Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms
H
RETURN TO INDEX H(+)-Transporting ATP Synthase
AN = do not confuse with H(+)-K(+)-TRANSPORTING ATPASE see H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE; DF: H ATPASE
MS = A group of enzymes which are involved in the reversible synthesis of ATP and that transport protons from the cytoplasmic to the matrix side of the mitochondrial membrane. The flow of protons through the F(0) channel results in ATP synthesis by F1. EC 3.6.1.34.
UI = D006180
H-Reflex
MS = A monosynaptic reflex elicited by stimulating a nerve, particularly the tibial nerve, with an electric shock.
UI = D006181
H-Y Antigen
AN = mammals only
MS = A sex-specific cell surface antigen produced by the sex-determining gene of the Y chromosome in mammals. It causes syngeneic grafts from males to females to be rejected and interacts with somatic elements of the embryologic undifferentiated gonad to produce testicular organogenesis.
UI = D006182
H-2 Antigens
AN = mouse only
MS = The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.
UI = D006183
Habenula
AN = part of the epithalamus
MS = A small protuberance at the dorsal, posterior corner of the wall of the third ventricle, adjacent to the dorsal thalamus and pineal body. It contains the habenular nuclei and is a major part of the epithalamus. (From Lockard, Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed, p121)
UI = D019262
Habits
AN = no qualif; do not use for "drug habit" ( = SUBSTANCE ABUSE or SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE) nor for "smoking habit" ( = SMOKING or TOBACCO USE DISORDER)
MS = Acquired or learned responses which are regularly manifested.
UI = D006184
Habituation (Psychophysiology)
AN = DF: HABITUATION
MS = The disappearance of responsiveness to accustomed stimulation. It does not include drug habituation.
UI = D006185
Haemonchiasis
AN = nematode infect
MS = Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.
UI = D006188
Haemonchus
AN = a genus of nematodes; infection = HAEMONCHIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
MS = A genus of parasitic nematode worms which infest the duodenum and stomach of domestic and wild herbivores, which ingest it with the grasses they eat. Infestation of man is accidental.
UI = D006189
Haemophilus
AN = use this spelling in translations; infection = HAEMOPHILUS INFECTIONS but check text for species & index by instructions on species
MS = A genus of PASTEURELLACEAE that consists of several species occurring in animals and humans. Its organisms are described as gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, coccobacillus or rod-shaped, and nonmotile.
UI = D006190
Haemophilus ducreyi
AN = infection = CHANCROID
MS = A species of HAEMOPHILUS that appears to be the pathogen or causative agent of the sexually transmitted disease, CHANCROID.
UI = D006191
Haemophilus Infections
AN = gram-neg bact infect; check text for species & index by instructions on species; MENINGITIS, HAEMOPHILUS is also available
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.
UI = D006192
Haemophilus influenzae
AN = infection: coord IM with HAEMOPHILUS INFECTIONS (IM); vaccine = HAEMOPHILUS VACCINES
MS = Once thought to be the causative agent for epidemic influenza. Nonencapsulated strains of biotypes II or III are normal in the healthy human nasopharynx. Encapsulated strains of biotype I are the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children.
UI = D006193
Haemophilus influenzae type b
AN = note short X ref
MS = The majority of type b isolates are from biotype I. The organism can cause life-threatening meningitis, primarily in children 6-12 months of age. Children with underlying disease or immunodeficiency are also at high risk for infection. A vaccine is available and recommended for children under 5 years of age.
UI = D019741
Haemophilus Vaccines
AN = note X ref HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE VACCINES: restrict to vaccine against H. influenzae so do not coord with HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing antigenic polysaccharides from Haemophilus influenzae and designed to prevent infection. The vaccine can contain the polysaccharides alone or more frequently polysaccharides conjugated to carrier molecules. It is also seen as a combined vaccine with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine.
UI = D018073
Haemosporina
AN = a suborder of protozoa to which Plasmodium belongs
MS = A suborder of heteroxenous protozoa in which the macrogamete and microgamont develop independently. A conoid is usually absent.
UI = D016787
Hafnium
AN = Hf-180; Hf-176-179 = HAFNIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Hf-168-175, 181-183 = HAFNIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = Hafnium. A metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol Hf. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006195
Hagfish
AN = salt-water cyclostome; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D006196
Hair
AN = includes fur of animals; abnormally pulling at one's hair = TRICHOTILLOMANIA; HAIR FOLLICLE is available
MS = Slender filamentous outgrowths of the epidermis, usually pigmented, consisting of keratin and containing neither blood vessels nor nerves. Each hair consists of a cylindrical shaft and a root, which is contained in a flasklike depression (HAIR FOLLICLE) in the corium and subcutaneous tissue. The base of the root is expanded into the hair bulb, which rests upon and encloses the hair papilla. Hair forms the characteristic coat of animals referred to as fur. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Webster, 3d ed)
UI = D006197
Hair Cells
AN = mechanoreceptors in the cochlea: nothing to do with HAIR; use for hair cells unspecified but HAIR CELLS, INNER & HAIR CELLS, OUTER & HAIR CELLS, VESTIBULAR are available
MS = Mechanoreceptors located in the organ of Corti that are sensitive to auditory stimuli and in the vestibular apparatus that are sensitive to movement of the head. In each case the accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system.
UI = D006198
Hair Cells, Inner
AN = see note on HAIR CELLS
MS = Bulbous cells that are medially placed in one row in the organ of Corti. In contrast to the outer hair cells, the inner hair cells are fewer in number, have fewer sensory hairs, and are less differentiated.
UI = D006199
Hair Cells, Outer
AN = see note on HAIR CELLS
MS = Mechanoreceptors in the organ of Corti. In mammals the outer hair cells are arranged in three rows which are further from the modiolus than the single row of inner hair cells. The motile properties of the outer hair cells may contribute actively to tuning the sensitivity and frequency selectivity of the cochlea.
UI = D018072
Hair Cells, Vestibular
AN = mechanoreceptors in the ear; see note on HAIR CELLS
MS = Mechanoreceptors located in the acoustic maculae and the semicircular canals that mediate the sense of balance, movement, and head position. The vestibular hair cells are connected to accessory structures in such a way that movements of the head displace their stereocilia. This influences the membrane potential of the cells which relay information about movements via the vestibular part of the acoustic nerve to the brain stem.
UI = D018069
Hair Color
AN = natural color of human hair or animal fur; do not use for color of hair after dyeing
MS = Color of hair or fur.
UI = D006200
Hair Diseases
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; dis of hair follicles: coord NIM with HAIR FOLLICLES (IM) but FOLLICULITIS is also available
MS = Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.
UI = D006201
Hair Dyes
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = Dyes used as cosmetics to change hair color either permanently or temporarily.
UI = D006202
Hair Follicle
AN = dis = HAIR FOLLICLE (IM) + HAIR DISEASES (NIM); inflammation = FOLLICULITIS
MS = A tube-like invagination of the epidermis from which the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open. The hair follicle is lined by a cellular inner and outer root sheath of epidermal origin and is invested with a fibrous sheath derived from the dermis. Its anatomical designation is folliculus pili. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D018859
Hair Preparations
AN = D25-26 qualif; HAIR DYES is also available
MS = Hair grooming and cleansing aids or other products meant for topical application to hair, usually human. They include sprays, bleaches, conditioners, rinses, shampoos, nutrient lotions, etc.
UI = D006203
Hair Removal
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D006204
Haiti
AN = with the Dominican Republic = Hispaniola, a hist name for the island in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies
MS = A republic in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is Port-au-Prince. With the Dominican Republic it forms the island of Hispaniola - Haiti occupying the western third and the Dominican Republic, the eastern two thirds. Haiti belonged to France from 1697 until its rule was challenged by slave insurrections from 1791. It became a republic in 1820. It was virtually an American protectorate from 1915 to 1934. It adopted its present constitution in 1964 and amended it in 1971. The name may represent either of two Caribbean words, haiti, mountain land, or jhaiti, nest. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p481 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p225)
UI = D006205
Halcinonide
AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm & dermatol agent
MS = 21-Chloro-9-fluoro-11-hydroxy-16,17-((1-methylethylidene)bis(oxy)pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of dermatitis, eczema, or psoriasis. It may cause skin irritation.
UI = D006206
Half-Life
AN = almost never IM; no qualif; may refer to radioactivity, metabolized substances or cells
MS = The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity.
UI = D006207
Halfway Houses
AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Specialized residences for persons who do not require full hospitalization, and are not well enough to function completely within the community without professional supervision, protection and support.
UI = D006208
Halitosis
UI = D006209
Hallermann's Syndrome
AN = a form of craniofacial dysostosis with other abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = An oculomandibulofacial syndrome principally characterized by dyscephaly (usually brachycephaly), parrot nose, mandibular hypoplasia, proportionate nanism, hypotrichosis, bilateral congenital cataracts, and microphthalmia. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006210
Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome
AN = a basal ganglia dis with ment retard
MS = Progressive hereditary disorder with marked reduction in the number of myelin sheaths of the globus pallidus and substantia nigra with accumulation of iron pigment. Manifestations include dysarthria, progressive mental deterioration, and corticospinal and extrapyramidal motor signs.
UI = D006211
Hallucinations
AN = /chem ind: consider also HALLUCINOGENS
MS = Subjectively experienced sensation in the absence of an actual appropriate stimulus, but which is regarded by the individual as real.
UI = D006212
Hallucinogens
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also HALLUCINATIONS /chem ind
MS = Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and thinking. Despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other classes of drugs is their capacity to induce states of altered perception, thought, and feeling that are not experienced otherwise.
UI = D006213
Hallux
AN = primates only
UI = D006214
Hallux Valgus
AN = note category: lateral displacement of big toe
MS = Lateral displacement of the great toe, producing deformity of the first metatarsophalangeal joint with callous, bursa, or bunion formation over the bony prominence.
UI = D006215
Haloarcula
AN = a genus of archaea "found in neutral saline environments"
MS = A genus of HALOBACTERIACEAE distinguished from other genera in the family by the presence of specific derivatives of TGD-2 polar lipids. Haloarcula are found in neutral saline environments such as salt lakes, marine salterns, and saline soils.
UI = D019613
Haloarcula marismortui
AN = a species of halophilic archaea; marismortui is Latin for Dead Sea
MS = A species of halophilic archaea distinguished by its production of acid from sugar. This species was previously called Halobacterium marismortui.
UI = D019614
Halobacteriaceae
AN = a family of Halobacteriales "found in environments with high salt concentrations"
MS = A family of extremely halophilic archaea found in environments with high salt concentrations, such as salt lakes, evaporated brines, or salted fish. Halobacteriaceae are either obligate aerobes or facultative anaerobes and are divided into six genera: HALOARCULA, HALOBACTERIUM, HALOCOCCUS, HALOFERAX, NATRONOBACTERIUM, and NATRONOCOCCUS.
UI = D006216
Halobacteriales
AN = an order of the kingdom of Euryarchaeota, of the domain Archaea
MS = An order of extremely halophilic archaea, in the kingdom EURYARCHAEOTA. They occur ubiquitously in nature where the salt concentration is high, and are chemoorganotrophic, using amino acids or carbohydrates as a carbon source.
UI = D016931
Halobacterium
AN = a genus of Halobacteriaceae found in salt waters & brines; DF: HALOBACT
MS = A genus of HALOBACTERIACEAE whose growth requires a high concentration of salt. Binary fission is by constriction.
UI = D006217
Halobacterium halobium
AN = a strain of Halobacterium salinarium; found in "heavily salted protein materials & salt lakes"; DF: HALOBACT HALOBIUM
MS = Formerly a species of HALOBACTERIUM and now considered a strain of HALOBACTERIUM SALINARIUM. It is found in heavily salted protein materials and salt lakes and forms a purple membrane under anaerobic conditions.
UI = D016932
Halobacterium salinarium
AN = "a species of halophilic archaea found in salt lakes"; DF: HALOBACT SALINARIUM
MS = A species of halophilic archaea found in salt lakes. Some strains form a purple membrane under anaerobic conditions.
UI = D019617
Halococcus
AN = a genus of Halobacteriaceae, extremely halophilic
MS = A genus of extremely halophilic HALOBACTERIACEAE with coccoid cells occurring singly or as pairs, tetrads, or irregular clusters. They are found in neutral salt lakes, marine salterns, saline soils and seawater.
UI = D019625
Halofenate
AN = an anticholesteremic
MS = An antihyperlipoproteinemic agent and uricosuric agent.
UI = D006218
Haloferax
AN = a genus of Halobacteriaceae, extremely halophilic
MS = A genus of extremely halophilic HALOBACTERIACEAE which are chemoheterotropic and strictly aerobic. They are found in neutral saline environments such as salt lakes (especially the Dead Sea) and marine salterns.
UI = D019621
Haloferax mediterranei
AN = a species of Haloferax of the family Halobacteriaceae
MS = A species of halophilic archaea found in the Mediterranean Sea. It produces bacteriocins active against a range of other halobacteria.
UI = D019623
Haloferax volcanii
AN = a species of Haloferax found in the Dead Sea; volcanii refers to B.E. Volcani, discoverer of life in the Dead Sea
MS = A species of halophilic archaea found in the Dead Sea.
UI = D019622
Halogens
MS = A family of nonmetallic, generally electronegative, elements of group VIIb of the periodic table. They are all multivalent and have oxidation numbers of -1 (the most common), 1, 3, 5, and 7.
UI = D006219
Haloperidol
AN = an antipsychotic agent
MS = A drug that is used primarily to treat schizophrenia and other psychoses. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, ballism, and Tourette's syndrome (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in mental retardation and the chorea of Huntington's disease. It is a potent antiemetic and is effective in the treatment of intractable hiccups. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279)
UI = D006220
Halothane
AN = an inhalation anesthetic
MS = A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p178)
UI = D006221
Hamamelidae
MS = A subclass in the class Magnoliopsida. Among its members are the witch hazel family (Hamamelidaceae), the hemp family (Cannabaceae see CANNABIS), the nettle family (Urticaceae), the walnut family (Juglandaceae), the bayberry family (Myricaceae), the beech family (Fagaceae), and the birch family (Betulaceae).
UI = D020438
Hamartoma
AN = non-neoplastic; coord IM with precoord organ/diseases term (IM)
MS = A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.
UI = D006222
Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A hereditary disease characterized by multiple ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal nevoid and neoplastic anomalies. Papules of the face and oral mucosa are the most characteristic lesion. Other changes occur in the skin, in the thyroid, the breast, the gastrointestinal system, and the nervous system.
UI = D006223
Hamsters
AN = check tag: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
MS = A common name used to describe a subfamily of the Muridae. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS, MESOCRICETUS, and PHODOPUS.
UI = D006224
Hand
AN = primates only; /inj = HAND INJURIES; skin dis of hand = HAND DERMATOSES: see note there
UI = D006225
Hand Deformities
AN = GEN or unspecified only; prefer specifics
MS = Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the hand.
UI = D006226
Hand Deformities, Acquired
AN = deformity of bone, joint, muscle, etc.
MS = Deformities of the hand, or a part of the hand, acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease.
UI = D006227
Hand Deformities, Congenital
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the hand occurring at or before birth.
UI = D006228
Hand Dermatoses
AN = GEN & as coord for specific skin diseases of the hand but not as coord for neoplasms on the hand (use neopl coords (IM) with HAND (IM)); consider synonym for dermatitis of hand & do not add DERMATITIS unless one of the specific DERMATITIS terms in MeSH
UI = D006229
Hand Injuries
AN = consider also METACARPUS /inj; FINGER INJURIES is also available
MS = General or unspecified injuries to the hand.
UI = D006230
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
AN = caused by a coxsackievirus: do not confuse with FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE caused by a picornavirus; DF: HAND FOOT MOUTH DIS
MS = A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by COXSACKIEVIRUSES A.
UI = D006232
Hand Strength
MS = Force exerted when gripping or grasping.
UI = D018737
Handbooks [Publication Type]
MS = Concise reference works in which facts and information pertaining to a certain subject or field are arranged for ready reference and consultation rather than for continuous reading and study.
UI = D020479
Handling (Psychology)
AN = human & animal; no qualif; DF: HANDLING
MS = Physical manipulation of animals and humans to induce a behavioral or other psychological reaction. In experimental psychology, the animal is handled to induce a stress situation or to study the effects of "gentling" or "mothering".
UI = D006234
Hand-Schueller-Christian Syndrome
AN = a form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis
MS = Disseminated, chronic form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis. It may exhibit the classic triad of exophthalmos, diabetes insipidus, and bone destruction.
UI = D006231
Handwashing
MS = The act of cleansing the hands with water or other liquid, with or without the inclusion of soap or other detergent, for the purpose of removing soil or microorganisms.
UI = D006235
Handwriting
AN = no qualif; handwriting "disorders" goes here with no coord for disord
UI = D006236
Hantaan Virus
AN = a species of Hantavirus; infection = HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME (IM)
MS = The type species of the genus HANTAVIRUS infecting the rodent Apodemus agrarius and humans who come in contact with it. It causes syndromes of hemorrhagic fever associated with vascular and especially renal pathology.
UI = D018063
Hantavirus
AN = a genus of the family Bunyaviridae; from HANTAan River separating North & South Korea; infection = HANTAVIRUS INFECTIONS
MS = A genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE causing HANTAVIRUS INFECTIONS, first identified during the Korean war. Infection is found primarily in rodents and humans. Transmission does not appear to involve arthropods. The genus has one recognized group (Hantaan group) consisting of several species including Dobrava-Belgrade virus, Seoul virus, Prospect Hill virus, Puumala virus, Thottapalayam virus, and HANTAAN VIRUS, the type species.
UI = D006476
Hantavirus Infections
AN = caused by a member of the Bunyaviridae family; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Infections with viruses of the genus HANTAVIRUS. This is associated with at least four clinical syndromes: HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME caused by viruses of the Hantaan group; a milder form of HFRS caused by Seoul and related viruses; nephropathia epidemica caused by Puumala and related viruses; and HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME caused by Muerto Canyon virus.
UI = D018778
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
AN = causes resp failure; DF: HANTAVIRUS PULM SYNDROME
MS = Acute respiratory illness in humans caused by the Muerto Canyon virus whose primary rodent reservoir is the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus. First identified in the southwestern United States, this syndrome is characterized most commonly by fever, myalgias, headache, cough, and rapid respiratory failure.
UI = D018804
Haploidy
AN = no qualif
MS = The number of chromosomes in the gametes, which is half the number normally found in somatic cells. Symbol: N.
UI = D006238
Haplorhini
AN = note X refs; many Old World & New World monkey families & genera are available: prefer specifics; IM; qualif permitted; only human anthropoid is HOMINIDAE; diseases of monkey families & genera: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM); Manual 22.28+
MS = A suborder of PRIMATES consisting of six families: CEBIDAE (New World monkeys), CERCOPITHECIDAE (Old World monkeys), HYLOBATIDAE (gibbons and siamangs), PONGIDAE (great apes), TARSIIDAE (tarsiers), and HOMINIDAE (humans).
UI = D000882
Haplotypes
MS = The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes; sets of single alleles or closely linked genes that tend to be inherited together, such as those of the major histocompatibility complex; portions of phenotypes determined by genes located on one of a pair of chromosomes.
UI = D006239
Happiness
AN = no qualif; includes "joy"
MS = Highly pleasant emotion characterized by outward manifestations of gratification; joy.
UI = D006240
Haptens
MS = Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response.
UI = D006241
Haptoglobins
AN = alpha-globulins; acute phase proteins
MS = Plasma glycoproteins that form a stable complex with hemoglobin to aid the recycling of heme iron. They are encoded in man by a gene on the short arm of chromosome 16.
UI = D006242
Harderian Gland
AN = animal only; accessory lacrimal gland
MS = A sebaceous gland that, in some animals, acts as an accessory to the lacrimal gland. The harderian gland excretes fluid that facilitates movement of the third eyelid.
UI = D006243
Hardness
AN = almost never IM
UI = D006244
Hardness Tests
AN = NIM
UI = D006245
Harmaline
AN = an alkaloid from Peganum seeds; an MAO inhib; do not confuse with HARMINE
MS = 4,9-Dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole. Alkaloid isolated from seeds of Peganum harmala L., Zygophyllaceae. A CNS stimulant acting as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.
UI = D006246
Harmine
AN = an MAO inhib & hallucinogen; an alkaloid from Peganum harmala seeds; do not confuse with HARMIDINE or HARMALINE
MS = Alkaloid isolated from seeds of Peganum harmala L., Zygophyllaceae. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic Parkinson disease in the 1920's.
UI = D006247
Harringtonines
AN = alkaloids from Cephalotaxus harringtonia seeds; /biosyn permitted if by plant
MS = Substances isolated from the seeds of Cephalotaxus harringtonia, var. drupacea. They are esters of the alkaloid cephalotaxine and may be effective as antineoplastic agents.
UI = D006248
Hartmannella
AN = found in fresh water; infection: coord IM with AMEBIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A genus of free-living amoebae found in fresh water. The cysts usually pass harmlessly through the intestinal tract of man and may thus be found in feces. Occasionally, these organisms cause respiratory tract infections or generalized fatal meningoencephalitis.
UI = D006249
Hartnup Disease
AN = a brain dis caused by a form of renal aminoaciduria; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Familial syndrome characterized clinically by a pellagrous rash, cerebellar ataxia, and mental retardation and biochemically by the loss of renal tubular and intestinal transport of neutral amino acids.
UI = D006250
Harvey Sarcoma Virus
AN = a defective species of the genus Sarcoma Viruses, Murine; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + SARCOMA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM)
MS = A replication-defective mouse sarcoma virus (SARCOMA VIRUSES, MURINE) first described by J.J. Harvey in 1964.
UI = D006251
Hate
AN = no qualif
MS = An enduring attitude or sentiment toward persons or objects manifested by anger, aversion and desire for the misfortune of others.
UI = D006252
Haversian System
AN = in compact bone
MS = The basic unit of structure of compact bone, comprising a haversian canal and its concentrically arranged lamellae, of which there may be 4 to 20, each 3 to 7 microns thick, in a single haversian system. A haversian canal is a freely anastomosing channel in compact bone containing blood vessels and running longitudinally in the center of haversian systems of compact osseous tissue. It was originally described by Clopton Havers, an English physician, in 1691. (From Dorland, 27th ed, p1200, 1656 & Skinner, H.A., The Origin of Medical Terms, 2d ed, p204)
UI = D006253
Hawaii
AN = an island group in Polynesia; Hawaii is also the name of the largest island in the group
MS = A group of islands in Polynesia, in the north central Pacific Ocean, comprising eight major and 114 minor islands, largely volcanic and coral. Its capital is Honolulu. It was first reached by Polynesians about 500 A.D. It was discovered and named the Sandwich Islands in 1778 by Captain Cook. The islands were united under the rule of King Kamehameha 1795-1819 and requested annexation to the United States in 1893 when a provisional government was set up. Hawaii was established as a territory in 1900 and admitted as a state in 1959. The name is from the Polynesian Owhyhii, place of the gods, with reference to the two volcanoes Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, regarded as the abode of the gods. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p493 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p2330
UI = D006254
Hay Fever
AN = may be caused by grasses, various types of pollen, etc.; note X ref: do not confuse with RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, NONSEASONAL
MS = A seasonal variety of allergic rhinitis, marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens.
UI = D006255
Hazardous Substances
AN = note category: do not confuse with HAZARDOUS WASTE; "includes safe handling, transport & storage"
MS = Substances which, upon release into the atmosphere, water, or soil, or which, in direct contact with the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, or as additives to food, cause health risks to humans or animals through absorption, inhalation, or ingestion. The concept includes safe handling, transportation, and storage of these substances.
UI = D015386
Hazardous Waste
AN = note category: do not confuse with HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
MS = Waste products which, upon release into the atmosphere, water or soil, cause health risks to humans or animals through skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. Hazardous waste sites which contain hazardous waste substances go here.
UI = D006256
Head
AN = usually NIM as site; soft parts = FACE, bony parts = SKULL; prefer specific indentions; /anat: consider also CEPHALOMETRY (living skull) & CRANIOMETRY (dead skull); /inj = HEAD INJURIES but consider also SKULL & FACIAL BONES & specifics under each with /inj; TN 96: relation to "skull injuries"; HEAD-DOWN TILT is available for space, surg & physiol aspects of this position
UI = D006257
Head and Neck Neoplasms
AN = soft tissue neopls only; GEN: prefer FACIAL NEOPLASMS, & other specific organ/neopl terms pertinent to the soft tissues of the head & neck; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl if possible; DF: HEAD NEOPLASMS or HEAD NEOPL
MS = Neoplasms of the head and neck.
UI = D006258
Head Injuries
AN = general or unspecified; do not consider a substitute for /inj with various bones or other portions of the head; TN 96: relation to SKULL /inj; TN 115: relation to "jaw injuries"
MS = General or unspecified injuries involving the head.
UI = D006259
Head Injuries, Closed
AN = usually GEN or unspecified; coord with BRAIN INJURIES only if both are discussed
MS = Organic or functional damage resulting from trauma to the head where continuity of the scalp and mucous membranes is maintained. When brain injury results from closed head injuries, the primary cause is mechanical stretching and shearing of nerve fibers. Also common are focal intracranial lesions including hematomas and contusions.
UI = D016489
Head Movements
AN = note HEAD BANGING see STEREOTYPED BEHAVIOR
MS = Voluntary or involuntary motion of head that may be relative to or independent of body; includes animals and humans.
UI = D019416
Head Protective Devices
MS = Personal devices for protection of heads from impact, penetration from falling and flying objects, and from limited electric shock and burn.
UI = D006260
Headache
AN = MIGRAINE, VASCULAR HEADACHE, CLUSTER HEADACHE & TENSION HEADACHE are also available but do not diagnose: use word of text; /drug ther: consider also ANALGESICS /ther use
MS = Pain in the head that may result from any cause.
UI = D006261
Head-Down Tilt
AN = not restricted to space flight; /adv eff /physiol permitted
MS = Posture while lying with the head lower than the rest of the body. Extended time in this position is associated with temporary physiologic disturbances.
UI = D018475
Health
AN = no qualif CATALOG: do not use /pop wks
MS = The state of the organism when it functions optimally without evidence of disease.
UI = D006262
Health Behavior
MS = Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural.
UI = D015438
Health Benefit Plans, Employee
AN = specify geog if possible CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Health insurance plans for employees, and generally including their dependents, usually on a cost-sharing basis with the employer paying a percentage of the premium.
UI = D006264
Health Care Coalitions
AN = CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Voluntary groups of people representing diverse interests in the community such as hospitals, businesses, physicians, and insurers, with the principal objective to improve health care cost effectiveness.
UI = D006265
Health Care Costs
AN = actual cost of providing care: do not confuse with HEALTH EXPENDITURES (the amount paid for the service) or with FEES AND CHARGES (the amount charged regardless of cost); do not confuse with COST OF ILLNESS which is a personal cost (psychol, social, etc.) as well as a monetary cost for services
MS = The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from HEALTH EXPENDITURES, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost.
UI = D017048
Health Care Economics and Organizations
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
MS = The economic aspects of health care, its planning, and delivery. It includes government agencies and organizations in the private sector.
UI = D004472
Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms
AN = not used for indexing
MS = Methods and techniques used in evaluating the quality of health care, its planning, and delivery.
UI = D017531
Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
MS = The services provided in the delivery of health care, associated facilities in health care, and attendant manpower required or available.
UI = D005159
Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
MS = The concept concerned with all aspects of the quality, accessibility, and appraisal of health care and health care delivery.
UI = D017530
Health Care Rationing
MS = Planning for the equitable allocation, apportionment, or distribution of available health resources.
UI = D015276
Health Care Reform
AN = not restricted to US; specify state or country CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Innovation and improvement of the health care system by reappraisal, amendment of services, and removal of faults and abuses in providing and distributing health services to patients. It includes a re-alignment of health services and health insurance to maximum demographic elements (the unemployed, indigent, uninsured, elderly, inner cities, rural areas) with reference to coverage, hospitalization, pricing and cost containment, insurers' and employers' costs, pre-existing medical conditions, prescribed drugs, equipment, and services.
UI = D018166
Health Care Sector
MS = Economic sector concerned with the provision, distribution, and consumption of health care services and related products.
UI = D019981
Health Care Surveys
AN = do not confuse with HEALTH SURVEYS: health care surveys are on health services provided, health surveys are on health statist; specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Statistical measures of utilization and other aspects of the provision of health care services including hospitalization and ambulatory care.
UI = D019538
Health Education
AN = educ of general public or individuals; educ of patients in & outside hosp = PATIENT EDUCATION CATALOG: /geog /form; do not use /pop wks
MS = Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis.
UI = D006266
Health Education, Dental
AN = DF: HEALTH EDUC DENT CATALOG: /geog /form; do not use /pop wks
MS = Education which increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of dental health on a personal or community basis.
UI = D006267
Health Expenditures
AN = amount spent for health care: do not confuse with HEALTH CARE COSTS (actual costs of providing care) or with FEES AND CHARGES (amount charged regardless of cost) CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (HEALTH CARE COSTS) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers.
UI = D005102
Health Facilities
AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Institutions which provide medical or health-related services.
UI = D006268
Health Facilities, Proprietary
AN = "operated by private groups or corporations for a profit" CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Health care institutions operated by private groups or corporations for a profit.
UI = D006269
Health Facility Administrators
MS = Managerial personnel responsible for implementing policy and directing the activities of health care facilities such as nursing homes.
UI = D006270
Health Facility Closure
MS = The closing of any health facility, e.g., health centers, residential facilities, and hospitals.
UI = D006271
Health Facility Environment
AN = DF: HEALTH FACILITY ENVIR
MS = Physical surroundings or conditions of a hospital or other health facility and influence of these factors on patients and staff.
UI = D006272
Health Facility Merger
MS = The combining of administrative and organizational resources of two or more health care facilities.
UI = D006273
Health Facility Moving
MS = The relocation of health care institutions or units thereof. The concept includes equipment relocation.
UI = D006274
Health Facility Planning
AN = differentiate from FACILITY DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Areawide planning for health care institutions on the basis of projected consumer need.
UI = D006275
Health Facility Size
AN = note X ref
MS = The physical space or dimensions of a facility. Size may be indicated by bed capacity.
UI = D006276
Health Fairs
MS = Community health education events focused on prevention of disease and promotion of health through audiovisual exhibits.
UI = D006277
Health Food
AN = coord IM with specific food or type of food (IM)
MS = A non-medical term defined by the lay public as a food that has little or no preservatives, which has not undergone major processing, enrichment or refinement and which may be grown without pesticides. Health foods have been attributed with the ability to prevent the development of diseases, slow the aging process, and prolong life. (from Segan, The Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
UI = D019123
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
AN = UNITED STATES (NIM) CATALOG: use NAF entry
MS = Public Law 104-91, enacted in 1996, is designed to protect health insurance coverage for workers and their families when they change or lose their jobs. HIPAA has separate provisions for the large and small group markets, and the individual market. HIPAA amends the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), the Public Health Service Act, and the Internal Revenue Code to provide improved portability and continuity of health insurance coverage, extending earlier provisions under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 ("COBRA").
UI = D020408
Health Maintenance Organizations
AN = DF: note short X ref CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Organized systems for providing comprehensive prepaid health care that have five basic attributes: 1) provide care in a defined geographic area; 2) provide or ensure delivery of an agreed-upon set of basic and supplemental health maintenance and treatment services; 3) provide care to a voluntarily enrolled group of persons; 4) require their enrollees to use the services of designated providers; and 5) receive reimbursement through a predetermined, fixed, periodic prepayment made by the enrollee without regard to the degree of services provided. (From Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988)
UI = D006279
Health Manpower
AN = = availability of HEALTH PERSONNEL: do not confuse with the HEALTH PERSONNEL themselves, the persons in the field of health care & delivery; GEN only: prefer /manpower with specific headings; when GEN & IM, /educ = HEALTH OCCUPATIONS /educ or HEALTH PERSONNEL /educ; DF: HEALTH MAN CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The availability of HEALTH PERSONNEL. It includes the demand and recruitment of both professional and allied health personnel, their present and future supply and distribution, and their assignment and utilization.
UI = D006280
Health Occupations
AN = the occup themselves: do not confuse with OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH (see note there); SPEC: SPEC qualif; ALLIED HEALTH OCCUPATIONS is also available; for health aides try HEALTH MANPOWER or ALLIED HEALTH PERSONNEL or PHYSICIAN ASSISTANTS; DF: HEALTH OCCUP CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Professions or other business activities directed to the cure and prevention of disease. For occupations of medical personnel who are not physicians but who are working in the fields of medical technology, physical therapy, etc., ALLIED HEALTH OCCUPATIONS is available.
UI = D006281
Health Personnel
AN = persons working in the field of health: do not confuse with HEALTH MANPOWER, the availability of HEALTH PERSONNEL CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Men and women working in the provision of health services, whether as individual practitioners or employees of health institutions and programs, whether or not professionally trained, and whether or not subject to public regulation. (From A Discursive Dictionary of Health Care, 1976)
UI = D006282
Health Physics
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; physics or phys principles in the field of med = specific med term (IM) + PHYSICS (NIM) or specific phys principle (IM), as "The physics of brachytherapy" = BRACHYTHERAPY (IM) + PHYSICS (NIM)
MS = The science concerned with problems of radiation protection relevant to reducing or preventing radiation exposure, and the effects of ionizing radiation on humans and their environment.
UI = D006283
Health Plan Implementation
AN = specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Those actions designed to carry out recommendations pertaining to health plans or programs.
UI = D006284
Health Planning
AN = specify geog & add UNITED STATES (NIM) for X ref STATE HEALTH PLANNING, UNITED STATES CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Planning for needed health and/or welfare services and facilities.
UI = D006285
Health Planning Councils
AN = Public Law 93-641; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Organized groups serving in advisory capacities related to health planning activities.
UI = D006286
Health Planning Guidelines
AN = no qualif
MS = Recommendations for directing health planning functions and policies. These may be mandated by PL93-641 and issued by the Department of Health and Human Services for use by state and local planning agencies.
UI = D006287
Health Planning Organizations
AN = specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Organizations involved in all aspects of health planning activities.
UI = D006288
Health Planning Support
AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Financial resources provided for activities related to health planning and development.
UI = D006289
Health Planning Technical Assistance
MS = The provision of expert assistance in developing health planning programs, plans as technical materials, etc., as requested by Health Systems Agencies or other health planning organizations.
UI = D006290
Health Policy
AN = specify state or country or other body if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system.
UI = D006291
Health Priorities
MS = Preferentially rated health-related activities or functions to be used in establishing health planning goals. This may refer specifically to PL93-641.
UI = D006292
Health Promotion
AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care.
UI = D006293
Health Resorts
AN = sanatoria & sanitaria (often used interchangeably) can go here but consider also HOSPITALS, SPECIAL CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D006294
Health Resources
AN = specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Available manpower, facilities, revenue, equipment, and supplies to produce requisite health care and services.
UI = D006295
Health Services
AN = IM GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: HEALTH SERV CATALOG: /geog /form; do not use /in old age ( = HEALTH SERVICES FOR THE AGED)
MS = Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health.
UI = D006296
Health Services Accessibility
AN = specify geog; DF: HEALTH SERV ACCESS CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.
UI = D006297
Health Services Administration
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific health serv with /organ (for /organization & administration); DF: HEALTH SERV ADMIN CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The organization and administration of health services dedicated to the delivery of health care.
UI = D006298
Health Services for the Aged
AN = coord IM with specific serv (IM or NIM) if pertinent; check also tag AGED; DF: HEALTH SERV AGED CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Services for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in the aged and the maintenance of health in the elderly.
UI = D006299
Health Services Misuse
AN = misuse, overuse or abuse by patient or physician; DF: HEALTH SERV MISUSE
MS = Excessive or unnecessary utilization of health services by patients or physicians.
UI = D006300
Health Services Needs and Demand
AN = specify geog; DF: HEALTH SERV NEEDS CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Health services required by a population or community as well as the health services that the population or community is able and willing to pay for.
UI = D006301
Health Services Research
AN = IM; DF: HEALTH SERV RESEARCH CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The integration of epidemiologic, sociological, economic, and other analytic sciences in the study of health services. Health services research is usually concerned with relationships between need, demand, supply, use, and outcome of health services. The aim of the research is evaluation, particularly in terms of structure, process, output, and outcome. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
UI = D006302
Health Services, Indigenous
AN = "health care provided to specific cultural or tribal peoples which incorporates local customs, beliefs & taboos"; specify ethnic group (IM) + geog; DF: HEALTH SERV INDIGENOUS CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Health care provided to specific cultural or tribal peoples which incorporates local customs, beliefs, and taboos.
UI = D006303
Health Status
AN = no qualif
MS = The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures.
UI = D006304
Health Status Indicators
AN = no qualif CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The measurement of the health status for a given population using a variety of indices, including morbidity, mortality, and available health resources.
UI = D006305
Health Surveys
AN = do not confuse with HEALTH CARE SURVEYS: health surveys are on health statist, health care surveys are on health services provided; no qualif; TN 97: misuse of "surveys"; specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.
UI = D006306
Health Systems Agencies
AN = Public Law 93-641; specify geog & add UNITED STATES also CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Health planning and resources development agencies which function in each health service area of the United States (PL 93-641).
UI = D006307
Health Systems Plans
AN = Public Law 93-641; specify geog & add UNITED STATES also CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Statements of goals for the delivery of health services pertaining to the Health Systems Agency service area, established under PL 93-641, and consistent with national guidelines for health planning.
UI = D006308
Health Transition
AN = demogr & epidemiol changes in health picture in a population
MS = Demographic and epidemiologic changes that have occurred in the last five decades in many developing countries and that are characterized by major growth in the number and proportion of middle-aged and elderly persons and in the frequency of the diseases that occur in these age groups. The health transition is the result of efforts to improve maternal and child health via primary care and outreach services and such efforts have been responsible for a decrease in the birth rate; reduced maternal mortality; improved preventive services; reduced infant mortality, and the increased life expectancy that defines the transition. (From Ann Intern Med 1992 Mar 15;116(6):499-504)
UI = D019456
Healthy Worker Effect
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
MS = Phenomenon of workers' usually exhibiting overall death rates lower than those of the general population due to the fact that the severely ill and disabled are ordinarily excluded from employment.
UI = D015989
Hearing
AN = differentiate from AUDITORY PERCEPTION: aud percept takes place in the brain, hearing takes place in the ear: TN 98; PSYCHOACOUSTICS is also available; AMERICAN SPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOCIATION is available CATALOG: form qualif permitted
MS = The sensation of sound.
UI = D006309
Hearing Aids
AN = /psychol permitted; "hearing aid" is correct translation for "protháese auditive", not "auditory prosthesis" unless you mean COCHLEAR IMPLANT
MS = Devices which amplify sound to help persons with hearing loss. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006310
Hearing Disorders
AN = GEN & unspecified; consider also DEAFNESS (see note there) & HEARING LOSS, PARTIAL (see note there) & their indentions CATALOG: form qualif permitted
UI = D006311
Hearing Impaired Persons
MS = Persons with any degree of loss of hearing that has an impact on their activities of daily living or that requires special assistance or intervention.
UI = D019986
Hearing Loss, Bilateral
AN = = "partial hearing loss in both ears": differentiate from DEAFNESS, total hearing loss in both ears
MS = Partial hearing loss in both ears.
UI = D006312
Hearing Loss, Central
AN = hearing loss caused by brain dis
MS = Hearing loss due to central nervous system disease, anywhere in the auditory pathways from the cochlear nucleus of the pons to the auditory cortex.
UI = D006313
Hearing Loss, Conductive
AN = hearing loss caused by faulty conduction: note X ref
MS = Hearing loss due to interference with the acoustic transmission of sound to the cochlea. The interference is in the outer or middle ear.
UI = D006314
Hearing Loss, Functional
AN = hearing loss without physical basis
MS = Hearing loss without a physical basis.
UI = D006315
Hearing Loss, High-Frequency
AN = hearing loss above 1000 hertz range
MS = Hearing loss in frequencies above 1000 hertz.
UI = D006316
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced
AN = does not = NOISE /adv eff: consider this an alternate
MS = Hearing loss from exposure to noise. The loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.
UI = D006317
Hearing Loss, Partial
AN = "hard of hearing" & "partial deafness"; defective hearing in one ear: differentiate from HEARING LOSS, BILATERAL ("partial hearing loss in both ears")
MS = A condition in which the sense of hearing, although defective, is functional with or without a hearing aid. The hearing level for speech is approximately 40-70 decibels I.S.O. (International Organization for Standardization) or 30-60 db A.S.A. (American Standards Association).
UI = D006318
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
AN = partial loss; differentiate from DEAFNESS, SENSORINEURAL, total loss
MS = Hearing loss resulting from damage to the sensory mechanism internal from the oval and round windows.
UI = D006319
Hearing Tests
AN = NIM
UI = D006320
Heart
AN = heart as pump, not tissue (MYOCARDIUM); qualif permitted: /anat /drug eff /embryol (FETAL HEART also exists) /growth /innerv (HEART CONDUCTION SYSTEM also exists) /microbiol /parasitol /physiol (see also ATRIAL FUNCTION & VENTRICULAR FUNCTION & their specifics; see also MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION & its specifics) /physiopathol /rad eff /radiogr (do not confuse with ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY) /radionuclide /virol; /blood supply = CORONARY VESSELS but consider also CORONARY CIRCULATION; /drug eff: consider also MYOCARDIAL DEPRESSANTS see ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS & CARDIOTONIC AGENTS; /transpl = HEART TRANSPLANTATION: do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed; /ultrasonogr = ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY or ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, DOPPLER; inotropism: INOTROPISM, CARDIAC see MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION & INOTROPIC AGENTS, POSITIVE CARDIAC are available but see MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION note; chronotropism: see HEART RATE note; DIASTOLE & SYSTOLE are also available; heart-lung prep: index HEART /physiol (probably NIM); Manual 21.48+; carditis = MYOCARDITIS; mural thrombosis: index HEART DIS (IM) + THROMBOSIS (IM) CATALOG: form qualif permitted
MS = The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.
UI = D006321
Heart Aneurysm
AN = of myocardium only: not for CORONARY ANEURYSM
MS = An aneurysmal dilatation of a portion of the wall of the ventricle, usually the left, or, rarely, a saccular protrusion through it (false aneurysm of the heart). It is usually consequent to myocardial infarction but other causes such as bacterial endocarditis or trauma have been described. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006322
Heart Arrest
AN = temporary: do not confuse with DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC which is fatal
MS = Sudden and usually momentary cessation of cardiac function. This sudden cessation may, but not usually, lead to DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC.
UI = D006323
Heart Arrest, Induced
AN = note category: a technique, not a disease; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with HYPOTHERMIA, INDUCED unless this is particularly discussed
MS = Arrest of the contraction of the myocardium by the use of cardioplegic chemical compounds (CARDIOPLEGIC SOLUTIONS) or of cold during heart surgery. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p269)
UI = D006324
Heart, Artificial
AN = pump replacing whole or part of heart: do not confuse with HEART-LUNG MACHINE (external to heart); /psychol permitted
MS = A pumping mechanism that duplicates the output, rate, and blood pressure of the natural heart. It may replace the function of the entire heart or a portion of it, and may be an intracorporeal, extracorporeal, or paracorporeal heart. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006354
Heart Atrium
AN = NIM: Manual 21.51; /physiol: consider also ATRIAL FUNCTION & specifics
MS = The upper right and left chambers of the heart.
UI = D006325
Heart Auscultation
AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; /instrum: STETHOSCOPES is also available
MS = Act of listening for sounds within the heart.
UI = D006326
Heart Block
AN = a type of arrhythmia
MS = Impairment of conduction in heart excitation. It is often applied specifically to atrioventricular heart block. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006327
Heart Bypass, Left
AN = temporary, a form of extracorp circ diverting blood from left atrium: differentiate from HEART BYPASS, RIGHT, a permanent form of heart surg, & from CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS, another type of extracorp circ diverting blood from right atrium
MS = Diversion of the flow of blood from the pulmonary veins directly to the aorta, avoiding the left atrium and the left ventricle (Dorland, 27th ed). This is a temporary procedure usually performed to assist other surgical procedures.
UI = D018611
Heart Bypass, Right
AN = a form of heart surg; permanent: differentiate from HEART BYPASS, LEFT, temporary, a form of extracorp circ, & from CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS, another type of extracorp circ
MS = Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance to the right atrium directly to the pulmonary arteries, avoiding the right atrium and right ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). This a permanent procedure often performed to bypass a congenitally deformed right atrium or right ventricle.
UI = D018610
Heart Catheterization
AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: HEART CATH
MS = Procedure which includes placement of catheter, recording of intracardiac and intravascular pressure, obtaining blood samples for chemical analysis, and cardiac output measurement, etc. Specific angiographic injection techniques are also involved.
UI = D006328
Heart Conduction System
AN = disord = ARRHYTHMIA or HEART BLOCK & their specifics
MS = An impulse-conducting system composed of modified cardiac muscle and having the power of spontaneous rhythmicity and conduction more highly developed than the rest of the heart.
UI = D006329
Heart Defects, Congenital
AN = GEN only; do not use as coord for specific term /abnorm; "congenital cardiovascular defects" goes here; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; cyanotic defects probably go here but do not also index under CYANOSIS unless especially discussed CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Imperfections or malformations of the heart, existing at birth.
UI = D006330
Heart Diseases
AN = usually dis of function: differentiate from MYOCARDIAL DISEASES, dis of myocardial tissue (see note there); cyanotic heart dis is probably HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL & not CYANOSIS unless especially discussed; parasitic dis of the heart: coord PARASITIC DISEASES or specific parasitic dis (IM) with MYOCARDIAL DISEASES (IM), not HEART DISEASES; heart dis, unspecified or specific, with rheumatic fever is probably RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE: see note there CATALOG: form qualif permitted
UI = D006331
Heart Hypertrophy
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR or HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR; do not confuse with CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERTROPHIC: see note there
UI = D006332
Heart Failure, Congestive
AN = "scompenso di cuore" is "heart decompensation" in Italian; do not confuse with CARDIOMYOPATHY, CONGESTIVE; non-congestive failure goes under CARDIAC OUTPUT, LOW
UI = D006333
Heart Function Tests
AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted
UI = D006334
Heart Injuries
AN = coord IM with specific part of heart /inj (NIM)
MS = General or unspecified injuries to the heart.
UI = D006335
Heart Massage
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Rhythmic compression of the heart by pressure applied manually over the sternum (closed heart massage) or directly to the heart through an opening in the chest wall (open heart massage). It is done to reinstate and maintain circulation. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006336
Heart Murmurs
AN = note category: do not confuse with HEART SOUNDS, a physiol concept; /etiol: coord with specific heart valve disease (IM)
MS = A sound generated by disturbed blood flow through the heart manifested as "turbulence". Turbulence is an irregular condition of motion caused by local vibrations of the wall of a vessel or heart chamber. Heart murmurs are usually detectable in VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW OBSTRUCTION and in various types of heart valve disease and are differentiated from HEART SOUNDS, a physiological concept.
UI = D006337
Heart Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with specific site in heart (NIM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D006338
Heart Rate
AN = TN 99: relation to "bradycardia" & "tachycardia"; policy: Manual 23.27+; chronotropic action of drugs = HEART RATE /drug eff (IM) + drug with /pharmacol (IM) + STIMULATION, CHEMICAL (NIM) for positive chronotropic action & DEPRESSION, CHEMICAL (NIM) for negative; for inotropic action see note on MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION
UI = D006339
Heart Rate, Fetal
AN = mammals only
MS = The heart rate of the fetus. The normal range at term is between 120 and 160 beats per minute.
UI = D006340
Heart Rupture
AN = rupt of any part of heart as result of heart pathol: do not confuse with HEART RUPTURE, TRAUMATIC see HEART INJURIES; coord IM with specific part (IM) if pertinent but VENTRICULAR SEPTAL RUPTURE is available; usually caused by myocard infarct ( = HEART RUPTURE, POST-INFARCTION)
MS = Laceration or tearing of the walls of the heart, of the interatrial or interventricular septum, of the papillary muscles or chordae tendineae, or of any of the valves of the heart. Rupture may be due to a variety of pathological entities, however, the majority are secondary to myocardial infarction (HEART RUPTURE, POST-INFARCTION).
UI = D006341
Heart Rupture, Post-Infarction
AN = do not coord with MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION unless specifically discussed
MS = Rupture of the heart after myocardial infarction.
UI = D006342
Heart Septal Defects
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Defects in the cardiac septa, resulting in abnormal communications between the opposite chambers of the heart.
UI = D006343
Heart Septal Defects, Atrial
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Defects in the septum between the atria of the heart, due to failure of fusion between either the septum secundum or the septum primum and the endocardial cushions.
UI = D006344
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Congenital defects in the septum between the cardiac ventricles, most often due to failure of the bulbar septum to completely close the interventricular foramen.
UI = D006345
Heart Septum
AN = /abnorm = HEART SEPTAL DEFECTS or its specifics; heart septal dis: coord IM with MYOCARDIAL DISEASES (IM)
MS = The thin membranous structure between the two heart atria or the thick muscular structure between the two heart ventricles.
UI = D006346
Heart Sounds
AN = note category: do not confuse with HEART MURMURS, a disease concept
MS = The sounds heard over the cardiac region produced by the functioning of the heart. There are four distinct sounds: the first occurs at the beginning of systole and is heard as a "lubb" sound; the second is produced by the closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves and is heard as a "dupp" sound; the third is produced by vibrations of the ventricular walls when suddenly distended by the rush of blood from the atria; and the fourth is produced by atrial contraction and ventricular filling but is rarely audible in the normal heart. The physiological concept of HEART SOUNDS is differentiated from the pathological HEART MURMURS.
UI = D006347
(see also: Cardiac Surgical Procedures)
Heart Transplantation
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed; HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION is also available
MS = The transference of a heart from one human or animal to another.
UI = D016027
Heart Valve Diseases
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific valve (IM)
UI = D006349
Heart Valve Prolapse
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specific valve prolapse
MS = Displacement of the valves of the heart.
UI = D016127
Heart Valve Prosthesis
AN = IM; coord with specific valve (NIM); for bioprostheses coord IM with BIOPROSTHESIS (IM) & do not specify source of biol material unless especially discussed
MS = An artificial substitute for a heart valve. It may be mechanical or composed of tissue. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006350
Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation
MS = Surgical insertion of synthetic material to repair injured or diseased heart valves.
UI = D019918
Heart Valves
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics
MS = Flaps of tissue that prevent regurgitation of blood from the ventricles to the atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles.
UI = D006351
Heart Ventricle
AN = NIM: Manual 21.51; /physiol: consider also VENTRICULAR FUNCTION & specifics; /radionuclide permitted but consider also RADIONUCLIDE VENTRICULOGRAPHY; ventric hypertrophy = HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR or HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR; false ventric tendons: index under PURKINJE FIBERS but see note there; PAPILLARY MUSCLES & CHORDAE TENDINEAE are available but read MeSH definitions
MS = The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right pumps venous blood into the lungs and the left pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.
UI = D006352
Heart-Assist Devices
MS = Small pumps, often implantable, designed for temporarily assisting the heart, usually the left ventricle, to pump blood; they consist of a pumping chamber and a power source, which may be partially or totally external to the body and activated by electromagnetic motors; the devices are used after myocardial infarction or to wean the repaired heart from the heart-lung machine after open-heart surgery.
UI = D006353
Heart-Lung Machine
AN = external: do not confuse with HEART, ARTIFICIAL (pump replacing whole or part of heart); /psychol permitted
MS = A combination blood pump and blood oxygenator used for temporary periods of time in cardiopulmonary bypass for cardiac surgery. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006355
Heart-Lung Transplantation
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed
MS = The simultaneous, or near simultaneous, transference of heart and lungs from one human or animal to another.
UI = D016041
Heartburn
AN = substernal burning sensation
MS = Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.
UI = D006356
Heartwater Disease
AN = an animal dis caused by Cowdria ruminantium of the family Rickettsiaceae; tick-borne dis; check tag ANIMAL
MS = A tick-borne septicemic disease of ruminants caused by Cowdria ruminantium.
UI = D006357
Heat
AN = differentiate from HEATING (the environment); /ther use: consider also HYPERTHERMIA, INDUCED; HEAT /adv eff: consider also HEAT STRESS DISORDERS & its specifics
MS = The form of energy and the sensation of an increase in temperature. Its interest in medicine is largely with reference to its physiological effects, its therapeutic use, and its use in procedures in physics and physical chemistry.
UI = D006358
Heat Exhaustion
AN = subnormal body temp: do not confuse with HEAT STROKE where body temp is dangerously high; SUNSTROKE is also available
MS = An effect of excessive exposure to heat occurring commonly among workers in furnace rooms, foundries, etc., although it may occur from exposure to the sun's heat (SUNSTROKE). It is marked by subnormal temperature, with dizziness, headache, nausea, and sometimes delirium and/or collapse. It is distinguished from HEAT STROKE, in which the body temperature may be dangerously elevated. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006359
Heat-Shock Proteins
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; do not use /analogs
MS = Proteins which are synthesized in eukaryotic organisms and bacteria in response to hyperthermia and other environmental stresses. They increase thermal tolerance and perform functions essential to cell survival under these conditions.
UI = D006360
Heat-Shock Proteins 70
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; do not use /analogs; DF: note short X ref
MS = A class of MOLECULAR CHAPERONES found in both prokaryotes and in several compartments of eukaryotic cells. There is evidence that these proteins can interact with polypeptides during a variety of assembly processes in such a way as to prevent the formation of nonfunctional structures.
UI = D018840
Heat-Shock Proteins 90
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; do not use /analogs; DF: note short X ref
MS = A class of MOLECULAR CHAPERONES whose members act in the mechanism of signal transduction by steroid receptors.
UI = D018841
Heat-Shock Response
AN = a form of homeostasis
MS = A constellation of responses that occur when an organism is exposed to excessive heat and other environmental stresses. Responses include synthesis of some proteins, repression of other proteins, and expression of new proteins. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
UI = D018869
Heat Stress Disorders
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: HEAT STRESS DIS
MS = A group of conditions due to overexposure to or overexertion in excess environmental temperature. It includes heat cramps, which are non-emergent and treated by salt replacement; HEAT EXHAUSTION, which is more serious, treated with fluid and salt replacement; and HEAT STROKE, a condition most commonly affecting extremes of age, especially the elderly, accompanied by convulsions, delusions, or coma and treated with cooling the body and replacement of fluids and salts. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
UI = D018882
Heat Stroke
AN = a heat stress disorder where body temp is dangerously high: differentiate from HEAT EXHAUSTION where body temp is subnormal; SUNSTROKE is also available
MS = Overexposure to heat or overexertion most common in old age or infancy but especially in the elderly, accompanied by convulsions, delusions, or coma. It is treated by cooling the body and replacing fluids and salts. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992, p282)
UI = D018883
Heating
AN = the environment: differentiate from HEAT, the principle of physics; /adv eff permitted but do not confuse with HEAT /adv eff
MS = The application of heat to raise the temperature of the environment, ambient or local, or the systems for accomplishing this effect. It is distinguished from HEAT, the physical property and principle of physics.
UI = D006361
Heavy Chain Disease
AN = a blood protein disord; specify the immunoglobulin fragment coord NIM, as alpha chain dis = HEAVY CHAIN DISEASE (IM) + IMMUNOGLOBULINS, ALPHA CHAIN (NIM)
MS = A disorder of immunoglobulin synthesis in which large quantities of abnormal heavy chains are excreted in the urine. The amino acid sequences of the N- (amino-) terminal regions of these chains are normal, but they have a deletion extending from part of the variable domain through the first domain of the constant region, so that they cannot form cross-links to the light chains. The defect arises through faulty coupling of the variable (V) and constant (C) region genes.
UI = D006362
Heavy Ions
AN = coord with specific element
MS = Positively-charged atomic nuclei that have been stripped of their electrons. These particles have one or more units of electric charge and a mass exceeding that of the Helium-4 nucleus (alpha particle).
UI = D020450
Hebrides
AN = a group of islands west of Scotland
MS = A group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean west of Scotland, comprising the Outer Hebrides and the Inner Hebrides. They were the scene of frequent incursions of Scandinavian settlers from the 6th century A.D. They were ceded to Scotland by Norway in the 13th century. The origin of the name is uncertain. It is suggested that it is the result of a miscopying of the Roman name Ebudae or Hebudae with ri for u. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p496 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p235)
UI = D006363
Hedgehogs
AN = insectivore; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D006364
Heel
AN = primates only
UI = D006365
Heinz Bodies
AN = erythrocyte inclusions; A 11 qualif except /cytol
MS = Coccoid inclusion bodies resulting from oxidative injury to and precipitation of hemoglobin, seen in the presence of certain abnormal hemoglobins and erythrocytes with enzyme deficiencies. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006366
Hela Cells
AN = almost never IM; no qualif when NIM, A 11 qualif when IM; check HUMAN but do not check FEMALE & do not add CERVIX NEOPLASMS
MS = The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks (one of several pseudonyms). These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.
UI = D006367
Helianthus
AN = for sunflower seeds coord IM with SEEDS (IM); do not confuse X ref JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE with plain artichoke (index probably VEGETABLES)
MS = A genus of tall, erect American herbs of the Compositae. The seeds yield oil and are used as food and animal feed; the roots of Helianthus tuberosum (Jerusalem artichoke) are edible.
UI = D006368
Helicobacter
AN = in intestines of man & other mammals; infection = HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that is pathogenic and has been isolated from the intestinal tract of mammals, including humans.
UI = D016998
Helicobacter Infections
AN = gram-neg bact infect; check text for genus & species: Campylobacter pylori = HELICOBACTER PYLORI; Campylobacter pylori infect = HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM) + HELICOBACTER PYLORI (IM) but Campylobacter jejuni infect = CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM) + CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI (IM); DF: HELICOBACTER INFECT
MS = Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
UI = D016481
Helicobacter pylori
AN = do not confuse X ref CAMPYLOBACTER PYLORI of the genus HELICOBACTER with CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI of the genus CAMPYLOBACTER; infection: coord IM with HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A newly classified spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gram-negative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus CAMPYLOBACTER, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the micro-organism should be included in the new genus HELICOBACTER. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405).
UI = D016480
Heligmosomatoidea
AN = a superfamily of nematodes; infection: coord IM with STRONGYLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
MS = A superfamily of parasitic nematodes which were formerly considered a part of TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA. It includes the following genera: Heligmosomum, NEMATOSPIROIDES, and NIPPOSTRONGYLUS. The hosts are rodents.
UI = D006369
Heliotherapy
AN = note X ref; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = The treatment of disease by exposing the body to the sun's rays; the therapeutic use of sunbathing. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006370
Helium
AN = a rare gas; He-4; He-3 = HELIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); He-5, 6, 8 = HELIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = Helium. A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006371
Helix (Snails)
AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; DF: HELIX
MS = A genus of chiefly Eurasian and African land snails including the principal edible snails as well as several pests of cultivated plants.
UI = D006372
Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs
AN = an amino acid sequence; do not confuse with HELIX-TURN-HELIX MOTIFS
MS = A group of 20-residue peptides characterized by two alpha helices separated by a non-helical segment. These recurring supersecondary structural patterns are found in many sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins.
UI = D018257
Helix-Turn-Helix Motifs
AN = an amino acid sequence; do not confuse with HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIFS
MS = The first DNA-binding protein motif to be recognized. Helix-turn-helix motifs were originally identified in bacterial proteins but have since been found in hundreds of DNA-binding proteins from both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. They are constructed from two alpha helices connected by a short extended chain of amino acids, which constitute the "turn." The two helices are held at a fixed angle, primarily through interactions between the two helices. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, p408-9)
UI = D019077
HELLP Syndrome
AN = Hemolysis-Elevated Liver enzymes-Low Platelet count syndrome; DF: HELLP
MS = Hemolysis-elevated liver enzymes-low platelet count syndrome. A pre-eclamptic or eclamptic disorder with the findings shown in the clinical description from which the acronym is created. Severe hypertension may be present. Abnormal SGOT and SGPT levels also appear. (Jablonski, 2d ed)
UI = D017359
Helminthiasis
AN = parasitic worm infect; GEN; /drug ther: consider also ANTHELMINTICS
MS = Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.
UI = D006373
Helminthiasis, Animal
AN = exper or vet; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; don't forget to check tag ANIMAL
MS = Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.
UI = D006374
Helminthosporium
MS = A mitosporic fungal genus including both saprophytes and plant parasites.
UI = D006375
Helminth Proteins
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; /physiol permitted for function within the helminth; coord IM with specific protein (IM) + specific helminth (IM)
MS = Proteins found in any species of helminth.
UI = D015801
Helminths
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; infection = HELMINTHIASIS; coord with specific precoord helminth terms (e.g., ANTIGENS, HELMINTH) if pertinent
MS = Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the ACANTHOCEPHALA, NEMATODA, and PLATYHELMINTHS. Some authors consider certain species of LEECHES that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths.
UI = D006376
Helper-Inducer T-Lymphocytes(see: T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer)
Helper Viruses
AN = enable defective viruses to replicate or to form a protein coat; coord IM with specific virus (IM)
MS = Viruses which enable defective viruses to replicate or to form a protein coat by complementing the missing gene function of the defective (satellite) virus. Helper and satellite may be of the same or different genus.
UI = D006378
Helping Behavior
AN = no qualif
MS = Behaviors associated with the giving of assistance or aid to individuals.
UI = D006379
Helplessness, Learned
AN = no qualif
MS = Learned expectation that one's responses are independent of reward and, hence, do not predict or control the occurrence of rewards. Learned helplessness derives from a history, experimentally induced or naturally occurring, of having received punishment/aversive stimulation regardless of responses made. Such circumstances result in an impaired ability to learn. Used for human or animal populations. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
UI = D006380
Helsinki Declaration
MS = An agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland in 1975 by 35 countries, that promotes human rights and economic, social, and cultural progress. It is officially called the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. In medicine it often refers to the ethics of clinical research, human experimentation, consent, and other questions of medical ethics. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
UI = D006381
Hemadsorption
AN = do not confuse with HEMOSORPTION see HEMOPERFUSION
MS = A phenomenon manifested by an agent or substance adhering to or being adsorbed on the surface of a red blood cell, as tuberculin can be adsorbed on red blood cells under certain conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D006382
Hemadsorption Inhibition Tests
AN = NIM
UI = D006383
Hemagglutination
AN = intravascular hemagglutination = ERYTHROCYTE AGGREGATION, INTRAVASCULAR
UI = D006384
Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
AN = NIM
MS = Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.
UI = D006385
Hemagglutination Tests
AN = NIM
MS = Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D006386
Hemagglutination, Viral
MS = Agglutination of erythrocytes by a virus.
UI = D006387
Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus
AN = DF: HGIV
MS = Membrane glycoproteins from influenza viruses which are involved in hemagglutination, virus attachment, and envelope fusion. Fourteen distinct subtypes of HA glycoproteins and nine of NA glycoproteins have been identified from Influenza A virus; no subtypes have been identified for Influenza B or Influenza C viruses.
UI = D019267
Hemagglutinins
AN = restrict to erythrocytes: leukoagglutinins are indexed under AGGLUTININS (IM) + LEUKOCYTES or specific with /immunol (IM)
MS = Agents that cause agglutination of red blood cells. They include antibodies, blood group antigens, lectins, autoimmune factors, bacterial, viral, or parasitic blood agglutinins, etc.
UI = D006388
Hemagglutinins, Viral
UI = D006389
Hemangioendothelioma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A neoplasm derived from blood vessels, characterized by numerous prominent endothelial cells that occur singly, in aggregates, and as the lining of congeries of vascular tubes or channels. Hemangioendotheliomas are relatively rare and are of intermediate malignancy (between benign hemangiomas and conventional angiosarcomas). They affect men and women about equally and rarely develop in childhood. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)
UI = D006390
Hemangioendothelioma, Epithelioid
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A tumor of medium-to-large veins, composed of plump-to-spindled endothelial cells that bulge into vascular spaces in a tombstone-like fashion. These tumors are thought to have "borderline" aggression, where one-third develop local recurrences, but only rarely metastasize. It is unclear whether the epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is truly neoplastic or an exuberant tissue reaction, nor is it clear if this is equivalent to Kimura's disease (see ANGIOLYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA WITH EOSINOPHILIA). (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
UI = D018323
Hemangioma
AN = blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = An extremely common benign tumor, occurring most commonly in infancy and childhood, made up of newly formed blood vessels, and resulting from malformation of angioblastic tissue of fetal life. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the skin and subcutaneous tissues. About 75% are present at birth, and about 60% occur in the head and neck area. The majority in infancy will regress spontaneously. Some hemangiomas grow rapidly during the early months of life and may be a source of some concern, although virtually all disappear by about 5 years of age. They do not metastasize and simple excision will often be curative. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Stedman, 25th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1355)
UI = D006391
Hemangioma, Capillary
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); do not confuse with HEMANGIOMA, LOBULAR CAPILLARY see GRANULOMA, PYOGENIC
MS = A dull red, firm, dome-shaped hemangioma, sharply demarcated from surrounding skin, usually located on the head and neck, which grows rapidly and generally undergoes regression and involution without scarring. It is caused by proliferation of immature capillary vessels in active stroma, and is usually present at birth or occurs within the first two or three months of life. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D018324
Hemangioma, Cavernous
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A vascular tumor preponderantly composed of large dilated blood vessels, often containing large amounts of blood, occurring in the skin, subcutaneously, or both, and also in many viscera, particularly the liver, spleen, pancreas, and sometimes the brain. The typical superficial lesions are bright to dark red in color; deep lesions have a blue color. A cavernous hemangioma in the skin extends more deeply than a capillary hemangioma and is less likely to regress spontaneously. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D006392
Hemangioblastoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with CEREBELLAR NEOPLASMS (IM) or other precoord brain/neopl term (IM)
MS = A capillary hemangioma of the brain consisting of proliferated blood vessel cells or angioblasts. It accounts for approximately 2% of intracranial tumors, arising most frequently in the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis. Usually solitary, these tumors can be multiple and may also occur in the brain stem, spinal cord, and supratentorial compartment. Cerebellar hemangioblastomas are usually recognized in the third decade. Clinical progression is slow, as these tumors enlarge very slowly. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p2605)
UI = D018325
Hemangiopericytoma
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes, cells of smooth muscle origin that lie around small vessels. Benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas exist, and the rarity of these lesions has led to considerable confusion in distinguishing between benign and malignant variants. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1364)
UI = D006393
Hemangiosarcoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D006394
Hemarthrosis
AN = bleeding into the joints
MS = Bleeding into the joints which arises either from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.
UI = D006395
Hematemesis
AN = vomiting blood
MS = Vomiting of blood.
UI = D006396
Hematinics
MS = Agents which improve the quality of the blood, increasing the hemoglobin level and the number of erythrocytes. They are used in the treatment of anemias.
UI = D006397
Hematocele
AN = hemorrhage into tunica vaginalis testis
MS = An effusion of blood into a cavity, especially into the tunica vaginalis testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006398
Hematocolpos
AN = "accumulation of menstrual blood in the vagina"
MS = An accumulation of menstrual blood in the vagina. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006399
Hematocrit
AN = a measurement of packed erythrocytes; NIM
MS = Measurement of the volume of packed red cells in a blood specimen by centrifugation. The procedure is performed using a tube with graduated markings or with automated blood cell counters. It is used as an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, anemia shows a low hematocrit, polycythemia, high values.
UI = D006400
Hematologic Agents
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals; consider also BLOOD COAGULATION /drug eff
MS = Drugs that act on blood and blood-forming organs and those that affect the hemostatic system.
UI = D006401
Hematologic Diseases
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; DF: HEMATOL DIS CATALOG: form qualif permitted
MS = Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.
UI = D006402
Hematologic Neoplasms
AN = GEN or unspecified only; prefer LEUKEMIA or LYMPHOMA or their specifics; do not use /blood supply /second /secret; DF: HEMATOL NEOPL
MS = Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.
UI = D019337
Hematologic Tests
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; does not include BLOOD CHEMICAL ANALYSIS or SEROLOGIC TESTS; NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: HEMATOL TESTS
MS = Tests used in the analysis of the hemic system.
UI = D006403
Hematologic, Gastrointestinal, and Renal Agents
AN = not use for indexing CATALOG: do not use
MS = A collective grouping for agents that act on the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and renal systems.
UI = D006404
Hematology
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; immunohematology is indexed under BLOOD GROUPS; DF: HEMATOL
MS = A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues.
UI = D006405
Hematoma
AN = localized collection of blood; IM; not a neoplasm: coord with organ /dis or organ /hemorrhage term (IM)
MS = A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006406
Hematoma, Epidural
AN = accumulation of blood in epidural space
MS = Accumulation of blood in the epidural space, due to damage to the middle meningeal artery and producing compression of the dura mater and thus compression of the brain. Unless evacuated, it may result in herniation through the tentorium, and death. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006407
Hematoma, Subdural
AN = accumulation of blood in subdural space
MS = Accumulation of blood in the subdural space. There are acute and chronic forms. They are usually the result of trauma. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006408
Hematometra
AN = "accumulation of blood in the uterus"; do not confuse with UTERINE HEMORRHAGE
MS = An accumulation of blood in the uterus. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006409
Hematopoiesis
AN = formation of various types of blood cells; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; note X ref: HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY is also available
MS = The formation and development of the various types of blood cells in general or unspecified. The formation of erythrocytes is ERYTHROPOIESIS, the formation of blood cells outside the bone marrow, as in the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006410
Hematopoiesis, Extramedullary
AN = for splenic, hepatic or lymphatic hematopoiesis do not coord with SPLEEN /physiol, LIVER /physiol or LYMPH NODES /physiol unless particularly discussed & then probably NIM
MS = The formation and development of blood cells outside the bone marrow, as in the spleen, liver, or lymph nodes.
UI = D006411
Hematopoietic Cell Growth Factors
AN = /drug eff permitted; DF: HCGF
MS = These growth factors comprise a family of hematopoietic regulators with biological specificities defined by their ability to support proliferation and differentiation of blood cells of different lineages. ERYTHROPOIETIN and the COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS belong to this family. Some of these factors have been studied and used in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and bone marrow failure syndromes.
UI = D016298
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization
AN = note category; "release of stem cells from bone marrow into peripheral blood circ" prior to stem cell transpl
MS = The release of stem cells from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood circulation for the purpose of leukapheresis, prior to stem cell transplantion. Hematopoietic growth factors or chemotherapeutic agents often are used to stimulate the mobilization.
UI = D019650
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
AN = also called "peripheral stem cell transfusion"; conditioning before transpl of hematopoietic stem cells: coord IM with TRANSPLANTATION CONDITIONING (IM)
MS = The transference of stem cells from one animal or human to another (allogeneic), or within the same individual (autologous). The source for the stem cells may be the bone marrow or peripheral blood. Stem cell transplantation has been used as an alternative to autologous bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of a variety of neoplasms.
UI = D018380
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
AN = A 11 qualif; /transpl = HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION
MS = Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.
UI = D006412
Hematopoietic System
AN = /physiol: consider also HEMATOPOIESIS
UI = D006413
Hematoporphyrin Derivative
AN = a photosensitizer & antineoplastic; DF: note short X ref
MS = A complex mixture of monomeric and aggregated porphyrins used in the photodynamic therapy of tumors (HEMATOPORPHYRIN PHOTORADIATION). A purified component of this mixture is known as DIHEMATOPORPHYRIN ETHER.
UI = D017324
Hematoporphyrin Photoradiation
AN = IM; coord with disease /drug ther (IM), not /radiother
MS = Photochemotherapy using visible light, usually red, topically or delivered locally by fiberoptic probe to tissues sensitized with hematoporphyrins.
UI = D006414
Hematoporphyrins
AN = pigments
MS = Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings.
UI = D006415
Hematoxylin
AN = a dye; D25-26 qualif
MS = A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.
UI = D006416
Hematuria
AN = blood in the urine
MS = Blood in the urine. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006417
Heme
AN = "the color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin"
MS = The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.
UI = D006418
Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)
MS = A mixed function oxidase enzyme which during hemoglobin catabolism catalyzes the degradation of heme to ferrous iron, carbon monoxide and biliverdin in the presence of molecular oxygen and reduced NADPH. The enzyme is induced by metals, particularly cobalt. EC 1.14.99.3.
UI = D006419
Hemeproteins
MS = Proteins that contain an iron-porphyrin, or heme, prosthetic group resembling that of hemoglobin. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p480)
UI = D006420
Hemerythrin
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A non-heme iron protein consisting of eight apparently identical subunits each containing 2 iron atoms. It binds one molecule of oxygen per pair of iron atoms and functions as a respiratory protein.
UI = D006422
Hemianopsia
AN = vision in only half of the visual field of 1 or both eyes
MS = Defect in the visual field characterized by vision in only half of the visual field of one or both eyes.
UI = D006423
Hemibody Irradiation
AN = in radiother coord IM with disease /radiother (IM); for hemibody irrad experiments, see note on WHOLE-BODY IRRADIATION; DF: HEMIBODY IRRAD
MS = Irradiation of one half or both halves of the body in the treatment of disseminated cancer or widespread metastases. It is used to treat diffuse metastases in one session as opposed to multiple fields over an extended period. The more frequent treatment modalities are upper hemibody irradiation (UHBI) or lower hemibody irradiation (LHBI). Less common is mid-body irradiation (MBI). In the treatment of both halves of the body sequentially, hemibody irradiation permits radiotherapy of the whole body with larger doses of radiation than could be accomplished with WHOLE-BODY IRRADIATION. It is sometimes called "systemic" hemibody irradiation with reference to its use in widespread cancer or metastases. (P. Rubin et al. Cancer, Vol 55, p2210, 1985)
UI = D017619
Hemic and Immune Systems
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
MS = The organs involved in the production and functions of the blood and the cellular and molecular components providing defense against foreign organisms or substances.
UI = D006424
Hemic and Lymphatic Diseases
AN = avoid: too general; prefer HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES & its specifics or LYMPHATIC DISEASES & its specifics; DF: HEMIC LYMPHATIC DIS CATALOG: do not use
MS = Hematologic diseases and diseases of the lymphatic system collectively. Hemic diseases include disorders involving the formed elements (e.g., ERYTHROCYTE AGGREGATION, INTRAVASCULAR) and chemical components (e.g., BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS); lymphatic diseases include disorders relating to lymph, lymph nodes, and lymphocytes.
UI = D006425
Hemicholinium 3
AN = a choline uptake inhib
MS = A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.
UI = D006426
Hemifacial Spasm
MS = Tonic spasm of the muscles supplied by the facial nerve, confined to one side. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019569
Hemin
AN = a porphyrin
MS = Chloro(7,12-diethenyl-3,8,13,17-tetramethyl-21H,23H-porphine-2,18-dipropanoato(4-)-N(21),N(22),N(23),N(24)) ferrate(2-) dihydrogen.
UI = D006427
Hemipelvectomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Amputation of a lower limb through the sacroiliac joint.
UI = D006428
Hemiplegia
AN = paralysis of 1 side of body
MS = Paralysis of one side of the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006429
Hemiptera
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
MS = A large order of insects characterized by having the mouth parts adapted to piercing or sucking. It is comprised of four suborders: HETEROPTERA, Auchenorrhyncha, Sternorrhyncha, and Coleorrhyncha.
UI = D006430
Hemlock
AN = a poisonous plant: note X refs; do not confuse with the hemlock tree (hemlock fir or hemlock spruce which is indexed under TREES)
MS = Any of several poisonous plants commonly called the poison hemlock (Conium maculatum and Cicuta major) and the water hemlock (Cicuta virosa). Conium maculatum is a large toxic umbelliferous plant herb, which contains the poisonous alkaloid coniine. The dried, fully grown, unripe fruit has sedative, anodyne, and antispasmodic effects. Cicuta virosa is also toxic but is too dangerous to be employed internally, except in homeopathic doses. The hemlock tree, unrelated, referred to as the hemlock fir or hemlock spruce, belongs to the genus Tsuga. (From Webster, 3d ed; from Dorland, 27th ed; from Steinmetz, Codex Vegetabilis, 1958)
UI = D018652
Hemobilia
AN = "hemorrhage in or through the biliary tract"; also called "hematobilia"
MS = Hemorrhage in or through the biliary tract. The blood may drain into the intestine or form clots within the biliary tract. The causes include trauma, inflammation, cholelithiasis, vascular disease, or neoplasms.
UI = D006431
Hemochromatosis
AN = accumulation of hemosiderin in tissue
MS = A disorder due to the deposition of hemosiderin in the parenchymal cells, causing tissue damage and dysfunction of the liver, pancreas, heart, and pituitary. Full development of the disease in women is restricted by menstruation, pregnancy, and lower dietary intake of iron. Acquired hemochromatosis may be the result of blood transfusions, excessive dietary iron, or secondary to other disease. Idiopathic or genetic hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive disorder of metabolism associated with a gene tightly linked to the A locus of the HLA complex on chromosome 6. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006432
Hemocyanin
AN = a pigment & blood protein
UI = D006433
Hemocytes
AN = invertebrates only; A 11 qualif; check tag ANIMAL
MS = Any blood or formed element especially in invertebrates.
UI = D006434
Hemodiafiltration
AN = combined hemodialysis & hemofiltration, simultaneous or sequential; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes.
UI = D017583
Hemodialysis
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; /instrum permitted but consider also KIDNEY, ARTIFICIAL
MS = Removal of certain elements from the blood based on the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane.
UI = D006435
Hemodialysis Solutions
AN = D25-26 qualif; coord IM with specific substance in solution (IM); DF: HEMODIALYSIS SOL
MS = Solutions prepared for hemodialysis. The composition of the pre-dialysis solution may be varied in order to determine the effect of solvated metabolites on anoxia, malnutrition, acid-base balance, etc. Of principal interest are the effect of the choice of buffers (e.g., acetate or carbonate), the addition of cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+), and addition of carbohydrates (glucose).
UI = D015312
Hemodialysis Units, Hospital
AN = restrict to hosps: non-hosp = HEMODIALYSIS + AMBULATORY CARE FACILITIES but HEMODIALYSIS, HOME is also available
MS = Hospital units in which care is provided the hemodialysis patient. This includes hemodialysis centers in hospitals.
UI = D006436
Hemodialysis, Home
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; /instrum permitted if not KIDNEY, ARTIFICIAL
MS = Long-term maintenance hemodialysis in the home.
UI = D006437
Hemodilution
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Reduction of blood viscosity usually by the addition of cell free solutions. Used clinically l) in states of impaired microcirculation, 2) for replacement of intraoperative blood loss without homologous blood transfusion, and 3) in cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia.
UI = D006438
Hemodynamics
AN = IM systemic hemodynamics, NIM regional hemodynamics; as /physiol or /physiopathol, not /blood: Manual 19.8.10, 23.28, 28.18.2
MS = The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation.
UI = D006439
Hemofiltration
AN = a type of ultrafiltration; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: note short X ref
MS = Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function.
UI = D006440
Hemoglobin A
AN = normal adult hemoglobin; /urine: coord IM with HEMOGLOBINURIA (IM); DF: HBA
MS = Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains.
UI = D006441
Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated
AN = urine: coord IM with HEMOGLOBINURIA (IM); DF: note short X refs
MS = Minor hemoglobin components of human erythrocytes designated A1a, A1b, and A1c. Hemoglobin A1c is most important since its sugar moiety is glucose covalently bound to the terminal amino acid of the beta chain. Since normal glycohemoglobin concentrations exclude marked blood glucose fluctuations over the preceding three to four weeks, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is a more reliable index of the blood sugar average over a long period of time.
UI = D006442
Hemoglobin A2
AN = /urine: coord NIM with HEMOGLOBINURIA (IM); DF: HBA2
MS = An adult hemoglobin component normally present in hemolysates from human erythrocytes in concentrations of about 3%. The hemoglobin is composed of two alpha chains and two delta chains. The percentage of HbA2 varies in some hematologic disorders, but is about double in beta-thalassemia.
UI = D006443
Hemoglobin C
AN = an abnorm hemoglobin; /urine: coord IM with HEMOGLOBINURIA (IM); DF: HBC
MS = A relatively common abnormal hemoglobin in which lysine replaces glutamic acid at position six of the beta chains. In the homozygous state it produces splenomegaly, moderate or mild hemolytic anemia, recurrent jaundice, and an increased number of target cells and reticulocytes in the peripheral blood, while in the heterozygous state (hemoglobin C trait) anemia or disease is absent, although increased numbers of target cells are seen in the peripheral blood. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006444
Hemoglobin C Disease
AN = a congen hemolytic anemia; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; do not confuse with HEMOGLOBIN SC DISEASE CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A disease characterized by compensated hemolysis with a normal hemoglobin level or a mild to moderate anemia. There may be intermittent abdominal discomfort, splenomegaly, and slight jaundice.
UI = D006445
Hemoglobin E
AN = an abnorm hemoglobin; /urine: coord IM with HEMOGLOBINURIA (IM); DF: HBE
MS = An abnormal hemoglobin resulting from the substitution of lysine for glutamic acid at position 26 of the beta chain of the globin moiety. It occurs most frequently in southeast Asia and is associated with microcythemia, target cell formation, and mild hemolytic anemia. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006446
Hemoglobin H
AN = an abnorm hemoglobin; /urine: coord IM with HEMOGLOBINURIA (IM); DF: HBH
MS = A rapidly migrating abnormal hemoglobin composed of four beta chains, having a high oxygen affinity, found in a form of alpha-thalassemia in various ethnic groups, manifested by chronic hemolytic anemia associated with splenomegaly clinically and hypochromia, anisocytosis, and poikilocytosis of the red blood cells, with inclusion bodies detectable by supravital staining. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006447
Hemoglobin J
AN = an abnorm hemoglobin; /urine: coord IM with HEMOGLOBINURIA (IM); DF: HBJ
MS = A group of abnormal hemoglobins with similar electrophoretic characteristics. They have faster electrophoretic mobility and different amino acid substitutions in either the alpha or beta chains than normal adult hemoglobin. Some of the variants produce hematologic abnormalities, others result in no clinical disorders.
UI = D006448
Hemoglobin M
AN = an abnorm hemoglobin; /urine: coord IM with HEMOGLOBINURIA (IM); DF: HBM
MS = A group of abnormal hemoglobins in which amino acid substitutions take place in either the alpha or beta chains but near the heme iron. This results in facilitated oxidation of the hemoglobin to yield excess methemoglobin which leads to cyanosis.
UI = D006449
Hemoglobin SC Disease
AN = a sickle cell anemia; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; do not confuse with HEMOGLOBIN C DISEASE CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = One of the sickle cell disorders characterized by the presence of both hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C. It is similar to, but less severe than sickle cell anemia.
UI = D006450
Hemoglobin, Sickle
AN = /urine: coord IM with HEMOGLOBINURIA (IM); hemoglobin S disease = ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL; DF: HBS
MS = An abnormal hemoglobin resulting from the substitution of valine for glutamic acid at position 6 of the beta chain of the globin moiety. The heterozygous state results in sickle cell trait, the homozygous in sickle cell anemia.
UI = D006451
Hemoglobinometry
AN = NIM; do not equate with HEMOGLOBINS /anal; note ERYTHROCYTE HEMOGLOBIN, MEAN CELL see ERYTHROCYTE INDICES is available
MS = Measurement of hemoglobin concentration in blood.
UI = D006452
Hemoglobinopathies
AN = do not confuse with HEMOGLOBINS, ABNORMAL (D12): use term in the text; coord IM with specific abnormal hemoglobin (IM) but HEMOGLOBIN C DISEASE, THALASSEMIA (hemoglobin H disease) & ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL (hemoglobin S disease) are available
UI = D006453
Hemoglobins
AN = blood proteins; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /anal: permitted & do not equate with HEMOGLOBINOMETRY; "mean cell erythrocyte hemoglobin" = ERYTHROCYTE INDICES; Bohr effect is indexed OXYHEMOGLOBINS /metab (IM) + PH (NIM)
MS = The oxygen-carrying pigments of the erythrocytes, formed by the developing erythrocyte in bone marrow. Hemoglobin is a conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin. A molecule of hemoglobin contains four globin polypeptide chains, designated alpha, beta, gamma, delta in the adult. Each is composed of several hundred amino acids. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006454
Hemoglobins, Abnormal
AN = /urine: coord IM with HEMOGLOBINURIA (IM); do not confuse with HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES: use term in the text
MS = Hemoglobins altered in their genetically determined molecular structure, resulting in a characteristic complex of vlinival and laboratory abnormalities. The specific features of the abnormal hemoglobins are related to variation of the composite globin polypeptide chains. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006455
Hemoglobinuria
AN = HEMOGLOBINURIA, PAROXYSMAL is also available: see note there
MS = The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine.
UI = D006456
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal
AN = also called "paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria" so ignore "nocturnal"
MS = Disorder characterized by intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria. Some cases occur on exposure to cold and are due to the presence of an autohemolysin in the serum. Other cases are more marked during or immediately after sleep and are considered to be due to an acquired intracorpuscular defect.
UI = D006457
Hemolymph
AN = coord substance in hemolymph with substance /blood
MS = The bloodlike fluid moving through the hemocoelom of those invertebrates (e.g., mollusks, arthropods, and tunicates) with open circulatory systems, which combines the properties of blood and lymphlike interstitial fluid. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006458
Hemolysin Factors
MS = Plasmids controlling the synthesis of hemolysin by bacteria.
UI = D006459
Hemolysins
MS = Substances, usually of biological origin, that destroy blood cells; they may be antibodies or other immunologic factors, toxins, enzymes, etc.; hemotoxins are toxic to blood in general, including the clotting mechanism; hematotoxins may refer to the hematopoietic system.
UI = D006460
Hemolysis
AN = hemolysis in gel = HEMOLYTIC PLAQUE TECHNIQUE
MS = Disruption of the integrity of the red cell membrane causing release of hemoglobin. Hemolysis may be caused by bacterial hemolysins, by antibodies that cause complement-dependent lysis, by placing red cells in hypotonic solution, or by defects in the red cell membrane. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006461
Hemolytic Plaque Technique
AN = for detecting antibody-producing cells; hemolysis in gel goes here CATALOG: do not use /laboratory manuals
UI = D006462
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
MS = Syndrome of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure, with pathological finding of thrombotic microangiopathy in kidney and renal cortical necrosis.
UI = D006463
Hemoperfusion
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not confuse with HEMODIALYSIS or PERFUSION or PERFUSION, REGIONAL; HEMOFILTRATION is available
MS = Removal of toxins or metabolites from the circulation by the passing of blood, within a suitable extracorporeal circuit, over semipermeable microcapsules containing adsorbents (e.g., activated charcoal) or enzymes, other enzyme preparations (e.g., gel-entrapped microsomes, membrane-free enzymes bound to artificial carriers), or other adsorbents (e.g., various resins, albumin-conjugated agarose).
UI = D006464
Hemoperitoneum
AN = blood in the peritoneal cavity
MS = An effusion of blood in the peritoneal cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006465
Hemopexin
AN = a beta-globulin
UI = D006466
Hemophilia A
AN = do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.
UI = D006467
Hemophilia B
MS = A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)
UI = D002836
Hemopneumothorax
AN = pneumothorax with blood in pleural cavity
MS = Accumulation of air and blood in the pleural cavity. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D006468
Hemoptysis
AN = expectorating blood
MS = Expectoration of blood or blood-stained sputum. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006469
Hemorheology
AN = the flow of blood, particularly in relation to erythrocyte deform & blood viscosity; DF: HEMORHEOL
MS = The scientific study of the deformation and flow properties of cellular and plasmatic components of blood in macroscopic, microscopic, and submicroscopic dimensions, and the rheological properties of vessel structure with which the blood comes in direct contact. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D018056
Hemorrhage
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with organ/dis precoord (IM), not organ /blood supply; consider also terms for presence of blood within cavities, as HEMOTHORAX, HEMATOCOLPOS, etc.; TN 197: coord for various HEMORRHAGE terms
UI = D006470
Hemorrhage, Gastrointestinal(see: Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage)
Hemorrhage, Oral (see:Oral Hemorrhage)
Hemorrhage, Postpartum (see:Postpartum Hemorrhage)
Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic
AN = a species of Orbivirus; infection: coord IM with REOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of ORBIVIRUS causing a fatal disease in deer. It is transmitted by flies of the genus Culicoides.
UI = D018164
Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit
AN = a species of Calicivirus; infection: coord IM with CALICIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A virus species in the genus CALICIVIRUS which causes hemorrhagic disease, including hemorrhagic septicemia, in rabbits.
UI = D017929
Hemorrhagic Disorders
AN = "predisposition to abnormal hemostasis"; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (VASCULAR HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).
UI = D006474
Hemorrhagic Disease of Newborn
AN = do not confuse with HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN see ERYTHROBLASTOSIS, FETAL; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A self-limited hemorrhagic disorder of the first days of life, caused by a deficiency of the vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006475
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola
AN = caused by Ebola virus, a species of Filovirus
MS = A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever, clinically very similar to MARBURG VIRUS DISEASE, caused by the EBOLA VIRUS, first occurring in the Sudan and adjacent northwestern (what was then) Zaire. The natural reservoir and mode of transmission of the virus are unknown, but secondary infection is by direct contact with infected blood and other body secretions. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019142
Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo
AN = a species of Nairovirus; infection = HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, CRIMEAN; DF: CCHF VIRUS or short X ref
MS = The type species of NAIROVIRUS of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE isolated from febrile patients in Africa. It is primarily transmitted by ticks and causes a severe, often fatal disease in humans.
UI = D003225
Hemorrhagic Fever, American
AN = caused by Tacaribe complex viruses, a group of arenaviruses
MS = Diseases caused by American hemorrhagic fever viruses (TACARIBE COMPLEX VIRUSES).
UI = D006478
Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean
AN = caused by the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, a species of Nairovirus
MS = A severe, often fatal disease in humans caused by the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (HEMORRHAGIC FEVER VIRUS, CRIMEAN-CONGO).
UI = D006479
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome
AN = caused by Hantavirus; formerly called "epidemic hemorrhagic fever": note X ref; DF: note short X ref
MS = An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by HANTAAN VIRUS whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. A milder form is caused by Seoul virus and related species and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus.
UI = D006480
Hemorrhagic Fever, Omsk
AN = caused by a flavivirus
MS = Infection with the Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, a Flavivirus.
UI = D006481
Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; if renal involvement, dis is probably HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME
MS = A group of viral diseases of diverse etiology but having many similar clinical characteristics; increased capillary permeability, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are common to all. Hemorrhagic fevers are characterized by sudden onset, fever, headache, generalized myalgia, backache, conjunctivitis, and severe prostration, followed by various hemorrhagic symptoms. Hemorrhagic fever with kidney involvement is HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME.
UI = D006482
Hemorrhagic Bacteremia
AN = caused by Pasteurella multocida infect
MS = Any of several diseases usually caused by PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA, marked by the presence of hemorrhagic areas in the subcutaneous tissues, serous membranes, muscles, lymph glands, and throughout the internal organs.
UI = D006483
Hemorrhoids
MS = Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses.
UI = D006484
Hemosiderin
AN = a metalloprotein
UI = D006485
Hemosiderosis
AN = a form of tissue iron accumulation in total body iron overload
MS = Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the reticuloendothelial system, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.
UI = D006486
Hemostasis
AN = note Cat G; differentiate from HEMOSTATIC TECHNIQUES, Cat E; coord HEMOSTASIS in diseases with disease /blood, not /physiopathol
MS = The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation.
UI = D006487
Hemostasis, Endoscopic
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with dis /ther (IM), not /surg
MS = Control of bleeding performed through the channel of the endoscope. Techniques include use of lasers, heater probes, bipolar electrocoagulation, and local injection. Endoscopic hemostasis is commonly used to treat bleeding esophageal and gastrointestinal varices and ulcers.
UI = D016558
Hemostasis, Surgical
AN = = perop or postop control of bleeding; do not use /util except by MeSH
MS = Control of bleeding during or after surgery.
UI = D006488
Hemostatic Techniques
AN = differentiate from HEMOSTASIS, a physiol process in Cat G; do not use /util except by MeSH definition CATALOG: do not use /laboratory manuals
MS = Techniques for controlling bleeding.
UI = D006489
Hemostatics
MS = Agents acting to arrest the flow of blood. Absorbable hemostatics arrest bleeding either by the formation of an artificial clot or by providing a mechanical matrix that facilitates clotting when applied directly to the bleeding surface. These agents function more at the capillary level and are not effective at stemming arterial or venous bleeding under any significant intravascular pressure.
UI = D006490
Hemothorax
AN = blood in pleural cavity
MS = A collection of blood in the pleural cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006491
Hempa
AN = = HExaMethylPhosphorAmide; a chemosterilant & possible carcinogen
MS = Hexamethylphosphoric triamide. Chemosterilant. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed).
UI = D006492
Hepadnaviridae
AN = a family of hepatitis viruses; from HEPAtotropic DNA viruses; infection = HEPADNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS
MS = A family of hepatotropic DNA viruses which contains double-stranded DNA genomes and causes hepatitis in humans and animals. There are two genera: AVIHEPADNAVIRUS and ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS. Hepadnaviruses include HEPATITIS B VIRUS, duck hepatitis B virus (HEPATITIS B VIRUS, DUCK), heron hepatitis B virus, ground squirrel hepatitis virus, and woodchuck hepatitis B virus (HEPATITIS B VIRUS, WOODCHUCK).
UI = D015613
Hepadnaviridae Infections
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific
MS = Virus diseases caused by the HEPADNAVIRIDAE.
UI = D018347
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan
MS = Ubiquitous macromolecules associated with the cell surface and extracellular matrix of a wide range of cells of vertebrate and invertebrate tissues. They are essential cofactors in cell-matrix adhesion processes, in cell-cell recognition systems, and in receptor-growth factor interactions. (From Cancer Metastasis Rev 1996; 15(2): 177-86; Hepatology 1996; 24(3): 524-32)
UI = D019812
Heparin
AN = an anticoagulant
MS = Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts.
UI = D006493
Heparin Antagonists
AN = DF: HEPARIN ANTAG
MS = Coagulant substances inhibiting the anticoagulant action of heparin.
UI = D006494
Heparin Cofactor II
MS = A sulfated plasma protein with the MW of approximately 66kDa that resembles ANTITHROMBIN III. The protein is an inhibitor of thrombin in plasma and is activated by dermatan sulfate or heparin. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.
UI = D015844
Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight
AN = /antag = probably HEPARIN ANTAGONISTS; DF: note short X ref
MS = Heparin fractions with a molecular weight usually between 4000 and 6000 kD. These low-molecular-weight fractions are effective antithrombotic agents. Their administration reduces the risk of hemorrhage, they have a longer half-life, and their platelet interactions are reduced in comparison to unfractionated heparin. They also provide an effective prophylaxis against postoperative major pulmonary embolism.
UI = D006495
Heparin Lyase
MS = An enzyme of the isomerase class that catalyzes the eliminative cleavage of polysaccharides containing 1,4-linked D-glucuronate or L-iduronate residues and 1,4-alpha-linked 2-sulfoamino-2-deoxy-6-sulfo-D-glucose residues to give oligosaccharides with terminal 4-deoxy-alpha-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.2.2.7.
UI = D019763
Heparinoids
AN = anticoagulants & anti-inflamm agents
MS = Heparin derivatives. The term has also been used more loosely to include naturally occurring and synthetic highly-sulphated polysaccharides of similar structure. Heparinoid preparations have been used for a wide range of applications including as anticoagulants and anti-inflammatories and they have been claimed to have hypolipidemic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th, p232)
UI = D006496
Heparitin Sulfate
AN = a glycosaminoglycan; do not confuse with HEPARAN SULFATE PROTEOGLYCAN
MS = Heparitin, sulfate. A glycosaminoglycan occurring in the liver, aorta, and lung. It has a structure similar to heparin, but there are more N-acetyl groups and fewer O- and N-sulfate groups. It is an accumulation product in several mucopolysaccharidoses. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006497
Hepatectomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Excision of all or part of the liver. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006498
Hepatic Artery
MS = A branch of the celiac artery that distributes to the stomach, pancreas, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, and greater omentum.
UI = D006499
Hepatic Duct, Common
AN = an external bile duct formed by junction of right & left hepatic ducts; diseases: coord IM with BILE DUCT DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with BILE DUCT NEOPLASMS (IM); inflammation: coord IM with CHOLANGITIS (IM); obstruct: coord IM with BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION, EXTRAHEPATIC (IM); calculi: coord (IM) with CHOLELITHIASIS (IM)
MS = Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct.
UI = D006500
Hepatic Encephalopathy
AN = coma in advanced liver dis
MS = All stages in the onset and development of coma (prodrome, impending coma, stupor, and coma) occurring in advanced liver disease.
UI = D006501
Hepatic Vein Thrombosis
AN = do not confuse X ref CHIARI'S SYNDROME with ARNOLD-CHIARI SYNDROME see ARNOLD-CHIARI DEFORMITY
MS = Occlusion of the hepatic veins caused by thrombi or fibrous obliteration of the veins.
UI = D006502
Hepatic Veins
MS = Veins which drain the liver.
UI = D006503
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease
AN = hepatic vein blockage; DF: HVOD
MS = Blockage of the small- or medium-sized hepatic veins due to nonthrombotic subendothelial edema which may progress to fibrosis.
UI = D006504
Hepatitis
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; probably non-viral; viral hepatitis = HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN & HEPATITIS, VIRAL, ANIMAL or their specifics; /chem ind = HEPATITIS, TOXIC but note HEPATITIS, ALCOHOLIC is also available; /vet = HEPATITIS, ANIMAL or HEPATITIS, VIRAL, ANIMAL; hepatitis A, hepatitis B, etc. = HEPATITIS A, HEPATITIS B, etc.; hepatitis parenterally transmitted = HEPATITIS C, enterally transmitted = HEPATITIS E, not specified as parenteral or enteral = probably HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN; non-A, non-B hepatitis = probably HEPATITIS C but check text for mode of transmission; "transmission of hepatitis" is probably /transm with one of the viral hepatitis terms
MS = Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes.
UI = D006505
Hepatitis A
AN = caused by a human hepatitis virus
MS = Hepatitis caused by HEPATOVIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.
UI = D006506
Hepatitis A Virus, Human
AN = a species of Hepatovirus; infection = HEPATITIS A
MS = The type species of HEPATOVIRUS which causes human hepatitis A. The virus replicates in hepatocytes and is presumed to reach the intestine via the bile duct. Transmission occurs by the fecal-oral route.
UI = D017957
Hepatitis Agents, GB
AN = a member of the family Flaviviridae; GB: "the initials of a surgeon who supplied the serum passaged in primates"; infection: coord IM with HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN (IM) or HEPATITIS, VIRAL, ANIMAL (IM); DF: note short X refs
MS = Proposed members of the family FLAVIVIRIDAE. GBV-B causes hepatitis in tamarins and possibly humans, and is the putative etiological agent of a non-(A-E) hepatitis, GB hepatitis.
UI = D019399
Hepatitis Antigens
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Antigens from any of the hepatitis viruses including surface, core, and other associated antigens.
UI = D018963
Hepatitis, Autoimmune
AN = a form of chronic hepatitis
MS = An unresolving, predominately periportal, hepatitis, usually with hypergammaglobulinemia and serum autoantibodies. The existence of subgroups (types 1, 2, and 3) based on serological findings are controversial. Additionally, some patients have variant forms, where there are features associated with both autoimmune hepatitis and another type of chronic liver disease (overlap syndromes) or where there are findings incompatible with autoimmune hepatitis (outlier syndromes). (From Czaja, Ann Intern Med. 1996; 125:588-598)
UI = D019693
Hepatitis B, Chronic
MS = An inflammatory disease of the liver caused by hepatitis B virus and lasting six months or more.
UI = D019694
Hepatitis B Vaccines
MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis B. Some vaccines may be recombinantly produced.
UI = D017325
Hepatitis B Virus, Duck
AN = a member of the genus Avihepadnavirus; do not confuse with HEPATITIS VIRUS, DUCK, an enterovirus; infection: coord IM with HEPADNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM); DF: note short X ref
MS = A DNA virus that closely resembles human hepatitis B virus. It has been recovered from naturally infected ducks.
UI = D015611
Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck
AN = a member of the genus Orthohepadnavirus; infection: coord IM with HEPATITIS B (IM)
MS = An ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS causing chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in woodchucks. It closely resembles the human hepatitis B virus.
UI = D017919
Hepatitis C Antibodies
MS = Antibodies to the HEPATITIS C ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.
UI = D018937
Hepatitis C Antigens
MS = Antigens of the virions of hepatitis C-like viruses, their surface, core, or other associated antigens.
UI = D018936
Hepatitis C, Chronic
MS = An inflammatory disease of the liver caused by hepatitis C virus lasting six months or more.
UI = D019698
Hepatitis, Chronic, Drug-Induced
AN = coord IM with specific toxic agent /adv eff-pois-tox (IM); HEPATITIS, ALCOHOLIC is also available
MS = An inflammatory disease of the liver, lasting six months or more, and caused by an adverse drug effect. The adverse effect may result from a direct toxic effect of a drug or metabolite, or an idiosyncratic response to a drug or metabolite. The clinical and histological changes can mimic viral or autoimmune hepatitis.
UI = D019702
Hepatitis C-Like Viruses
AN = a genus of the family Flaviviridae; infection = HEPATITIS C
MS = A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (HEPATITIS C) which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.
UI = D016174
Hepatitis D
AN = a hepatitis caused by hepatitis delta virus; HEPATITIS D, CHRONIC is also available
MS = Hepatitis caused by the HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS in association with hepatitis B. It is endemic in some European countries and is seen in drug users, hemophiliacs, and polytransfused persons.
UI = D003699
Hepatitis D, Chronic
MS = Inflammatory disease of the liver caused by hepatitis D virus in conjunction with hepatitis B virus and lasting six months or more.
UI = D019701
Hepatitis Delta Virus
AN = a defective virus in acute hepatitis B & chronic hepatitis; infection = HEPATITIS D or HEPATITIS D, CHRONIC; coord IM with RNA, VIRAL (IM) or RNA, SATELLITE (IM)
MS = A defective virus, containing particles of RNA nucleoprotein in virion-like form, present in patients with acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis. Officially this is classified as a subviral satellite RNA (RNA, SATELLITE).
UI = D003698
Hepatitis E
AN = caused by a calicivirus; enterally transmitted: hepatitis not specified as enteral or parenteral is indexed under HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN
MS = An acute form of hepatitis caused by a virus serologically distinct from the agents of hepatitis A, B, and C. Hepatitis E is associated with fecally-contaminated water, is enterically transmitted, and is commonly found in tropical or subtropical countries.
UI = D016751
Hepatitis E Virus
AN = a species of Calicivirus; infection = HEPATITIS E
MS = A positive-stranded RNA virus species in the genus CALICIVIRUS, causing enterically-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (HEPATITIS E).
UI = D016752
Hepatitis Virus, Duck
AN = an enterovirus; do not confuse with HEPATITIS B VIRUS, DUCK, a hepadnavirus; infection: coord IM with ENTEROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = An enterovirus with high mortality that attacks ducklings 3 days to 3 weeks old.
UI = D004371
Hepatoblastoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LIVER NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D018197
Hepatocyte Growth Factor
MS = Multifunctional growth factor which regulates both cell growth and cell motility. It exerts a strong mitogenic effect on hepatocytes and primary epithelial cells. Its receptor is the proto-oncogene protein c-met.
UI = D017228
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
MS = A syndrome consisting of the triad of liver dysfunction, pulmonary vascular dilatation, and abnormal arterial oxygenation in the absence of detectable intrinsic disease of the lung and heart.
UI = D020065
Hepatovirus
AN = a genus of the family Picornaviridae; infection = HEPATITIS A
MS = A genus of PICORNAVIRIDAE causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.
UI = D006507
Hepatitis Antibodies
AN = coord IM with specific virus /immunol (IM) or specific viral hepatitis /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn
MS = Immunoglobulins raised by any form of viral hepatitis; some of these antibodies are used to diagnose the specific kind of hepatitis.
UI = D006508
Hepatitis B
AN = caused by a human hepatitis virus; chronic = HEPATITIS B, CHRONIC
MS = Hepatitis caused by hepatitis B virus. It may be transmitted by transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products.
UI = D006509
Hepatitis B Antibodies
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = Antibodies to the hepatitis B antigens, including antibodies to the surface (Australia) and core of the Dane particle and those to the "e" antigens.
UI = D006510
Hepatitis B Antigens
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = Antigens of the virion of the HEPATITIS B VIRUS or the Dane particle, its surface, core and other associated antigens, like the HBe antigen.
UI = D006511
Hepatitis B Core Antigens
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = The hepatitis B antigen within the core of the Dane particle, the infectious hepatitis virion.
UI = D006512
Hepatitis B e Antigens
AN = DF: note short X refs
MS = A closely related group of antigens found in the plasma only during the infective phase of hepatitis B or in virulent chronic hepatitis B, probably indicating active virus replication; there are three subtypes which may exist in a complex with immunoglobulins G.
UI = D006513
Hepatitis B Surface Antigens
AN = DF: note short X refs
MS = Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.
UI = D006514
Hepatitis B Virus
AN = a species of Orthohepadnavirus; infection = HEPATITIS B
MS = The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human hepatitis B and is also apparently a causal agent in human hepatocellular carcinoma. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.
UI = D006515
Hepatitis Viruses
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; infection = HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN or HEPATITIS, VIRAL, ANIMAL or their specifics: see notes there
MS = Any of the viruses that cause inflammation of the liver. They include both DNA and RNA viruses as well viruses from humans and animals.
UI = D006518
Hepatitis, Alcoholic
AN = considered chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE
MS = An acute or chronic degenerative and inflammatory lesion of the liver in the alcoholic which is potentially progressive though sometimes reversible. It does not necessarily include steatosis, fibrosis, or cirrhosis of alcoholics, although it is frequently associated with these conditions. It is characterized by liver cell necrosis, infiltration by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes, and Mallory bodies. The morphologic changes of chronic alcoholic hepatitis are not likely to be confused with chronic hepatitis (HEPATITIS, CHRONIC).
UI = D006519
Hepatitis, Animal
AN = exper or vet, GEN or unspecified; don't forget to check tag ANIMAL; prefer specific hepatitis heading with check tag ANIMAL & do not coord here: if specific hepatitis is exper, use only check tag ANIMAL but if specific hepatitis is vet, use specific hepatitis /vet (IM) + precoord animal/dis term (IM) + check tag ANIMAL
UI = D006520
Hepatitis, Chronic
AN = chronic hepatitis from any cause; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; chronic alcoholic hepatitis = HEPATITIS, ALCOHOLIC
MS = A collective term for a clinical and pathological syndrome which has several causes and is characterized by varying degrees of hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation. Specific forms of chronic hepatitis include autoimmune hepatitis (HEPATITIS, AUTOIMMUNE), chronic hepatitis B (HEPATITIS B, CHRONIC), chronic hepatitis C (HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC), chronic hepatitis D (HEPATITIS D, CHRONIC), indeterminate chronic viral hepatitis, cryptogenic chronic hepatitis and drug-related chronic hepatitis (HEPATITIS, CHRONIC, DRUG-INDUCED).
UI = D006521
Hepatitis, Infectious Canine
AN = caused by an adenovirus; don't forget also DOGS (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: HEPATITIS INFECT CANINE
MS = An adenovirus infection causing fever, edema, vomiting, and diarrhea in dogs, especially puppies. In foxes it causes acute encephalitis with convulsions, paralysis, coma, and death.
UI = D006522
Hepatitis, Toxic
AN = coord IM with specific toxic agent /adv eff-pois-tox (IM); chronic = HEPATITIS, CHRONIC, DRUG-INDUCED; HEPATITIS, ALCOHOLIC is also available
MS = Acute hepatitis caused by true hepatotoxins such as Amanita phaloides toxin, carbon tetrachloride, yellow phosphorus, and a variety of drugs. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006523
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal
AN = not restricted to hepatitis caused by hepatitis viruses: use also for hepatitis caused by other viruses; exper or vet but do not use /vet; don't forget to check tag ANIMAL
MS = Viral hepatitis in animals.
UI = D006524
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
AN = not restricted to hepatitis caused by hepatitis viruses: use also for hepatitis caused by other viruses; coord IM with precoord virus dis term (IM); parenterally transmitted hepatitis = HEPATITIS C, enterically transmitted hepatitis = HEPATITIS E, not specified as enteral or parenteral = HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN; HEPATITIS A, HEPATITIS B & HEPATITIS D are also available
MS = Viral hepatitis in man.
UI = D006525
Hepatitis C
AN = caused by a member of the family Flaviviridae; parenterally transmitted: hepatitis not specified as enteral or parenteral is indexed under HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN; chronic = HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC
MS = A form of hepatitis, similar to type B post-transfusion hepatitis, but caused by a virus which is serologically distinct from the agents of hepatitis A, B, and E, and which may persist in the blood of chronic asymptomatic carriers. Hepatitis C is parenterally transmitted and associated with transfusions and drug abuse.
UI = D006526
Hepatolenticular Degeneration
AN = a liver dis; lenticular refers to the lenticular nucleus in the brain; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism involving the transport and storage of copper in the body.
UI = D006527
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (see:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular)
Hepatomegaly
AN = NIM when symptom
MS = Enlargement of the liver.
UI = D006529
Hepatorenal Syndrome
AN = kidney failure in liver dis
MS = Renal failure in those with liver disease, usually liver cirrhosis or obstructive jaundice. Historically called Heyd disease, urohepatic syndrome, or bile nephrosis.
UI = D006530
HEPES
AN = a buffer; D25-26 qualif
MS = 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid. A dipolar ionic buffer.
UI = D006531
Heptachlor
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
MS = A man-made compound previously used to control termites and other insects. Even though production of heptachlor was phased out of use in the United States during the late 1980's it remains in soil and hazardous waste sites. It is cleary toxic to animals and humans but, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that heptachlor is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989)
UI = D006533
Heptachlor Epoxide
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
MS = An oxidation product of HEPTACHLOR formed by many plants and animals, including humans, after exposure to HEPTACHLOR. It has been shown to remain in soil treated with HEPTACHLOR for over fifteen years and is toxic to animals and humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989)
UI = D006534
Heptaminol
AN = a sympathomimetic
MS = An amino alcohol that has been used as a myocardial stimulant and vasodilator and to relieve bronchospasm. Its most common therapeutic use is in orthostatic hypotension. The mechanism of heptaminol's therapeutic actions is not well understood although it has been suggested to affect catecholamine release or calcium metabolism.
UI = D006535
Heptanes
AN = does not include heptenes ( = ALKENES), heptadienes ( = ALKADIENES), or heptatrienes ( = POLYENES); CYCLOHEPTANES is also available
MS = Seven-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.
UI = D006536
Heptanoates
MS = Salts and esters of the 7-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid heptanoic acid.
UI = D006537
Heptanoic Acids
MS = 7-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.
UI = D006538
Heptanol
MS = A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.
UI = D019850
Heptoses
AN = monosaccharides; GEN only; prefer specifics
UI = D006539
Herbals [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; for herbals as a subject, index under main heading MEDICINE, HERBAL
MS = Books on herbs or plants usually describing their medicinal value. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
UI = D019509
Herbicides
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific herbicide groups or specific herbicide
MS = Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses, and woody plants.
UI = D006540
Herbicides, Carbamate
MS = Herbicides which owe their activity to the carbamate moiety in the molecule.
UI = D006541
Herbicides, Triazine
MS = Herbicides which owe their activity to the triazine moiety in the molecule.
UI = D006542
Herbicides, Urea
MS = Herbicides which owe their activity to the urea moiety in the molecule.
UI = D006543
Herbs
AN = as plant, flavoring & drug; ther use of HERBS in general goes under MEDICINE, HERBAL but ther use of a specific medicinal herb in MeSH goes under specific plant name; see note on MEDICINE, HERBAL
MS = Any plant designated as herb by any source. Formerly the term designated those angiosperms that have little or no woody tissue and die at the end of the growing season, especially in the temperate zones where winter cold suspends plant growth. It includes also plants used for their aromatic, savory, or medicinal properties.
UI = D006544
Hereditary Diseases
AN = GEN only: prefer /genet with specific diseases; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; Manual 23.22+; Manual 19.8.34; X-linked diseases in general = HEREDITARY DISEASES (IM) + X CHROMOSOME (IM) + LINKAGE (NIM), a specific X-linked dis = disease (IM) + X CHROMOSOME (NIM) + LINKAGE (NIM) CATALOG: do not use /in inf
UI = D006545
Hermaphroditism
AN = permissible for biol hermaphroditism in lower organisms despite category; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; for check tag use genetic sex for higher animals but do not check sex tags for lower organisms; do not confuse with BISEXUALITY, a behavioral term CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Originally, a state characterized by the presence of both male and female sex organs. In humans, true hermaphroditism is caused by anomalous differentiation of the gonads, with the presence of both ovarian and testicular tissue and of ambiguous morphologic criteria of sex. If only testicular tissue is present, but there are some female morphological criteria of sex, it is known as male PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM. If only ovarian tissue is present, but there are some male morphological criteria of sex, it is known as female PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006546
Hernia
AN = protrusion of an organ or part through an abnorm opening; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NIM coord with specific organ/dis (IM); herniated disk = INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT
MS = Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening.
UI = D006547
Hernia, Diaphragmatic
MS = Protrusion of some part of the abdominal or retroperitoneal structures through the diaphragm into the thorax. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006548
Hernia, Diaphragmatic, Traumatic
MS = Protrusion of some part of the abdominal or retroperitoneal structures through the diaphragm into the thorax, occurring as a result of injury, usually to the abdomen. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006549
Hernia, Femoral
UI = D006550
Hernia, Hiatal
AN = herniation through diaphragmatic opening; don't specify esophagus or stomach
MS = Herniation of the lower esophagus and/or portion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus.
UI = D006551
Hernia, Inguinal
UI = D006552
Hernia, Obturator
MS = Hernia through the obturator foramen.
UI = D006553
Hernia, Umbilical
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = The protrusion of part of the intestine at the umbilicus (Dorland, 27th ed).
UI = D006554
Hernia, Ventral
UI = D006555
Heroin
MS = A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D003932
Heroin Dependence
MS = Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon heroin.
UI = D006556
Herpangina
AN = caused by Coxsackie A virus
UI = D006557
Herpes Genitalis
AN = herpes simplex of the genitals in male or female
MS = Herpes simplex of the genitals.
UI = D006558
Herpes Gestationis
AN = not caused by Herpesvirus: herpes refers here to the polymorphous eruptions; don't forget check tags PREGNANCY + FEMALE
MS = An itching polymorphous bullous eruption which occurs in pregnancy or the puerperium and which recurs in successive pregnancies.
UI = D006559
Herpes Labialis
AN = herpes simplex of the lips & nares; STOMATITIS, HERPETIC (oral cavity) is also available
MS = Herpes simplex, caused by type 1 virus, primarily spread by oral secretions and usually occurring as a concomitant of fever. It may also develop in the absence of fever or prior illness. It commonly involves the facial region, especially the lips and the nares. (Dorland, 27th ed.)
UI = D006560
Herpes Simplex
AN = note Cat C; caused by Simplexvirus (also called Herpes simplex virus & Herpesvirus hominis)
MS = A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)
UI = D006561
Herpes Simplex Virus Protein Vmw65
AN = a trans-activator; DF: HSV VMW65
MS = Trans-acting protein that combines with host factors to induce immediate early gene transcription in herpes simplex virus.
UI = D017405
Herpes Zoster
AN = caused by human herpesvirus 3 (HERPES ZOSTER VIRUS see HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN)
MS = An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of chickenpox. It involves the sensory ganglia and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006562
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
AN = caused by human herpesvirus 3 (OCULAR HERPES ZOSTER VIRUS see HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN)
MS = Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.
UI = D006563
Herpes Zoster Oticus
AN = caused by human herpesvirus 3 (HERPES ZOSTER VIRUS see HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN); do not confuse facial paralysis in this dis with RAMSAY HUNT PARALYSIS SYNDROME see PARKINSON DISEASE; X ref on Ramsay Hunt: spell without hyphen in titles & translations
MS = Herpes zoster involving the facial and auditory nerves associated with ipsilateral facial paralysis, usually transitory, and herpetic vesicles of the external ear or tympanic membrane, which also may or may not be associated with tinnitus, vertigo, and hearing disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D016697
Herpesviridae
AN = a large family of DNA viruses; GEN: prefer specifics; infection = HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS
MS = A family of enveloped, linear, double-stranded DNA viruses infecting a wide variety of animals. There are three subfamilies based on biological characteristics: ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, BETAHERPESVIRINAE, and GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE.
UI = D006564
Herpesviridae Infections
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Virus diseases caused by the HERPESVIRIDAE.
UI = D006566
Herpesvirus 1, Bovine
AN = a species of Varicellovirus; do not confuse with HERPESVIRUS 2, BOVINE; infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM); DF: note short X ref
MS = A species of VARICELLOVIRUS that causes rhinotracheitis in cattle.
UI = D007242
Herpesvirus 1, Canid
AN = a species of Varicellovirus; infect: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of VARICELLOVIRUS virus that causes a disease in newborn puppies.
UI = D002184
Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine
AN = a species of Simplexvirus affecting monkeys; infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM); DF: note short X ref
MS = A species of SIMPLEXVIRUS that causes vesicular lesions of the mouth in monkeys. When the virus is transmitted to man it causes an acute encephalitis or encephalomyelitis, which is nearly always fatal.
UI = D006568
Herpesvirus 1, Equid
AN = a species of Varicellovirus; from Latin equus, horse; do not confuse with HERPESVIRUS 3, EQUID; infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of VARICELLOVIRUS and the etiologic agent of a disease in horses causing abortion. It may also cause respiratory catarrh in young horses.
UI = D004861
Herpesvirus 1, Gallid
AN = a species of Varicellovirus; from Latin gallus, chicken; do not confuse with HERPESVIRUS 2, GALLID; infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of VARICELLOVIRUS found on every continent and affecting mainly chickens and occasionally pheasants.
UI = D001352
Herpesvirus 1, Human
AN = infection = HERPES SIMPLEX; DF: HHV 1
MS = The type species of SIMPLEXVIRUS causing most forms of non-genital herpes simplex in humans. Primary infection occurs mainly in infants and young children and then the virus becomes latent in the dorsal root ganglion. It then is periodically reactivated throughout life causing mostly benign conditions.
UI = D018259
Herpesvirus 2, Human
AN = a simplexvirus; infection = HERPES GENITALIS; DF: HHV 2
MS = A species of SIMPLEXVIRUS associated with genital infections (HERPES GENITALIS). It is transmitted by sexual intercourse and close personal contact.
UI = D018258
Herpesvirus 3, Human
AN = a species of Varicellovirus; do not confuse with other numbered herpesviruses; infection = CHICKENPOX or HERPES ZOSTER; DF: HHV 3
MS = The type species of VARICELLOVIRUS causing CHICKENPOX (varicella) and HERPES ZOSTER (shingles) in humans.
UI = D014645
Herpesvirus, Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated
AN = a species of the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae isolated from AIDS-related & classical Kaposi sarcoma; infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) or KAPOSI SARCOMA if so specified by author; DF: note short X ref
MS = Species of an unnamed genus, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, isolated from patients with AIDS-related and "classical" Kaposi sarcoma. The sequences suggest this is a new human herpesvirus, unofficially identified as human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8).
UI = D019288
Herpesvirus 1, Ranid
AN = a species of the family Herpesviridae; from Latin rana, frog; infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, whose genus is so far unnamed. It is probably the causative agent of adenoma or adenocarcinoma in the kidneys of certain frogs.
UI = D007913
Herpesvirus 1, Suid
AN = a species of Varicellovirus; from Latin sui-, swine; infection = PSEUDORABIES
MS = A species of VARICELLOVIRUS producing a respiratory infection in swine, its natural host. It also produces an usually fatal encephalomyelitis in cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, foxes, and mink.
UI = D011558
Herpesvirus 2, Bovine
AN = a species of Simplexvirus causing mammillitis in cattle; do not confuse with HERPESVIRUS 1, BOVINE; infection: coord IM with HERPES SIMPLEX (IM); DF: note short X ref
MS = A species of SIMPLEXVIRUS causing mammillitis in cattle in Great Britain and South Africa.
UI = D001911
Herpesvirus 2, Gallid
AN = a species of an unnamed genus of the family Herpesviridae; from Latin gallus, chicken; do not confuse with HERPESVIRUS 1, GALLID; infection = MAREK'S DISEASE; if discussed as a tumor virus, coord IM with TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) & do not add MAREK'S DISEASE unless pertinent (IM or NIM)
MS = A species of an as yet unnamed genus in the family HERPESVIRIDAE. It is the etiologic agent of a disease of domestic fowl and wild birds.
UI = D008381
Herpesvirus 2, Saimirine
AN = a species of the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae; from 2 South Amer Indian words: sai (monkey) + miri (small); do not confuse with HERPESVIRUS 1, SAIMIRINE see SIMPLEXVIRUS; infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: note short X ref
MS = A species, of an as yet unassigned genus, in the subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, isolated from squirrel monkeys. It produces malignant lymphomas in inoculated marmosets or owl monkeys.
UI = D006567
Herpesvirus 3, Equid
AN = a species of Varicellovirus; from Latin equus, horse; do not confuse with HERPESVIRUS 1, EQUID; infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM); DF: note short X ref
MS = A species of VARICELLOVIRUS causing coital exanthema in horses.
UI = D004858
Herpesvirus 4, Human
AN = a species of Lymphocryptovirus; do not confuse with other numbered herpesviruses; infection = BURKITT LYMPHOMA or INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS or coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: HHV 4
MS = A species of LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS cultivated from cultures of BURKITT LYMPHOMA. It is thought to be the causative agent of INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS.
UI = D004854
Herpesvirus 6, Human
AN = a species of Roseolovirus isolated from AIDS & other lymphoproliferative-diseased patients; do not confuse with other numbered herpesviruses; infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) but consider also EXANTHEMA SUBITUM; DF: HHV 6
MS = The type species of ROSEOLOVIRUS isolated from patients with AIDS and other lymphoproliferative disorders. It infects and replicates in fresh and established lines of hematopoietic cells and cells of neural origin. It also appears to alter NK cell activity. HHV-6 (HBLV) antibodies are elevated in patients with AIDS, Sjogren's syndrome, sarcoidosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and certain malignancies. HHV-6 is the cause of EXANTHEMA SUBITUM and has been implicated in encephalitis.
UI = D015654
Herpesvirus 7, Human
AN = a species of the family Herpesviridae; isolated from T-lymphocytes; do not confuse with other numbered herpesviruses; infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM); DF: HHV 7
MS = A species of the family HERPESVIRIDAE isolated from activated, CD4-positive T-lymphocytes taken from the blood of a healthy human.
UI = D016199
Hesperidin
AN = a flavonoid in lemons & oranges
MS = 7-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D- glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4- methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Predominant flavonoid in lemons and sweet oranges.
UI = D006569
Hesperomyinae
AN = a subfamily of Muridae; note X refs; IM; qualif permitted
MS = A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of 69 genera. New World mice and rats are included in this subfamily.
UI = D016205
Hetastarch
AN = a plasma substitute
MS = A derivative of STARCH used as a plasma substitute in the treatment of hemorrhage.
UI = D006895
Heterochromatin
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet /isol permitted
MS = That state of chromatin in which it is dark-staining and tightly coiled, forming irregular clumps (karyosomes) or Barr bodies in the nuclei of cells in interphase, or stains densely in certain areas of mitotic chromosomes. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006570
Heterocyclic Compounds
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific cpd; DF: HETEROCYCLIC CPDS
MS = Ring compounds having atoms other than carbon in their nuclei. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
UI = D006571
Heterocyclic Compounds, Bridged-Ring
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals
MS = A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms.
UI = D006572
Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals
MS = A class of organic compounds containing a ring structure made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The ring structure can be aromatic or nonaromatic.
UI = D006573
Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals
MS = A class of organic compounds containing two ring structures, one of which is made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The heterocycle may be either aromatic or nonaromatic.
UI = D006574
Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals
MS = A class of organic compounds containing three ring structures, one of which is made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The heterocycle may be either aromatic or nonaromatic
UI = D006575
Heterocyclic Compounds with 4 or More Rings
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals
MS = A class of organic compounds containing four or more ring structures, one of which is made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The heterocycle may be either aromatic or nonaromatic.
UI = D006576
Heterocyclic Oxides
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics
MS = Oxides of a ring compound having atoms other than carbon in its ring.
UI = D006577
Heteroduplex Analysis
MS = A method of detecting gene mutation by mixing PCR-amplified mutant and wild-type DNA followed by denaturation and reannealing. The resultant products are resolved by gel electrophoresis, with single base substitutions detectable under optimal electrophoretic conditions and gel formulations. Large base pair mismatches may also be analyzed by using electron microscopy to visualize heteroduplex regions.
UI = D020180
Heterophyidae
AN = a family of trematodes; infection: coord IM with TREMATODE INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
MS = A family of intestinal flukes of the class Trematoda which occurs in animals and man. Some of the genera are Heterophyes, Metagonimus, Cryptocotyle, Stellantchasmus, and Euryhelmis.
UI = D006578
Heteroptera
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
MS = A suborder of HEMIPTERA, called true bugs, characterized by the possession of two pairs of wings. It includes the medically important families CIMICIDAE and REDUVIIDAE. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D020062
Heterosexuality
MS = Sexual attraction or relationship between members of the opposite sex.
UI = D020010
Heterozygote
AN = no qualif
MS = An individual having different alleles at one or more loci in homologous chromosome segments.
UI = D006579
Heterozygote Detection
MS = Identification of genetic carriers for a given trait.
UI = D006580
Hexachlorobenzene
AN = an agric fungicide; do not confuse with BENZENE HEXACHLORIDE see LINDANE; DF: note short X ref
MS = An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.
UI = D006581
Hexachlorophene
AN = an anti-infective
MS = A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)
UI = D006582
Hexadimethrine
AN = a heparin antag; D25-26 qualif
MS = N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine polymer with 1,3-dibromopropane. Synthetic polymer which agglutinates red blood cells; used as a heparin antagonist.
UI = D006583
Hexamethonium
AN = a ganglionic blocker
MS = A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.
UI = D018738
Hexamethonium Compounds
AN = antihypertensives; DF: HEXAMETHONIUM CPDS
MS = Compounds containing the hexamethylenebis(trimethylammonium) cation. Members of this group frequently act as antihypertensive agents and selective ganglionic blocking agents.
UI = D006584
Hexanes
AN = does not include hexenes ( = ALKENES), hexadienes ( = ALKADIENES), or hexatrienes ( = POLYENES); CYCLOHEXANES is also available
MS = Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.
UI = D006586
Hexanoic Acids
UI = D006587
Hexanols
MS = Isomeric forms and derivatives of hexanol (C6H11OH).
UI = D000441
Hexanones
MS = 6-carbon straight-chain or branched ketones.
UI = D006588
Hexestrol
AN = an antineoplastic synthetic estrogen
MS = 4,4'-(1,2-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediyl)bis-phenol. A synthetic estrogen that has been used as a hormonal antineoplastic agent.
UI = D006589
Hexetidine
AN = an antifungal
MS = A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygeine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)
UI = D006590
Hexobarbital
AN = a sedative
MS = A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.
UI = D006591
Hexobendine
MS = A potent vasoactive agent that dilates cerebral and coronary arteries, but slightly constricts femoral arteries, without any effects on heart rate, blood pressure or cardiac output.
UI = D006592
Hexokinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and a D-hexose to ADP and a D-hexose 6-phosphate. D-Glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, sorbitol, and D-glucosamine can act as acceptors; ITP and dATP can act as donors. The liver isoenzyme has sometimes been called glucokinase. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.1.
UI = D006593
Hexoprenaline
AN = a bronchodilator & tocolytic
MS = Stimulant of adrenergic beta 2 receptors. It is used as a bronchodilator, antiasthmatic agent, and tocolytic agent.
UI = D006594
Hexosamines
UI = D006595
Hexosaminidases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of N-acylhexosamine residues in N-acylhexosamides. Hexosaminidases also act on glucosides, galactosides, and several oligosaccharides.
UI = D006596
Hexosediphosphates
UI = D006598
UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase
AN = defic: consider GALACTOSEMIA; DF: note short X ref
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of UMP from UDPglucose to galactose 1-phosphate, forming UDPgalactose and glucose 1-phosphate. Deficiency in this enzyme is the major cause of GALACTOSEMIA. EC 2.7.7.12.
UI = D006599
Hexosephosphates
UI = D006600
Hexoses
AN = monosaccharides; GEN only; prefer specifics
UI = D006601
Hexosyltransferases
MS = Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a hexose group from one compound to another. (From Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.4.1.-.
UI = D006602
Hexuronic Acids
MS = Term used to designate tetrahydroxy aldehydic acids obtained by oxidation of hexose sugars, i.e. glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, etc. Historically, the name hexuronic acid was originally given to ascorbic acid.
UI = D006603
Hexylresorcinol
AN = an anthelmintic
MS = A substituted phenol with bacteriocidal properties used as an antiseptic in mouthwashes and skin wound cleansers; it has also been used as an antihelmintic but has largely been replaced by other drugs. (Dorlands, 28th ed.)
UI = D006604
Hibernation
AN = animal only; a natural physiol process; summer dormancy corresponding to this winter dormancy = ESTIVATION
MS = The dormant state in which some animal species pass the winter. It is characterized by narcosis and by sharp reduction in body temperature and metabolic activity and by a depression of vital signs. It is a natural physiological process in many warm-blooded animals.
UI = D006605
Hiccup
UI = D006606
Hidradenitis
AN = inflamm of a sweat gland
MS = The inflammation of a sweat gland (usually of the apocrine type). The condition can be idiopathic or occur as a result of or in association with another underlying condition. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis is a relatively rare variant that has been reported in patients undergoing chemotherapy, usually for non-Hodgkin lymphomas or leukemic conditions.
UI = D016575
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
AN = bact skin dis
MS = A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident. Hormonal mechanisms are expected in its pathogenesis.
UI = D017497
Hidrocystoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SWEAT GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = A cystic form of sweat gland adenoma (ADENOMA, SWEAT GLAND). It is produced by the cystic proliferation of apocrine secretory glands. It is not uncommon, occurring in adult life in no particular age group, with males and females equally affected. The commonest site is around the eye, particularly lateral to the outer canthus. It is cured by surgical removal. (Stedman, 25th ed; Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2410)
UI = D018251
Hierarchy, Social
AN = human & animal; no qualif
MS = Social rank-order established by certain behavioral patterns.
UI = D006608
High Mobility Group Proteins
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A group of non-histone proteins found in chromatin. Their role has not been definitely established, but they are believed to have a role in matrix stabilization, protection of single-stranded DNA, and are required for transcription.
UI = D006609
High Pressure Nervous Syndrome
AN = in divers; do not confuse with INERT GAS NARCOSIS; DF: HPNS
MS = A syndrome of tremors, nausea, dizziness, and decreased motor and mental performance which develops in those who dive deeply (c. 1000 ft) usually breathing a mixture of oxygen and helium. Nitrogen is not a factor as it is in INERT GAS NARCOSIS.
UI = D006610
High-Energy Shock Waves
AN = a form of non-ionizing radiation; DF: note short X ref
MS = Compression waves of large amplitude, across which density, pressure, and particle velocity change drastically. (From McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
UI = D019220
High-Frequency Jet Ventilation
AN = a type of artif resp; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: HFJV
MS = Respiratory support system used primarily with rates of about 100 to 200/min with volumes of from about one to three times predicted anatomic dead space. Used to treat respiratory failure and maintain ventilation under severe circumstances.
UI = D006611
High-Frequency Ventilation
AN = a type of artif resp; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: HFV
MS = Ventilatory support system using frequencies from 60-900 cycles/min or more. Three types of systems have been distinguished on the basis of rates, volumes, and the system used. They are high frequency positive-pressure ventilation (HFPPV), HIGH-FREQUENCY JET VENTILATION (HFJV), and high-frequency oscillation (HFO).
UI = D006612
Higher Nervous Activity
AN = this expression is found intact as "vysshaia nervnaia deiatel'nost" in Russian neurophysiol lit
UI = D006613
Hindlimb
AN = non-primate vertebrates only; NIM: TN 75; TN 117: table of animal extremities
MS = Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a femur, tibia and fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and toes. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)
UI = D006614
Hindlimb Suspension
AN = an immobilization technique useful in gravity & weightlessness experiments
MS = Technique for limiting use, activity, or movement by immobilizing or restraining animal by suspending from hindlimbs or tails. This immobilization is used to simulate some effects of reduced gravity and study weightlessness physiology.
UI = D019417
Hinduism
AN = IM; specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = A complex body of social, cultural, and religious beliefs and practices evolved in and largely confined to the Indian subcontinent and marked by a caste system, an outlook tending to view all forms and theories as aspects of one eternal being and truth, and the practice of the way of works, the way of knowledge, or the way of devotion as a means of release from the round of rebirths. (From Webster, 3d ed)
UI = D018596
Hip
AN = the region or area; do not confuse with HIP JOINT or PELVIC BONES (os coxae); /inj is probably HIP DISLOCATION or HIP FRACTURES; aseptic or avascular necrosis = FEMUR HEAD NECROSIS; TN 117: use for human & other vertebrates; TN 238: differentiation from HIP JOINT & indexing instructions
UI = D006615
Hip Contracture
MS = Permanent fixation of the hip in primary positions, with limited passive or active motion at the hip joint. Locomotion is difficult and pain is sometimes present when the hip is in motion. It may be caused by trauma, infection, or poliomyelitis. (From Current Medical Information & Technology, 5th ed)
UI = D006616
Hip Dislocation
AN = do not use /congen ( = HIP DISLOCATION, CONGENITAL)
UI = D006617
Hip Dislocation, Congenital
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; /vet permitted but congen hip disloc in dogs = HIP DYSPLASIA, CANINE: see note there CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Congenital dislocation of the hip generally includes subluxation of the femoral head, acetabular dysplasia, and complete dislocation of the femoral head from the true acetabulum. This condition occurs in approximately 1 in 1000 live births and is more common in females than in males.
UI = D006618
Hip Dysplasia, Canine
AN = congen hip disloc in dogs; don't forget check tags ANIMAL & DOGS (NIM)
MS = A hereditary disease of the hip joints in dogs. Signs of the disease may be evident any time after 4 weeks of age.
UI = D006619
Hip Fractures
AN = GEN or unspecified; note X refs: fract below subtrochant = FEMORAL FRACTURES; FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES is available; femur head fract = FEMUR HEAD /inj (IM) + HIP FRACTURES (IM); acetabular fract = ACETABULUM /inj (IM) + FRACTURES (IM)
MS = Fractures of the femur head, the femur neck, the trochanters, or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region. For the fractures of the femur neck the specific term FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES is available.
UI = D006620
Hip Joint
AN = /inj is probably HIP DISLOCATION or HIP FRACTURES; TN 117: use for human & other vertebrates; TN 238: differentiation from HIP & indexing instructions
UI = D006621
Hip Prosthesis
MS = Replacement for a hip joint.
UI = D006622
Hippel-Lindau Disease
AN = a form of angiomatosis
MS = A syndrome transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized chiefly by angiomata of the retina and hemangioblastoma of the cerebellum and walls of the fourth ventricle. Ocular complications are often present, as are hemangiomas of the spinal cord, face, and other sites. Symptoms may not be apparent until the third decade in life. (From Jablonski S, Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)
UI = D006623
Hippocampus
AN = part of the limbic system
MS = A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus (GYRUS DENTATUS) constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
UI = D006624
Hippocratic Oath
AN = no qualif; capitalize Hippocratic in titles & translations
MS = An oath of professional behavior sworn by physicians as they embark upon their medical careers. It is attributed to Hippocrates. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006625
Hippurates
MS = Salts and esters of hippuric acid.
UI = D006626
Hirschsprung Disease
AN = congen megacolon: acquired megacolon = MEGACOLON; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Congenital megacolon due to absence of myenteric ganglion cells in a distal segment of the large intestine.
UI = D006627
Hirsutism
AN = "excess hair in females & child with an adult male pattern distrib"; differentiate from HYPERTRICHOSIS, "localized or generalized excess hair"
MS = Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is localized or generalized excess hair.
UI = D006628
Hirudin
AN = a protease inhib & anticoagulant; /biosyn permitted if by leech
MS = The active principle in the buccal gland secretion of leeches. It acts as an antithrombin and as an antithrombotic agent.
UI = D006629
Hispanic Americans
AN = US residents of Puerto Rican, Cuban, Cent American, South American or other Spanish culture or origin; does not include Brazilian Americans ( = UNITED STATES + BRAZIL /ethnol) nor Portuguese Americans ( = UNITED STATES + PORTUGAL /ethnol); specify geog; despite X refs specify NIM PUERTO RICO /ethnol or other Hispanic country with /ethnol when pertinent; MEXICAN AMERICANS is available CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Persons living in the United States of Mexican (MEXICAN AMERICANS), Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin. The concept does not include Brazilian Americans or Portuguese Americans.
UI = D006630
Histamine
AN = /agon = HISTAMINE AGONISTS; /antag = HISTAMINE ANTAGONISTS if general & unspecified or HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS for classical "antihistamine" or HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS if so specified; /biosyn /physiol permitted but with caution; /secret or histamine liberation = HISTAMINE RELEASE
MS = 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.
UI = D006632
Histamine Agents
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs
MS = Drugs used for their actions on histaminergic systems. Included are drugs that act at histamine receptors, affect the life cycle of histamine, or affect the state of histaminergic cells.
UI = D018494
Histamine Agonists
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with HISTAMINE ANTAGONISTS; DF: HISTAMINE AGON or HISTAMINE AG
MS = Drugs that bind to and activate histamine receptors. Although they have been suggested for a variety of clinical applications histamine agonists have so far been more widely used in research than therapeutically.
UI = D017442
Histamine Antagonists
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with HISTAMINE AGONISTS; DF: HISTAMINE ANTAG
MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists. Classical antihistaminics block the histamine H1 receptors only.
UI = D006633
Histamine H1 Antagonists
AN = the "classical antihistaminics": note X refs; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: HISTAMINE H1 ANTAG
MS = Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H1 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine. Included here are the classical antihistaminics that antagonize or prevent the action of histamine mainly in immediate hypersensitivity. They act in the bronchi, capillaries, and some other smooth muscles, and are used to prevent or allay motion sickness, seasonal rhinitis, and allergic dermatitis and to induce somnolence. The effects of blocking central nervous system H1 receptors are not as well understood.
UI = D006634
Histamine H2 Antagonists
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: HISTAMINE H2 ANTAG
MS = Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H2 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine. Their clinically most important action is the inhibition of acid secretion in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers. Smooth muscle may also be affected. Some drugs in this class have strong effects in the central nervous system, but these actions are not well understood.
UI = D006635
Histamine Release
MS = The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects.
UI = D006636
Histamine N-Methyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to histamine, forming N-methylhistamine, the major metabolite of histamine in man. EC 2.1.1.8.
UI = D006637
Histidine Ammonia-Lyase
AN = /defic: consider also HISTIDINE /blood (IM) + AMINO ACID METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS (IM)
MS = An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the reaction of L-histidine to form urocanate and ammonia. The reaction is the initial step of histidine catabolism. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme, transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait, causes histidinemia. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 4.3.1.3.
UI = D006638
Histidine
AN = an essential amino acid; /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted
UI = D006639
Histidine Decarboxylase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of histidine to histamine and carbon dioxide. It requires pyridoxal phosphate in animal tissues, but not in microorganisms. EC 4.1.1.22.
UI = D006640
Histidinol
MS = beta-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanol. The penultimate step in the pathway of histidine biosynthesis. Oxidation of the alcohol group on the side chain gives the acid group forming histidine. Histidinol has also been used as an inhibitor of protein synthesis.
UI = D006641
Histidinol-Phosphatase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of histidinol-phosphate to histidinol. One of the regulatory enzymes in histidine biosynthesis. EC 3.1.3.15.
UI = D006642
Histidine-tRNA Ligase
MS = An enzyme that activates histidine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.21.
UI = D006643
Histiocytes
AN = A 11 qualif
UI = D006644
Histiocytic Disorders, Malignant
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; do not confuse with HISTIOCYTOSIS, MALIGNANT
MS = Distinctive neoplastic disorders of histiocytes. Included are acute monocytic leukemias, malignant histiocytosis (HISTIOCYTOSIS, MALIGNANT), and true histiocytic lymphomas.
UI = D015620
Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis
MS = Development of lesions in the lymph node characterized by infiltration of the cortex or paracortex by large collections of proliferating histiocytes and complete or, more often, incomplete necrosis of lymphoid tissue.
UI = D020042
Histiocytoma, Fibrous
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of histiocytes and with various fibroblastic components. There are many variants and many names. Superficially located histiocytic lesions behave benignly but deep, benign histiocytomas may invade locally into surrounding tissue. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. Superficial lesions are always cured by simple excision; a wider margin of tissue should be obtained for deep, benign types. Local recurrence is uncommon. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1356)
UI = D018219
Histiocytosis
AN = "abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood" (usually in tissue); GEN or unspecified only; prefer specifics; do not confuse with HISTIOCYTOSIS X see HISTIOCYTOSIS, LANGERHANS-CELL
MS = General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: HISTIOCYTOSIS, LANGERHANS CELL; HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS CELL; and HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS, MALIGNANT.
UI = D015614
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Group of disorders of histiocyte proliferation which includes LETTERER-SIWE DISEASE, HAND-SCHUELLER-CHRISTIAN SYNDROME, and EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMA. Langerhans cells are components of the lesions.
UI = D006646
Histiocytosis, Malignant
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; do not confuse with HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS, MALIGNANT
MS = A rare, usually rapidly progressive disorder, characterized by abrupt onset, fever, weight loss, hepato-splenomegaly, pancytopenia, and lymphadenopathy.
UI = D006647
Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Group of disorders which feature accumulations of active histiocytes and lymphocytes, but where the histiocytes are not Langerhans cells. The group includes hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome, sinus histiocytosis, xanthogranuloma, reticulohistiocytoma, juvenile xanthoma, xanthoma disseminatum, as well as the lipid storage diseases (sea-blue histiocyte syndrome and Niemann-Pick disease).
UI = D015616
Histiocytosis, Sinus
AN = a non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis; sinus refers to the lymphatic sinuses
MS = Benign, non-Langerhans-cell, histiocytic proliferative disorder that primarily affects the lymph nodes. It is often referred to as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy.
UI = D015618
Histocompatibility
MS = The degree of antigenic similarity between the tissues of different individuals, which determines the acceptance or rejection of allografts.
UI = D006648
Histocompatibility Antigens
AN = GEN or unspecified only; prefer specifics but for humans, use HLA ANTIGENS; /genet permitted but consider also MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
MS = A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.
UI = D006649
Histocompatibility Antigens Class I
AN = human & animal
MS = Large transmembrane, polymorphic glycoproteins noncovalently associated with nonpolymorphic beta 2-microglobulin. In humans, three structural genes on chromosome 6 code for the HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C antigens. In mice, three genes named K, D, and L on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during graft rejection and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells. They are primarily associated with rheumatologic diseases and certain malignant disorders.
UI = D015395
Histocompatibility Antigens Class II
AN = human & animal; GEN: prefer specifics; see also HLA ANTIGENS & specifics for human; X ref IA ANTIGENS refers to any class II histocompatibility antigen
MS = Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.
UI = D000949
Histocompatibility Testing
AN = human or animal but X ref HLA TYPING is human only; NIM; DF: note short X ref
MS = Identification of the major histocompatibility antigens of transplant donors and potential recipients, usually by serological tests. Donor and recipient pairs should be of identical ABO blood group, and in addition should be matched as closely as possible for histocompatibility antigens in order to minimize the likelihood of allograft rejection. (King, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
UI = D006650
Histocytochemistry
AN = = histochem or cytochem or both; NIM usually with no qualif; SPEC qualif when IM; histochem of disease is disease /metab; Manual 26.11+
MS = Study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.
UI = D006651
Histocytological Preparation Techniques
AN = DF: HISTOCYTOL PREP TECHNIQUES
MS = Methods of preparing cells or tissues for examination and study of their origin, structure, function, or pathology. The methods include preservation, fixation, sectioning, staining, replica, or other technique to allow for viewing using a microscope.
UI = D016591
Histological Techniques
AN = NIM CATALOG: do not use /laboratory manuals
UI = D006652
Histology
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; prefer /anat & histol with specific organs & organisms: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.7; DF: HISTOL
UI = D006653
Histology, Comparative
AN = IM: SPEC only, SPEC qualif; usually NIM coord: no qualif; Manual 18.13; more likely is tag COMPARATIVE STUDY with specific A or B term with /anat & histol: Manual 18.13; DF: HISTOL COMPARATIVE
UI = D006654
Histone Deacetylase
MS = Hydrolyzes N-acetyl groups on histones.
UI = D006655
Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in proteins to yield epsilon mono-, di-, and trimethyllysine. EC 2.1.1.43.
UI = D011495
Histones
AN = H1, H2a, H2b, H3, etc. go here
MS = Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.
UI = D006657
Histoplasma
AN = infection = HISTOPLASMOSIS
MS = A mitosporic Onygenales fungal species causing HISTOPLASMOSIS in humans and animals. Histoplasma capsulatum and its teleomorph Ajellomyces capsulatus are the offending species.
UI = D006658
Histoplasmin
UI = D006659
Histoplasmosis
AN = fungus dis
MS = Infecton resulting from inhalation or ingestion of spores of the fungus of the genus HISTOPLASMA, species H. capsulatum. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the midwestern United States. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006660
Historical Article [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; former citation type (Manual 32.15+); check appropriate hist tags
MS = An article or portion of an article giving an account of past events or circumstances significant in a field of study, a profession, a discovery, an invention, etc. The concept of history is very wide, ranging from the dawn of time to the present. This publication type is often checked in conjunction with BIOGRAPHY [PUBLICATION TYPE].
UI = D016456
Historical Geographic Locations
AN = "historical" refers to the more remote or recent past or to a term with historic significance aside from its location; all historical & century check tags apply
MS = Countries known in remote history (as BYZANTIUM) or former names of countries reflecting political changes in the 20th century (as GERMANY, EAST).
UI = D017516
Historiography
AN = = the writing of histories; no qualif; DF: HISTORIOGR
MS = The writing of history; the principles, theory, and history of historical writing; the product of historical writing. (Webster, 3d ed)
UI = D006663
History
AN = SPEC only; no qualif; prefer /hist for specific subjects: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.36; IM as subject: Manual 32.3; Saints: TN H; DF: HIST
UI = D006664
History of Dentistry
AN = GEN only; prefer /hist with specific dent term (IM) & do not coord here at all or under DENTISTRY /hist; no qualif; Manual 32.7, 32.8; DF: HIST DENT CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D006665
History of Medicine
AN = no qualif; Manual 18.14+; policy: Manual 32.4-.6; hist check tags: Manual 18.14+; Avicenna (Ibn Sina): see note under MEDICINE, ARABIC; DF: HIST MED CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D006666
History of Medicine, Ancient
AN = before 500 A.D.; IM; no qualif; check tag when not point of article; for ancient lands or cities not in MeSH, do not locate by modern geog country: index only here; DF: ANCIENT CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The period of the history of medicine before 500 A.D.
UI = D006667
History of Medicine, Early Modern
AN = 1451-1600; no qualif; IM; GEN or unspecified; prefer HISTORY OF MEDICINE, 15TH CENT. or HISTORY OF MEDICINE, 16TH CENT.; check tag when not point of article or check tag 15th or 16th cent as specified; DF: HIST MED EARLY MODERN or EARLY MODERN CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The period of the history of medicine from 1451 through 1600 A.D. HISTORY OF MEDICINE, 15TH CENT. and HISTORY OF MEDICINE, 16TH CENT. are also available.
UI = D018593
History of Medicine, Medieval
AN = IM; 500-1450 A.D.; no qualif; check tag when not point of article; Avicenna (Ibn Sina): see note under MEDICINE, ARABIC: TN 12; DF: MEDIEVAL CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The period of the history of medicine from 500 through 1450 A.D.
UI = D006668
History of Medicine, Modern
AN = 1601-present; no qualif; avoid as NIM: prefer one or all specific indentions; for IM see Manual 18.14.7, 32.6; DF: HIST MED MODERN CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The period of the history of medicine from 1601 A.D. to the present.
UI = D006669
History of Medicine, 15th Cent.
AN = IM; no qualif; check tag when not point of article; DF: HIST MED 15TH CENT or 15 CENT CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D006670
History of Medicine, 16th Cent.
AN = IM; no qualif; check tag when not point of article; DF: HIST MED 16TH CENT or 16 CENT CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D006671
History of Medicine, 17th Cent.
AN = IM; no qualif; check tag when not point of article; DF: HIST MED 17TH CENT or 17 CENT CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D006672
History of Medicine, 18th Cent.
AN = IM or NIM: Manual 18.14+, 32.6; no qualif; check tag when not point of article; DF: HIST MED 18TH CENT or 18 CENT CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D006673
History of Medicine, 19th Cent.
AN = NIM; no qualif; check tag when not point of article; DF: HIST MED 19TH CENT or 19 CENT CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D006674
History of Medicine, 20th Cent.
AN = NIM; no qualif; check tag when not point of article; DF: HIST MED 20TH CENT or 20 CENT CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D006675
History of Nursing
AN = GEN only; prefer /hist with specific nurs term (IM) & do not coord here at all or under NURSING /hist; no qualif; Manual 18.14+, 32.7-.8; DF: HIST NURS CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D006676
Histrionic Personality Disorder
MS = A personality disorder characterized by overly reactive and intensely expressed or overly dramatic behavior, proneness to exaggeration, emotional excitability, and disturbances in interpersonal relationships.
UI = D006677
HIV
AN = a species of Lentivirus of the subgenus Lentiviruses, Primate; infection = HIV INFECTIONS but prefer specifics
MS = Human immunodeficiency virus. Species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, PRIMATE), formerly designated T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). It is acknowledged to be the agent responsible for the acute infectious manifestations, neurologic disorders, and immunologic abnormalities linked to the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME.
UI = D006678
HIV Antibodies
AN = includes HIV-1 & HIV-2 antibodies; do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn
MS = Antibodies reactive with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, previously called HTLV-III/LAV) antigens of AIDS.
UI = D015483
HIV Antigens
MS = Antigens associated with specific proteins of the human adult T-cell immunodeficiency virus (HIV); also called HTLV-III-associated and lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) antigens.
UI = D015488
HIV Core Protein p24
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = A major core protein of the human immunodeficiency virus encoded by the HIV gag gene. HIV-seropositive individuals mount a significant immune response to p24 and thus detection of antibodies to p24 is one basis for determining HIV infection by ELISA and Western blot assays. The protein is also being investigated as a potential HIV immunogen in vaccines.
UI = D016655
HIV Enhancer
MS = Cis-acting regulatory sequences in the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) which play a major role in induction or augmentation of HIV gene expression in response to environmental stimuli such as mitogens, phorbol esters, or other viruses. The HIV enhancer is the binding site for many cellular transcription factors including the nuclear factor NF-kappa B.
UI = D016322
HIV Enteropathy
AN = chronic diarrhea in HIV-positive persons
MS = Chronic, well-established diarrhea (greater than one month in duration) without an identified infectious cause after thorough evaluation, in an HIV-positive individual. It is thought to be due to direct or indirect effects of HIV on the enteric mucosa. HIV enteropathy is a diagnosis of exclusion and can be made only after other forms of diarrheal illness have been ruled out. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, pp1607-8; Haubrich et al., Bockus Gastroenterology, 5th ed, p1155)
UI = D019053
HIV Envelope Protein gp41
AN = IM; coord with HIV-1 (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: GP41
MS = Transmembrane envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 41,000 and is glycosylated. The N-terminal part of gp41 is thought to be involved in cell fusion with the CD4 antigens of T4 lymphocytes, leading to syncytial formation. Gp41 is one of the most common HIV antigens detected by immunoblotting.
UI = D015700
HIV Envelope Protein gp120
AN = IM; despite X refs, coord with HIV-1 or HIV-2 (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: GP120
MS = External envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 120 kD and contains numerous glycosylation sites. Gp120 binds to cells expressing CD4 cell-surface antigens, most notably T4-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Gp120 has been shown to interfere with the normal function of CD4 and is at least partly responsible for the cytopathic effect of HIV.
UI = D015699
HIV Envelope Protein gp160
AN = DF: GP160
MS = An envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus that is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 160,000 kD and contains numerous glycosylation sites. It serves as a precursor for both the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120 and the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP41.
UI = D019302
HIV Infections
AN = caused by a lentivirus; GEN or unspecified; coord IM with HIV-1 (IM) or HIV-2 (IM); note specific indentions under HIV INFECTIONS; DF: HIV INFECT
MS = Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
UI = D015658
HIV Integrase
MS = Enzyme of the human immunodeficiency virus that is required to integrate viral DNA into cellular DNA in the nucleus of a host cell. HIV integrase is a DNA nucleotidyltransferase encoded by the pol gene. EC 2.7.7.-.
UI = D019427
HIV Integrase Inhibitors
AN = an antiviral; DF: HIV INTEGRASE INHIB
MS = Inhibitors of HIV INTEGRASE, an enzyme required for integration of viral DNA into cellular DNA.
UI = D019428
HIV Long Terminal Repeat
AN = DF: HIV LTR or HIV TAR
MS = Regulatory sequences important for viral replication that are located on each end of the HIV genome. The LTR includes the HIV ENHANCER, promoter, and other sequences. Specific regions in the LTR include the negative regulatory element (NRE), NF-kappa B binding sites , Sp1 binding sites, TATA BOX, and trans-acting responsive element (TAR). The binding of both cellular and viral proteins to these regions regulates HIV transcription.
UI = D016325
HIV Long-Term Survivors
MS = Persons who have experienced prolonged survival of HIV infection. This includes the full spectrum of untreated, HIV-infected long-term asymptomatics to those with AIDS who have survived due to successful treatment.
UI = D020276
HIV Protease
MS = Enzyme of the human immunodeficiency virus that is required for post-translational cleavage of gag and gag-pol precursor polyproteins into functional products needed for viral assembly. HIV protease is an aspartic protease encoded by the amino terminus of the pol gene. EC 3.4.23.-
UI = D016333
HIV Protease Inhibitors
AN = DF: HIV PROTEASE INHIB
MS = Inhibitors of HIV PROTEASE, an enzyme required for production of proteins needed for viral assembly.
UI = D017320
HIV Seronegativity
AN = note category; HIV SEROPOSITIVITY (Cat C) is available; DF: HIV SERONEG
MS = Immune status consisting of non-production of HIV antibodies, as determined by various serological tests.
UI = D018023
HIV Seropositivity
AN = note category; HIV SERONEGATIVITY (Cat G) is also available; /diag /immunol permitted but use caution; coord IM with HIV-1 /immunol (IM) or HIV-2 /immunol (IM); do not confuse with HIV SEROPREVALENCE, an epidemiol concept; DF: HIV SEROPOS
MS = Development of neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have been exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/HTLV-III/LAV).
UI = D006679
HIV Seroprevalence
AN = IM; an epidemiol concept: do not confuse with HIV SEROPOSITIVITY, a diag finding; specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Studies of the number of cases where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is present in a specific population at a designated time. The presence in a given individual is determined by the finding of HIV antibodies in the serum (HIV SEROPOSITIVITY).
UI = D015528
HIV Wasting Syndrome
MS = Involuntary weight loss of greater than 10 percent associated with intermittent or constant fever and chronic diarrhea or fatigue for more than 30 days in the absence of a defined cause other than HIV infection. A constant feature is major muscle wasting with scattered myofiber degeneration. A variety of etiologies, which vary among patients, contributes to this syndrome. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1611).
UI = D019247
HIV-1
AN = a species of HIV; infection: coord IM with AIDS (IM) or other specific HIV infect (IM)
MS = The type species of LENTIVIRUS and widely recognized as the etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.
UI = D015497
HIV-2
AN = a species of HIV; infection: coord IM with AIDS (IM) or other specific HIV infect (IM)
MS = An HIV species related to HIV-1 but carrying different antigenic components and with differing nucleic acid composition. It shares serologic reactivity and sequence homology with the simian Lentivirus SIV and infects only T4-lymphocytes expressing the CD4 phenotypic marker.
UI = D015498
HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase
AN = /antag: coord IM with specific inhibitor (IM) + REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (IM)
MS = HIV-1 enzyme responsible for the synthesis of DNA from genomic RNA of the virus. It exists as a heterodimer of a 66 kDa (p66) subunit and a 51 kDa (p51) subunit. It is encoded by the pol gene of HIV-1. EC 2.7.7.-.
UI = D019434
H(+)-K(+)-Exchanging ATPase
AN = do not confuse X ref H(+)-K(+)-TRANSPORTING ATPASE with H(+)-TRANSPORTING ATP SYNTHASE; DF: H K ATPASE
MS = An enzyme isolated from the gastric mucosa that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of hydrogen and potassium ions across the cell wall. EC 3.6.1.36.
UI = D017506
HL-60 Cells
AN = promyelocytic leukemia cells; A 11 qualif
MS = A promyelocytic cell line derived from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. HL-60 cells lack specific markers for lymphoid cells but express surface receptors for Fc fragment and complement. They also exhibit phagocytic activity and responsiveness to chemotactic stimuli. (From Hay et al., American Type Culture Collection, 7th ed, pp127-8)
UI = D018922
HLA Antigens
AN = human only, standing for Human Leukocyte Antigen; assoc with tissue types in transpl & with various dis; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; HLA goes here; DF: HLA
MS = Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases.
UI = D006680
HLA-A Antigens
AN = assoc with acceptance or rejection of tissue or organ grafts; DF: HLA A
MS = Polymorphic class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells. At least 20 antigens have been identified which are encoded by the A locus of multiple alleles on chromosome 6. They serve as targets for T-cell cytolytic responses and are involved with acceptance or rejection of tissue/organ grafts.
UI = D015234
HLA-A1 Antigen
AN = assoc with susceptibility to Hodgkin's dis; DF: HLA A1
MS = Human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigen encoded by the A locus on chromosome 6. Individuals bearing this allele are more susceptible to Hodgkin's disease. HLA-A1 is in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3.
UI = D015788
HLA-A2 Antigen
AN = assoc with recognition of influenza A virus; DF: HLA A2
MS = Human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigen encoded by the A locus on chromosome 6. The HLA-A2 antigen is associated with recognition of the influenza A virus.
UI = D015789
HLA-A3 Antigen
AN = assoc with hemochromatosis; DF: HLA A3
MS = Human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigen encoded by the A locus on chromosome 6. The allele occurs with increased frequency in individuals with idiopathic hemochromatosis. HLA-A3 is in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-B7 and HLA-DR2.
UI = D015791
HLA-B Antigens
AN = assoc with predisposition to rheumatoid & other autoimmune disord; DF: HLA B
MS = Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens encoded by more than 30 detectable alleles on locus B of the HLA complex, the most polymorphic of all the HLA specificities. Several of these antigens (e.g., HLA-B27, -B7, -B8) are strongly associated with predisposition to rheumatoid and other autoimmune disorders. Like other class I HLA determinants, they are involved in the cellular immune reactivity of cytolytic T lymphocytes.
UI = D015235
HLA-B7 Antigen
AN = assoc with narcolepsy & hemochromatosis; DF: HLA B7
MS = Human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigen encoded by the B locus on chromosome 6. There is a weak association between the presence of the HLA-B7 antigen and the diseases of narcolepsy and idiopathic hemochromatosis. HLA-B7 is in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-A3 and HLA-DR2.
UI = D015793
HLA-B8 Antigen
AN = read MeSH definition; DF: HLA B8
MS = Human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigen encoded by the B locus on chromosome 6. It is in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-A1 and HLA-DR3. This explains the fact that though HLA-B8 was originally associated with several diseases, including celiac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, and myasthenia gravis, their association with HLA-DR3 is now considered more significant.
UI = D015795
HLA-B27 Antigen
AN = assoc with acute anterior uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis & Reiter's dis; DF: HLA B27
MS = Human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigen encoded by the B locus on chromosome 6. It is strongly associated with acute anterior uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis, and Reiter's disease.
UI = D015796
HLA-B35 Antigen
AN = weakly assoc with several dis; DF: HLA B35
MS = Human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigen encoded by the B locus on chromosome 6. It is weakly associated with a number of diseases.
UI = D015797
HLA-C Antigens
AN = assoc with donor/recipient crossmatching; DF: HLA C
MS = Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) antigens encoded by a small cluster of structural genes at the C locus on chromosome 6. They have significantly lower immunogenicity than the HLA-A and -B determinants and are therefore of minor importance in donor/recipient crossmatching. Their primary role is their high-risk association with certain disease manifestations (e.g., spondylarthritis, psoriasis, multiple myeloma).
UI = D015236
HLA-D Antigens
AN = assoc with possibly immune dis; GEN; prefer specifics; DF: HLA D
MS = Human immune-response or Class II antigens found mainly, but not exclusively, on B-lymphocytes and produced from genes of the HLA-D locus. They are extremely polymorphic families of glycopeptides, each consisting of two chains, alpha and beta. This group of antigens includes the -DR, -DQ and -DP designations, of which HLA-DR is most studied; some of these glycoproteins are associated with certain diseases, possibly of immune etiology.
UI = D006681
HLA-DP Antigens
AN = assoc with various dis; DF: HLA DP
MS = A group of the D-related HLA antigens (human) found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.
UI = D006682
HLA-DQ Antigens
AN = assoc with various dis; DF: HLA DQ
MS = A group of the D-related HLA antigens found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.
UI = D006683
HLA-DR Antigens
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; assoc with various skin dis & insulin-depend diabetes mellitus; DF: HLA DR
MS = A group of D-related human leukocyte antigens that are polymorphic glycoproteins found on lymphoid cells. They consist of alpha and beta chains and their inheritance differs from that of the DQ and DP antigens; their presence seems to be associated with certain skin diseases like pemphigus vulgaris, dermatitis herpetiformis, and type I diabetes.
UI = D006684
HLA-DR1 Antigen
AN = read MeSH definition; DF: HLA DR1
MS = Human immune-response, D-related antigen encoded by the D locus on chromosome 6 and found on lymphoid cells.
UI = D015798
HLA-DR2 Antigen
AN = assoc with Goodpasture syndrome, multiple sclerosis & narcolepsy; DF: HLA DR2
MS = Human immune-response, D-related antigen encoded by the D locus on chromosome 6 and found on lymphoid cells. It is in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-A3 and HLA-B7 and is strongly associated with Goodpasture syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and narcolepsy.
UI = D015802
HLA-DR3 Antigen
AN = read MeSH definition for assoc dis; DF: HLA DR3
MS = Human immune-response, D-related antigen encoded by the D locus on chromosome 6 and found on lymphoid cells. It is in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-A1 and HLA-B8. The HLA-DR3 antigen is strongly associated with celiac disease, Grave's disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, early-age onset myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile diabetes, and opportunistic infections in AIDS.
UI = D015803
HLA-DR4 Antigen
AN = assoc with rheumatoid arthritis & insulin-depend diabetes mellitus; DF: HLA DR4
MS = Human immune-response, D-related antigen encoded by the D locus on chromosome 6 and found on lymphoid cells. It is strongly associated with rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile diabetes.
UI = D015804
HLA-DR5 Antigen
AN = assoc with Kaposi sarcoma in AIDS & juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; DF: HLA DR5
MS = Human immune-response, D-related antigen encoded by the D-locus on chromosome 6 and found on lymphoid cells. It is associated with Kaposi sarcoma in AIDS and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
UI = D015805
HLA-DR6 Antigen
AN = read MeSH definition; DF: HLA DR6
MS = Human immune-response, D-related antigen encoded by the D locus on chromosome 6 and found on lymphoid cells.
UI = D015808
HLA-DR7 Antigen
AN = assoc with celiac dis & psoriasis; DF: HLA DR7
MS = Human immune-response, D-related antigen encoded by the D locus on chromosome 6 and found on lymphoid cells. It is strongly associated with celiac disease and psoriasis vulgaris.
UI = D015809
HN Protein
AN = IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Glycoprotein from Sendai, para-influenza, Newcastle Disease, and other viruses that participates in binding the virus to cell-surface receptors. The HN protein possesses both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activity.
UI = D015707
Hoarseness
AN = for other qualities of voice VOICE QUALITY & VOICE DISORDERS are available
MS = An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.
UI = D006685
Hobbies
AN = IM; coord with person pursuing the hobby (IM)
MS = Leisure activities engaged in for pleasure.
UI = D006686
Hockey
AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; Manual 30.15.1
MS = A game in which two parties of players provided with curved or hooked sticks seek to drive a ball or puck through opposite goals. This applies to either ice hockey or field hockey.
UI = D006688
Hodgkin Disease
AN = neoplastic; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
MS = A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue, and the presence of large, usually multinucleate, cells (REED-STERNBERG CELLS) of unknown origin.
UI = D006689
Hoe-33258
AN = a filaricide & fluorescent dye
MS = 2-(2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-6-benzimidazolyl)-6-(1-methyl-4-piperazyl)-benzimidazole trihydrochloride. A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.
UI = D006690
Hog Cholera
AN = caused by a pestivirus; do not confuse X ref SWINE FEVER (caused by hog cholera virus) with AFRICAN SWINE FEVER (caused by African swine fever virus) or swine plague (caused by Pasteurella multocida & indexed as HEMORRHAGIC BACTEREMIA /vet (IM) + SWINE DISEASES (IM) + SWINE (NIM) ); don't forget also SWINE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL
MS = An acute, highly contagious disease affecting swine of all ages and caused by the HOG CHOLERA VIRUS. It has a sudden onset with high morbidity and mortality.
UI = D006691
Hog Cholera Virus
AN = a species of Pestivirus; do not confuse X ref SWINE FEVER VIRUS with AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS; infection = HOG CHOLERA: see note there
MS = A species of the PESTIVIRUS genus causing exceedingly contagious and fatal hemorrhagic disease of swine.
UI = D006692
Holidays
MS = Days commemorating events. Holidays also include vacation periods.
UI = D006693
Holistic Health
AN = also called "holistic medicine"
MS = Health as viewed from the perspective that man and other organisms function as complete, integrated units rather than as aggregates of separate parts.
UI = D006694
Holistic Nursing
AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; DF: HOLISTIC NURS
MS = A philosophy of nursing practice that takes into account total patient care, considering the physical, emotional, social, economic, and spiritual needs of patients, their response to their illnesses, and the effect of illness on patients' abilities to meet self-care needs. (From Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed, p745)
UI = D018939
Holmium
AN = a rare earth metal; Ho-165; Ho-151-170, except Ho-165 = HOLMIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = Holmium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.
UI = D006695
Holocaust
AN = not restricted to exterm of Jews by Nazis but when so used, spell in titles & translations with uppercase H: Holocaust
MS = A massive slaughter, especially the systematic mass extermination of European Jews in Nazi concentration camps prior to and during World War II.
UI = D017767
Holoenzymes
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific enzyme (IM)
MS = Catalytically active enzymes that are formed by the combination of an apoenzyme (APOENZYMES) and its appropriate cofactors and prosthetic groups.
UI = D020035
Holography
AN = a 3-dimensional form of photography using a reflected laser beam; DF: HOLOGR
MS = The recording of images in three-dimensional form on a photographic film by exposing it to a laser beam reflected from the object under study.
UI = D006696
Holoprosencephaly
AN = craniofacial abnorm with failed prosencephalon develop; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Spectrum of craniofacial malformations resulting from the failure of the embryonic prosencephalon to undergo segmentation and cleavage. There are three types of malformations based on the degree of failure of separation of the prosencephalon: alobar, semilobar, and lobar. Concurrent facial anomalies can include cyclopia, cleft lip, cleft palate, and hypotelorism. Holoprosencephaly is thought to be a developmental field defect and is associated with chromosomal abnormalities.
UI = D016142
Holothurin
AN = a marine toxin from tropical sea cucumber
MS = A highly toxic saponin occurring in the tropical sea cucumber, Holothuriodeae, phylum Echinodermata. This marine toxin is an anionic surfactant, hemolyzing red blood corpuscles. It acts irreversibly to destroy the excitability at cholinergic neuromuscular junctions.
UI = D006697
Holtzman Inkblot Test
MS = Personality evaluation based on the scoring of several variables as a result of the subject's responses in perceiving 47 inkblot plates.
UI = D006698
Home Care Agencies
AN = public or private agencies; coord IM with specific home care (IM) CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Public or private organizations that provide, either directly or through arrangements with other organizations, home health services in the patient's home. (Hospital Administration Terminology, 2d ed)
UI = D018574
Home Care Services
AN = IM; coord with specific home care (IM); DF: HOME CARE SERV CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Community health and nursing services providing coordinated multiple service home care to the patient in his home. It includes services provided by a visiting nurse, home health agencies, hospitals, or other organized community groups. It differs from HOME NURSING in that it is given by professionals while HOME NURSING is provided by non-professionals.
UI = D006699
Home Care Services, Hospital-Based
AN = IM; DF: HOME CARE SERV HOSP BASED CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Hospital-sponsored provision of health services, such as nursing, therapy, and health-related homemaker or social services, in the patient's home. (Hospital Administration Terminology, 2d ed)
UI = D018575
Home Childbirth
MS = Childbirth taking place in the home.
UI = D006700
Home Health Aides
AN = coord IM with specific home health care (IM)
MS = Persons who assist ill, elderly, or disabled persons in the home, carrying out personal care and housekeeping tasks. (From Slee & Slee, Health Care Terms. 2d ed, p202)
UI = D018576
Home Infusion Therapy
AN = IM; coord with specific type of infusion or infusion ther (IM); DF: HOME INFUSION THER
MS = Use of any infusion therapy on an ambulatory, outpatient, or other non-institutionalized basis.
UI = D018718
Home Nursing
AN = by non-professionals only (family, friends, etc.): do not confuse with HOME CARE SERVICES (by professional: visiting nurse, public health nurse, etc.) CATALOG: do not use /pop wks
MS = Nursing care given to an individual in the home. The care may be provided by a family member or a friend. Home nursing as care by a non-professional is differentiated from HOME CARE SERVICES provided by professionals: visiting nurse, home health agencies, hospital, or other organized community group.
UI = D006701
Homebound Persons
AN = IM; homebound elderly: coord IM with AGED, AGED, 80 AND OVER or FRAIL ELDERLY (IM) only when aged is point of article
MS = Those unable to leave home without exceptional effort and support; patients (in this condition) who are provided with or are eligible for home health services, including medical treatment and personal care. Persons are considered homebound even if they may be infrequently and briefly absent from home if these absences do not indicate an ability to receive health care in a professional's office or health care facility. (From Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988, p309)
UI = D018577
Homeless Youth
AN = check the tag CHILD or specific age group; specify geog if pertinent
MS = Runaway and homeless children and adolescents living on the streets of cities and having no fixed place of residence.
UI = D018453
Homeodomain Proteins
AN = DNA-binding proteins
MS = Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).
UI = D018398
Homing Behavior
MS = Instinctual patterns of activity related to a specific area including ability of certain animals to return to a given place when displaced from it, often over great distances using navigational clues such as those used in migration.
UI = D006702
Hominidae
AN = restrict to evolutionary, anthropological & historical contexts; IM; qualif permitted; check tag HUMAN
MS = Family of the suborder HAPLORHINI (Anthropoidea). It includes Homo sapiens (modern man), the only human species still in existence.
UI = D015186
Homeless Persons
AN = not for nomads; note X ref SKID ROW ALCOHOLICS: do not coord with ALCOHOLISM unless particularly discussed as the disease
MS = Persons who have no permanent residence. The concept excludes nomadic peoples.
UI = D006703
Homemaker Services
AN = "non-med support services" in the home; DF: HOMEMAKER SERV
MS = Non-medical support services, such as food preparation and bathing, given by trained personnel to disabled, sick or convalescent individuals in their home.
UI = D006704
Homeopathy
AN = IM; SPEC: SPEC qualif
MS = A system of therapeutics founded by Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), in which diseases are treated by drugs which are capable of producing in healthy persons symptoms like those of the disease to be treated, the drug being administered in minute doses. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006705
Homeostasis
AN = a physiol process
MS = A tendency to stability in the normal body states (internal environment) of the organism. It is achieved by a system of control mechanisms activated by negative feedback, e.g., a high level of carbon dioxide in extracellular fluid triggers increased pulmonary ventilation, which in turn causes a decrease in carbon dioxide concentration. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006706
Homes for the Aged
AN = nursing homes for the aged: coord IM with NURSING HOMES (IM); check also tag AGED CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Geriatric long-term care facilities which provide supervision and assistance in activities of daily living with medical and nursing services when required.
UI = D006707
Homicide
MS = The killing of one person by another.
UI = D006708
Homoarginine
UI = D006709
Homocysteine
AN = an amino acid; do not confuse with HOMOCYSTINE
UI = D006710
Homocystine
AN = an amino acid; do not confuse with HOMOCYSTEINE
UI = D006711
Homocystinuria
AN = an inborn error of methionine metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = An inborn error of methionine metabolism characterized by elevated levels of homocystine in the plasma and urine and systemic abnormalities of the connective tissue. The predominant clinical feature is mental retardation. A deficiency in cystathionine synthase exists in the most common form of the disease.
UI = D006712
Homogentisic Acid
UI = D006713
Homoserine
AN = an amino acid
UI = D006714
Homoserine Dehydrogenase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of aspartic beta-semialdehyde to homoserine, which is the branch point in biosynthesis of methionine, lysine, threonine and leucine from aspartic acid. EC 1.1.1.3.
UI = D006715
Homosexuality
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; note category; differentiate from HOMOSEXUALITY, EGO-DYSTONIC: read MeSH definition
MS = Sexual attraction or relationship between members of the same sex.
UI = D006716
Homosexuality, Male
AN = check tag MALE
MS = Sexual attraction or relationship between males.
UI = D018451
Homosexuality, Female
AN = check tag FEMALE
MS = Sexual attraction or relationship between females.
UI = D018452
Homosteroids
MS = Steroids whose structure has been expanded by the addition of one or more carbon atoms to the ring skeleton in any of the four rings.
UI = D006718
Homovanillic Acid
UI = D006719
Homozygote
AN = no qualif
MS = An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.
UI = D006720
Honduras
UI = D006721
Honey
MS = A sweet viscous liquid food, produced in the honey sacs of various bees from nectar collected from flowers. The nectar is ripened into honey by inversion of its sucrose sugar into fructose and glucose. It is somewhat acidic and has mild antiseptic properties, being sometimes used in the treatment of burns and lacerations.
UI = D006722
Hong Kong
MS = The former British crown colony located off the southeast coast of China, comprised of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula, and New Territories. The three sites were ceded to the British by the Chinese respectively in 1841, 1860, and 1898. Hong Kong reverted to China in July 1997. The name represents the Cantonese pronunciation of the Chinese xianggang, fragrant port, from xiang, perfume and gang, port or harbor, with reference to its currents sweetened by fresh water from a river west of it.
UI = D006723
Hoof and Claw
AN = for cat & dog claws (nails): not for chicken claws (whole foot); diseases: coord IM with FOOT DISEASES /vet (IM); DF: HOOF
UI = D006724
Hookworm Infections
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; New World hookworm infection = NECATORIASIS, Old World hookworm infection = ANCYLOSTOMIASIS
MS = Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.
UI = D006725
Hordeolum
AN = bact eye infect
MS = Purulent infection of one of the sebaceous glands of Zeis along the eyelid margin (external) or of the meibomian gland on the conjunctival side of the eyelid (internal).
UI = D006726
Hormone Antagonists
AN = DF: HORMONE ANTAG
MS = Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.
UI = D006727
Hormone Replacement Therapy
AN = coord IM with specific hormone /ther use; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY is also available
MS = Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency.
UI = D020249
Hormones
AN = GEN only: prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted; /defic: see TN 194; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to HORMONES, SYNTHETIC; for hormone receptors, see note on RECEPTORS, CELL SURFACE
MS = Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various endocrine glands and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.
UI = D006728
Hormones, Ectopic
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; coord IM with specific hormone (IM) + ectopic site (IM) or neopl term (IM) if applicable
MS = Hormones released from neoplasms or cells outside the usual sources of hormones. Such hormones may be useful as tumor markers. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006729
Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
MS = A collective grouping for both naturally occurring and synthetic hormones, substitutes, and antagonists.
UI = D006730
Hormones, Synthetic
AN = do not confuse with HORMONES /chem syn; DF: HORMONES SYN
MS = Synthetic chemical compounds that mimic the activity of hormones produced in the body, but differ in structure from naturally occurring hormones.
UI = D006731
Horner's Syndrome
AN = multiple eye conditions from lesions of cervical sympathetic pathways
MS = Interruption of the sympathetic pathways anywhere from the hypothalamus to the orbit. This is usually caused by mediastinal tumors, Hodgkin's disease, or metastatic tumors.
UI = D006732
Horns
AN = animal anat only: not for cutaneous horn ( = SKIN DISEASES or SKIN /abnorm); horn cancer: coord IM with NEOPLASMS /vet (IM) + histol type of neopl /vet (IM)
UI = D006733
Horse Diseases
AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM) or specific horse dis (IM); for abnormalities or injuries index under HORSES /abnorm or HORSES /inj; don't forget also HORSES (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: HORSE DIS
MS = Diseases of domestic and wild horses of the species Equus caballus.
UI = D006734
Horseradish Peroxidase
AN = NIM
MS = An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology.
UI = D006735
Horses
AN = of the family Equidae: see X refs there; IM; qualif permitted
MS = Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.
UI = D006736
Horseshoe Crabs
AN = an arthropod subclass, not a crustacean crab; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
MS = An arthropod subclass (Xiphosura) comprising the North American (Limulus) and Asiatic (Tachypleus) genera of horseshoe crabs.
UI = D006737
Hospice Care
AN = for the dying; /psychol permitted
MS = Specialized health care, supportive in nature, provided to a dying person. A holistic approach is often taken, providing the patient and his or her family with legal, financial, emotional, or spiritual counseling in addition to meeting the patient's immediate physical needs. Care may be provided in the home, in the hospital, in specialized facilities (HOSPICES), or in specially designated areas of long-term care facilities. The concept also includes bereavement care for the family. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
UI = D017051
Hospices
AN = "palliative & supportive care to the dying patient & his family"; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Facilities or services which are especially devoted to providing palliative and supportive care to the patient with a terminal illness and to the patient's family.
UI = D006738
Hospital Administration
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: HOSP ADMIN CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Management of the internal organization of the hospital.
UI = D006739
Hospital Administrators
MS = Managerial personnel responsible for implementing policy and directing the activities of hospitals.
UI = D006740
Hospital Auxiliaries
AN = organizations: do not confuse with HOSPITAL VOLUNTEERS, people
MS = Volunteer organizations whose members perform work for the hospital without compensation.
UI = D006741
Hospital Bed Capacity
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific capacity; specify geog; do not confuse with BED OCCUPANCY which is for actual no. of beds occupied; DF: HOSP BED CAPAC CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The number of beds which a hospital has been designed and constructed to contain. It may also refer to the number of beds set up and staffed for use.
UI = D006742
Hospital Bed Capacity, under 100
AN = NIM; specify geog; DF: HOSP BED CAPAC UNDER 100 CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D006743
Hospital Bed Capacity, 100 to 299
AN = NIM; specify geog; DF: HOSP BED CAPAC 100 CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D006744
Hospital Bed Capacity, 300 to 499
AN = NIM; specify geog; DF: HOSP BED CAPAC 300 CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D006745
Hospital Bed Capacity, 500 and over
AN = IM; specify geog; DF: HOSP BED CAPAC 500 CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D006746
Hospital Charges
AN = prices for services: do not confuse with HOSPITAL COSTS, expenses incurred by hosp in providing services; DF: HOSP CHARGES
MS = The prices a hospital sets for its services. HOSPITAL COSTS (the direct and indirect expenses incurred by the hospital in providing the services) are one factor in the determination of hospital charges. Other factors may include, for example, profits, competition, and the necessity of recouping the costs of uncompensated care.
UI = D017722
Hospital Costs
AN = expenses incurred by hosp in providing services: do not confuse with HOSPITAL CHARGES, prices for services; DF: HOSP COSTS
MS = The expenses incurred by a hospital in providing care. The hospital costs attributed to a particular patient care episode include the direct costs plus an appropriate proportion of the overhead for administration, personnel, building maintenance, equipment, etc. Hospital costs are one of the factors which determine HOSPITAL CHARGES (the price the hospital sets for its services).
UI = D017721
Hospital Communication Systems
AN = communication with staff or patients
MS = The transmission of messages to staff and patients within a hospital.
UI = D006747
Hospital Departments
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; for those not precoord, coord IM with specialty or service (IM); DF: HOSP DEP
MS = Major administrative divisions of the hospital.
UI = D006748
Hospital Design and Construction
AN = differentiate from HOSPITAL PLANNING (develop of plans at a community, state, regional or natl level): HOSPITAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION refers to architecture & decor; DF: HOSP DESIGN CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The architecture, functional design, and construction of hospitals.
UI = D006749
Hospital Distribution Systems
AN = within a hosp or between hosps
MS = Systems for delivering hospital supplies, food, laundry, etc., to patient care areas.
UI = D006750
Hospital Information Systems
AN = DF: HOSP INFORMATION SYSTEMS
MS = Integrated, computer-assisted systems designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information concerned with the administrative and clinical aspects of providing medical services within the hospital.
UI = D006751
Hospital Mortality
AN = death statist from any cause in hosp patients; DF: HOSP MORTAL
MS = A vital statistic measuring or recording the rate of death from any cause in hospitalized populations.
UI = D017052
Hospital Planning
AN = differentiate from HOSPITAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION (architecture & decor): HOSPITAL PLANNING is for develop of plans at a community, state, regional or natl level CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Areawide planning for hospitals or planning of a particular hospital unit on the basis of projected consumer need. This does not include hospital design and construction or architectural plans.
UI = D006752
Hospital Records
AN = FORMS AND RECORDS CONTROL, also available, is probably NIM when coord; DF: HOSP RECORDS
MS = Compilations of data on hospital activities and programs; excludes patient medical records.
UI = D006753
Hospital Restructuring
AN = restruct the corporate struct
MS = Reorganization of the hospital corporate structure.
UI = D006754
Hospital Shared Services
AN = sharing between or among hosp
MS = Cooperation among hospitals for the purpose of sharing various departmental services, e.g., pharmacy, laundry, data processing, etc.
UI = D006755
Hospital Shops
AN = for purchases by visitors, patients or staff
MS = Stores located in hospitals selling merchandise or services for the convenience of patients, staff, and visitors.
UI = D006756
Hospital Units
AN = special care wards go here or specific unit; consider also PATIENTS' ROOMS & see X refs there
MS = Those areas of the hospital organization not considered departments which provide specialized patient care. They include various hospital special care wards.
UI = D006757
Hospital Volunteers
AN = do not confuse with HOSPITAL AUXILIARIES, volunteer organizations
MS = Individuals who donate their services to the hospital.
UI = D006758
Hospital-Patient Relations
AN = no qualif; DF: HOSP PATIENT RELAT
MS = Interactions between hospital staff or administrators and patients. Includes guest relations programs designed to improve the image of the hospital and attract patients.
UI = D015285
Hospital-Physician Joint Ventures
AN = DF: JOINT VENTURES
MS = A formal financial agreement made between one or more physicians and a hospital to provide ambulatory alternative services to those patients who do not require hospitalization.
UI = D006759
Hospital-Physician Relations
AN = no qualif; DF: HOSP PHYSICIAN RELAT
MS = Includes relationships between hospitals, their governing boards, and administrators in regard to physicians, whether or not the physicians are members of the medical staff or have medical staff privileges.
UI = D018578
Hospitalists
MS = Physicians who are employed to work exclusively in hospital settings, primarily for managed care organizations. They are the attending or primary responsible physician for the patient during hospitalization.
UI = D020445
Hospitalization
AN = being in a hosp or being placed in a hosp: do not confuse with PATIENT ADMISSION or PATIENT READMISSION
MS = The confinement of a patient in a hospital.
UI = D006760
Hospitals
AN = /legis = LEGISLATION, HOSPITAL or HOSPITALS (IM) + JURISPRUDENCE (IM); note specific hosp depts & specific types of hosp available; hosp admission, discharge & readmiss are available as PATIENT ADMISSION, PATIENT DISCHARGE & PATIENT READMISSION (see notes under each); specify geog: Manual 36.19 CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Institutions with an organized medical staff which provide medical care to patients.
UI = D006761
Hospitals, Animal
AN = specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D006762
Hospitals, Chronic Disease
AN = coord IM with hosp ownership term (e.g., HOSPITALS, COUNTY; HOSPITALS, PROPRIETARY; etc.) (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Hospitals which provide care to patients with long-term illnesses.
UI = D006763
Hospitals, Community
AN = coord IM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE; HOSPITALS, MATERNITY; etc.) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Institutions with permanent facilities and organized medical staff which provide the full range of hospital services primarily to a neighborhood area.
UI = D006764
Hospitals, Convalescent
AN = coord IM with special hosp or med specialty (IM or NIM) or with hosp ownership term (e.g., HOSPITALS, COUNTY) (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Hospitals which provide care to the patient for the period following an acute illness until health is restored.
UI = D006765
Hospitals, County
AN = coord IM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE; HOSPITALS, MATERNITY; etc.) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Hospitals controlled by the county government.
UI = D006766
Hospitals, District
AN = coord IM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE; HOSPITALS, MATERNITY; etc.) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Government-controlled hospitals which represent the major health facility for a designated geographic area.
UI = D006767
Hospitals, Federal
AN = US only; add UNITED STATES + state for location if pertinent
MS = Hospitals controlled by agencies and departments of the U.S. federal government.
UI = D006768
Hospitals, General
AN = coord IM with hosp ownership term (e.g., HOSPITALS, COUNTY; HOSPITALS, PROPRIETARY; etc.) (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Large hospitals with a resident medical staff which provides continuous care to maternity, surgical and medical patients.
UI = D006769
Hospitals, Group Practice
AN = coord IM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE; HOSPITALS, MATERNITY; etc.) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Hospitals organized and controlled by a group of physicians who practice together and provide each other with mutual support.
UI = D006770
Hospitals, Maternity
AN = coord IM with hosp ownership term (e.g., HOSPITALS, COUNTY; HOSPITALS, PROPRIETARY; etc.) (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog; check also tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Special hospitals which provide care to women during pregnancy and parturition.
UI = D006771
Hospitals, Military
AN = add UNITED STATES if US or other country, + state for Amer location
MS = Hospitals which provide care for the military personnel and usually for their dependents.
UI = D006772
Hospitals, Municipal
AN = coord IM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE; HOSPITALS, MATERNITY; etc.) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify city if in MeSH or state, province or country if city is not in MeSH
MS = Hospitals controlled by the city government.
UI = D006773
Hospitals, Osteopathic
AN = coord IM with hosp ownership term (e.g., HOSPITALS, PROPRIETARY) (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Hospitals providing care utilizing the generally accepted medical and surgical methods but with emphasis on the osteopathic system of therapy.
UI = D006774
Hospitals, Packaged
AN = packaged for long-term storage toward an emergency; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Hospital equipment and supplies, packaged for long-term storage, sufficient to set up a general hospital in an emergency situation. They are also called Packaged Disaster Hospitals and formerly Civil Defense Emergency Hospitals.
UI = D006775
Hospitals, Pediatric
AN = coord IM with hosp ownership term (e.g., HOSPITALS, COUNTY; HOSPITALS, PROPRIETARY; etc.) (IM or NIM) if pertinent; check also tag CHILD or specific; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Special hospitals which provide care for ill children.
UI = D006776
Hospitals, Private
AN = non-government profit or not-for-profit; coord NIM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = A class of hospitals that includes profit or not-for-profit hospitals that are controlled by a legal entity other than a government agency. (Hospital Administration Terminology, AHA, 2d ed)
UI = D016304
Hospitals, Proprietary
AN = privately organized & controlled hosp operated for profit; coord NIM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Hospitals owned and operated by a corporation or an individual that operate on a for-profit basis, also referred to as investor-owned hospitals.
UI = D006777
Hospitals, Psychiatric
AN = coord IM with hosp ownership term (e.g., HOSPITALS, COUNTY; HOSPITALS, PROPRIETARY; etc.) (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Special hospitals which provide care to the mentally ill patient.
UI = D006778
Hospitals, Public
AN = government-owned; coord IM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE; HOSPITALS, MATERNITY; etc.) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Hospitals controlled by various types of government, i.e., city, county, district, state or federal.
UI = D006779
Hospitals, Religious
AN = coord IM with specific religion or religious group (NIM) or with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE) or med specialty (IM); specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Private hospitals that are owned or sponsored by religious organizations.
UI = D016519
Hospitals, Rural
AN = coord IM with special hosp or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Hospitals located in a rural area.
UI = D006780
Hospitals, Satellite
AN = extensions of a main hosp & admin by it; coord IM with hosp ownership term (e.g., HOSPITALS, FEDERAL; HOSPITALS, PROPRIETARY; etc.) (IM or NIM) or specialty hosp or med specialty (IM or NIM) if relevant; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Those hospitals which are extensions of a main hospital and are wholly or partly administered by that hospital.
UI = D006781
Hospitals, Special
AN = coord IM with med special (IM) & hosp ownership term (e.g., HOSPITALS, COUNTY) (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog; sanatoria & sanitaria (often used interchangeably) can go here but consider also HEALTH RESORTS CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Hospitals which provide care for a single category of illness with facilities and staff directed toward a specific service.
UI = D006782
Hospitals, State
AN = coord IM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE; HOSPITALS, MATERNITY; etc.) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify state if US, province if Canada, or other country
MS = Hospitals controlled by agencies and departments of the state government.
UI = D006783
Hospitals, Teaching
AN = coord IM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE; HOSPITALS, MATERNITY; etc.) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog; consider also INTERNSHIP AND RESIDENCY CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Hospitals engaged in educational and research programs, as well as providing medical care to the patients.
UI = D006784
Hospitals, University
AN = coord IM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE; HOSPITALS, MATERNITY; etc.) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog; DF: HOSP UNIV CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Hospitals maintained by a university for the teaching of medical students, postgraduate training programs, and clinical research.
UI = D006785
Hospitals, Urban
AN = coord IM with special hosp or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Hospitals located in metropolitan areas.
UI = D006786
Hospitals, Veterans
AN = coord IM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE; HOSPITALS, PSYCHIATRIC; etc.) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Hospitals providing medical care to veterans of wars.
UI = D006787
Hospitals, Voluntary
AN = coord NIM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Private, not-for-profit hospitals that are autonomous, self-established, and self-supported.
UI = D006788
Host vs Graft Reaction
AN = do not confuse with GRAFT VS HOST REACTION (Cat G) nor GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE (Cat C)
MS = The immune responses of a host to a graft. A specific response is GRAFT REJECTION.
UI = D006789
Host-Parasite Relations
AN = coord NIM with host /parasitol (IM) + parasite /physiol or other more specific qualif (IM); DF: HOST PARASITE RELAT
MS = The interactions between two organisms, one of which lives at the expense of the other.
UI = D006790
Hostility
AN = no qualif
MS = Tendency to feel anger toward and to seek to inflict harm upon a person or group.
UI = D006791
Hot Flashes
AN = a sensation of heat during menopause: do not confuse with FLUSHING, redness of face & neck caused by cutaneous vasodilation
MS = A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during menopause. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
UI = D019584
Hotlines
MS = A direct communication system, usually telephone, established for instant contact. It is designed to provide special information and assistance through trained personnel and is used for counseling, referrals, and emergencies such as poisonings and threatened suicides.
UI = D015277
House Calls
MS = Visits to the patient's home by professional personnel for the purpose of diagnosis and/or treatment.
UI = D006792
Houseflies
AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111; note X ref MUSCA DOMESTICA but other Musca species & genera of family Muscidae go under MUSCIDAE
MS = Flies of the species Musca domestica (family MUSCIDAE), which infest human habitations throughout the world and often act as carriers of pathogenic organisms.
UI = D006793
Household Articles
AN = various household items & appliances; do not confuse with HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS (substances & material used in "housekeeping or personal routine"); BEDDING AND LINENS & COOKING AND EATING UTENSILS are also available; does not include furniture (FURNITURE see INTERIOR DESIGN AND FURNISHINGS) or furnishings (INTERIOR FURNISHINGS see INTERIOR DESIGN AND FURNISHINGS)
MS = Various material objects and items in the home. It includes temporary or permanent machinery and appliances. It does not include furniture or interior furnishings (FURNITURE see INTERIOR DESIGN AND FURNISHINGS; INTERIOR FURNISHINGS see INTERIOR DESIGN AND FURNISHINGS).
UI = D006794
Household Products
AN = these are consumable (like housecleaning products): differentiate from HOUSEHOLD ARTICLES, more or less permanent (like rugs)
MS = Substances or materials used in the course of housekeeping or personal routine.
UI = D006795
Housekeeping
AN = not restricted to domestic housekeeping; HOUSEKEEPING, HOSPITAL is also available
MS = The care and management of property.
UI = D006796
Housekeeping, Hospital
MS = Hospital department which manages and provides the required housekeeping functions in all areas of the hospital.
UI = D006797
Housing
AN = for persons; for animals use HOUSING, ANIMAL CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Living facilities for humans.
UI = D006798
Housing, Animal
UI = D006799
Housing for the Elderly
AN = for the able-bodied: do not confuse with HOMES FOR THE AGED, med & nurs care for the aged sick CATALOG: geog /form
MS = Housing arrangements for the elderly or aged, intended to foster independent living. The housing may take the form of group homes or small apartments. It is available to the economically self-supporting but the concept includes housing for the elderly with some physical limitations. The concept should be differentiated from HOMES FOR THE AGED which is restricted to long-term geriatric facilities providing supervised medical and nursing services.
UI = D016852
HT29 Cells
AN = human colon adenocarcinoma cell line; check HUMAN & do not add ADENOCARCINOMA or COLONIC NEOPLASMS
MS = Human colonic adenocarcinoma cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells. These cells have mainly been used for studies related to glucose metabolism and hormone receptors.
UI = D019073
HTLV-I
AN = a species of the genus HTLV-BLV viruses; infection = HTLV-I INFECTIONS
MS = A species of HTLV-BLV VIRUSES isolated from mature T4 cells in patients with T-lymphoproliferation malignancies. It causes adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), T-cell lymphoma, and is involved in mycosis fungoides, Sezary syndrome and tropical spastic paraparesis.
UI = D015368
HTLV-I Antibodies
AN = do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn
MS = Antibodies reactive with the HTLV-I ANTIGENS.
UI = D015481
HTLV-I Antigens
MS = Antigens associated with the HTLV-I VIRUS.
UI = D015486
HTLV-I Infections
AN = GEN or unspecified; consider also LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED & PARAPARESIS, TROPICAL SPASTIC; DF: HTLV I INFECT
UI = D015490
HTLV-II
AN = a species of the genus HTLV-BLV Viruses; infection = HTLV-II INFECTIONS
MS = A species of HTLV-BLV VIRUSES that can transform normal T-lymphocytes and can replicate in both T- and B-cell lines. The virus is related to but distinct from HTLV-I. It is associated with T-cell hairy cell leukemia, a relatively benign disease.
UI = D015367
HTLV-II Antibodies
AN = do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn
MS = Antibodies reactive with the HTLV-II ANTIGENS.
UI = D015482
HTLV-II Antigens
MS = Antigens associated with the HTLV-II VIRUS.
UI = D015487
HTLV-II Infections
AN = GEN or unspecified; consider also LEUKEMIA, T-CELL, HTLV-II-ASSOCIATED; DF: HTLV II INFECT
UI = D015491
HTLV-BLV Antigens
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; DF: note short X ref
MS = Antigens associated with the HTLV-BLV VIRUSES. HTLV-I ANTIGENS and HTLV-II ANTIGENS belong to this group.
UI = D015485
HTLV-BLV Antibodies
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn; DF: note short X ref
MS = Antibodies reactive with various types of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma antigens or bovine leukemia virus antigens.
UI = D015480
HTLV-BLV Infections
AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer specifics; do not confuse X ref BLV INFECTIONS with ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS (see MeSH definition); DF: HTLV INFECT
MS = Infections caused by the HTLV or BLV retroviruses. They include human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma and adult T-cell leukemia.
UI = D006800
HTLV-BLV Viruses
AN = a genus of the family Retroviridae; from Human T-cell Leukemia Virus & Bovine Leukemia Virus; infection = HLTV-BLV INFECTIONS
MS = Genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of exogenous horizontally-transmitted viruses found in a few groups of mammals. Infections caused by these viruses include human B or adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, and bovine leukemia.
UI = D017977
Human
AN = check tag only; Manual 18.8+ CATALOG: do not use: for indexers only
UI = D006801
Human Activities
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Activities performed by humans.
UI = D006802
Human Body
AN = the human body as a whole, irrespective of organs, tissue, etc., viewed artistically, culturally & historically; no qualif
MS = The human being as a non-anatomical and non-zoological entity. The emphasis is on the philosophical or artistic treatment of the human being, and includes lay and social attitudes toward the body in history. (From J. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)
UI = D018594
Human Development
AN = no qualif
MS = Continuous sequential changes which occur in the physiological and psychological functions during the individual's life.
UI = D006803
Human Engineering
AN = "medical ergonomics": index here but do not coord with MEDICINE
MS = The science of designing, building or equipping mechanical devices or artificial environments to the anthropometric, physiological, or psychological requirements of the people who will use them.
UI = D006804
Human Experimentation
AN = IM for moral, legal, ethical, sociolog, religious aspect of experiments on humans; coord IM with aspect (IM); do not routinely add for research involving human disease, therapy or physiology
MS = Moral, legal, ethical, social, and religious aspects of experiments on humans but not the routine conduct of clinical research.
UI = D006805
Human Genome Project
AN = IM CATALOG: use NAF entry
MS = A coordinated effort of researchers to map and sequence the human genome.
UI = D016045
Human Rights
AN = specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The rights of the individual to cultural, social, economic, and educational opportunities as provided by society, e.g., right to work, right to education, and right to social security.
UI = D006806
Humanism
MS = An ethical system which emphasizes human values and the personal worth of each individual, as well as concern for the dignity and freedom of humankind.
UI = D006808
Humanities
UI = D006809
Humeral Fractures
AN = fract of humerus except of proximal humerus ( = SHOULDER FRACTURES which includes humeral head, neck & tuberosities)
UI = D006810
Humerus
AN = disloc at shoulder = SHOULDER DISLOCATION: do not add HUMERUS
UI = D006811
Humic Acids
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = Allomelanins found in soils, coals, and peat, resulting from the decomposition of organic matter, particularly dead plants. They are a mixture of complex macromolecules having polymeric phenolic structures with the ability to chelate metals, especially iron. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D006812
Humidity
UI = D006813
Humor [Publication Type]
MS = Jokes and facetiae relating to a subject.
UI = D020480
Humoralism
AN = an early tenet of med philosophy on the humors blood, phlegm, yellow bile & black bile determining health & temperament; no qualif
MS = The ancient theory that health and illness result from a balance or imbalance of body fluids ("humors"). The theory is associated with Hippocratic writers, but it long antedates Hippocrates. Corresponding to the four elements of Empedocles (504-443 B.C.), fire, air, water, earth, and the four qualities, hot, cold, moist, dry, are the four humors of the body: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Blood is hot and moist; phlegm (water or a watery substance) is cold and moist; yellow bile or choler, secreted from the liver, is hot and dry; black bile or gall, secreted from the kidneys and spleen, is cold and dry. Humoralism as a medical philosophy was thought to describe or determine a person's health and temperament. Humoralism was decisively displaced only in 1859 by Rudolf Virchow's "Cellularpathologie". (From Dorland, 28th ed; from Garrison, An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 4th ed, p89; from Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)
UI = D019364
Hungary
AN = in translations of historical articles use spelling People's Republic, not Peoples' nor Peoples
UI = D006814
Hunger
MS = The desire for food generated by a sensation arising from the lack of food in the stomach.
UI = D006815
Huntington's Disease
AN = chronic progressive chorea & ment deterioration; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = An autosomal dominant disease characterized by chronic progressive chorea and mental deterioration terminating in dementia. The age of onset is variable but usually occurs in the fourth decade of life. Death usually follows within 15 years. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006816
Hutchinson's Melanotic Freckle
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM or NIM) if relevant
MS = A cutaneous malignant melanoma found most often on the sun-exposed areas of the skin, especially the face, which begins as a circumscribed, macular patch of mottled pigmentation, showing shades of dark brown, tan, or black, and enlarges by lateral growth before dermal invasion occurs. This type is the slowest growing, has the least tendency to metastasize, and seems to be the least aggressive form of malignant melanoma. Patients are commonly in their sixth or seventh decade. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2450)
UI = D018327
Hyalin
AN = "found in cartilage, vitreous body, mucin & glycogen"
MS = A clear, homogeneous, structureless material found in the matrix of cartilage, vitreous body, mucin, and glycogen. It is a translucent albuminoid substance, one of the products of amyloid degeneration. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed; Dorland, 27th ed).
UI = D006818
Hyaline Membrane Disease
AN = a resp distress syndrome; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; check tags HUMAN & INFANT, NEWBORN CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A disorder affecting newborn infants (usually premature) characterized pathologically by the development of a hyaline-like membrane lining the terminal respiratory passages. Extensive atelectasis is attributed to the lack of surfactant. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006819
Hyaluronic Acid
MS = A natural high-viscosity mucopolysaccharide with alternating beta (1-3) glucuronide and beta (1-4) glucosaminidic bonds. It is found in the umbilical cord, in vitreous humor, in synovial fluid, in pathologic joints, in group A and C hemolytic streptococci, and in Wharton's jelly. (Merck, 11th ed)
UI = D006820
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.2.1.35.
UI = D006821
Hybrid Cells
AN = A 11 qualif; not for micro-organisms
UI = D006822
Hybrid Vigor
MS = The adaptive superiority of heterozygous genotypes with respect to one or more characters in comparison with the corresponding homozygotes.
UI = D006823
Hybridization
AN = GEN or unspecified production of hybrids; for molec genet NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION is available, for protein chem PROTEIN HYBRIDIZATION is available: see notes there
MS = In genetics, the act or process of producing a hybrid, an animal or plant whose parents are different varieties of the same species or belong to different but closely allied species. In molecular genetics, for the creation of DNA and RNA hybrids, NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION is available. In protein chemistry, PROTEIN HYBRIDIZATION is available. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D006824
Hybridomas
AN = note category: not a tumor but "cells artif created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells"; A 11 qualif
MS = Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent.
UI = D006825
Hycanthone
AN = a schistosomicide
MS = Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.
UI = D006826
Hydantoins
UI = D006827
Hydatidiform Mole
AN = neoplastic; see MeSH definition: has nothing to do with hydatid cyst ( = ECHINOCOCCOSIS or specific); /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with UTERINE NEOPLASMS (IM); check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
MS = A trophoblastic disease characterized by hydrops of the mesenchymal portion of the villus. Its karyotype is paternal and usually homozygotic. The tumor is indistinguishable from chorioadenoma destruens or invasive mole ( = HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, INVASIVE) except by karyotype. There is no apparent relation by karyotype to CHORIOCARCINOMA. Hydatidiform refers to the presence of the hydropic state of some or all of the villi (Greek hydatis, a drop of water).
UI = D006828
Hydatidiform Mole, Invasive
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with UTERINE NEOPLASMS (IM); check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
MS = A tumor or tumor-like process invading the myometrium, and characterized by trophoblastic hyperplasia and persistence of placental villous structures. It commonly results from complete hydatidiform mole but may do so from partial hydatidiform mole. Invasive mole may metastasize but it does not exhibit the progression of a true cancer, and it may regress spontaneously. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1691)
UI = D002820
Hydra
AN = freshwater hydrozoan polyp; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
MS = A genus of freshwater cnidarians, of interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.
UI = D006829
Hydralazine
AN = an antihypertensive
MS = A peripheral vasodilator used as an antihypertensive agent. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006830
Hydranencephaly
AN = a brain abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Complete or almost complete absence of the cerebral hemispheres, the space they normally occupy being filled with cerebrospinal fluid. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006832
Hydrarthrosis
AN = fluid in a joint cavity
MS = Accumulation of watery fluid in the cavity of a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006833
Hydrazines
AN = do not confuse with HYDRAZONES
UI = D006834
Hydrazones
AN = do not confuse with HYDRAZINES
MS = Compounds of the general formula R:N.NR2, as resulting from the action of hydrazines with aldehydes or ketones. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
UI = D006835
Hydro-Lyases
AN = do not confuse with HYDROLASES
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the removal of water from a substrate by breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond, leading to formation of a double bond. The recommended name is usually dehydratase. The term synthase or hydratase is used when the reverse aspect of the reaction is dominant. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 4.2.1.
UI = D006836
Hydroa Vacciniforme
AN = a vesiculobullous skin dis on sun-exposed skin
MS = A vesicular and bullous eruption having a tendency to recur in summer during childhood and commonly appearing on sun-exposed skin. The lesions are surrounded by an erythematous zone and resemble a vaccination. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006837
Hydrobromic Acid
AN = hydrogen bromide gas in water
MS = Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water.
UI = D018054
Hydrocarbons
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific hydrocarbon groups or specific hydrocarbons; POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS (D4) & CYCLOPARAFFINS (D2) are also available
UI = D006838
Hydrocarbons, Acyclic
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals; do not confuse with HYDROCARBONS, ALICYCLIC
MS = Organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen where no carbon atoms join to form a ring structure.
UI = D006839
Hydrocarbons, Alicyclic
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals; do not confuse with HYDROCARBONS, ACYCLIC
MS = Organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen. Three or more carbon atoms are arranged in a cyclic structure and they possess aliphatic properties.
UI = D006840
Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals
MS = Organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen. They are unsaturated hexagonal ring structures with a closed conjugated system of double bonds that gives them the characteristic chemical properties of the parent aromatic hydrocarbon, benzene. (From Dorland, 28th ed.)
UI = D006841
Hydrocarbons, Brominated
UI = D006842
Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated
AN = do not confuse with CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS
UI = D006843
Hydrocarbons, Cyclic
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals; do not confuse with HYDROCARBONS, ACYCLIC
MS = Organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen forming a closed ring that may be either alicyclic or aromatic.
UI = D006844
Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated
AN = do not confuse with FLUOROCARBONS nor with CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS
UI = D006845
Hydrocarbons, Halogenated
AN = GEN; note specific halogenated hydrocarbon groups available
UI = D006846
Hydrocarbons, Iodinated
UI = D006847
Hydrocele
AN = collection of fluid in testis or along spermatic cord; "vaginal hydrocele" is of the tunica vaginalis of the testis, not of the vagina; hydrocele of Nuck's canal is a watery dilatation of the processus vaginalis peritonei (also called Nuck's canal): index under PERITONEAL DISEASES
MS = A circumscribed collection of fluid, especially a collection of fluid in the tunica vaginalis of the testicle or along the spermatic cord. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006848
Hydrocephalus
AN = accumulation of csf within skull; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A condition marked by dilatation of the cerebral ventricles, most often occurring secondarily to obstruction of the cerebrospinal fluid pathways and accompanied by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the skull. The fluid is usually under increased pressure, but occasionally may be normal or nearly so. It is typically characterized by enlargement of the head, prominence of the forehead, brain atrophy, mental deterioration, and convulsions. It may be congenital or acquired; it may be of sudden onset (acute hydrocephalus) or be slowly progressive (chronic or primary hydrocephalus). (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006849
Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure
AN = Hakim's syndrome
UI = D006850
Hydrochloric Acid
AN = HCl; not for gastric HCl ( = GASTRIC ACID); /analogs = CHLORIDES or specific chloride; = "chlorhydrate" in foreign texts: translate as "hydrochloric acid", not "chlorhydrate"
MS = Hydrochloric acid. Solutions of hydrogen chloride gas in water. It is a highly corrosive, strong mineral acid commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is present endogenously as the acid component of GASTRIC JUICE (HYDROCHLORIC ACID, GASTRIC see GASTRIC ACID). (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006851
Hydrochlorothiazide
AN = a diuretic
MS = A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.
UI = D006852
Hydrocodone
AN = a narcotic analgesic & antitussive; do not confuse HYDROCODONE X refs with OXYCODONE X refs
MS = Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.
UI = D006853
Hydrocortisone
AN = an anti-inflamm agent; /biosyn /physiol permitted; /admin: consider also HYDROCORTISONE, TOPICAL
MS = (11 beta)-11,17,21-Trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.
UI = D006854
Hydrocortisone, Topical
AN = if an analog of hydrocortisone is to be admin topically, index under /analogs with HYDROCORTISONE instead
MS = Hydrocortisone that is applied topically as an anti-inflammatory agent.
UI = D006855
Hydrogel
AN = a specific compound; do not confuse with HYDROGELS
MS = A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications.
UI = D020136
Hydrogels
AN = HYDROGEL is also available
MS = Water swollen, rigid, 3-dimensional network of cross-linked, hydrophilic macromolecules, 20-95% water. They are used in paints, printing inks, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
UI = D020100
Hydrogen Cyanide
AN = toxic liquid or gas; /analogs = CYANIDES
MS = Hydrogen cyanide (HCN). A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.
UI = D006856
Hydroflumethiazide
AN = a diuretic
MS = A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822)
UI = D006857
Hydrofluoric Acid
AN = hydrogen fluoride in water; can cause burns; /analogs = FLUORIDES or specific fluoride
MS = Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.
UI = D006858
Hydrogen
AN = H or H1; H2 or 2H (superscript) = DEUTERIUM, H2 (subscript) = HYDROGEN; H3 or 3H = TRITIUM; prod of H ions = probably PH
MS = Hydrogen. The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.
UI = D006859
Hydrogen Bonding
AN = NIM
MS = A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.
UI = D006860
Hydrogen Peroxide
AN = a local anti-infective; /analogs = PEROXIDES
MS = A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.
UI = D006861
Hydrogen Sulfide
AN = /analogs = SULFIDES or SULFHYDRYL COMPOUNDS or specifics
MS = A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D006862
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
AN = NIM
UI = D006863
Hydrogenase
MS = An enzyme found in bacteria. It catalyzes the reduction of ferredoxin and other substances in the presence of molecular hydrogen and is involved in the electron transport of bacterial photosynthesis. EC 1.18.99.1.
UI = D006864
Hydrogenation
AN = almost never IM; enzymatic hydrogenation: coord NIM with specific enzyme (IM) + substrate (NIM)
MS = Addition of hydrogen to a compound, especially to an unsaturated fat or fatty acid. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D006865
Hydrolases
AN = do not confuse with HYDRO-LYASES
MS = Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a chemical bond with the addition of water, e.g., ESTERASES, glycosidases (GLYCOSIDE HYDROLASES), lipases, NUCLEOTIDASES, peptidases (PEPTIDE HYDROLASES), and phosphatases (PHOSPHORIC MONOESTER HYDROLASES). (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 3.
UI = D006867
Hydrolysis
AN = almost never IM
MS = The splitting of a compound into fragments by the addition of water, the hydroxyl group being incorporated in one fragment, and the hydrogen atom in the other (Dorland, 28th ed).
UI = D006868
Hydromorphone
AN = a narcotic analgesic; do not confuse X ref with DIHYDROMORPHINE, also an opioid analgesic
MS = 4,5-alpha-Epoxy-3-hydroxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-one. An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.
UI = D004091
Hydronephrosis
AN = kidney distention with urine
MS = A distention of the pelvis and calices of the kidney with urine, as a result of obstruction of the ureter, with accompanying atrophy of the parenchyma of the organ. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006869
Hydrophid Venoms
AN = hydrophids are sea snakes; /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted; TN 241: common & scientific names of various hydrophids
MS = Venoms of sea snakes, Hydrophiinae, found around Pacific islands. The venoms contain fewer enzymes and more neuro- or myotoxins than land snakes. The neurotoxic proteins are similar to elapid small, short, or type I neurotoxins, some of which have been characterized.
UI = D006870
Hydrophidae
AN = a family of poisonous sea snakes
MS = A family of sea snakes comprising about 50 species with flattened oar-like tails used as sculls. They are found mostly in the coastal waters of south Asia and Australia. The largest reach a length of almost 9 feet but most species are only about a third as long. They are all venomous. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, pp331-3; Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p159)
UI = D017857
Hydrophthalmos
AN = a type of open-angle glaucoma; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Congenital open-angle glaucoma that results from dysgenesis of the angle structures accompanied by increased intraocular pressure and enlargement of the eye. Treatment is both medical and surgical.
UI = D006871
Hydropneumothorax
AN = pneumothorax with fluid in pleural cavity
MS = A collection of fluid and gas within the pleural cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006872
Hydroponics
AN = a plant-growing method; SPEC: SPEC qualif
MS = A technique for growing plants in culture solutions rather than in soil. The roots are immersed in an aerated solution containing the correct proportions of essential mineral salts. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
UI = D018527
Hydrops Fetalis
AN = edema of entire body of fetus in fetal erythroblastosis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Edema of the entire body due to abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the tissues, associated with severe anemia and occurring in ERYTHROBLASTOSIS, FETAL.
UI = D015160
Hydroquinones
UI = D006873
Hydrostatic Pressure
AN = NIM
UI = D006874
Hydrotherapy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; external with natural water only, with emphasis on water temperature & motion of water (note X ref WHIRLPOOL BATHS); do not confuse with BALNEOLOGY (see note there); if in doubt, use word of text
MS = External application of water for therapeutic purposes.
UI = D006875
Hydrothorax
AN = fluid in pleural cavity
MS = A collection of watery fluid in the pleural cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006876
Hydroxamic Acids
MS = A class of weak acids with the general formula R-CONHOH.
UI = D006877
Hydroxides
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group.
UI = D006878
Hydroxocobalamin
AN = a B12 vitamin
MS = A B 12 vitamin. It has been used therapeutically in the treatmenta and prevention of VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.
UI = D006879
Hydroxy Acids
MS = Organic compounds containing both the hydroxyl and carboxyl radicals.
UI = D006880
Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene
MS = A N-hydroxylated derivative of 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE that has demonstrated carcinogenic action.
UI = D006881
3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases
MS = Enzymes that reversibly catalyze the oxidation of a 3-hydroxyacyl CoA to 3-ketoacyl CoA in the presence of NAD. They are key enzymes in the oxidation of fatty acids and in mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis. EC 1.1.1.35.
UI = D015094
4-Hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide
AN = a carcinogen & mutagen; D25-26 qualif
MS = N-Hydroxy-4-quinolineamine 1-oxide. A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a reduction product of 4-NITROQUINOLINE-1-OXIDE. It binds with nucleic acids and inactivates both bacteria and bacteriophage.
UI = D015108
p-Hydroxyamphetamine
AN = a mydriatic
MS = Amphetamine metabolite with sympathomimetic effects.
UI = D010136
3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = An oxidation product of trytophan metabolism. It may be a free radical scavenger and a carcinogen.
UI = D015095
Hydroxyapatites
AN = in phosphorite deposits & biol tissue
MS = A group of compounds with the general formula M10(PO4)6(OH)2, where M is barium, strontium, or calcium. The compounds are the principal mineral in phosphorite deposits, biological tissue, human bones, and teeth. They are also used as an anticaking agent and polymer catalysts. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
UI = D006882
4-Hydroxybenzoate-3-Monooxygenase
MS = A flavoprotein that catalyzes the synthesis of protocatechuic acid from 4-hydroxybenzoate in the presence of molecular oxygen. EC 1.14.13.2.
UI = D015109
Hydroxybenzoic Acids
MS = Benzoic acid substituted by one or more hydroxy groups in any position on the benzene ring.
UI = D006883
Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase
UI = D006884
Hydroxybutyrates
MS = Salts and esters of hydroxybutyric acid.
UI = D006885
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid
MS = BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver and occurs at high levels in the blood and urine in KETOSIS. (From Dorland's, 28th ed)
UI = D020155
Hydroxychloroquine
MS = A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970)
UI = D006886
25-Hydroxycholecalciferol 1-Hydroxylase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol from 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. The reaction requires oxygen, magnesium, and NAD(P)H. EC 1.14.13.13.
UI = D015090
Hydroxycholecalciferols
AN = /physiol permitted
MS = Hydroxy analogs of vitamin D 3. (CHOLECALCIFEROL). Members of this group include CALCIFEDIOL, CALCITRIOL, and 24,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D 3. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006887
Hydroxycholesterols
MS = Cholesterol which is substituted by a hydroxy group in any position.
UI = D006888
Hydroxycorticosteroids
MS = A group of corticosteroids carrying hydroxy groups, usually in the 11- or 17-positions. They comprise the bulk of the corticosteroids used systemically. As they are relatively insoluble in water, salts of various esterified forms are often used for injections or solutions.
UI = D006889
11-Hydroxycorticosteroids
AN = /chem syn permitted: do not convert to 11-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS, SYNTHETIC
MS = A group of corticosteroids bearing a hydroxy group at the 11-position.
UI = D015062
17-Hydroxycorticosteroids
AN = /chem syn permitted: do not convert to 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS, SYNTHETIC
MS = A group of hydroxycorticosteroids bearing a hydroxy group at the 17-position. Urinary excretion of these compounds is used as an index of adrenal function. They are used systemically in the free alcohol form, but with esterification of the hydroxy groups, topical effectiveness is increased.
UI = D015065
18-Hydroxycorticosterone
MS = 11 beta,18,21-Trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione.
UI = D015069
4-Hydroxycoumarins
AN = anticoagulants; /biosyn permitted if by plant
MS = Substances found in many plants, containing the 4-hydroxycoumarin radical. They interfere with vitamin K and the blood clotting mechanism, are tightly protein-bound, inhibit mitochondrial and microsomal enzymes, and are used as oral anticoagulants.
UI = D015110
18-Hydroxydesoxycorticosterone
MS = An analog of desoxycorticosterone which is substituted by a hydroxyl group at the C-18 position.
UI = D015070
Hydroxydopamines
MS = Dopamines with a hydroxy group substituted in one or more positions.
UI = D006892
Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids
MS = Eicosatetraenoic acids substituted in any position by one or more hydroxy groups. They are important intermediates in a series of biosynthetic processes leading from arachidonic acid to a number of biologically active compounds such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
UI = D006893
12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)
UI = D019377
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid
AN = DF: U46619
MS = A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of vasopressin and activation of phospholipase C. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)
UI = D019796
Hydroxyestrones
AN = catechol estrogens
MS = Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-ones. Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.
UI = D006894
Hydroxyl Radical
AN = univalent radical OH present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols, etc.
MS = Hydroxyl. The univalent radical OH. This radical is characteristic of hydroxides, oxygen acids, alcohols, glycols, phenols, and hemiacetals. (Dorland, 27th ed; Webster, 3d ed)
UI = D017665
Hydroxylamine
MS = A colorless inorganic compound (HONH2) used in organic synthesis and as a reducing agent, due to its ability to donate nitric oxide.
UI = D019811
Hydroxymethyl and Formyl Transferases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of hydroxymethyl or formyl groups. EC 2.1.2.
UI = D019877
Hydroxymethylbilane Synthase
AN = /defic: consider also PORPHYRIA
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of hydroxymethylbilane from four molecules of porphobilinogen. EC 4.3.1.8.
UI = D011163
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
AN = DF: HMG COA REDUCTASE INHIB
MS = Compounds that inhibit HMG-CoA reductases. They have been shown to directly lower cholesterol synthesis.
UI = D019161
2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl Bromide
AN = a reagent; D25-26 qualif
MS = 2-(Bromomethyl)-5-nitrophenol. A chemical reagent that reacts with and modifies chemically the tryptophan portion of protein molecules. Used for 'active site' enzyme studies and other protein studies. Sometimes referred to as Koshland's reagent.
UI = D015077
17-Hydroxyprogesterone
AN = a progestational hormone
MS = A hydroxyprogesterone with medical uses similar to that of PROGESTERONE.
UI = D019326
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Aldolase
AN = DF: HYDROXYPROGESTERONE ALDOLASE
MS = An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the cleavage of the bond between carbons 17 and 20 in 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone to form delta 4-androstene-3,17-dione, an androgen. It also catalyzes the conversion of 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone to dehydroepiandrosterone. (from Dorland, 28th ed) EC 4.1.2.30.
UI = D019406
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
AN = a serotonin agonist; DF: note short X ref
MS = 7-(Dipropylamino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenol. A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is being used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.
UI = D017371
Hydroxyethylrutoside
MS = Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.
UI = D006896
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid
AN = DF: HIAA
UI = D006897
Hydroxylamines
MS = Organic compounds that contain the (-NH2OH) radical.
UI = D006898
Hydroxylases
AN = do not confuse with HYDRO-LYASES
UI = D006899
Hydroxylation
AN = almost never IM; enzymatic hydroxylation: coord NIM with HYDROXYLASES (IM) + substrate (NIM) or specific hydroxylase (IM)
MS = Placing of a hydroxyl group on a compound in a position where one did not exist before. (Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D006900
Hydroxylysine
AN = an amino acid
MS = A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine. It is a component of collagen, where its residues participate in the formation of crosslinks and also act as attachment sites for disaccharide groups. It also occurs in complement C1q. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006901
Hydroxymercuribenzoates
MS = Hydroxylated benzoic acid derivatives that contain mercury. Some of these are used as sulfhydryl reagents in biochemical studies.
UI = D006902
Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = In the biosynthesis of cholesterol, these enzymes catalyze the reduction of one of the carboxyl groups of beta-hydroxy, beta-methylglutaryl CoA to yield mevalonic acid. EC 1.1.1.34 requires NADP, EC 1.1.1.88 requires NAD.
UI = D006903
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Synthase
AN = DF: HMG COA SYNTHASE
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA from acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA. This is a key enzyme in steroid biosynthesis. EC 4.1.3.5.
UI = D006904
p-Hydroxynorephedrine
MS = alpha-(1-Aminoethyl)-p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. Parahydroxy analog of phenylpropanolamine with properties as a sympathomimetic.
UI = D010137
2-Hydroxyphenethylamine
AN = a neuroregulator
MS = alpha-(Aminomethyl)benzyl alcohol. Simple amine found in the brain. It may be modulator of sympathetic functions. Its derivatives are adrenergic agonists and antagonists. It is also used in chemical industry.
UI = D015078
Hydroxyphenylazouracil
MS = Inhibitor of DNA replication in gram-positive bacteria.
UI = D006906
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase
AN = /defic: consider also TYROSINE /blood (IM) + AMINO ACID METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS (IM)
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate plus oxygen to homogentisic acid and carbon dioxide. EC 1.13.11.27.
UI = D015111
Hydroxypregnenolone
UI = D006907
Hydroxyprogesterones
UI = D006908
Hydroxyproline
AN = /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted
MS = A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. It occurs in connective tissue proteins, particularly collagen. The majority is 4-hydroxyproline, but some of the 3-hydroxy form is also present. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006909
Hydroxypropiophenone
UI = D006910
Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases
AN = DF: HYDROXYPG DEHYDROGENASES
MS = Catalyzes reversibly the oxidation of hydroxyl groups of prostaglandins.
UI = D006911
Hydroxyquinolines
AN = anti-infectives
MS = The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.
UI = D006912
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases
MS = Enzymes of the oxidoreductase class that catalyze the dehydrogenation of hydroxysteroids. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.1.-.
UI = D006913
3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases
MS = Catalyze the oxidation of 3-hydroxysteroids to 3-ketosteroids.
UI = D015096
17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases
MS = A class of enzymes that catalyzes the oxidation of 17-hydroxysteroids to 17-ketosteroids. EC 1.1.-.
UI = D015067
20-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases
AN = do not confuse with 20-BETA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE (see CORTISONE REDUCTASE)
MS = Catalyze the oxidation of 20-hydroxysteroids to 20-ketosteroids. Includes EC 1.1.1.149 and EC 1.1.1.53.
UI = D015089
Hydroxysteroids
MS = Steroids in which one or more hydroxy groups have been substituted for hydrogen atoms either within the ring skeleton or on any of the side chains.
UI = D006914
Hydroxytestosterones
MS = 17 beta-Hydroxy-4-androsten-3-ones. Testosterone derivatives formed by the substitution of one or more hydroxyl groups in any position.
UI = D006915
5-Hydroxytryptophan
AN = a serotonin precursor
MS = Precursor of serotonin used as antiepileptic and antidepressant.
UI = D006916
Hydroxytryptophol
MS = 5-Hydroxy-indole-3-ethanol.
UI = D006917
Hydroxyurea
AN = an antineoplastic
MS = An inhibitor of the enzyme ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, which catalyzes the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides, an essential step in DNA synthesis. It is used as an antineoplastic agent. (From Dorland, 28th ed) Hydroxyurea has also been demonstrated to be useful in the treatment of sickle cell anemia, though the mechanism of that effect is not clear.
UI = D006918
25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2
AN = /physiol permitted; /defic: if not discussed as RICKETS, index as /defic (IM) + VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY (IM)
MS = 9,10-Secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraene-3,25-diol. Biologically active metabolite of vitamin D2 which is more active in curing rickets than its parent. The compound is believed to attach to the same receptor as vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.
UI = D015652
Hydroxyzine
AN = a histamine H1 antag
MS = A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.
UI = D006919
Hygiene
AN = hygiene as a principle & personal hygiene go here; dental hygiene = DENTAL HYGIENE see ORAL HYGIENE; industrial hygiene = INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE see OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; mental hygiene = MENTAL HYGIENE see MENTAL HEALTH; MILITARY HYGIENE is also available
MS = The science dealing with the establishment and maintenance of health in the individual and the group. It includes the conditions and practices conducive to health. (Webster, 3d ed)
UI = D006920
Hygromycin B
AN = an antinematodal aminoglycoside antibiotic
MS = O-6-Amino-6-deoxy-L-glycero-D-galacto-heptopyranosylidene- (1-2-3)-O-beta-D-talopyranosyl-(1-5)-2-deoxy-N(3)-methyl-D- streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It is used as an anthelmintic against swine infections by large roundworms, nodular worms, and whipworms.
UI = D006921
Hylobates
AN = gibbon, not monkey & not ape; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM)
MS = A genus of the family HYLOBATIDAE consisting of six species. The members of this genus inhabit rain forests in southeast Asia. They are arboreal and differ from other anthropoids in the great length of their arms and very slender bodies and limbs. Their major means of locomotion is by swinging from branch to branch by their arms. Hylobates means dweller in the trees. Some authors refer to Symphalangus and Nomascus as Hylobates. The six genera include: H. concolor (crested or black gibbon), H. hoolock (Hoolock gibbon), H. klossii (Kloss's gibbon; dwarf siamang), H. lar (common gibbon), H. pileatus (pileated gibbon), and H. syndactylus (siamang). H. lar is also known as H. agilis (lar gibbon), H. moloch (agile gibbon), and H. muelleri (silvery gibbon).
UI = D006922
Hylobatidae
AN = a family with only one genus (HYLOBATES): gibbon, not monkey & not ape; IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM)
MS = A family of the suborder HAPLORHINI comprising only one genus, HYLOBATES (also called Nomascus or Symphalangus).
UI = D016674
Hymecromone
AN = a choleretic
MS = 7-Hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin. A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in analytical chemistry for the determination of nitric acid.
UI = D006923
Hymen
UI = D006924
Hymenolepiasis
AN = tapeworm infect
MS = Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.
UI = D006925
Hymenolepis
AN = infection = HYMENOLEPIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
MS = A genus of small tapeworms of birds and mammals.
UI = D006926
Hymenoptera
AN = includes ANTS, BEES, WASPS; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
MS = An extensive order of highly specialized insects including bees, wasps, and ants.
UI = D006927
Hymenostomatida
AN = an order of ciliate protozoa
MS = An order of ciliate protozoa. Characteristics include a ventral oral area and a well-defined buccal cavity. It comprises three suborders: TETRAHYMENINA, Ophryoglenina, and PENICULINA.
UI = D016803
Hyoid Bone
AN = mylohyoid ridge or groove is indexed under MANDIBLE
UI = D006928
Hyperaldosteronism
AN = caused by adrenal hyperfunction; do not confuse with HYPOALDOSTERONISM
MS = An abnormality of electrolyte function caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006929
Hyperalgesia
AN = over-sensitivity to pain
MS = The sensation of pain enhanced in response to subsequent stimuli when peripheral tissues are damaged. The phenomenon may involve a lowering of threshold of the nociceptors or an increase in the magnitude of pain evoked by suprathreshold stimuli. Hyperalgesia can occur both at the site of tissue damage (primary hyperalgesia) and in the surrounding undamaged areas (secondary hyperalgesia). (Kandel, Schwartz, Jessell, Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p386)
UI = D006930
Hyperandrogenism
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific manifestation such as HIRSUTISM, VIRILISM, etc.
MS = A state characterized or caused by an excessive secretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex, ovaries, or testes. The clinical significance in males is negligible, so the term is used most commonly with reference to the female. The common manifestations in women are hirsutism and virilism. It is often caused by ovarian disease (particularly the POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME) and by adrenal diseases (particularly ADRENAL GLAND HYPERFUNCTION).
UI = D017588
Hyperbaric Oxygenation
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with disease /ther (IM), not /drug ther
MS = The therapeutic intermittent administration of oxygen in a chamber at greater than sea-level atmospheric pressures (three atmospheres). It is considered effective treatment for air and gas embolisims, smoke inhalation, acute carbon monoxide poisoning, caisson disease, clostridial gangrene, etc. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
UI = D006931
Hyperbilirubinemia
AN = leads to jaundice
MS = Excessive concentrations of bilirubin in the blood, which may lead to jaundice. The hyperbilirubinemias are classified as conjugated or unconjugated, according to the predominant form of bilirubin in the blood. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006932
Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary
AN = an inborn error of bilirubin metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism resulting in excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulating blood, either because of increased bilirubin production or because of delayed clearance of bilirubin from the blood.
UI = D006933
Hypercalcemia
AN = high blood calcium levels; do not confuse with HYPOCALCEMIA; X ref is also called Burnett's syndrome or milk-drinker's syndrome
MS = Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.
UI = D006934
Hypercapnia
AN = a clin condition of abnorm increase in blood CO2; do not confuse with CARBON DIOXIDE /blood as in articles on the transient elevation of blood CO2 after admin of drugs, etc.
MS = Abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood to the point where the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood exceeds 50 mm of mercury.
UI = D006935
Hypercementosis
AN = excessive develop of secondary cementum on tooth surface
MS = A regressive change of teeth characterized by excessive development of secondary cementum on the tooth surface. It may occur on any part of the root, but the apical two-thirds are most commonly affected. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006936
Hypercholesterolemia
AN = high blood cholesterol levels
MS = Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood.
UI = D006937
Hypercholesterolemia, Familial
AN = do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A familial disorder characterized by increased plasma concentration of cholesterol carried in low density lipoproteins (LDL) and by a deficiency in a cell surface receptor which regulates LDL degradation and cholesterol synthesis.
UI = D006938
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
AN = excessive vomiting in pregn; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
MS = Pernicious vomiting of pregnancy. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006939
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
AN = do not confuse X ref LOEFFLER'S ENDOCARDITIS with LOEFFLER SYNDROME see PULMONARY EOSINOPHILIA
MS = A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs. It is often referred to as idiopathic.
UI = D017681
Hyperemia
AN = increased amount of blood in an organ
MS = The presence of an increased amount of blood in a part or organ. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D006940
Hyperesthesia
AN = abnorm sensitivity to sensory stimulation; do not confuse with HYPESTHESIA, diminished sensitivity
MS = Abnormal acuteness of sensitivity to touch or other sensory stimulation. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D006941
Hypergammaglobulinemia
AN = coord IM with specific immunoglobulin (IGA, IGD, IGE, IGG or IGM) (IM); for light-chain gammopathy see TN 226; for heavy-chain gammopathy index under HEAVY CHAIN DISEASE (IM) + specific heavy chain (IMMUNOGLOBULIN, ALPHA CHAIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN, DELTA CHAIN, etc.) (NIM) (TN 226)
MS = An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the blood. It is seen frequently in chronic infectious diseases. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006942
Hyperglycemia
AN = high blood sugar levels; do not confuse with HYPOGLYCEMIA; obese hyperglycemic mice go under MICE, OBESE: do not index under HYPERGLYCEMIA or OBESITY unless particularly discussed as disease; Somogyi effect or rebound hyperglycemia: index under HYPERGLYCEMIA /chem ind + DIABETES MELLITUS /drug ther + INSULIN /adv eff; "induced hyperglycemia" in disease states or physiol studies: index under BLOOD GLUCOSE, not HYPERGLYCEMIA
MS = Abnormally increased content of sugar in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006943
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma
AN = a type of diabetic coma; DF: HHNC or HHNK
MS = A syndrome consisting of extreme hyperglycemia, serum hyperosmolarity and dehydration in the absence of ketosis and acidosis.
UI = D006944
Hypergravity
AN = natural or artificial; do not confuse with HYPOGRAVITY; /adv eff permitted
MS = Condition wherein the force of gravity is greater than or is increased above that on the surface of the earth. This is expressed as being greater than 1 g.
UI = D018471
Hyperhidrosis
AN = excessive sweating; do not confuse with HYPOHIDROSIS, reduced sweating
MS = Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.
UI = D006945
Hyperhomocysteinemia
AN = do not use /blood
MS = An inborn error of methionone metabolism which produces an excess of homocysteine in the blood. It is often caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and is a risk factor for coronary vascular disease.
UI = D020138
Hyperinsulinemia
AN = excessively high blood insulin levels from a variety of clin or exper conditions: do not confuse with HYPERINSULINISM, excessive insulin secretion by islet cells
MS = Excessively high blood insulin levels. It should be differentiated from HYPERINSULINISM, excessive secretion of insulin by the pancreatic islets, in that hyperinsulinemia may be the result of a variety of conditions, such as obesity and pregnancy. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019171
Hyperinsulinism
AN = excessive insulin secretion by pancreas: do not confuse with HYPERINSULINEMIA, excessively high blood insulin levels resulting from a variety of clinical & exper conditions
MS = Excessive secretion of INSULIN by the pancreatic islets, resulting in hypoglycemia. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006946
Hyperkalemia
AN = high blood potassium levels; do not confuse with HYPOKALEMIA
MS = Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006947
Hyperkeratosis, Epidermolytic
AN = a form of congen ichthyosis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A form of congenital ichthyosis inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by erythroderma and severe hyperkeratosis. It is manifested at birth by blisters followed by the appearance of thickened, horny, verruciform scales over the entire body, but accentuated in flexural areas.
UI = D017488
Hyperkinesis
AN = human & animal; use Cat F3 qualif; MOTOR ACTIVITY is also available: see note there
MS = Excessive motor activity.
UI = D006948
Hyperlipidemia
AN = high blood lipid levels; for X ref DYSLIPIDEMIA, prefer specific indentions; /drug ther: consider also ANTILIPEMIC AGENTS
MS = An excess of lipids in the blood.
UI = D006949
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined
AN = familial or acquired
MS = A disorder genetically distinct from the other inherited hyperlipidemias characterized by the type II or type IV lipoprotein pattern (the pattern may change from time to time and the lipid level may be normal at one time and abnormal at another time).
UI = D006950
Hyperlipoproteinemia
AN = high blood lipoprotein levels; do not confuse with HYPOLIPOPROTEINEMIA; familial or acquired; GEN or unspecified: specific Types I-V are available
MS = Metabolic disease characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. The inherited form is attributed to a single gene mechanism.
UI = D006951
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A rather uncommon form of familial hyperlipemia characterized by the presence of lipoproteins of abnormal composition. The main abnormal lipoproteins are called beta-VLDL and have a different apoprotein content and a higher proportion of cholesterol relative to triglyceride than normal VLDL.
UI = D006952
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A familial disorder characterized by an isolated elevation in the plasma level of endogenously synthesized triglyceride carried in VLDL. It is considered to be an autosomal dominant trait.
UI = D006953
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type V
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A severe familial adult-onset hypertriglyceridemia different from that due to lipoprotein lipase deficiency.
UI = D006954
Hypermedia
AN = a type of computer software
MS = Computerized compilations of information units (text, sound, graphics, and/or video) interconnected by logical nonlinear linkages that enable users to follow optimal paths through the material and also the systems used to create and display this information. (From Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, 1994)
UI = D019146
Hypernatremia
AN = high blood sodium levels; do not confuse with HYPONATREMIA
MS = Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006955
Hyperopia
AN = refractive error; note X ref
MS = A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006956
Hyperostosis
AN = increase in bone mass
MS = Increase in the mass of bone per unit volume.
UI = D015576
Hyperostosis, Cortical, Congenital
AN = cortical refers to cortex of bone; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A disease of young infants characterized by soft tissue swellings over the affected bones, fever, and irritability, and marked by periods of remission and exacerbation. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006958
Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal
AN = DF: DISH
MS = A disease of elderly men characterized by large osteophytes that bridge vertebrae and ossification of ligaments and tendon insertions.
UI = D004057
Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna
AN = frontalis refers to frontal bone of skull
MS = Thickening of the inner table of the frontal bone, which may be associated with hypertrichosis and obesity. It most commonly affects women near menopause.
UI = D006957
Hyperostosis, Sternocostoclavicular
AN = a type of rheum dis; DF: SCCH
MS = A rare, benign rheumatologic disorder or syndrome characterized by hyperostosis and soft tissue ossification between the clavicles and the anterior part of the upper ribs. It is often associated with the dermatologic disorder palmoplantar pustulosis, particularly in Japan. Careful diagnosis is required to distinguish it from psoriatic arthritis, OSTEITIS DEFORMANS, and other diseases. Spondylitis of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris is one of the possible causes; also, evidence suggests one origin may be bone infection. Bone imaging is especially useful for diagnosis. It was originally described by Sonozaki in 1974.
UI = D015218
Hyperoxaluria
AN = high urinary oxalate levels; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; HYPEROXALURIA, PRIMARY is also available CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Excretion of an excessive amount of oxalate in the urine.
UI = D006959
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Either of two genetic disorders characterized by urinary excretion of large amounts of oxalate, with nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, early onset of renal failure, and often a generalized deposit of calcium oxalate, resulting from a defect in glyoxalate metabolism.
UI = D006960
Hyperoxia
AN = restrict to dis or clin state in humans or higher animals: do not confuse with hyperoxic state in lower animals or micro-organisms ( = OXYGEN or AEROBIOSIS); do not confuse with HYPOXIA see ANOXIA
MS = An excess of oxygen in the system, resulting from exposure to high oxygen concentrations, especially to hyperbaric pressures of oxygen. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D018496
Hyperparathyroidism
MS = Abnormally increased activity of the parathyroid glands, which may be primary or secondary (HYPERPARATHYRODISM, SECONDARY). Primary hyperparathyroidism is associated with neoplasia or hyperplasia. The excess of parathyroid hormone leads to alteration in function of bone, renal tubules, and gastrointestinal mucosa. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006961
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary
UI = D006962
Hyperphagia
AN = note X ref
MS = Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.
UI = D006963
Hyperpigmentation
AN = excessive pigmentation; do not confuse with HYPOPIGMENTATION, deficient pigmentation
MS = Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased melanization of the epidermis rather than as a result of an increased number of melanocytes. Etiology is varied and the condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.
UI = D017495
Hyperpituitarism
MS = A state of increased activity of the pituitary gland.
UI = D006964
Hyperplasia
AN = see MeSH definition for differentiation from HYPERTROPHY; NIM; coord with organ /pathol (IM); also available are ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA, GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA & THYMUS HYPERPLASIA; congen adrenal hyperplasia = ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL but non-congen adrenal hyperplasia = ADRENAL GLANDS /pathol (IM) + HYPERPLASIA (NIM); note HYPERPLASIA, REACTIVE LYMPHOID see PSEUDOLYMPHOMA; GIANT LYMPH NODE HYPERPLASIA is also available
MS = An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.
UI = D006965
Hyperprolactinemia
AN = high blood prolactin levels
MS = Increased levels of prolactin in the blood.
UI = D006966
Hypersensitivity
AN = IM; use qualif with caution; /drug ther: consider also ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENTS; atopic = HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE; to food = FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY; to light = PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS; RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY is also available; in occup or environ exposure MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY is also available CATALOG: form qualif permitted
MS = Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.
UI = D006967
Hypersensitivity, Delayed
AN = IM; use qualif with caution; /chem ind: coord IM with DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY or specifics (IM)
MS = An increased reactivity to specific antigens mediated not by antibodies but by cells.
UI = D006968
Hypersensitivity, Immediate
AN = /chem ind: coord with DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY or specifics
MS = Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigen-antibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability.
UI = D006969
Hypersomnia
AN = excessive sleep
MS = Excessive need to sleep.
UI = D006970
Hypersplenism
AN = increase in splenic hemolytic function: do not confuse with SPLENOMEGALY, increase in spleen size
MS = Condition characterized by splenomegaly, some reduction in the number of circulating blood cells in the presence of a normal or hyperactive bone marrow, and the potential for reversal by splenectomy.
UI = D006971
Hypertelorism
AN = a form of craniofacial dysostosis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Abnormal increase in the interorbital distance due to overdevelopment of the lesser wings of the sphenoid.
UI = D006972
Hypertension
AN = only blood pressure; not for intracranial or intraocular pressure; relation to BLOOD PRESSURE: Manual 23.27+; /drug ther: consider also ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; Goldblatt kidney or Goldblatt hypertension is HYPERTENSION, GOLDBLATT see HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR; hypertension with kidney dis is probably HYPERTENSION, RENAL, not HYPERTENSION; EPH (Edema, Proteinuria, Hypertension) = GESTOSIS, EPH & do not index under HYPERTENSION unless it is particularly discussed; venous hypertension: index under VENOUS PRESSURE (IM) & do not coord with HYPERTENSION
MS = Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure.
UI = D006973
Hypertension, Malignant
AN = malignant does not refer to neoplasm: refers to severe hypertension with papilledema & arterial necrosis
MS = Severe hypertension characterized by papilledema and necrosis of small arteries and arterioles. The diastolic pressure is generally greater than 130 mm Hg.
UI = D006974
Hypertension, Portal
AN = increased pressure in portal venous system
MS = Abnormally increased pressure in the portal venous system; frequently seen in cirrhosis of the liver and in other conditions which cause obstruction of the portal vein.
UI = D006975
Hypertension, Pulmonary
AN = increased pressure within pulm circ; DF: HYPERTENSION PULM
MS = Increased pressure within the pulmonary circulation, usually secondary to cardiac or pulmonary disease.
UI = D006976
Hypertension, Renal
AN = hypertension caused by kidney dis; coord IM with specific kidney dis (IM) if pertinent; Goldblatt hypertension or Goldblatt kidney is HYPERTENSION, GOLDBLATT see HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR
MS = Hypertension due to renal diseases, especially chronic parenchymal disease. Hypertension as a result of compression or obstruction of the renal artery or its branches is HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR.
UI = D006977
Hypertension, Renovascular
AN = hypertension caused by compression or obstruct of renal artery or branches: do not routinely index also under RENAL ARTERY or RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION
MS = Hypertension due to compression or obstruction of the renal artery or its branches.
UI = D006978
Hyperthermia, Induced
AN = high body temp induced to treat dis; differentiate X ref FEVER THERAPY from FEVER /ther ( = treatment of fever); coord IM with disease /ther (IM); do not index under specific type of induction unless the point of the article & then probably only NIM
MS = Abnormally high temperature intentionally induced in living things regionally or whole body. It is most often induced by radiation (heat waves, infra-red), ultrasound, or drugs.
UI = D006979
Hyperthyroidism
AN = THYROTOXICOSIS & THYROID CRISIS are available: do not make a diagnosis: use term of author
MS = Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland.
UI = D006980
Hyperthyroxinemia
MS = Excess of thyroxine in the blood.
UI = D006981
Hypertonic Solutions
AN = GEN; NIM; no qualif when NIM coord; qualif is usually attached to specific drug in solution; when IM, D25-26 qualif; SALINE SOLUTION, HYPERTONIC & GLUCOSE SOLUTION, HYPERTONIC are available; DF: HYPERTONIC SOL
MS = Solutions having a higher osmotic pressure than blood, or another solution with which they are compared. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006982
Hypertrichosis
AN = "localized or generalized excess hair": differentiate from HIRSUTISM, "excess hair in females & child with an adult male pattern distrib"; do not confuse with HYPOTRICHOSIS
MS = Localized or generalized excess hair. The concept does not include HIRSUTISM, which is excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution.
UI = D006983
Hypertriglyceridemia
AN = high blood triglyceride levels; consider also HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA, FAMILIAL see HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE IV & the adult-onset hypertriglyceridemia of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE V & the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins of LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE DEFICIENCY, FAMILIAL
MS = Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis.
UI = D015228
Hypertrophy
AN = NIM; GEN or unspecified: prefer many precoord organ/hypertrophy terms, like PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; see MeSH definition for differentiation from HYPERPLASIA; coord with organ /pathol
MS = General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells, which is HYPERPLASIA.
UI = D006984
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
MS = Enlargement of the left ventricle of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
UI = D017379
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular
MS = Enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to pulmonary hypertension and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
UI = D017380
Hyperventilation
AN = respiratory, not environmental; hyperventilation syndrome: coord IM with /psychol + emotional aspect (IM or NIM)
MS = Increased alveolar ventilation relative to metabolic carbon dioxide production, so that alveolar carbon dioxide pressure tends to fall below normal.
UI = D006985
Hypervitaminosis A
AN = excessive intake of vitamin A
MS = A symptom complex resulting from ingestion of excessive amounts of vitamin A.
UI = D006986
Hypesthesia
AN = diminished sensitivity to stimulation; do not confuse with HYPERESTHESIA, increased sensitivity
MS = Diminished sensitivity to stimulation. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D006987
Hyphema
AN = "hemorrhage within the anterior chamber of the eye"
MS = Hemorrhage within the anterior chamber of the eye. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006988
Hypnosis
AN = a psychother technique
MS = A state of increased receptivity to suggestion and direction, initially induced by the influence of another person.
UI = D006990
Hypnosis, Anesthetic
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D006991
Hypnosis, Dental
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: HYPNOSIS DENT
UI = D006992
Hypnotics and Sedatives
AN = CNS depressants; GEN: prefer specifics; DF: HYPNOTICS
MS = Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.
UI = D006993
Hypoaldosteronism
AN = caused by adrenal hypofunction; do not confuse with HYPERALDOSTERONISM or PSEUDOHYPOALDOSTERONISM
MS = Aldosterone deficiency, usually associated with hypoadrenalism, and characterized by hypotension, dehydration, and a tendency to excrete excessive amounts of sodium. A selective aldosterone deficiency resulting from low renin production is called hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D006994
Hypobetalipoproteinemia
AN = low blood beta-lipoprotein levels; do not confuse with ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A disease in which the low density lipoprotein (beta-lipoprotein) concentrations are far below normal.
UI = D006995
Hypocalcemia
AN = low blood calcium levels; do not confuse with HYPERCALCEMIA
MS = Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006996
Hypocapnia
AN = a clin condition of abnorm defic of blood CO2; do not confuse with CARBON DIOXIDE /blood as in articles on the transient lowering of blood CO2 after admin of drugs, etc.
MS = Deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood, resulting from hyperventilation and eventually leading to alkalosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D016857
Hypochlorous Acid
AN = an oxidizing or reducing agent
MS = Hypochlorous acid (HClO). An oxyacid of chlorine containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.
UI = D006997
Hypochondriasis
MS = Preoccupation with the fear of having, or the idea that one has, a serious disease based on the person's misinterpretation of bodily symptoms. (APA, DSM-IV)
UI = D006998
Hypocotyl
AN = part of plant stem below the seed leaf; IM GEN or unspecified; coord probably IM in genetics & space physiol, NIM in pharmacognosy, with specific plant (IM or NIM)
MS = The region of the stem beneath the stalks of the seed leaves (cotyledons) and directly above the young root of the embryo plant. It grows rapidly in seedlings showing epigeal germination and lifts the cotyledons above the soil surface. In this region (the transition zone) the arrangement of vascular bundles in the root changes to that of the stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
UI = D018546
Hypocreales
MS = An order of fungi in the phylum ASCOMYCOTA that includes a number of species which are parasitic on higher plants, insects, or fungi. Other species are saprotrophic.
UI = D006999
Hypodermyiasis
AN = Hypoderma is indexed under DIPTERA
MS = Infestation with larvae of the genus Hypoderma, the warble fly.
UI = D007000
Hypogastric Plexus
AN = a network of autonomic nerve fibers in the pelvic region
MS = A complex network of nerve fibers in the pelvic region. The hypogastric plexus distributes sympathetic fibers from the lumbar paravertebral ganglia and the aortic plexus, parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic nerve, and visceral afferents. The bilateral pelvic plexus is in its lateral extent.
UI = D007001
Hypoglossal Nerve
AN = 12th cranial nerve; dis: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = The 12th cranial nerve. The hypoglossal nerve originates in the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla and supplies motor innervation to all of the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus (which is supplied by the vagus). This nerve also contains proprioceptive afferents from the tongue muscles.
UI = D007002
Hypoglycemia
AN = low blood sugar levels; do not confuse with HYPERGLYCEMIA
MS = An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behavior, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D007003
Hypoglycemic Agents
MS = Agents which lower the blood glucose level.
UI = D007004
Hypoglycins
AN = toxins; /biosyn permitted if by plant; /pois: coord IM with PLANT POISONING (IM) for Jamaican vomiting sickness
MS = Methylene cyclopropyl alanine and congeners isolated from the unripe edible fruit of the akee plant (Blighia sapida); hypoglycin B is the gamma-glutamyl congener of hypoglycin A; they are very toxic and teratogenic, causing a fall in blood glucose due to the interference of fatty acid and leucine metabolism which leads to vomiting, liver damage, convulsions and death; the syndrome is called Jamaican Vomiting Sickness.
UI = D007005
Hypogonadism
AN = for male or female; do not routinely interpret hypogonadism in male as EUNUCHISM: use terminology of author
MS = Condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development.
UI = D007006
Hypogravity
AN = natural or artificial; do not confuse with HYPERGRAVITY; /adv eff permitted
MS = Condition wherein the force of gravity is less than or is decreased below that on the surface of the earth. This is expressed as being between 0 and 1 g.
UI = D018472
Hypohidrosis
AN = diminished sweating; do not confuse with HYPERHIDROSIS, excessive sweating
MS = Abnormally diminished or absent perspiration. Both generalized and segmented (reduced or absent sweating in circumscribed locations) forms of the disease are usually associated with other underlying conditions.
UI = D007007
Hypokalemia
AN = low blood potassium levels; do not confuse with HYPERKALEMIA
MS = Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D007008
Hypokinesia
AN = note category; often caused by immobilization or other inactivity
MS = Abnormally decreased mobility, decreased motor function, or diminished activity. It also includes diminished or slow movement. It can result from IMMOBILIZATION or other inactivity. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D018476
Hypolipoproteinemia
AN = low blood lipoprotein levels; do not confuse with HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA; hypolipoproteinemia, VLDL (hypoprebetalipoproteinemia): coord IM with LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL /blood (IM); hypolipoproteinemia, HDL (hypoalphalipoproteinemia): coord IM with LIPOPROTEINS, HDL /blood (IM); hypolipoproteinemia, LDL = HYPOBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = The presence of abnormally low levels of lipoproteins in the serum.
UI = D007009
Hyponatremia
AN = low blood sodium levels; do not confuse with HYPERNATREMIA
MS = Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D007010
Hypoparathyroidism
UI = D007011
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D007012
Hypopharynx
AN = inflammation: coord IM with PHARYNGITIS (IM)
MS = Laryngeal part of the pharynx.
UI = D007013
Hypophosphatasia
AN = defic of blood phosphatases; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A genetic metabolic disorder resulting from serum and bone alkaline phosphatase deficiency leading to hypercalcemia, ethanolamine phosphatemia, and ethanolamine phosphaturia. Clinical manifestations include severe skeletal defects resembling vitamin D-resistant rickets, failure of the calvarium to calcify, dyspnea, cyanosis, vomiting, constipation, renal calcinosis, failure to thrive, disorders of movement, beading of the costochondral junction, and rachitic bone changes. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D007014
Hypophosphatemia
AN = a clin entity (abnorm decreased blood phosphates): not for transient decreased blood phosphate levels ( = PHOSPHATES /blood); do not use /congen ( = HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, FAMILIAL)
MS = An abnormally decreased level of phosphates in the blood. The manifestations include hemolysis, lassitude, weakness, and convulsions. It may be found in hyperparathyroidism, rickets, osteomalacia, and several renal tubular abnormalities. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D017674
Hypophosphatemia, Familial
AN = a clin entity: not for decreased blood phosphate levels ( = PHOSPHATES /blood); do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Familial disorder characterized by hypophosphatemia associated with decreased renal tubular reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus. It is sometimes associated with osteomalacia or rickets which do not respond to the usual doses of vitamin D.
UI = D007015
Hypophysectomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Surgical removal or destruction of the hypophysis, or pituitary gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D007016
Hypophysectomy, Chemical
AN = coord IM with disease /ther (IM), not /surg; usually performed with ethyl alcohol so do not index under ETHANOL unless particularly discussed
MS = Total or subtotal destruction of the pituitary gland by chemical injection. It is usually achieved by injection of ethyl alcohol via trans-sphenoidal cannulation under stereotaxic control. It is usually performed for the treatment of intractable pain.
UI = D007017
Hypopigmentation
AN = a melanin defic; do not confuse with HYPERPIGMENTATION, excessive pigmentation
MS = A condition caused by a deficiency in melanin formation or a loss of pre-existing melanin or melanocytes. It can be complete or partial and may result from trauma, inflammation, and certain infections.
UI = D017496
Hypopituitarism
MS = Diminution or cessation of the pituitary function resulting from surgical or radiation ablation, from nonsecretory pituitary tumors, from metastatic tumors, from infarction, and from a number of infiltrative or granulomatous processes.
UI = D007018
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
AN = a congen heart defect; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A condition characterized by underdevelopment of the left cardiac chambers, atresia or stenosis of the aorta or mitral valve or both, and hypoplasia of the aorta. These anomalies are a common cause of heart failure in early infancy.
UI = D018636
Hypoproteinemia
UI = D007019
Hypoprothrombinemias
MS = Absence or reduced levels of prothrombin in the blood.
UI = D007020
Hypospadias
AN = a urethral-penile abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A developmental anomaly in the male in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis or on the perineum.
UI = D007021
Hypotension
AN = only blood pressure; not for intracranial pressure; relation to BLOOD PRESSURE: Manual 23.27+
MS = Abnormally low blood pressure seen in shock but not necessarily indicative of it. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D007022
Hypotension, Controlled
AN = note category: a technique; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D007023
Hypotension, Orthostatic
AN = fall in blood pressure upon standing
MS = A fall in blood pressure associated with dizziness, syncope, and blurred vision occurring upon standing or when standing motionless in a fixed position. It can be acquired or idiopathic, or occurring alone or secondary to a central nervous system disorder. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D007024
Hypothalamic Area, Anterior
AN = do not confuse with HYPOTHALAMUS, ANTERIOR
MS = Loose heterogeneous collection of cells in the anterior hypothalamus, continuous rostrally with the medial and lateral preoptic areas and caudally with the tuber cinereum.
UI = D007025
Hypothalamic Area, Lateral
AN = in the HYPOTHALAMUS, MIDDLE
MS = An area in the middle hypothalamus continuous rostrally with the lateral preoptic area and caudally with the tegmentum mesencephali. It contains the tuberomammillary and lateral tuberal nuclei.
UI = D007026
Hypothalamic Diseases
AN = coord IM with specific part of hypothalamus (NIM)
UI = D007027
Hypothalamic Hormones
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted; consider also PITUITARY HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONES & PITUITARY HORMONE RELEASE INHIBITING HORMONES & their specifics
MS = Hormones isolated from the hypothalamus which exercise control over other organs, primarily the pituitary gland. Well-known members include certain pituitary hormone-releasing hormones and pituitary hormone release inhibiting hormones. Vasopressin and oxytocin which are found in the posterior pituitary may also be secreted by the hypothalamus but are not grouped here (PITUITARY HORMONES, POSTERIOR).
UI = D007028
Hypothalamic Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with site in hypothalamus (NIM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = Neoplasms located in the hypothalamus including the anterior, medial, and posterior portions.
UI = D007029
Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System
AN = hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis: coord HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM + PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; emphasis here is on interrelation between hypothalamus & pituitary: do not use as a substitute for HYPOTHALAMUS & PITUITARY GLAND as entities; restrict use to MeSH definition
MS = A neuroendocrine system of neurons, fiber tracts, endocrine tissue, and blood vessels which produces and releases pituitary hormones into the systemic circulation.
UI = D007030
Hypothalamus
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific structures & areas in the hypothalamus; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM is available for the hypothalamus-pituitary relationship
MS = Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle.
UI = D007031
Hypothalamus, Anterior
AN = diseases: coord NIM with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES (IM); do not confuse with HYPOTHALAMIC AREA, ANTERIOR
MS = The anterior portion of the hypothalamus containing the lateral and medial preoptic nuclei, the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus, and the anterior hypothalamic nucleus. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D007032
Hypothalamus, Middle
AN = diseases: coord NIM with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES (IM); HYPOTHALAMIC AREA, LATERAL is also available
MS = That middle portion of the hypothalamus containing the arcuate, dorsomedial, and ventromedial nuclei, and the lateral hypothalamic area.
UI = D007033
Hypothalamus, Posterior
AN = diseases: coord NIM with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES (IM)
MS = The posterior portion of the hypothalamus, consisting of the lateral and medial nuclei of the mamillary body and the posterior hypothalamic nucleus. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D007034
Hypothermia
AN = lower than normal body temp; do not confuse with HYPOTHERMIA, INDUCED for cooling of organs during surg or for ther; relation to BODY TEMPERATURE: for principle see Manual 23.27+
MS = Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional.
UI = D007035
Hypothermia, Induced
AN = induced by cold or by drugs; cooling of organs during surg or for ther goes here; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Abnormally low body temperature intentionally induced in warm-blooded animals by artificial means.
UI = D007036
Hypothyroidism
MS = The clinical syndrome that results from decreased secretion of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland. It leads to a slowing of metabolic processes and in its most severe form to the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in the skin, causing a nonpitting edema termed myxedema. Cretinism is the congenital form leading to abnormalities of intellectual and physical development. (Bennett, et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 20th ed)
UI = D007037
Hypotonic Solutions
AN = GEN; NIM; no qualif when NIM for qualif is usually attached to specific drug in solution; when IM, D25-26 qualif; DF: HYPOTONIC SOL
MS = Solutions having a lower osmotic pressure than blood, or another solution with which they are compared. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D007038
Hypotrichida
AN = an order of ciliate protozoa
MS = An order of ciliate protozoa. Characteristics include a dorsoventrally flattened, highly mobile body with a unique cursorial type of locomotion.
UI = D016810
Hypotrichosis
AN = less than normal amt of hair; do not confuse with HYPERTRICHOSIS, localized or generalized excess hair
MS = Presence of less than the normal amount of hair. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D007039
Hypoventilation
AN = respiratory, not environmental
MS = A condition in which the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli is reduced.
UI = D007040
Hypoxanthine
AN = a specific chem: do not confuse with HYPOXANTHINES
MS = A purine base formed as an intermediate in the degradation of purines and purine nucleosides to uric acid and in the salvage of free purines. It is found in some transfer RNA molecules and occurs complexed with ribose as the nucleoside inosine. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019271
Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase
AN = /defic: consider also LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME or GOUT; DF: note short X ref
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate and hypoxanthine, guanine, or 6-mercaptopurine to the corresponding 5'-mononucleotides and pyrophosphate. The enzyme is important in purine biosynthesis as well as central nervous system functions. Complete lack of enzyme activity is associated with the LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME, while partial deficiency results in overproduction of uric acid. EC 2.4.2.8.
UI = D007041
Hypoxanthines
AN = do not confuse with the specific chem HYPOXANTHINE; hypoxanthine riboside, hypoxanthine ribonucleoside = INOSINE
MS = Purine bases related to hypoxanthine, an intermediate product of uric acid synthesis and a breakdown product of adenine catabolism.
UI = D007042
Hyraxes
AN = IM; qualif permitted
MS = Any of certain small mammals of the order Hyracoidea.
UI = D007043
Hysterectomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; abdominal: do not coord with ABDOMEN
MS = Excision of the uterus.
UI = D007044
Hysterectomy, Vaginal
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Removal of the uterus through the vagina.
UI = D007045
Hysteria
AN = obsolete concept, historical
MS = Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice.
UI = D007046
Hysterosalpingography
AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: HYSTEROSALPINGOGR
MS = Radiography of the uterus and fallopian tubes after the injection of a contrast medium.
UI = D007047
Hysteroscopy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Endoscopy of the interior of the uterus. The technique is indicated in the diagnosis and treatment of intrauterine lesions, infertility, abnormal uterine bleeding, hysterographic abnormalities, and intrauterine foreign bodies. Hysteroscopy is considered a more accurate diagnostic technique than hysterosalpingography.
UI = D015907