Regular
AN = do not confuse with GRAM-POSITIVE ASPOROGENOUS RODS, IRREGULAR; avoid: too general; prefer specific families & genera; infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM POS ASPOROGENOUS RODS REGULAR
MS = A group of regular rod-shaped bacteria that stain gram-positive and do not produce endospores.
UI = D016989
Gram-Positive Bacteria
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; do not use as a routine coord for a gram-positive bact; infection = GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; DF: GRAM POS BACT
MS = Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.
UI = D006094
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics, DF: GRAM POS BACT INFECT
MS = Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.
UI = D016908
Gram-Positive Cocci
AN = gram-positive bacteria; infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM POS COCCI
MS = Coccus-shaped bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.
UI = D006095
Gram-Positive Endospore-Forming Bacteria
AN = do not confuse with GRAM-POSITIVE ENDOSPORE-FORMING RODS; avoid: too general; prefer specific families & genera; infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM POS ENDOSPORE FORMING BACT
MS = Bacteria that form endospores and are gram-positive. Representative genera include BACILLUS, CLOSTRIDIUM, MICROMONOSPORA, SACCHAROPOLYSPORA, and STREPTOMYCES.
UI = D016936
Gram-Positive Endospore-Forming Rods
AN = do not confuse with GRAM-POSITIVE ENDOSPORE-FORMING BACTERIA; avoid: too general; prefer specific families & genera; infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM POS ENDOSPORE FORMING RODS
MS = Rod-shaped bacteria that form endospores and are gram-positive. Representative genera include BACILLUS and CLOSTRIDIUM.
UI = D016937
Gram-Positive Rods
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM POS RODS
MS = A large group of rod-shaped bacteria that retains the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.
UI = D016987
Gramicidin
AN = tyrothricin antibiotic
MS = Antibiotic mixture that is one of the two principle components of TYROTHRICIN from Bacillus brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D, etc., seem to be linear polypeptides. The mixture is used topically for gram-positive organisms. It is toxic to blood, liver, kidneys, meninges, and the olfactory apparatus.
UI = D006096
Granisetron
AN = a serotonin antag & antiemetic
MS = A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.
UI = D017829
Granular Cell Tumor
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); do not confuse with GRANULOSA CELL TUMOR, an ovarian neopl
MS = Unusual tumor affecting any site of the body, but most often encountered in the head and neck. Considerable debate has surrounded the histogenesis of this neoplasm; however, it is considered to be a myoblastoma of, usually, a benign nature. It affects women more often than men. When it develops beneath the epidermis or mucous membrane, it can lead to proliferation of the squamous cells and mimic squamous cell carcinoma.
UI = D016586
Granulation Tissue
AN = produced during wound healing
MS = The newly formed vascular connective tissue normally produced in the healing of wounds of soft tissue and ultimately forming the CICATRIX. It consists of small, translucent, red, nodular masses of granulations that have a velvety appearance. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006097
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
AN = /drug eff permitted; DF: GCSF
MS = A glycoprotein of MW 25 kDa containing internal disulfide bonds. It induces the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neutrophilic granulocyte precursor cells and functionally activates mature blood neutrophils. Among the family of colony-stimulating factors, G-CSF is the most potent inducer of terminal differentiation to granulocytes and macrophages of leukemic myeloid cell lines.
UI = D016179
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor, Recombinant
AN = DF: GCSF RECOMBINANT
MS = Granulocyte colony stimulating factors prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
UI = D019375
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
AN = /drug eff permitted; DF: GMCSF
MS = An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds. The protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells. GM-CSF can also stimulate some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages.
UI = D016178
Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factors, Recombinant
AN = "prepared by recombinant DNA technol"; /drug eff permitted; in titles & translations spell with hyphens: "granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating"; DF: GMCSF RECOMBINANT
MS = Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
UI = D019378
Granulocytes
AN = A 11 qualif
MS = Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: NEUTROPHILS, EOSINOPHILS, and BASOPHILS.
UI = D006098
Granuloma
AN = non-neoplastic; IM; coord with organ/dis (IM), not organ/neopl; malignant of nose = GRANULOMA, LETHAL MIDLINE; central giant cell granuloma & giant cell granuloma = GRANULOMA, GIANT CELL; granulomatous dis or granulomatous dis of childhood = GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, CHRONIC; cholesterol granuloma = GRANULOMA, FOREIGN-BODY (IM) + CHOLESTEROL (IM); talc granuloma = GRANULOMA, FOREIGN-BODY /etiol (not /chem ind) + TALC /adv eff; xanthogranuloma = XANTHOMATOSIS (IM) + GRANULOMA (IM)
MS = An imprecise term applied to (1) any small nodular delimited aggregation of mononuclear inflammatory cells, or (2) such a collection of modified macrophages resembling epithelial cells, usually surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes, often with multinucleated giant cells. Some granulomas contain eosinophils and plasma cells, and fibrosis is commonly seen around the lesion. Granuloma formation represents a chronic inflammatory response initiated by various infectious and noninfectious agents. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006099
Granuloma Annulare
AN = non-neoplastic; of the skin, so do not coord with SKIN DISEASES; coord IM with specific site or precoord site heading if pertinent (IM)
MS = Benign granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by a ring of localized or disseminated papules or nodules on the skin and palisading histiocytes surrounding necrobiotic tissue resulting from altered collagen structures.
UI = D016460
Granuloma, Foreign-Body
AN = a histiocytic inflamm at site of a foreign body
MS = Histiocytic, inflammatory response to a foreign body. It consists of modified macrophages with multinucleated giant cells, in this case foreign-body giant cells (GIANT CELLS, FOREIGN-B0DY), usually surrounded by lymphocytes.
UI = D015745
Granuloma Inguinale
AN = non-neoplastic; gram-neg bact infect; sexually transmitted
MS = Anogenital ulcers caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis as distinguished from lymphogranuloma inguinale (see LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM) caused by CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of typical intracellular Donovan bodies in crushed-tissue smears.
UI = D006100
Granuloma, Giant Cell
AN = non-neoplastic inflamm of gingiva or jaw; do not confuse with GIANT CELL TUMORS, benign or malignant neopl; coord IM with organ/dis (IM), not organ/neopl; peripheral or epulis involves gingiva, central refers to jaw
MS = A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.
UI = D006101
Granuloma, Laryngeal
AN = non-neoplastic
MS = A polypoid granulomatous projection into the lumen of the larynx.
UI = D006102
Granuloma, Lethal Midline
AN = non-neoplastic
MS = A non-neoplastic disease of unknown etiology beginning with inflammation, ulceration, and perforation of nose and palate and progressing to gradual destruction of midline facial structures.
UI = D006103
Granuloma, Plasma Cell
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; non-neoplastic; IM; coord with organ/dis (IM), not organ/neopl
MS = A slow-growing benign pseudotumor in which plasma cells greatly outnumber the inflammatory cells.
UI = D006104
Granuloma, Plasma Cell, Pulmonary
AN = non-neoplastic; DF: GRANULOMA PLASMA CELL PULM
MS = A pseudotumor of the lung composed of inflammatory cells and showing complete maturity of fibroblastic components with a striking lack of mitosis. It is also called postinflammatory pseudotumor and pseudoneoplastic pneumonitis. (Berardi, R.S. et al. Inflammatory pseudotumors of the lung. Surg Gynecol Obstet 156:89-96, Jan 83)
UI = D016726
Granuloma, Plasma Cell, Orbital
AN = non-neoplastic
MS = A distinctive, chronic inflammatory reaction in the orbital tissues of the eye, of unknown etiology, that may closely resemble a neoplasm and often becomes bilateral. Symptoms include exophthalmos and congestion of the lids with edema. When limitation of ocular motility also occurs, it is sometimes called orbital myositis. (Dorland, 27th ed.)
UI = D016727
Granuloma, Pyogenic
AN = non-neoplastic; coord IM with organ/dis (IM); do not confuse X ref HEMANGIOMA, LOBULAR CAPILLARY with neopl HEMANGIOMA, CAPILLARY
MS = A usually solitary polypoid capillary hemangioma of the skin and gingival or oral mucosa, often associated with trauma or local irritation, representing a vasoproliferative inflammatory response. It presents as a small erythematous papule that enlarges and may become pedunculated and may become infected and ulcerate with accompanying purulent exudate. The hemangioma without suppuration is called angiogranuloma. Pyogenic granuloma is not a granuloma: the name refers to the mass of inflamed, highly vascular granulation tissue. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D017789
Granuloma, Respiratory Tract
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Granulomatous diseases affecting one or more sites in the respiratory tract.
UI = D015769
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic
AN = also called granulomatous disease of childhood
MS = A recessive X-linked defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation.
UI = D006105
Granulosa Cell Tumor
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM); do not confuse this ovarian neopl with GRANULAR CELL TUMOR, a myoblastoma of any site, usually head & neck
MS = An ovarian tumor originating in the cells of the primordial membrana granulosa of the graafian follicle. It may be associated with excessive production of estrin, inducing endometrial hyperplasia with menorrhagia. It can be benign or malignant. It is soft, solid, white or yellow, and consists of small round cells sometimes enclosing Call-Exner bodies. Larger lipid-containing cells may be present. Granulosa cell tumors are seen in women of all ages. Treatment depends on the age of the patient and the extent of the disease. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1683-4)
UI = D006106
Granulosa Cells
MS = Cells of the membrana granulosa lining the vesicular ovarian follicle which become luteal cells after ovulation.
UI = D006107
Graphite
AN = a form of carbon
MS = Graphite. An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation.
UI = D006108
Grasses
AN = a botanical term; use term of author; as plant tissue: Manual 31.10
MS = A large family, GRAMINEAE, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi.
UI = D006109
Grasshoppers
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
MS = Plant-eating orthopterans having hindlegs adapted for jumping. There are two main families: Acrididae and Romaleidae. Some of the more common genera are: Melanoplus, the most common grasshopper; Conocephalus, the eastern meadow grasshopper; and Pterophylla, the true katydid.
UI = D006110
Grateful Med
AN = IM CATALOG: use NAF entry
MS = A microcomputer-based software package providing a user-friendly interface to the MEDLARS system of the National Library of Medicine.
UI = D016240
Grave Robbing
AN = stealing of corpses, espec for med dissection; usually in hist contexts; check hist tags
MS = The stealing of corpses after burial, especially for medical dissection. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, in the absence of laws governing the acquisition of dissecting material for the study of anatomy, the needs of anatomy classes were met by surreptitious methods: body-snatching and grave robbing. The infamous practice of "burking", murder to procure bodies for dissection, was given the name of a rascal named W. Burke, hanged in Edinburgh in 1829. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; from Garrison, An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 4th ed, p447; from Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2d ed, p676)
UI = D019356
Graves' Disease
AN = a form of hyperthyroidism; for ophthalmopathy X refs: coord with specific eye dis or vision disord (IM) only if particularly discussed
MS = Hyperthyroidism associated with a diffuse hyperplastic goiter resulting from production of an antibody directed against the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor, which acts as an agonist of TSH. (Braverman, The Thyroid, 6th ed, p648)
UI = D006111
Gravidity
AN = human & animal; do not confuse with PARITY
MS = The number of pregnancies, complete or incomplete, experienced by a female. It is different from PARITY, which is the number of offspring borne. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D020073
Gravitation
AN = no qualif
MS = Acceleration produced by the mutual attraction of two masses, and of magnitude inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two centers of mass. It is also the force imparted by the earth, moon, or a planet to an object near its surface. (From NASA Thesaurus, 1988)
UI = D006112
Gravitropism
AN = directional growth of a plant in response to gravity
MS = The directional growth of organisms in response to gravity. In plants, the main root is positively gravitropic (growing downwards) and a main stem is negatively gravitropic (growing upwards), irrespective of the positions in which they are placed. Plant gravitropism is thought to be controlled by auxin (AUXINS), a plant growth substance. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
UI = D018522
Gravity, Altered
AN = natural or artificial; /adv eff permitted
MS = A change in, or manipulation of, gravitational force. This may be a natural or artificial effect.
UI = D018470
Gravity Perception
AN = human, animal or plant
MS = Process whereby a bodily structure or organism (animal or plant) receives or detects a gravity stimulus. The sensing may be direct or indirect and may or may not initiate a reaction to the stimulus.
UI = D018466
Great Britain
AN = = ENGLAND, SCOTLAND & WALES strictly speaking; UNITED KINGDOM = GREAT BRITAIN + NORTHERN IRELAND, strictly speaking; available also are CHANNEL ISLANDS (see there for available X refs) & HEBRIDES
UI = D006113
Great Lakes Region
AN = includes Minn, Mich, Wisc, Ohio, Ill, Penna, Ind & NY; specify as needed but use GREAT LAKES REGION when text uses the term & when the region is the intent of the author CATALOG: use for 4 or more states
MS = The geographic area of the Great Lakes in general and when the specific state or states are not indicated. It usually includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.
UI = D006114
Greece
AN = ancient or modern Greece; do not confuse with GREEK WORLD, the culture and civilization; do not confuse X ref MACEDONIA (GREECE) with MACEDONIA (REPUBLIC) or with MACEDONIA, catalogers' geog subhead for the ancient Macedonia of Greek & Roman hist
UI = D006115
Greek World
AN = note category; lands & peoples under influence of Greek civilization & culture; IM; do not confuse with GREECE, a Category Z term for ancient & modern Greece
MS = A historical and cultural entity dispersed across a wide geographical area under the influence of Greek civilization, culture, and science. The Greek Empire extended from the Greek mainland and the Aegean islands from the 16th century B.C., to the Indus Valley in the 4th century under Alexander the Great, and to southern Italy and Sicily. Greek medicine began with Homeric and Aesculapian medicine and continued unbroken to Hippocrates (480-355 B.C.). The classic period of Greek medicine was 460-136 B.C. and the Graeco-Roman period, 156 B.C.-576 A.D. (From A. Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2d ed; from F. H. Garrison, An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 4th ed)
UI = D018645
Green Sulfur Bacteria
AN = gram-negative phototrophic bact; DF: GREEN SULFUR BACT
MS = A group of green or brown bacteria of the families Chlorobiaceae and Chloroflexaceae that occur in aquatic sediments, sulfur springs, and hot springs and that utilize reduced sulfur compounds instead of oxygen. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed.)
UI = D019414
Greenhouse Effect
AN = specify geog if pertinent; no qualif; DF: GREENHOUSE EFF CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The effect of global warming and the resulting increase in world temperatures. The predicted health effects of such long-term climatic change include increased incidence of respiratory, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases.
UI = D017752
Greenland
UI = D006116
Grenada
AN = an island in the West Indies; do not confuse with GRENADINES see SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES, also in the West Indies
MS = An island of the West Indies. Its capital is St. George's. It was discovered in 1498 by Columbus who called it Concepcion. It was held at different times by the French and the British during the 18th century. The British suppressed a native uprising in 1795. It was an associate state of Great Britain 1967-74 but became an independent nation within the British Commonwealth in 1974. The original name referred to the Feast of the Immaculate Conception but it was later renamed for the Spanish kingdom of Granada. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p467 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p219)
UI = D019425
Grief
AN = human & animal; no qualif
MS = Normal, appropriate sorrowful response to an immediate cause. It is self-limiting and gradually subsides within a reasonable time.
UI = D006117
Griseofulvin
AN = an antifungal antibiotic
MS = An antifungal antibiotic. Griseofulvin may be given by mouth in the treatment of tinea infections.
UI = D006118
GroEL Protein
AN = a chaperonin; spell in titles & translations with uppercase G & EL: GroEL
MS = A chaperonin 60 heat-shock protein isolated from Escherichia coli.
UI = D018838
GroES Protein
AN = a chaperonin; spell in titles & translations with uppercase G & ES: GroES
MS = A chaperonin 10 heat-shock protein isolated from Escherichia coli.
UI = D018837
Groin
AN = external only: do not confuse with INGUINAL CANAL, internal only; NIM when merely locational
MS = The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh.
UI = D006119
Grooming
AN = animal only; for personal grooming of humans use HYGIENE
MS = An animal's cleaning and caring for the body surface. This includes preening, the cleaning and oiling of feathers with the bill or of hair with the tongue.
UI = D006120
Gross Virus
AN = a species of the genus Leukemia Viruses, Murine; isolated by L. Gross; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + LEUKEMIA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM)or LEUKEMIA (IM) (for spontaneous leukemia)
MS = A murine leukemia virus obtained from inbred mice with a high incidence of spontaneous lymphoid leukemia. Infection is passed by vertical transmission from one generation to another through the ovum.
UI = D006121
Group Homes
AN = in med & non-med contexts CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Housing for groups of patients, children, or others who need or desire emotional or physical support. They are usually established as planned, single housekeeping units in residential dwellings that provide care and supervision for small groups of residents, who, although unrelated, live together as a family.
UI = D016352
Group Practice
AN = coord IM with med or other specialty (IM); do not confuse with PARTNERSHIP PRACTICE but do not interpret: use word of text
MS = Any group of three or more full-time physicians organized in a legally recognized entity for the provision of health care services, sharing space, equipment, personnel and records for both patient care and business management, and who have a predetermined arrangement for the distribution of income.
UI = D006123
Group Practice, Dental
AN = coord IM with specific dent specialty (IM); do not confuse with PARTNERSHIP PRACTICE, DENTAL but do not interpret: use word of text; DF: GROUP PRACTICE DENT
MS = Any group of three or more full-time dentists, organized in a legally recognized entity for the provision of dental care, sharing space, equipment, personnel and records for both patient care and business management, and who have a predetermined arrangement for the distribution of income.
UI = D006124
Group Practice, Prepaid
AN = coord IM with med or other specialty (IM)
MS = An organized group of three or more full-time physicians rendering services for a fixed prepayment.
UI = D006125
Group Processes
AN = no qualif; differentiate from MASS BEHAVIOR: mass will probably be on a civil, pathol or mob level
MS = The procedures through which a group approaches, attacks, and solves a common problem.
UI = D006126
Group Purchasing
AN = not restricted to hosp purchasing
MS = A shared service which combines the purchasing power of individual organizations or facilities in order to obtain lower prices for equipment and supplies. (From Health Care Terms, 2nd ed)
UI = D017754
Group Structure
AN = no qualif
MS = The informal or formal organization of a group of people based on a network of personal relationships which is influenced by the size and composition, etc., of the group.
UI = D006127
Growth
AN = GEN only, as a physiol process; use /growth with specific organ or organism: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.35; when GEN & IM, qualif permitted; TN 95; /drug eff: consider also GROWTH SUBSTANCES, GROWTH INHIBITORS & specifics
UI = D006128
Growth and Embryonic Development
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
MS = Developmental processes from cell division to embryogenesis to postnatal growth and maturity.
UI = D006129
Growth Disorders
AN = predominantly related to bones & size; includes growth acceleration or retardation; do not confuse with NUTRITION DISORDERS (disord of assimilating & utilizing nutrients)
MS = Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. The concept includes both acceleration and retardation of growth.
UI = D006130
Growth Inhibitors
AN = inhib normal growth of human & animal cells & micro-organisms; do not confuse with PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS; do not confuse X ref CHALONES with CHALCONE; /biosyn /physiol permitted if by living organisms; DF: GROWTH INHIB
MS = Endogenous or exogenous substances which inhibit the normal growth of human and animal cells or micro-organisms, as distinguished from those affecting plant growth (= PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS).
UI = D006131
Growth Plate
MS = The area between the epiphysis and the diaphysis within which bone growth occurs.
UI = D006132
Growth Substances
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics
MS = Signal molecules that are involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation.
UI = D006133
Growth Substances, Pigments, and Vitamins
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
MS = A collective grouping for growth substances, pigments, and vitamins.
UI = D006134
Gryllidae
AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
MS = The family Gryllidae consists of the common house cricket, Acheta domesticus, which is used in neurological and physiological studies. Other genera include Gryllotalpa (mole cricket); Gryllus (field cricket); and Oecanthus (tree cricket).
UI = D006135
GTP-Binding Proteins
AN = carrier proteins; GTP stands for Guanosine TriPhosphate
MS = Regulatory proteins found in all cells. They are versatile molecular switches, involved in the control of a wide range of biological processes - protein synthesis, signal transduction pathways, growth and differentiation. They all act through a common molecular mechanism based on their ability to bind the guanine nucleotides GTP and GDP selectively and with high affinity. (Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)
UI = D019204
GTP Cyclohydrolase
MS = (GTP cyclohydrolase I) or GTP 7,8-8,9-dihydrolase (pyrophosphate-forming) (GTP cyclohydrolase II). An enzyme group that hydrolyzes the imidazole ring of GTP, releasing carbon-8 as formate. Two C-N bonds are hydrolyzed and the pentase unit is isomerized. This is the first step in the synthesis of folic acid from GTP. EC 3.5.4.16 (GTP cyclohydrolase I) and EC 3.5.4.25 (GTP cyclohydrolase II).
UI = D006136
GTP Phosphohydrolase
MS = An enzyme that hydrolyzes GTP to GDP and provides energy for peptide chain elongation. EC 3.6.1.-.
UI = D006137
GTP Pyrophosphokinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the transfer of a pyrophosphate group from ATP to the 3'-OH group of GDP or GTP with the formation of guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate or guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate and AMP. The enzyme, also called stringent factor, is located in the relA gene in stringent strains of bacteria. The above synthesis is induced by mRNA and uncharged tRNA which is bound to the aminoacyl-t-RNA binding site of the ribosome by a codon-specific association. EC 2.7.6.5.
UI = D001277
Guadeloupe
AN = two islands in the West Indies separated by a narrow channel
MS = The name of two islands of the West Indies, separated by a narrow channel. Their capital is Basse-Terre. They were discovered by Columbus in 1493, occupied by the French in 1635, held by the British at various times between 1759 and 1813, transferred to Sweden in 1813, and restored to France in 1816. Its status was changed from colony to a French overseas department in 1946. Columbus named it in honor of the monastery of Santa Maria de Guadalupe in Spain. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p470 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p221)
UI = D019430
Guaiac
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = Resin from wood of Guajacum officinale L. or G. sanctum L., family Zygophyllaceae. Used as clinical reagent for occult blood. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D006138
Guaiacol
AN = an expectorant
MS = An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747)
UI = D006139
Guaiacol Glyceryl Ether
AN = an expectorant; D25-26 qualif; DF: note short X ref
MS = 3-(2-Methoxyphenoxy)-1,2-propanediol. An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.
UI = D006140
Guam
AN = an island in Micronesia
MS = An island in Micronesia, east of the Philippines, the largest and southernmost of the Marianas. Its capital is Agana. It was discovered by Magellan in 1521 and occupied by Spain in 1565. They ceded it to the United States in 1898. It is an unincorporated territory of the United States, administered by the Department of the Interior since 1950. The derivation of the name Guam is in dispute. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p471)
UI = D006141
Guanabenz
AN = an antihypertensive
MS = An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.
UI = D006143
Guanazole
AN = an antineoplastic; do not confuse with GUANAZOLO ( = AZAGUANINE)
MS = 3,5-Diamino-1,2,4-triazole. A cytostatic triazole derivative which is not to be confused with guanazolo, the generic name for 8-azaguanine.
UI = D006144
Guanethidine
AN = an antihypertensive
MS = An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.
UI = D006145
Guanfacine
AN = an antihypertensive
MS = A centrally acting antihypertensive agent. The drug lowers both systolic and diastolic blood pressure by activating the central nervous system alpha-2 adrenoreceptors, which results in reduced sympathetic outflow leading to reduced vascular tone. Its adverse reactions include dry mouth, sedation, and constipation.
UI = D016316
Guanidine
MS = A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC. Guanidine hydrochloride has been tried in Eaton-Lambert syndrome and other neurological disorders, but its use has been associated with bone-marrow suppression in some patients.
UI = D019791
Guanidines
AN = do not confuse with GUANINE
MS = A family of iminourea derivatives. The parent compound has been isolated from mushrooms, corn germ, rice hulls, mussels, earthworms, and turnip juice. Derivatives may have antiviral and antifungal properties.
UI = D006146
Guanine
AN = do not confuse with GUANIDINES; /biosyn /physiol permitted; guanine riboside, guanine ribonucleoside = GUANOSINE
UI = D006147
Guanine Deaminase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of guanine to form xanthine. EC 3.5.4.3.
UI = D006148
Guanine Nucleotides
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D006150
Guanosine
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D006151
Guanosine Diphosphate
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonyms: GRPP; guanosine pyrophosphate.
UI = D006153
Guanosine Diphosphate Fucose
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A nucleoside diphosphate sugar formed from GDPmannose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls, and for blood group substances and other glycoproteins.
UI = D006154
Guanosine Diphosphate Mannose
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be converted to the deoxy sugar GDPfucose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls. Also acts as mannose donor for glycolipid synthesis.
UI = D006155
Guanosine Diphosphate Sugars
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Esters formed between the aldehydic carbon of sugars and the terminal phosphate of guanosine diphosphate.
UI = D006156
5'-Guanylic Acid
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Guanosine 5'-monophosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.
UI = D006157
Guanosine Pentaphosphate
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: PPPGPP
MS = Guanosine 5'-triphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing five phosphate groups. Three phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis. Synonym: magic spot II.
UI = D006158
Guanosine Tetraphosphate
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: PPGPP
MS = Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing four phosphate groups. Two phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis. Synonym: magic spot I.
UI = D006159
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.
UI = D016244
Guanosine Triphosphate
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.
UI = D006160
Guanylate Cyclase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2.
UI = D006162
Guanylthiourea
MS = 1-Amidino-2-thiourea. May protect against hypoxic damage; proposed for treatment of shock due to trauma or blood loss; also stimulates paretic gastrointestinal system. Synonyms: guthimine; guthymine.
UI = D006164
Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate
AN = DF: GPPNHP
MS = A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of adenylate cyclase.
UI = D006165
Guatemala
UI = D006166
Guernsey
AN = one of the Channel Islands
MS = The second largest of the Channel Islands in the English Channel. It covers about 30 square miles and is where the Guernsey breed of cattle originated. The name is Scandinavian, Grani's island (ey means island). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p474 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p222)
UI = D019435
Guided Tissue Regeneration
AN = note category: a periodontal technique
MS = The repopulating of the periodontium, after treatment for periodontal disease. Repopulation is achieved by guiding the periodontal ligament progenitor cells to reproduce in the desired location by blocking contact of epithelial and gingival connective tissues with the root during healing. This blocking is accomplished by using synthetic membranes or collagen membranes.
UI = D016557
Guideline [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; in any field or discipline: for clin practice & delivery of health care, use publication type PRACTICE GUIDELINE
MS = A set of statements, directions, or principles presenting current or future rules or policy. Guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, organizations such as professional societies or governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The text may be cursive or in outline form, but it is generally a comprehensive guide to problems and approaches in any discipline or activity. This concept relates to the general conduct and administration of health care activities rather than to specific decisions for a particular clinical condition. For that aspect, PRACTICE GUIDELINE [PUBLICATION TYPE] is available.
UI = D016431
Guidebooks [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; handbooks for travelers
MS = Handbooks for travelers that give information about a city, region, or country, or similar handbooks about buildings, museums, etc. (The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
UI = D019508
Guideline Adherence
AN = by organization, health facility or facility personnel; coord with GUIDELINES or PRACTICE GUIDELINES if pertinent; for patient adherence to guidelines of care use PATIENT COMPLIANCE
MS = Conformity in fulfilling or following official, recognized, or institutional requirements, guidelines, recommendations, protocols, pathways, or other standards.
UI = D019983
Guidelines
AN = IM for articles & books on form, value, use & creation of guidelines as a procedural policy: do not confuse with Publication Type GUIDELINE; for guidelines in health care & clin med use PRACTICE GUIDELINES; Manual 17.19
MS = Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy. Guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The text may be cursive or in outline form but is generally a comprehensive guide to problems and approaches in any field of activity. For guidelines in the field of health care and clinical medicine, PRACTICE GUIDELINES is available.
UI = D017408
Guilt
AN = no qualif
MS = Subjective feeling of having committed an error, offense or sin; unpleasant feeling of self-criticism. These result from acts, impulses, or thoughts contrary to one's personal conscience.
UI = D006167
Guinea Pigs
AN = check tag: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
MS = A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.
UI = D006168
Guinea
AN = a republic in western Africa; X ref FRENCH GUINEA was its former name; do not confuse with GUINEA-BISSAU (formerly Portuguese Guinea) or EQUATORIAL GUINEA (formerly Spanish Guinea); do not confuse with GUYANA in So. Amer.
MS = A republic in western Africa, south of SENEGAL and MALI, east of GUINEA-BISSAU. Its capital is Conakry. Its coastal region was proclaimed a French protectorate in 1849, was established as a separate colony called French Guinea in 1893, and gained its independence in 1958. This Guinea gave its name to the coin originally made out of gold coming from there. Guinea is from a Tuareg word aginaw, meaning black people. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p474 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p222)
UI = D016701
Guinea-Bissau
AN = a republic in western Africa; do not confuse X ref PORTUGUESE GUINEA (its former name) with GUINEA (formerly French Guinea) or EQUATORIAL GUINEA (formerly Spanish Guinea)
MS = A republic in western Africa, south of SENEGAL and west of GUINEA. Its capital is Bissau. It was discovered by the Portuguese in 1446. In the 17th and 18th centuries it was active in slave trading. Its boundaries were established by convention with France in 1886 and 1902-05 and in 1974 it gained its independence. As a Portuguese overseas province, the country was called Portuguese Guinea; it was named Guinea-Bissau in 1974. The name Guinea is from the Tuareg word Aginaw, meaning black people. Bissau is from the native name of the people there, the Bijuga, whose meaning is uncertain. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p975 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p222)
UI = D006169
Gum Arabic
AN = pharmaceut agents made from various species of the plant Acacia; D25-26 qualif
MS = Powdered exudate from various Acacia species, especially A. senegal (Leguminosae). It forms mucilage or syrup in water. Gum arabic is used as a suspending agent, excipient, and emulsifier in foods and pharmaceuticals.
UI = D006170
Gutta-Percha
AN = processed latex from East Indian trees; D25-26 qualif
MS = trans-Polyisoprene. Coagulated exudate isolated from several species of the tropical tree Palaquium (Sapotaceae). It is the trans-isomer of natural rubber and is used as a filling and impression material in dentistry and orthopedics and as an insulator in electronics. It has also been used as a rubber substitute.
UI = D006171
Guyana
AN = in So. Amer; X ref BRITISH GUIANA was its former name; do not confuse with FRENCH GUIANA nor with GUINEA in Africa
MS = A republic in the north of South America, east of BRAZIL. Its capital is Georgetown. It was formerly called British Guiana and its history is allied with that of the region of Guiana which comprised British Guiana, FRENCH GUIANA, and Dutch Guiana (now SURINAME). It was founded about 1620 by the Dutch and settled in the 18th century by many non-Dutch, mainly British, to whom it was ceded in 1814. Guyana gained independence in 1966 and became a republic in 1970. The name is probably of Indian origin meaning respectable, but some derive it from the Guarani guai (born) + ana (kin), implying a united and interrelated race of people. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p477 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p223)
UI = D006172
Gymnastics
AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; a systematic set of exercises; differentiate from PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING: instruction in hygiene as well as systematic exerc usually in formal setting; "corrective gymnastics" is probably EXERCISE THERAPY CATALOG: do not use /pop wks
MS = Systematic physical exercise. This includes calisthenics, a system of light gymnastics for promoting strength and grace of carriage.
UI = D006173
Gymnosperms
MS = Gymnosperms are a group of vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed by a ripened ovary (fruit). Gymnosperms are distinguished from the other major group of seed plants, the angiosperms, whose seeds are surrounded by an ovary wall. The seeds of many gymnosperms (literally, "naked seed") are borne in cones and are not visible. Taxonomists now recognize four distinct divisions of extant gymnospermous plants (Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, and Gnetophyta).
UI = D019681
Gynatresia
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Occlusion of some part of the female genital tract, especially of the vagina. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006175
Gynecology
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; corresponding organ term is GENITALIA, FEMALE; DF: GYNECOL
MS = A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology.
UI = D006176
Gynecologic Surgical Procedures
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also GENITALIA, FEMALE /surg or /surg with specific genital terms; also GENITAL DISEASES, FEMALE /surg or /surg with specific gynecol dis; check the tag FEMALE; DF: GYNECOL SURG PROCEDURES
MS = Surgery performed on the female genitalia.
UI = D013509
Gynecomastia
AN = excessive breast develop in male; check tags HUMAN & MALE
MS = Excessive development of the male mammary glands, even to the functional state. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006177
Gypsies
AN = use this spelling in translations; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Ethnic group coming originally from India and entering Europe in the 14th or 15th century. Many still maintain somewhat their itinerant life and tribal organization.
UI = D006178
Gyrate Atrophy
AN = a hered eye dis; /congen permitted: read MeSH definition CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Progressive, autosomal recessive, diffuse atrophy of the choroid, pigment epithelium, and sensory retina that begins in childhood.
UI = D015799
Gyrus Cinguli
MS = One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere. It surrounds the rostral part of the brain and interhemispheric commissure and forms part of the limbic system.
UI = D006179