Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms
L
RETURN TO INDEX L Cells (Cell Line)
AN = a cell line of mouse fibroblasts; almost never IM; no qualif when NIM, A 11 qualif when IM; check tags ANIMAL & MICE
MS = Cells of a strain (C3H) of mouse fibroblasts grown in tissue culture for many years. They are employed for their ability to support replication of many types of viruses. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D007739
L Forms
AN = coord IM with specific bacterium (IM)
MS = Bacterial variants, unable to form a complete cell wall, which are formed in cultures by various bacteria; granules (L bodies) appear, unite, and grow into amorphous bodies which multiply and give rise to bacterial cells morphologically indistinguishable from the parent strain.
UI = D007740
La Crosse Virus
AN = a species of Bunyavirus & one of the California group viruses causing California encephalitis; infection: coord IM with ENCEPHALITIS, CALIFORNIA (IM); DF: LAC VIRUS
MS = A species of the genus BUNYAVIRUS and member of the CALIFORNIA GROUP VIRUSES causing human meningoencephalitis. This is the agent most responsible for California encephalitis, the most prevalent mosquito-borne disease recognized in the United States.
UI = D018062
Labetalol
AN = an antihypertensive
MS = 2-Hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-((1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)amino) ethyl)benzamide. Blocker of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors that is used as an antihypertensive.
UI = D007741
Labial Frenum
UI = D007742
Labor
AN = qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY: /chem ind = LABOR, INDUCED; /drug eff: consider also LABOR, INDUCED & OXYTOCICS
MS = The function in the female by which the product of conception is expelled from the uterus through the vagina to the outside world.
UI = D007743
Labor Complications
AN = check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: LABOR COMPL
MS = Medical problems associated with labor including cephalopelvic disproportion, hemorrhage, FETAL DISTRESS, or other disorders.
UI = D007744
Labor Onset
AN = human only; qualif permitted as for LABOR; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
MS = The establishment of regular uterine contractions together with beginning dilatation of the cervix.
UI = D007745
Labor Presentation
AN = no qualif; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
MS = The part of the fetal body that is in advance in the birth canal.
UI = D007746
Labor Stage, First
AN = human only; dilatation stage; qualif permitted as for LABOR; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
MS = Period from the onset of labor through complete dilatation of the cervix.
UI = D007747
Labor Stage, Second
AN = human only; expulsion stage; qualif permitted as for LABOR; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
MS = Period of labor from complete dilatation of the cervix through birth of the fetus.
UI = D007748
Labor Stage, Third
AN = human only; placental stage: placenta & membrane expelled & uterine contraction completed; qualif permitted as for LABOR; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
MS = Period of labor from birth of the fetus through expulsion or extraction of the placenta and membranes.
UI = D007749
Labor Unions
MS = Organizations comprising wage and salary workers in health-related fields for the purpose of improving their status and conditions. The concept includes labor union activities toward providing health services to members.
UI = D007750
Labor, Induced
AN = check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; amniotomy in inducing labor: coord IM with AMNION /surg (IM)
MS = Labor that is brought about by artificial means.
UI = D007751
Labor, Premature
AN = "tokolysis": translate as "tocolysis" & index as TOCOLYSIS; eff of drugs on premature labor: consider also TOCOLYTIC AGENTS; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
MS = Onset of labor before term but after the fetus has become viable, usually sometime during the 29th through 38th week of gestation.
UI = D007752
Laboratories
AN = coord IM with type of lab (IM), as hematol lab = LABORATORIES (IM) + HEMATOLOGY (IM)
MS = Facilities equipped to carry out investigative procedures.
UI = D007753
Laboratories, Dental
AN = DF: LABORATORIES DENT
MS = Facilities in which the dentist or his auxiliaries perform services related to treatment not done directly in the patient's mouth.
UI = D007754
Laboratories, Hospital
AN = DF: LABORATORIES HOSP
MS = Hospital facilities equipped to carry out investigative procedures.
UI = D007755
Laboratory Animal Science
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
MS = The science and technology dealing with the procurement, breeding, care, health, and selection of animals used in biomedical research and testing.
UI = D007756
Laboratory Chemicals
AN = GEN OR unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: LABORATORY CHEM
MS = Chemicals necessary to perform experimental and/or investigative procedures and for the preparation of drugs and other chemicals.
UI = D019995
Laboratory Infection
AN = "accidentally acquired infect in laboratory"; IM; coord with specific infection (IM) + lab animal (IM)
MS = Accidentally acquired infection in laboratory workers.
UI = D007757
Laboratory Manuals [Publication Type]
MS = Works containing concise background information and directions for activities, including conducting experiments or diagnostic tests in the laboratory.
UI = D020484
Laboratory Personnel
AN = coord IM with type of lab or occup (IM), as hosp lab personnel = LABORATORY PERSONNEL (IM) + LABORATORIES, HOSPITAL (IM) or hematol lab personnel = LABORATORY PERSONNEL (IM) + HEMATOLOGY (IM)
MS = Those health care professionals, technicians, and assistants staffing a research or health care facility where specimens are grown, tested, or evaluated and the results of such measures are recorded.
UI = D017056
Laboratory Techniques and Procedures
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; Manual 26.7
MS = Methods, procedures, and tests performed in the laboratory with an intended application to the diagnosis of disease or understanding of physiological functioning. The techniques include examination of microbiological, cytological, chemical, and biochemical specimens, normal and pathological.
UI = D003942
Labyrinth
AN = /inj: pressure-induced inj = LABYRINTH /inj (IM) + BAROTRAUMA (IM), noise-induced inj = only HEARING LOSS, NOISE-INDUCED; inflammation = LABYRINTHITIS; neopl = LABYRINTH DISEASES (IM) + EAR NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion.
UI = D007758
Labyrinth Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = LABYRINTHITIS
UI = D007759
Labyrinth Supporting Cells
AN = A 11 qualif
MS = Cells forming a framework supporting the organ of Corti. Specific cells are those of Claudius, Deiters and Hensen.
UI = D007760
Labyrinthine Fluids
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer ENDOLYMPH & PERILYMPH
MS = Fluids found within the osseous labyrinth (PERILYMPH) and the membranous labyrinth (ENDOLYMPH) of the inner ear. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th American ed, p1328, 1332)
UI = D007761
Labyrinthitis
AN = inflamm of inner ear
MS = Inflammation of the inner ear.
UI = D007762
Lac Operon
AN = note category; consider also LAC REPRESSORS (see note on REPRESSOR PROTEINS)
MS = The genetic unit consisting of three structural genes, an operator and a regulatory gene, which controls the synthesis of beta-galactosidase, beta-galactoside permease, and beta-thiogalactoside acetyltransferase. It includes the structural gene lac Z (lacZ) of ESCHERICHIA COLI.
UI = D007763
Lacquer
UI = D007764
Lacrimal Apparatus
AN = inflammation = DACRYOCYSTITIS; lacrimation: index TEARS /secret unless LACRIMAL APPARATUS /secret or LACRIMAL APPARATUS /physiol is particularly discussed
MS = The tear-forming and tear-conducting system which includes the lacrimal glands, eyelid margins, conjunctival sac, and the tear drainage system.
UI = D007765
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = DACRYOCYSTITIS
MS = Diseases of the lacrimal apparatus.
UI = D007766
Lacrimal Duct Obstruction
MS = Interference with the secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands. Obstruction of the lacrimal sac or nasolacrimal duct causing acute or chronic inflammation of the lacrimal sac (DACRYOCYSTITIS). It is caused also in infants by failure of the nasolacrimal duct to open into the inferior meatus and occurs about the third week of life. In adults occlusion may occur spontaneously or after injury or nasal disease. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p250)
UI = D007767
Lactalbumin
AN = a milk protein
UI = D007768
beta-Lactam Resistance
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Nonsusceptibility of an organism to the action of the beta-lactam antibiotics.
UI = D018440
Lactams
AN = antibiotics
MS = Cyclic amides formed from aminocarboxy acids by the elimination of water. They are isomeric with lactims, which are enol forms of lactams. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D007769
Lactate Dehydrogenase
AN = DF: LDH
UI = D007770
Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes
AN = DF: LDH ISOENZYMES
UI = D007771
Lactate Dehydrogenase Virus
AN = an arterivirus; infection: coord IM with ARTERIVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of RNA virus, probably an ARTERIVIRUS, occurring in a number of transplantable mouse tumors. Infected mice have permanently elevated serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase.
UI = D007772
Lactates
AN = do not confuse with LACTATE see LACTIC ACID
MS = Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.
UI = D007773
Lactation
AN = qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; check the tag FEMALE usually but occasionally MALE; "postpartum amenorrhea" is indexed under PUERPERIUM + AMENORRHEA & not LACTATION unless lactation is particularly discussed; ANIMALS, SUCKLING is available but the suckling of an animal (the act, as in the eff of suckling on animal physiol) goes here: human suckling goes under BREAST FEEDING; exper induced lactation unrelated to pregn (i.e., in non-pregn animals) goes here but do not check PREGNANCY
UI = D007774
Lactation Disorders
AN = in both sexes & not necessarily related to pregn; usually check tag FEMALE
MS = Disturbances of milk secretion in either sex, not necessarily related to pregnancy.
UI = D007775
Lactic Acid
AN = do not confuse X ref LACTATE with LACTATES
MS = A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D019344
Lactobacillaceae
AN = in food, dairy prod, plants, digestive system
MS = A family of gram-positive bacteria found regularly in the mouth and intestinal tract of man and other animals, in food and dairy products, and in fermenting vegetable juices. A few species are highly pathogenic.
UI = D007777
Lactobacillus
MS = A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare.
UI = D007778
Lactobacillus acidophilus
MS = A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the intestinal tract of humans and animals, the human mouth, and vagina. This organism produces the fermented product, acidophilus milk.
UI = D007779
Lactobacillus casei
AN = in milk & cheese
MS = A rod-shaped bacterium isolated from milk and cheese, dairy products and dairy environments, sour dough, cow dung, silage, and human mouth, human intestinal contents and stools, and the human vagina.
UI = D007780
Lactococcus
AN = usually non-pathogenic; in milk & milk products
MS = A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria mainly isolated from milk and milk products. These bacteria are also found in plants and nonsterile frozen and dry foods. Previously thought to be a member of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS (group N), it is now recognized as a separate genus.
UI = D017045
Lactococcus lactis
AN = non-pathogenic, causes souring of milk
MS = A non-pathogenic lactococcus found in dairy products and responsible for the souring of milk.
UI = D013294
Lactoferrin
UI = D007781
Lactoglobulins
AN = milk proteins; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Globulins occurring in milk. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D007782
Lactones
UI = D007783
Lactoperoxidase
MS = An enzyme derived from cow's milk. It catalyzes the radioiodination of tyrosine and its derivatives and of peptides containing tyrosine.
UI = D007784
Lactose
AN = do not confuse with LACTULOSE; consider also LACTOSE FACTORS
MS = A disaccharide in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
UI = D007785
Lactose Factors
AN = note category; plasmids determing ability of bact to ferment lactose
MS = Plasmids which determine the ability of a bacterium to ferment lactose.
UI = D007786
Lactose Intolerance
AN = an inborn error of carbohydrate metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired.
UI = D007787
Lactose Synthase
MS = An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDPgalactose to glucose, forming lactose. The enzyme is a complex of the enzyme N-ACETYLLACTOSAMINE SYNTHASE and alpha-lactalbumin; the latter protein is present in lactating mammary gland cells where it alters the usual specificity of the former to make lactose synthesis the preferred reaction. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.4.1.22.
UI = D007788
Lactose Tolerance Test
AN = NIM
UI = D007789
Lactosylceramides
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Glycosphingolipids which contain as their polar head group a lactose moiety bound in glycosidic linkage to the hydroxyl group of ceramide. Their accumulation in tissue, due to a defect in lactosylceramide beta-galactosidase, is the cause of lactosylceramidosis.
UI = D007790
Lactoylglutathione Lyase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of methylglyoxal and lactate, with glutathione serving as a coenzyme. EC 4.4.1.5.
UI = D007791
Lactulose
AN = do not confuse with LACTOSE
MS = A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887)
UI = D007792
Lagomorpha
AN = GEN for hares, pikas & RABBITS; check text to see if it is RABBITS only; do not confuse X ref HARES with BELGIAN HARE see RABBITS; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not check tag RABBITS
MS = An order comprising two families, Ochotonidae and Leporidae, 13 genera, and 69 species. It has a natural range covering most of the world's major land masses. Head and body length ranges from about 125 mm to 750 mm. Hares and rabbits have a short tail, and the pikas lack a tail. The fur is long, soft, and fine in pikas and usually thick and soft in rabbits and hares. All are vegetarians. (From Nowak, Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p539-41)
UI = D007793
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
AN = an autoimmune neuromusc dis
MS = An acquired autoimmune disease characterized by weakness and fatigability of proximal muscles, particularly of the pelvic girdle and thighs, with relative sparing of extraocular and bulbar muscles. It is often associated with small cell carcinoma of the lung.
UI = D015624
Lameness, Animal
AN = coord IM with precoord animal/dis term (IM) + animal (NIM); don't forget also check tag ANIMAL
MS = A departure from the normal gait in animals. It is also called claudication.
UI = D007794
Lamiaceae
AN = note common names as X refs; a family of largely mints & herbs
MS = Members of the mint family are characteristically aromatic, and many of them are cultivated for their oils. Among these are peppermint, spearmint, and pennyroyal (all species of Mentha); lavender (Lavandula); horehound (Marrubium vulgare); thyme (Thymus vulgaris); sage (Salvia officinalis); and catnip (Nepeta cataria).
UI = D019686
Laminaria
AN = a genus of brown alga; for dried Laminaria for cervical dilat & "laminaria tent" (note X ref & read MeSH definition), use no qualif
MS = A genus of Laminariaceae. Dried pencil-like pieces may be inserted in the cervix where they swell as they absorb moisture, and thus dilate the cervix.
UI = D007795
Laminectomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D007796
Laminin
AN = an extracellular matrix protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion.
UI = D007797
Lamivudine
AN = an antiviral; inhibits HIV
MS = A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and ZALCITABINE analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease.
UI = D019259
Lampreys
AN = cyclostome; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D007798
Lanatosides
AN = a Digitalis glycoside
MS = Glycosides from digitalis lanata leaf. Lantoside C has actions similar to DIGOXIN. Mixtures or lantosides A, B, and C have also been used. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p670)
UI = D007799
Landau-Kleffner Syndrome
AN = acquired aphasia with epilepsy in children CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Acquired epileptic aphasia. The typical history is that of a child whose development is normal for several years and then, either suddenly or in a fluctuating manner, loses comprehension of speech and the ability to use speech to communicate. The seizures are of no specific type, and are mostly mild and infrequent partial or atypical absences. (From Walton, Brain's Diseases of the Nervous System, 10th ed, p460)
UI = D018887
Langer-Giedion Syndrome
AN = an osteochondrodysplasia
MS = Autosomal dominant disorder characterized by cone-shaped epiphyses in the hands and multiple cartilaginous exostoses. Mental retardation and abnormalities of chromosome 8 are often present. The exostoses in this syndrome appear identical to those of hereditary multiple exostoses (EXOSTOSES, HEREDITARY MULTIPLE).
UI = D015826
Langerhans Cells
AN = A 11 qualif; cutaneous cells: do not confuse with ISLETS OF LANGERHANS (pancreas) nor with GIANT CELLS, LANGHANS (macrophages)
MS = Recirculating, dendritic, antigen-presenting cells containing characteristic racket-shaped granules (Birbeck granules). They are found principally in the stratum spinosum of the epidermis and are rich in Class II major histocompatibility complex molecules.
UI = D007801
Language
AN = what is spoken or written; do not confuse with LINGUISTICS (see note there) or SPEECH (language as it comes out of the mouth); no qualif
MS = A verbal or nonverbal means of communicating ideas or feelings.
UI = D007802
Language Arts
AN = emphasis here is on skill & applic of language: differentiate from LANGUAGE itself: see note there; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Skills in the use of language which lead to proficiency in written or spoken communication.
UI = D007803
Language Development
AN = no qualif CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences.
UI = D007804
Language Development Disorders
AN = do not confuse with LANGUAGE DISORDERS, disord of use or comprehension of language: LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS is "failure to understand or speak the language at the expected age"; DF: LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT DIS CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Failure to understand or speak the language at the expected age. Causal factors include slow maturation, hearing loss, brain injury, mental retardation and emotional disorders.
UI = D007805
Language Disorders
AN = /ther: consider also LANGUAGE THERAPY; do not confuse with SPEECH DISORDERS: read differentiation of LANGUAGE & SPEECH under LANGUAGE; do not confuse with LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS: see note there
MS = Disabilities related to both the sensory and motor aspects of language; includes impairments in understanding of written and spoken language, and impairments in speaking and writing language.
UI = D007806
Language Tests
MS = Tests designed to assess language behavior and abilities. They include tests of vocabulary, comprehension, grammar and functional use of language, e.g., Development Sentence Scoring, Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Scale, Parsons Language Sample, Utah Test of Language Development, Michigan Language Inventory and Verbal Language Development Scale, Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, Northwestern Syntax Screening Test, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Ammons Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test, and Assessment of Children's Language Comprehension.
UI = D007807
Language Therapy
AN = do not confuse with SPEECH THERAPY: LANGUAGE THERAPY is for LANGUAGE DISORDERS, SPEECH THERAPY is for SPEECH DISORDERS; coord IM with specific lang disord /ther (IM), not /rehabil
MS = Rehabilitation of persons with language disorders or training of children with language development disorders.
UI = D007808
Lanolin
AN = an emollient & ointment base; D25-26 qualif
MS = A yellow fat obtained from sheep's wool. It is used as an emollient, cosmetic, and pharmaceutic aid.
UI = D007809
Lanosterol
AN = /biosyn permitted
UI = D007810
Lanthanum
AN = a rare earth metal; La-139; La-138 = LANTHANUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); La-126-137, 140-144 = LANTHANUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = Lanthanum. The prototypical element in the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol La, atomic number 57, and atomic weight 138.91. Lanthanide ion is used in experimental biology as a calcium antagonist; lanthanum oxide improves the optical properties of glass.
UI = D007811
Laos
UI = D007812
Laparoscopy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Examination of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope.
UI = D010535
Laparotomy
AN = avoid: used too loosely in the literature; not a coord for operative surg on abdominal organs; restrict to technique of surg incision of abdom wall at any point; usually exploratory; prefer /surg with specific organs; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D007813
Larva
AN = NIM; only for metamorphosing animals (so correct for tadpoles); do not use /embryol with reference to larvae; maggot is the larval form of a fly
MS = Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.
UI = D007814
Larva Migrans
AN = note category: a disease; restrict this dis to nematode infections; Ancylostoma brasiliensis causes cutaneous larva migrans, Toxocara causes visceral
MS = Infections caused by nematode larvae which never develop into the adult stage and migrate through various body tissues. They commonly infect the skin, eyes, and viscera in man. Ancylostoma brasiliensis causes cutaneous larva migrans. Toxocara causes visceral larva migrans.
UI = D007815
Larva Migrans, Visceral
AN = note category: a disease; in human only, caused by Toxocara: coord IM with TOXOCARA CANIS (IM) if caused by T. canis but not with TOXOCARA if by T. cati; in animal probably = TOXOCARIASIS
MS = A condition produced in man by the prolonged migration of animal nematode larvae in extraintestinal tissues other than skin; characterized by persistent hypereosinophilia, hepatomegaly, and frequently pneumonitis, commonly caused by Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati.
UI = D007816
Laryngeal Cartilages
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = The nine cartilages of the larynx, including the cricoid, thyroid and epiglottic, and two each of arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform.
UI = D007817
Laryngeal Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = LARYNGITIS; laryngocele: index under LARYNX /abnorm
MS = Disorders of the larynx, general or unspecified.
UI = D007818
Laryngeal Edema
MS = Edema of any region of the larynx from a variety of causes. In the earliest stages it may be difficult to differentiate from infection, although mucosal injection and erythema are found more often in the latter. Allergic edema may result as a response from provocation induced by foods, inhalants, and drugs. The entire respiratory tract or only an isolated portion of the larynx may be affected. Laryngeal edema may also be hereditary. Other possible causes of laryngeal edema include increased capillary pressure due to superior vena cava syndrome, internal jugular vein ligation, lowered plasma osmotic failure induced by renal failure, impaired lymphatic flow, and increased capillary permeability to proteins. (From Paparella et al., Otolaryngology, 3d ed, p2253)
UI = D007819
Laryngeal Masks
AN = "an alternative to endotracheal intubation"
MS = A type of oropharyngeal airway that provides an alternative to endotracheal intubation and standard mask anesthesia in certain patients. It is introduced into the hypopharynx to form a seal around the larynx thus permitting spontaneous or positive pressure ventilation without penetration of the larynx or esophagus. It is used in place of a facemask in routine anesthesia. The advantages over standard mask anesthesia are better airway control, minimal anesthetic gas leakage, a secure airway during patient transport to the recovery area, and minimal postoperative problems.
UI = D017214
Laryngeal Mucosa
MS = The mucous lining of the larynx; mainly stratified squamous epithelium in the upper part and ciliated columnar in the lower part of the larynx.
UI = D007820
Laryngeal Muscles
MS = The intrinsic muscles of the larynx are the aryepiglottic(us), arytenoid(eus), cricoarytenoid(eus), cricothyroid(eus), thyroarytenoid(eus), thyroepiglottic(us) and vocal(is).
UI = D007821
Laryngeal Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); laryngeal polyps = LARYNGEAL NEOPLASMS (IM) + POLYPS (IM)
MS = Cancers or tumors of the larynx or any of its parts: the glottis, epiglottis, laryngeal cartilages, laryngeal muscles, and vocal cords.
UI = D007822
Laryngeal Nerves
AN = branches of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve; dis: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = Branches of the VAGUS NERVE (the tenth cranial nerve). The superior laryngeal nerves originate near the nodose ganglion and separate into external branches, which supply motor fibers to the cricothyroid muscles, and internal branches, which carry sensory fibers. The RECURRENT (inferior) LARYNGEAL NERVE originates more caudally and carries efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid. The laryngeal nerves and their various branches also carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.
UI = D007823
Laryngectomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Total or partial excision of the larynx.
UI = D007825
Laryngismus
AN = "spasm of the larynx": note X ref
MS = Spasm of the larynx.
UI = D007826
Laryngitis
MS = Inflammation of the larynx. This condition presents itself with dryness and soreness of the throat, difficulty in swallowing, cough, and hoarseness.
UI = D007827
Laryngoscopy
AN = NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Examination of the interior of the larynx, especially that performed with the laryngoscope. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D007828
Laryngostenosis
AN = narrowing or stricture of larynx; do not confuse with spasmodic closure ( = LARYNGOSPASM or LARYNGISMUS)
MS = Stricture or narrowing of the larynx. This condition may be developmental or acquired; with progressive respiratory difficulty as a symptom.
UI = D007829
Larynx
AN = LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES is available; /surg: probably LARYNGECTOMY; inflammation = LARYNGITIS; laryngocele: index under LARYNX /abnorm
MS = An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice.
UI = D007830
Larynx, Artificial
MS = A device, activated electronically or by expired pulmonary air, which simulates laryngeal activity and enables a laryngectomized person to speak. Examples of the pneumatic mechanical device are the Tokyo and Van Hunen artificial larynges. Electronic devices include the Western Electric electrolarynx, Tait oral vibrator, Cooper-Rand electrolarynx and the Ticchioni pipe.
UI = D007831
Lasalocid
AN = an ionophore, antibiotic & coccidiostat
MS = 6-(7R-(5S-Ethyl-5-(5R-ethyltetrahydro-5-hydroxy-6S-methyl- 2H-pyran-2R-yl)tetrahydro-3S-methyl-2S-furanyl)-4S-hydroxy- 3R,5S-dimethyl-6-oxononyl)-2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid. Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.
UI = D007832
Laser Coagulation
AN = do not confuse with LIGHT COAGULATION or with LASER SURGERY; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with Cat A or C term with /surg; DF: LASER COAG
MS = The coagulation of tissues using lasers. These lasers produce light in the visible green wavelength that is selectively absorbed by hemoglobin, and thus it is possible to seal bleeding blood vessels.
UI = D017075
Laser Surgery
AN = do not confuse with LASER COAGULATION; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with Cat A or Cat C term with /surg (IM); laser surg of cataract = LASER SURGERY (IM) + CATARACT EXTRACTION (IM) but note LASER COAGULATION also used in ophthalmol surg
MS = The use of a laser either to vaporize surface lesions or to make bloodless cuts in tissue. It does not include the coagulation of tissue by laser (LASER COAGULATION).
UI = D007833
Laser-Doppler Flowmetry
AN = measurement of Doppler eff of laser light in microcirc studies & diag; index laser velocimeters & Doppler velocimeters here with /instrum & do not coord with LASERS or DOPPLER EFFECT
MS = A method of non-invasive, continuous measurement of microcirculation. The technique is based on the values of the Doppler effect of low-power laser light scattered randomly by static structures and moving tissue particulates.
UI = D017078
Lasers
AN = lasers as surg = LASER SURGERY + disease /surg, not /radiother; low-intensity laser or multiple doses over time in ther = LASERS /ther use + disease /radiother; laser inj = LASERS /adv eff + organ /inj but do not coord with RADIATION INJURIES or any BURNS term; eff of laser as radiation: coord IM with Cat A, B or D term /rad eff (IM); do not index under source of light (ARGON, XENON, etc.) unless the point of the article & then probably NIM only, without qualif; laser surg of cataract = LASER SURGERY (IM) + CATARACT EXTRACTION (IM) but note LASER COAGULATION which is also used in eye surg
MS = Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. This phenomenon is brought about using devices that transform light of varying frequencies into a single intense, nearly nondivergent beam of monochromatic radiation in the visible region. Lasers operate in the visible, infrared, or ultraviolet regions of the spectrum. They are capable of producing immense heat and power when focused at close range and are used in surgical procedures, in diagnosis, and in physiologic studies.
UI = D007834
Lassa Fever
AN = a hemorrhagic fever caused by an arenavirus
MS = An acute febrile human disease caused by the Lassa virus.
UI = D007835
Lassa Virus
AN = a species of Arenavirus; Lassa is in Nigeria; infection = LASSA FEVER
MS = A species of ARENAVIRUS, part of the LCM-LASSA COMPLEX VIRUSES, and the etiologic agent of LASSA FEVER. Lassa virus is a common infective agent in humans in West Africa. Its natural host is the multimammate mouse Mastomys natalensis.
UI = D007836
Latency Period (Psychology)
AN = no qualif; DF: LATENCY PERIOD
MS = The period from about 5 to 7 years to adolescence when there is an apparent cessation of psychosexual development.
UI = D007837
Lateral Ligament, Ankle
AN = a collateral artic ligament
MS = Three ligamentous fasciculi present on the lateral side of the ankle joint considered collectively: pars tibiocalcanea (the calcaneotibial ligament), pars tibiotalaris anterior (the anterior talotibial ligament), pars tibiotalaris posterior (the posterior talotibial ligament). It is a common site of injury. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D017844
Laterality
AN = restrict to neurol & psychol sense; for sidedness or laterality of dis, index dis /pathol or dis /physiopathol; for uni- or bilateral surg, use surg term /methods if pertinent; use entry vocab HANDEDNESS only with reference to primates
MS = Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.
UI = D007839
Latex
AN = natural exudate from plants; can be synthesized; do not confuse with RUBBER, processed or synthetic; D25-26 qualif; /biosyn permitted if by plant
MS = Lactescent gels of molecular homogeneity, obtained from plants and composed of microglobules of natural rubber. The term latex has been broadened in scope to include NEOPRENE, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride, and synthetic "rubbers". Latexes are the inert vehicles that may be used to carry antibodies or antigens in LATEX FIXATION TESTS. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
UI = D007840
Latex Allergy
MS = Hypersensitivity to products containing processed natural rubber latex such as rubber gloves, condoms, catheters, dental dams, balloons, and sporting equipment. Both T-cell mediated (delayed hypersensitivity) and IgE antibody-mediated (immediate hypersensitivity) allergic responses are possible. Delayed hypersensitivity results from exposure to antioxidants present in the rubber; immediate hypersensitivity results from exposure to a latex protein.
UI = D020315
Latex Fixation Tests
AN = NIM
MS = Passive agglutination tests in which antigen is adsorbed onto latex particles which then clump in the presence of antibody specific for the adsorbed antigen. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D007841
Lathyrism
AN = pois from seeds of Lathyrus, a genus including many kinds of peas; if nitrile-induced, index also under the nitrile, probably NIM
MS = A morbid condition resulting from ingestion of the seeds of leguminous plants of the genus Lathyrus, which includes many kinds of peas. The toxic ingredient is beta-aminopropionitrile, which inhibits the enzyme lysyl oxidase. The disease is characterized by spastic paraplegia, pain, hyperesthesia, and paresthesia. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D007842
Latin America
AN = GEN: prefer specific country
MS = The geographic area of Latin America in general and when the specific country or countries are not indicated. It usually includes Central America, South America, Mexico, and the islands of the Caribbean.
UI = D007843
Latvia
UI = D007844
Laughter
MS = An involuntary expression of merriment and pleasure; it includes the patterned motor responses as well as the inarticulate vocalization.
UI = D007845
Laundering
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D007846
Laundry Service, Hospital
AN = DF: LAUNDRY SERV HOSP
MS = Hospital department which administers all activities pertaining to the hospital laundry service.
UI = D007847
Lauraceae
MS = A family of mainly aromatic evergeen plants in the order Laurales. The laurel family includes 2,200 species in 45 genera and from these are derived medicinal extracts, essential oils, camphor and other products.
UI = D019770
Laurates
MS = Salts and esters of the 12-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--lauric acid.
UI = D007848
Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome
AN = multiple abnorm & ment retard; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A hereditary syndrome of childhood, transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait, with obesity, retinitis pigmentosa, mental retardation, polydactyly, and hypogonadism as the main features.
UI = D007849
Lauric Acids
MS = 12-Carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.
UI = D007850
LCM-Lassa Complex Viruses
AN = a group of viruses of the genus Arenavirus; LCM stands for Lymphocytic ChorioMeningitis virus; infection: coord IM with ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = One of two groups of viruses in the ARENAVIRUS genus and considered part of the Old World complex. It includes LASSA VIRUS and LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS, although the latter has worldwide distribution now.
UI = D018049
Least-Squares Analysis
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
MS = A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model.
UI = D016018
Lecture Notes [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; for notes (usually instructive) taken at a lecture or class
MS = Notes taken at the delivery or reading of a speech before an audience or class, usually given to instruct. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
UI = D019528
Lectures [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; usually for instruction; do not confuse with Publication Type ADDRESSES; Publication Type LECTURE NOTES is also available
MS = Speeches read or delivered before an audience or class, especially for instruction or to set forth some subject. They are differentiated from ADDRESSES [PUBLICATION TYPE] in that addresses are less didactic and more informational, entertaining, inspirational, or polemic. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
UI = D019531
Legal Cases [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; legal cases, not clinical cases ( = check tag CASE REPORT)
MS = Collections of law reports or the published reports of decided cases and documents or filings related to those cases.
UI = D016418
Legionellaceae
AN = a family of gram-neg aerobic bacteria
MS = A family of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that do not form endospores or microcysts. It contains one genus, LEGIONELLA.
UI = D016951
Legionella pneumophila
AN = infection = LEGIONNAIRES' DISEASE
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the causative agent of LEGIONNAIRES' DISEASE. It has been isolated from numerous environmental sites as well as from human lung tissue, respiratory secretions, and blood.
UI = D016952
Legislation [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of the text of laws, statutes, ordinances, or government regulations.
UI = D020485
Leiomyoma, Epithelioid
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A relatively rare smooth muscle tumor found most frequently in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the stomach. It is similar to other smooth muscle tumors but may become very large and hemorrhage and exhibit small cystic areas. Simple excision is almost always curative. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1354)
UI = D018230
Leiomyomatosis
AN = multiple; solitary = LEIOMYOMA; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM) if relevant
MS = The state of having multiple leiomyomas throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D018231
Leishmania enriettii
AN = infection: coord IM with LEISHMANIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that has been found as a natural infection of the Brazilian guinea pig. Its host-tissue relationship is, in general, comparable to that of L. braziliensis.
UI = D018313
Leishmania guyanensis
AN = infection: coord IM with LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania viannia that infects man and animals and causes mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS). Transmission is by Lutzomyia sandflies.
UI = D018334
Leishmania infantum
AN = infection: coord IM with LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes visceral leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL). Human infections are confined almost entirely to children. This parasite is commonly seen in dogs, other Canidae, and porcupines with humans considered only an accidental host. Transmission is by Phlebotomus sandflies.
UI = D018314
Leishmania major
AN = infection: coord IM with LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes cutaneous leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS) of the Old World. Transmission is by Phlebotomus sandflies.
UI = D018320
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
AN = caused by L. aethiopica, L. braziliensis, L. major, L. mexicana or L. tropica; LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS & LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS are also available
MS = An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.
UI = D016773
Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous
AN = caused by L. aethiopica, L. braziliensis, L. mexicana or L. pifanoi; see MeSH definition for locales
MS = A form of LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS caused by Leishmania aethiopica in Ethiopia and Kenya, L. pifanoi in Venezuela, L. braziliensis in South America, and L. mexicana in Central America. This disease is characterized by massive dissemination of skin lesions without visceral involvement.
UI = D016774
Leishmaniavirus
AN = a genus of the family Totiviridae; infects the protozoan Leishmania; coord IM with specific Leishmania /virol (IM)
MS = A genus of RNA protozoan viruses of the family TOTIVIRIDAE. Several different strains of Leishmania are infected by a variety of viral species. The type species is Leishmania RNA virus 1-1.
UI = D019199
Lens Implantation, Intraocular
MS = Insertion of an artificial lens following removal of the crystalline lens, usually after cataract extraction.
UI = D019654
Lentinus
MS = A genus of fungi of the family Tricholomataceae, order AGARICALES. The commonly known Shiitake mushroom is Lentinus edodes (also seen as Lentinula edodes).
UI = D020074
Lentivirus
AN = a genus of the family Retroviridae; Latin lenti-, slow, refers to its long incubation period; infection = LENTIVIRUS INFECTIONS
MS = A genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species.
UI = D016086
Lentivirus Infections
AN = caused by a retrovirus; GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics
MS = Virus diseases caused by the Lentivirus genus. They are multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection.
UI = D016180
Lentiviruses, Bovine
AN = a subgenus of the genus Lentivirus; infection: coord IM with LENTIVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A subgenus of LENTIVIRUS comprising viruses that produce multi-organ disease with long incubation periods in cattle.
UI = D017960
Lentiviruses, Equine
AN = a subgenus of the genus Lentivirus; infection: coord IM with LENTIVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A subgenus of LENTIVIRUS comprising viruses that produce multi-organ disease with long incubation periods in horses.
UI = D017961
Lentiviruses, Feline
AN = a subgenus of the genus Lentivirus; infection: coord IM with LENTIVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A subgenus of LENTIVIRUS comprising viruses that produce multi-organ disease with long incubation periods in cats.
UI = D017969
Lentiviruses, Ovine-Caprine
AN = a subgenus of the genus Lentivirus; infection: coord IM with LENTIVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A subgenus of LENTIVIRUS comprising viruses that produce multi-organ disease with long incubation periods in sheep and goats.
UI = D017972
Lentiviruses, Primate
AN = a subgenus of the genus Lentivirus; infection: coord IM with LENTIVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A subgenus of LENTIVIRUS comprising viruses that produce immunodeficiencies in primates, including humans.
UI = D017958
Leper Colonies
AN = specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Residential treatment centers for individuals with leprosy.
UI = D007914
Lepidoptera
AN = includes BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS; don't forget SILKWORMS; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
MS = A large order of insects comprising the butterflies and moths.
UI = D007915
Leporipoxvirus
AN = a genus of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae; from Latin lepori-, rabbit; infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of the family POXVIRIDAE, subfamily CHORDOPOXVIRINAE, consisting of ether-sensitive viruses of leporids and squirrels. They commonly cause tumors and are usually transmitted mechanically by arthropods. MYXOMA VIRUS is the type species.
UI = D018152
Lepromin
AN = for lepromin test or lepromin reaction do not coord with SKIN TESTS
UI = D007916
Leprostatic Agents
AN = -static or -cidal; consider also MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE /drug eff & LEPROSY /drug ther
MS = Substances that suppress Mycobacterium leprae, ameliorate the clinical manifestations of leprosy, and/or reduce the incidence and severity of leprous reactions.
UI = D007917
Leprosy
AN = caused by Mycobacterium leprae; GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; rat leprosy = MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS (IM) + MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAEMURIUM (IM); /drug ther: consider also LEPROSTATIC AGENTS; ENL (erythema nodosum leprosum): see note at LEPROSY, LEPROMATOUS
MS = A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.
UI = D007918
Leprosy, Borderline
MS = A form of LEPROSY in which there are clinical manifestations of both principal types (lepromatous and tuberculoid). The disease may shift toward one of these two polar or principal forms.
UI = D015439
Leprosy, Lepromatous
AN = erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL): index under LEPROSY, LEPROMATOUS (IM) + ERYTHEMA NODOSUM (IM)
MS = A chronic communicable infection which is a principal or polar form of LEPROSY. This disorder is caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE and produces diffuse granulomatous skin lesions in the form of nodules, macules, or papules. The peripheral nerves are involved symmetrically and neural sequelae occur in the advanced stage.
UI = D015440
Leprosy, Tuberculoid
MS = A principal or polar form of LEPROSY in which the skin lesions are few and are sharply demarcated. Peripheral nerve involvement is pronounced and may be severe. Unlike lepromatous leprosy (LEPROSY, LEPROMATOUS), the lepromin test is positive. Tuberculoid leprosy is rarely a source of infection to others.
UI = D015441
Leptophos
AN = an organothiophosphate insecticide; TN 111 for eff on insects
MS = O-(4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl)-O-methylphenyl phosphonothioate. An organothiophosphate insecticide.
UI = D010773
Leptospira
AN = infection = LEPTOSPIROSIS
MS = A genus of aerobic, helical spirochetes, some species of which are pathogenic, others free-living or saprophytic.
UI = D007919
Leptospira canicola
AN = infection: coord IM with LEPTOSPIROSIS (IM)
MS = A serological group of LEPTOSPIRA found in dogs.
UI = D007920
Leptospira interrogans
AN = infection = WEIL'S DISEASE
MS = A genus of question mark-shaped aerobic spirochetes, which includes two formerly recognized genera: the parasitic L. icterohemorrhagiae and the saprophytic L. biflexa.
UI = D007921
Leptospiraceae
AN = a family of gram-neg aerobic bacteria
MS = A family of bacteria consisting of flexible helical cells exhibiting a right-handed conformation. It consists of a single genus, LEPTOSPIRA.
UI = D016953
Leptospirosis
AN = gram-neg bact infect; a spirochete infect
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.
UI = D007922
Leriche's Syndrome
AN = obstruction of terminal aorta
MS = A syndrome caused by obstruction of the terminal aorta. It usually occurs in males and is characterized by fatigue in the hips, thighs, or calves on exercising, absence of pulsation in the femoral arteries, impotence, and often pallor and coldness of the lower limbs. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D007925
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
AN = an inborn error of purine metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = An X-linked disease caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, and characterized by physical and mental retardation, hyperuricemia, self-mutilation, and choreoathetosis.
UI = D007926
Lesotho
AN = a kingdom lying within the republic of SOUTH AFRICA
MS = A kingdom in southern Africa, an enclave lying within the republic of SOUTH AFRICA. Its capital is Maseru. It was mostly uninhabited before 1800. In the early 19th century it had many disputes with the Boers. First receiving British protection in 1843, it was annexed in 1868 and made part of Cape Colony in 1871. It became a British colony in 1884 and gained independence in 1966. Sotho is the name of the indigenous people, probably meaning black. The plural is Basotho which gave the former name Basutoland. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p664 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p304)
UI = D007927
Lethal Dose 50
AN = almost never IM; no qualif; do not coord with /mortal in exper studies; DF: LD 50 or LD50
MS = The amount of pathogenic bacteria, bacterial toxin, or other poisonous substance, required to kill 50% of uniformly susceptible animals inoculated with it. In radiology, it is the amount of ionizing radiation that will kill, within a specified period, 50% of individuals in a large group or population. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D007928
Letter [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; do not confuse with catalogers' form subhead /correspondence; appears in titles within brackets & in translations within parentheses (Manual 14.5.1.5, 14.5.1.11); for letters & correspondence as a subject, index under main heading CORRESPONDENCE
MS = Written or printed communication between individuals or between persons and representatives of corporate bodies. The correspondence may be personal or professional. In medical and other scientific publications the letter is usually from one or more authors to the editor of the journal or book publishing the item being commented upon or discussed. LETTER as a publication type is often accompanied by COMMENT [PUBLICATION TYPE].
UI = D016422
Letterer-Siwe Disease
AN = a Langerhans-cell histiocytosis
MS = Acute, disseminated, rapidly progressive form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis.
UI = D007929
Lettuce
AN = as plant & food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2
MS = Any of the various plants of the genus Lactuca, especially L. sativa, cultivated for its edible leaves. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)
UI = D018545
Leucine
AN = an essential amino acid; /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted
UI = D007930
Leucine Zippers
AN = part of an amino acid sequence
MS = Domains in DNA-binding proteins that contain amino acid sequences that show periodic arrays of leucine residues. These residues exist in an alpha-helical conformation, with the leucine side chains extending from one alpha helix interdigitating with those displayed from a similar alpha helix of a second polypeptide, facilitating dimerization.
UI = D016350
Leucyl Aminopeptidase
MS = A zinc containing enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the removal of the N-terminal amino acid from most L-peptides, particularly those with N-terminal leucine residues but not those with N-terminal lysine or arginine residues. This occurs in tissue cell cytosol, with high activity in the duodenum, liver, and kidney. EC 3.4.11.1
UI = D007931
Leucogenenol
UI = D007932
Leucomycins
AN = macrolide antibiotics; do not confuse with LEUCOMYCIN see KITASAMYCIN
MS = An antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kitasatoensis. The complex consists of a mixture of at least eight biologically active components, A1 and A3 to A9. Leucomycins have both antibacterial and antimycoplasmal activities.
UI = D007933
Leuconostoc
AN = in plant & dairy products
MS = A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria whose growth is dependent on the presence of a fermentable carbohydrate. It is nonpathogenic to plants and animals, including humans.
UI = D007934
Leucovorin
AN = a folic acid metabolite; an antidote to folic acid antag; /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted
MS = The active metabolite of folic acid. Leucovorin is used principally as its calcium salt as an antidote to folic acid antagonists which block the conversion of folic acid to folinic acid.
UI = D002955
Leucine-tRNA Ligase
MS = An enzyme that activates leucine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.4.
UI = D007935
Leucyl-beta-Naphthylamidase
MS = Frequently used to test for leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.1) activity; hydrolyzes naphthylamides of leucine.
UI = D007936
Leukapheresis
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = The preparation of leukocyte concentrates with the return of red cells and leukocyte-poor plasma to the donor.
UI = D007937
Leukemia
AN = note all the leukemia terms & cross-refs for the many types of leukemia; if not here, check Tumor Manual or Tumor Key; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; radiation-induced = LEUKEMIA, RADIATION-INDUCED; leukemic infiltration = LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION but see note there
MS = A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. It is classified according to degree of cell differentiation as acute or chronic, and according to predominant type of cell involved as myelogenous or lymphocytic. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D007938
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D015471
Leukemia, B-Cell
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D015448
Leukemia, B-Cell, Acute
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; DF: note short X ref B-ALL
UI = D015450
Leukemia, B-Cell, Chronic
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D015451
Leukemia, CALLA-Positive
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; CALLA stands for "common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen" or "common ALL antigen" ( = CALLA see NEPRILYSIN)
MS = Acute leukemia in which lymphocytes are positive for the common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA).
UI = D015453
Leukemia, Eosinophilic, Acute
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D015472
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; Friend erythroleukemia cells: coord IM with FRIEND VIRUS (IM) + TUMOR CELLS, CULTURED (NIM)
MS = A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.
UI = D004915
Leukemia, Experimental
AN = includes infection by oncogenic leukoviruses or leukemia viruses (NIM); do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; DF: LEUKEMIA EXPER
MS = Leukemia induced experimentally by administration of various leukemogenic agents, viruses, radiation or transplantation.
UI = D007942
Leukemia, Feline
AN = caused by a retrovirus; don't forget also CATS (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL
MS = A neoplastic disease of cats frequently associated with feline leukemia virus infection.
UI = D016582
Leukemia, Hairy Cell
AN = "hairy" refers to flagellated appearance of the lymphoreticular cells; since the dis is chronic, do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; consider also LEUKEMIA, T-CELL, HTLV-II-ASSOCIATED
MS = A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of "hairy" or "flagellated" cells in the blood and bone marrow.
UI = D007943
Leukemia L1210
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct /vet
UI = D007939
Leukemia L5178
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct /vet
MS = An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.
UI = D007940
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
MS = Leukemia associated with hyperplasia and overactivity of the lymphoid tissue. There are increased numbers of circulating malignant lymphocytes and lymphoblasts. (Dorland, 28th ed, p919)
UI = D007945
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Acute
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D015447
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Acute, L1
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; don't forget CHILD check tags; DF: note short X ref ALL, CHILDHOOD
UI = D015454
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Acute, L2
AN = note X ref on Philadelphia-positive: LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, PHILADELPHIA-POSITIVE is also available; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; DF: note short X ref ALL, ADULT
UI = D015455
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D015462
Leukemia-Lymphoma, T-Cell, Acute, HTLV-I-Associated
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; DF: HTLV ALL
UI = D015460
Leukemia, Mast-Cell
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
MS = A disorder characterized by the presence of large numbers of tissue mast cells in the peripheral blood.
UI = D007946
Leukemia, Megakaryocytic, Acute
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
MS = Nonlymphocytic leukemia in which 20-30% of the bone marrow or peripheral blood cells are of megakaryocyte lineage. Myelofibrosis or increased bone marrow reticulin is common.
UI = D007947
Leukemia, Mixed-Cell
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D015456
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D007948
Leukemia, Monocytic, Chronic
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D015476
Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute
AN = GEN; note X refs for when specified as M1 or M2; for M3-M7 use MeSH see refs at LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACUTE, M3, etc., but when author uses term "acute myeloid leukemia" without specifying M1-M7, index under LEUKEMIA, MYELOID (IM) + ACUTE DISEASE (NIM); do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
MS = Progressive, malignant disease of the myeloid tissue in which the granular, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and their precursors predominate.
UI = D007950
Leukemia, Myeloid
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
MS = Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors in the bone marrow and other sites.
UI = D007951
Leukemia, Myeloid, Aggressive-Phase
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; DF: CML AGGRESSIVE
UI = D015465
Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D015464
Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; DF: CML CHRONIC
UI = D015466
Leukemia, Myeloid, Philadelphia-Negative
AN = "Philadelphia" refers to the Philadelphia chromosome; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; DF: LEUKEMIA PHILA NEG
UI = D015468
Leukemia, Myeloid, Philadelphia-Positive
AN = "Philadelphia" refers to the Philadelphia chromosome; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; DF: LEUKEMIA PHILA POS
UI = D015469
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D015479
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D015477
Leukemia, Neutrophilic, Chronic
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D015467
Leukemia, Nonlymphocytic, Acute
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; DF: note short X ref ANLL
MS = Acute leukemia distinguished from acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) by the morphology of the marrow and blood leukemic cells. Cytoplasmic granules are usually present and the nucleus is usually large and irregular. ANLL is more common in adults than ALL and occurs at any age.
UI = D015470
Leukemia, Null-Cell
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D015457
Leukemia P388
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct /vet
MS = An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.
UI = D007941
Leukemia, Plasmacytic
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D007952
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D015452
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D015463
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D015473
Leukemia, Radiation-Induced
AN = coord IM with specific type of LEUKEMIA (IM); do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; policy: Manual 24.4.3.2
UI = D007953
Leukemia, Subleukemic
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; coord IM with specific type of LEUKEMIA (IM)
UI = D007954
Leukemia, T-Cell
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D015458
Leukemia, T-Cell, Acute
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; DF: note short X ref T-ALL
UI = D015459
Leukemia, T-Cell, Chronic
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D015461
Leukemia, T-Cell, HTLV-II-Associated
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D015446
Leukemia Virus, Bovine
AN = a species of the genus HTLV-BLV Viruses; infection = ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS
MS = The type species of HTLV-BLV VIRUSES that causes a form of bovine lymphosarcoma (ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS) or persistent lymphocytosis.
UI = D001909
Leukemia Virus, Feline
AN = a species of the genus Retroviruses, Type C, Mammalian; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) or if so specified by author index instead under LEUKEMIA, FELINE (IM but see note there) or FELINE ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (IM but see note there); DF: FELV
MS = A species of mammalian type C retrovirus (RETROVIRUSES TYPE C, MAMMALIAN) causing leukemia, lymphosarcoma, immune deficiency, or other degenerative diseases in cats. Several cellular oncogenes confer on FeLV the ability to induce sarcomas (see also SARCOMA VIRUS, FELINE).
UI = D005256
Leukemia Virus, Gibbon Ape
AN = a species of the genus Retrovirus Type C, Mammalian; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + LEUKEMIA (IM) if pertinent; DF: GALV
MS = A species of mammalian type C retrovirus (RETROVIRUSES TYPE C, MAMMALIAN) causing leukemia in the gibbon ape. Natural transmission is by contact.
UI = D017989
Leukemia Viruses, Murine
AN = species of the genus Retroviruses Type C, Mammalian; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + LEUKEMIA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM); DF: note short X ref
MS = Species of mammalian type C retroviruses (RETROVIRUSES TYPE C, MAMMALIAN) producing leukemia in mice. It is commonly induced by injecting filtrates of propagable tumors into newborn mice. The Gross strain (GROSS VIRUS) occurs spontaneously in inbred mice, but none of the other strains occurs naturally.
UI = D009052
Leukemic Infiltration
AN = IM; coord with organ /pathol (IM) (not the precoord organ/neopl term) + the specific type of leukemia /pathol (IM), as "leukemic infiltration of the skin in lymphocytic leukemia" = LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION (IM) + SKIN /pathol (IM) (not SKIN NEOPLASMS) + LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOCYTIC /pathol (IM); Manual 24.4.1.2
MS = A pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. All types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. The degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. The liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. The kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. In lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. The central nervous system too is a common site.
UI = D017254
Leukemoid Reaction
AN = extreme leukocytosis resembling leukemia
MS = A peripheral blood picture resembling that of leukemia or indistinguishable from it on the basis of morphologic appearance alone. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D007955
Leukocidins
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS
MS = Substances that are toxic to leukocytes. Specifically exotoxins produced by some pathogenic staphylococci and streptococci that destroy leukocytes by lysis of the cytoplasmic granules and are partially responsible for the pathogenicity of the organisms. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D007956
Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test
AN = NIM; DF: LAI TEST
MS = Test for cell-mediated antitumor immunity and related serum blocking factors based on the finding that leukocytes from cancer patients, but not from controls, when mixed in vitro with antigenic extracts of tumors of the same histological type, undergo a diminution in their normal adherence to glass surfaces. Sera from tumor-bearing patients block the LAI reaction of their own leukocytes or those of other patients with the same type of tumor.
UI = D007957
Leukocyte Count
AN = NIM; coord NIM with specific leukocyte (IM) but LYMPHOCYTE COUNT is also available; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol
MS = A count of the number of white blood cells per unit volume in venous blood. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.
UI = D007958
Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
AN = NIM
MS = Measure of histocompatibility at the HL-A locus. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from two individuals are mixed together in tissue culture for several days. Lymphocytes from incompatible individuals will stimulate each other to proliferate significantly (measured by tritiated thymidine uptake) whereas those from compatible individuals will not. In the one-way MLC test, the lymphocytes from one of the individuals are inactivated (usually by treatment with mitomycin C or radiation) thereby allowing only the untreated remaining population of cells to proliferate in response to foreign histocompatibility antigens.
UI = D007959
Leukocyte Disorders
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: LEUKOCYTE DIS
MS = Disordered formation of various types of leukocytes or an abnormal accumulation or deficiency of these cells.
UI = D007960
Leukocyte Elastase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins, including elastin. It cleaves preferentially bonds at the carboxyl side of Ala and Val, with greater specificity for Ala. EC 3.4.21.37.
UI = D019272
Leukocyte Migration-Inhibitory Factors
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; do not use /analogs; also called LIF; DF: LMIF
MS = Protein factor(s) released by sensitized lymphocytes (and possibly other cells) that inhibit the movement of leukocytes, especially polymorphonuclear cells, away from their site of release. Assays for these factors are used as tests for cellular immunity. Two of the common assays are the leukocyte migration capillary tube technique (LMCT) and the leukocyte migration agarose technique (LMAT).
UI = D007961
Leukocyte Transfusion
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with specific leukocyte (NIM) but LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFUSION is available; for transfusion back to donor, coord IM with BLOOD TRANSFUSION, AUTOLOGOUS (NIM)
MS = The transfer of leukocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor.
UI = D017708
Leukocyte-Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome
AN = an immunol defic syndrome; DF: LEUKOCYTE ADHESION DEFIC SYNDROME
MS = Rare, autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of the beta 2 integrin receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION) comprising the CD11/CD18 family of glycoproteins. The syndrome is characterized by abnormal adhesion-dependent functions, especially defective tissue emigration of neutrophils, leading to recurrent infection.
UI = D018370
Leukocytes
AN = A 11 qualif; decrease in no. of leukocytes or leukocytopenia = LEUKOPENIA; increase in no. of leukocytes = LEUKOCYTOSIS; leukocyte migration test: index under LEUKOCYTES /immunol (IM) + CELL MIGRATION INHIBITION (IM)
MS = White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (BASOPHILS, EOSINOPHILS, and NEUTROPHILS) as well as non-granular leukocytes (LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES).
UI = D007962
Leukocytes, Mononuclear
AN = A 11 qualif; do not confuse with MONOCYTES: prefer specific indented
MS = Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.
UI = D007963
Leukocytosis
AN = coord with type of white cell and body fluid, using avaliable subheadings when appropriate
MS = A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.
UI = D007964
Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell
AN = a sphingolipidosis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = An inherited metabolic disorder of the nervous system, particularly the white matter. It is characterized histologically by a paucity of myelin and oligodendroglia, severe astrocytic gliosis, and massive infiltration with unique multinucleated globoid cells which are enriched in galactosylceramide. The primary genetic defect is a deficiency of GALACTOSYLCERAMIDASE.
UI = D007965
Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic
AN = a sphingolipidosis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A sphingolipidosis where there is defective desulfation of galactosyl-3-sulfate ceramide due to a defective enzyme cerebroside sulfatase (arylsulfatase A). The result is an accumulation of sulfatide in neural and non-neural tissues which manifests as mental deterioration and severe disturbances of the central nervous system.
UI = D007966
Leukoedema, Oral
AN = disord of buccal mucosa
MS = A disorder of the buccal mucosa resembling early leukoplakia, characterized by the presence of filmy opalescence of the mucosa in the early stages to a whitish gray cast with a coarsely wrinkled surface in the later stages, associated with intracellular edema of the spinous or malpighian layer. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D007967
Leukoencephalitis, Acute Hemorrhagic
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = A rare, fatal postinfection or allergic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system having a fulminating course and occurring mainly in young adults. It is characterized by destruction of white matter to the point of liquefaction; widespread necrosis of blood vessel walls leading to the formation of multiple small hemorrhages in the involved areas and the exudation of fibrin into the surrounding tissue; and cellular infiltration of the necrotic areas. (From Dorland, 28th)
UI = D004684
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal
AN = a slow virus dis caused by a polyoma virus; DF: LEUKOENCEPH PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL
MS = Rare demyelinating disease of the central nervous system which develops in immunocompromised patients secondary to lymphoproliferative disease, immunosuppressive therapy, autoimmune disorders, or AIDS. It is caused by the JC virus, a polyomavirus.
UI = D007968
Leukomalacia, Periventricular
AN = in premature inf & neonates; periventricular refers to the cerebral ventricles; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A disease of premature or newborn infants hypoxic and ischemic in nature and leading to infarction of brain white matter and cerebral ventricle enlargement.
UI = D007969
Leukopenia
AN = decrease in no. of leukocytes
UI = D007970
Leukoplakia
AN = a precancerous condition; coord IM with organ /neoplasms term (IM)
MS = A white patch on a mucous membrane that will not rub off. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D007971
Leukoplakia, Hairy
AN = a form of oral leukoplakia seen in HIV infect; do not confuse with TONGUE, HAIRY
MS = Epithelial hyperplasia of the oral mucosa associated with Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) and found almost exclusively in persons with HIV infection. The lesion consists of a white patch that is often corrugated or hairy.
UI = D017733
Leukoplakia, Oral
AN = neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted
MS = A white patch seen on the oral mucosa. It is considered a premalignant condition and is often tobacco-induced. When evidence of Epstein-Barr virus is present, the condition is called hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).
UI = D007972
Leukopoiesis
AN = formation of leukocytes
MS = The production of leukocytes. They are formed partially in the bone marrow (GRANULOCYTES, MONOCYTES and a few LYMPHOCYTES) and partially in lymphatic tissue (LYMPHOCYTES and PLASMA CELLS). (Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 9th ed)
UI = D019891
Leukorrhea
AN = white vaginal discharge
MS = A whitish, viscid discharge from the vagina and uterine cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D007973
Leukostasis
AN = note category: abnorm intravasc leukocyte aggreg
MS = Abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. This acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. It is differentiated from LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs.
UI = D018921
Leukotriene A4
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta(1E,3E,5Z,8Z)))-3-(1,3,5,8-Tetradecatetraenyl)oxiranebutanoic acid. An unstable allylic epoxide, formed from the immediate precursor 5-HPETE via the stereospecific removal of a proton at C-10 and dehydration. Its biological actions are determined primarily by its metabolites, i.e., LEUKOTRIENE B4 and cysteinyl-leukotrienes. Alternatively, leukotriene A4 is converted into LEUKOTRIENE C4 by glutathione-S-transferase or into 5,6-di-HETE by the epoxide-hydrolase. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990)
UI = D017572
Leukotriene Antagonists
MS = A class of drugs designed to prevent leukotriene synthesis or activity by blocking binding at the receptor level.
UI = D020024
Leukotriene B4
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = (S-(R*,S*-(E,Z,E,Z)))-5,12-Dihydroxy-6,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid. The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990)
UI = D007975
Leukotriene C4
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = (R-(R*,S*-(E,E,Z,Z))))-N-(S-(1-(4-Carboxy-1-hydroxybutyl)-2,4,6,9-pentadecatetraenyl)-N-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl)glycine. The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some vascular smooth muscle. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990)
UI = D017997
Leukotriene D4
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = (R-(R*,S*-(E,E,Z,Z)))-N-(S-(1-(4-carboxy-1-hydroxybutyl)-2,4,6,9-pentadecatetraenyl)-L-cysteinyl)glycine. One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990)
UI = D017998
Leukotriene E4
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = (5S-(5R*,6S*(S*),7E,9E,11Z,14Z))-6-((2-Amino-2-carboxyethyl)thio)-5-hydroxy-7,9,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid. A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990)
UI = D017999
Leukotrienes
AN = eicosanoids; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system.
UI = D015289
Leukosis Virus, Avian
AN = a species of the genus Retroviruses Type C, Avian; infection = AVIAN LEUKOSIS but see note there
MS = The type species of avian type C retroviruses (RETROVIRUSES TYPE C, AVIAN) producing latent or manifest lymphoid leukosis in fowl.
UI = D001354
Leupeptins
AN = protease inhib
MS = A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, kallikrein, papain and the cathepsins.
UI = D007976
Leuprolide
MS = A potent and long acting analog of naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GONADORELIN). Its action is similar to gonadorelin, which regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins.
UI = D016729
Levallorphan
AN = a narcotic antag
MS = An opioid antagonist with properties similar to those of NALOXONE; in addition it also possesses some agonist properties. It should be used cautiously; levallorphan reverses severe opioid-induced respiratory depression but may exacerbate respiratory depression such as that induced by alcohol or other non-opioid central depressants. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p683)
UI = D007977
Levamisole
AN = an antinematodal antirheumatic
MS = An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6)
UI = D007978
Leviviridae
AN = a family of bacteriophages infecting E. coli, Caulobacter & Pseudomonas
MS = A family of bacteriophages that infects enterobacteria, Caulobacter, and Pseudomonas. The genome consists of linear, positive-sense single-stranded RNA.
UI = D017907
Levivirus
AN = a bacteriophage genus of the family Leviviridae
MS = A bacteriophage genus of the family LEVIVIRIDAE, whose infectivity is UV-resistant.
UI = D017909
Levobunolol
AN = used in ther of glaucoma
MS = A nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist used in the treatment of glaucoma.
UI = D002040
Levocardia
AN = heart in left hemithorax; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Location of heart in left hemithorax with apex pointing to the left, but with situs inversus of other viscera and defects of the heart, or corrected transposition of great vessels.
UI = D007979
Levodopa
AN = an antiparkinson agent
MS = The naturally occurring form of DOPA and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.
UI = D007980
Levonorgestrel
AN = a synthetic progestational hormone
MS = A progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.
UI = D016912
Levorphanol
AN = a narcotic analgesic
MS = A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.
UI = D007981
Levothyroxine
MS = Levo isomer of the thyroid hormone THYROXINE. It is used for replacement therapy in reduced or absent thyroid function.
UI = D016237
Levulinic Acids
MS = Keto acids that are derivatives of 4-oxopentanoic acids (levulinic acid).
UI = D007982
Lewis Blood-Group System
AN = IM; coord with disease /blood, not /immunol nor /genet; TN 230
MS = A group of dominantly and independently inherited antigens associated with the ABO blood factors. They are glycolipids present in plasma and secretions that may adhere to the erythrocytes. The phenotype Le(b) is the result of the interaction of the Le gene Le(a) with the genes for the ABO blood groups.
UI = D007983
Lewy Bodies
AN = found in injured or fragmented neurons; note LEWY BODY DISEASE see PARKINSON DISEASE, but coord other Lewy body diseases with LEWY BODIES + specific disease
MS = Intracytoplasmic, eosinophilic, round to elongated inclusions found in vacuoles of injured or fragmented neurons. The presence of Lewy bodies is the histological marker of the degenerative changes in PARKINSON DISEASE but they may be seen in other neurological conditions. They are typically found in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but they are also seen in the basal forebrain, hypothalamic nuclei, and neocortex.
UI = D016631
Leydig Cell Tumor
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with TESTICULAR NEOPLASMS (IM) in male or OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM) if in female
MS = The most common nongerminal tumor of the testis, derived from the Leydig cells. It is rarely malignant. This tumor appears among 1-3% of testicular tumors and although they may be seen in children, the median age of appearance is 60 years. They are sometimes seen in women as ovarian tumors. Clinically, symptoms are usually related to the endocrine abnormalities induced by this tumor. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1597)
UI = D007984
Leydig Cells
AN = A 11 qualif; do not confuse X ref interstitial cells here with interstitial cells of connective tissue ( = CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS)
MS = Cells in the interstitial tissue of the testis that are believed to furnish the internal secretion of that gland.
UI = D007985
LH
AN = a neurotransmitter pituitary hormone; do not confuse X ref LUTROPIN with LUTEOTROPIN see PROLACTIN; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A small glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. LH plays an important role in controlling ovulation and in controlling secretion of hormones by the ovaries and testes.
UI = D007986
Liability, Legal
AN = statement of responsibility: do not confuse with MALPRACTICE, the commission of a harmful act; coord IM with specialty (IM) if relevant or area of responsibility (IM)
MS = Accountability and responsibility to another, enforceable by civil or criminal sanctions.
UI = D016365
Liberia
AN = a republic in western Africa
MS = A republic in western Africa, south of GUINEA and east of COTE D'IVOIRE. Its capital is Monrovia, named for the U.S. President James Monroe. Liberia was projected as a settlement of freed American slaves by the American Colonization Society in 1817 and hence named from the Latin liber, free. In 1847 it was established as the Free and Independent Republic of Liberia. Liberia is the only black African state never to have been subjected to colonial rule. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p668 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p307)
UI = D007988
Libido
MS = The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior.
UI = D007989
Librarians
AN = IM; coord with area of specialism of the librarian (IM) CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Specialists in the management of a library or the services rendered by a library, bringing professional skills to administration, organization of material and personnel, interpretation of bibliothecal rules, the development and maintenance of the library's collection, and the provision of information services.
UI = D016245
Libraries
AN = IM; specify geog or other site CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Collections of organized information for study and reference.
UI = D007990
Libraries, Dental
AN = IM; specify geog or other site; DF: LIBRARIES DENT CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D007991
Libraries, Hospital
AN = IM; specify geog or other site; DF: LIBRARIES HOSP CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Information centers primarily serving the needs of hospital medical staff and sometimes also providing patient education and other services.
UI = D007992
Libraries, Medical
AN = private & public libraries; includes private collections of books; IM; specify geog or other site; DF: LIBRARIES MED CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D007993
Libraries, Nursing
AN = IM; specify geog or other site; DF: LIBRARIES NURS CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D007994
Library Administration
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
MS = Planning, organizing, staffing, direction, and control of libraries.
UI = D007995
Library Associations
AN = med libr assoc: do not coord with MEDICINE; DF: LIBRARY ASSOC CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D007996
Library Automation
MS = The use of automatic machines or processing devices in libraries. The automation may be applied to library administrative activities, office procedures, and delivery of library services to users.
UI = D016242
Library Collection Development
AN = DF: COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT
MS = Development of a library collection, including the determination and coordination of selection policy, assessment of needs of users and potential users, collection use studies, collection evaluation, identification of collection needs, selection of materials, planning for resource sharing, collection maintenance and weeding, and budgeting.
UI = D016243
Library Materials
AN = print & non-print materials in libraries: not restricted to books
MS = Print and non-print materials collected, processed, and stored by libraries. They comprise books, periodicals, pamphlets, reports, microforms, maps, manuscripts, motion pictures, and all other forms of audiovisual records. (Harrod, The Librarians' Glossary, 4th ed, p497)
UI = D018966
Library Schools
AN = specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of library science or information.
UI = D007997
Library Science
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; med librarianship: do not coord with MEDICINE
MS = Study of the principles and practices of library administration and services.
UI = D007998
Library Services
AN = IM; DF: LIBRARY SERV CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation.
UI = D007999
Library Surveys
AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Collection and analysis of data pertaining to operations of a particular library, library system, or group of independent libraries, with recommendations for improvement and/or ordered plans for further development.
UI = D008000
Library Technical Services
AN = IM; DF: LIBRARY TECHNICAL SERV CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Acquisition, organization, and preparation of library materials for use, including selection, weeding, cataloging, classification, and preservation.
UI = D008001
Libya
MS = A country in northern Africa. Its capital is Tripoli. The general geographical area has been known since ancient times to the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans. Although the name is ancient and appeared in Egyptian hieroglyphics as early as 2000 B.C., the meaning is not known. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p668)
UI = D008002
Lice
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
MS = A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders ANOPLURA (sucking lice), MALLOPHAGA (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant-lice).
UI = D008003
Lice Infestations
AN = coord IM with specific louse (IM); head lice: coord IM with SCALP DERMATOSES (IM) and PEDICULUS (IM)
MS = Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin by members of the order Phthiraptera, especially on humans by Pediculus humanus of the family Pediculidae. The hair of the head, eyelashes, and pubis is a frequent site of infestation. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D010373
Licensure
AN = by the state; differentiate from ACCREDITATION (by the profession); IM; various boards can go here; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The legal authority or formal permission from authorities to carry on certain activities which by law or regulation require such permission. It may be applied to licensure of institutions as well as individuals.
UI = D008004
Licensure, Dental
AN = by the state; differentiate from ACCREDITATION (by the profession); IM; various boards can go here; specify geog; DF: LICENSURE DENT CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The granting of a license to practice dentistry.
UI = D008005
Licensure, Hospital
AN = by the state; differentiate from ACCREDITATION (by the profession); IM; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The granting of a license to a hospital.
UI = D008006
Licensure, Medical
AN = by the state; differentiate from ACCREDITATION (by the profession); IM; various boards can go here; specify geog; DF: LICENSURE MED CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The granting of a license to practice medicine.
UI = D008007
Licensure, Nursing
AN = by the state; differentiate from ACCREDITATION (by the profession); IM; various boards can go here; specify geog; DF: LICENSURE NURS CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The granting of a license to practice the profession of nursing.
UI = D008008
Licensure, Pharmacy
AN = by the state; differentiate from ACCREDITATION (by the profession); IM; various boards can go here; specify geog; DF: LICENSURE PHARM CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The granting of a license to practice pharmacy.
UI = D008009
Lichen Nitidus
AN = a skin dis, not a plant
MS = A chronic inflammatory disease characterized by shiny, flat-topped, usually flesh-colored micropapules no larger than the head of a pin. Lesions are localized in the early stages, found chiefly on the lower abdomen, penis, and inner surface of the thighs. Distribution may become generalized as the disease progresses.
UI = D017513
Lichen Planus
AN = a skin dis; sometimes called simply "lichen": check text & its bibliog; lichen planus atrophicus: index here & do not confuse with LICHEN SCLEROSUS ET ATROPHICUS
MS = An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.
UI = D008010
Lichen Planus, Oral
AN = alone or with cutaneous lichen planus
MS = Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)
UI = D017676
Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus
AN = a skin dis; do not confuse with lichen planus atrophicus (index under LICHEN PLANUS); DF: note short X ref
MS = A chronic, atrophic skin disease characterized by white, angular, flat, well-defined, indurated papules with an erythematous halo and follicular, black, keratotic plugs. It is the most common cause of kraurosis vulvae in females and balanitis xerotica obliterans in males. It is called also white spot disease and Csillag's disease. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D018459
Lichenoid Eruptions
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Conditions in which there is histological damage to the lower epidermis along with a grouped chronic inflammatory infiltrate in the papillary dermis disturbing the interface between the epidermis and dermis. LICHEN PLANUS is the prototype of all lichenoid eruptions. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p398)
UI = D017512
Lichens
AN = plant, not skin disease; plants formed by a "combination of an alga & a fungus"
MS = Thallophytic plants formed by mutualistic combination of an alga and a fungus, the algal component being a green or blue-green alga, and the fungal usually an ascomycete. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008011
Lidocaine
AN = a local anesthetic & anti-arrhythmic
MS = 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide. A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine.
UI = D008012
Lidoflazine
AN = a vasodilator
MS = 4-[4,4-Bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl]-1-piperazine aceto-2',6'-xylidine. Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic action.
UI = D008013
Lie Detection
MS = Ascertaining of deception through detection of emotional disturbance as manifested by changes in physiologic processes usually using a polygraph.
UI = D008014
Liechtenstein
UI = D008015
Life
AN = restrict to Life as an abstract or philosophical concept apart from biol; no qualif
MS = The state that distinguishes organisms from inorganic matter, manifested by growth, metabolism, reproduction, and adaptation. It includes the course of existence, the sum of experiences, the mode of existing, or the fact of being. Over the centuries inquiries into the nature of life have crossed the boundaries from philosophy to biology, forensic medicine, anthropology, etc., in creative as well as scientific literature. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)
UI = D019369
Life Change Events
AN = human only: do not confuse with life cycles & life stages of animals & lower organisms; no qualif; FAMILY LIFE CYCLES see FAMILY is also available for "transitional stages through which the family evolves...e.g., marriage, childbearing & death"
MS = Those occurrences, including social, psychological, and environmental, which require an adjustment or effect a change in an individual's pattern of living.
UI = D008016
Life Expectancy
AN = IM for human, NIM for animal; consider also LONGEVITY CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = A figure representing the number of years, based on known statistics, to which any person of a given age may reasonably expect to live.
UI = D008017
Life Cycle Stages
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with name of organism with /growth (IM)
MS = The continuous sequence of changes undergone by metamorphosing insects and other animals during the post-embryonic development process.
UI = D008018
Life Style
MS = The individual's active adaptation to the social milieu, which develops as a unique, personal product of his need for integration into that social milieu and for differentiation from it.
UI = D008019
Life Support Care
AN = extraordinary measures in patient care: do not confuse with LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS which is non-med
MS = Care provided patients requiring extraordinary therapeutic measures in order to sustain and prolong life.
UI = D008020
Life Support Systems
AN = do not confuse with LIFE SUPPORT CARE: read MeSH definition
MS = Systems that provide all or most of the items necessary for maintaining life and health. Provisions are made for the supplying of oxygen, food, water, temperature and pressure control, disposition of carbon dioxide and body waste. The milieu may be a spacecraft, a submarine, or the surface of the moon. In medical care, usually under hospital conditions, LIFE SUPPORT CARE is available. (From Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary)
UI = D008021
Life Tables
AN = IM; no qualif CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Summarizing techniques used to describe the pattern of mortality and survival in populations. These methods can be applied to the study not only of death, but also of any defined endpoint such as the onset of disease or the occurrence of disease complications.
UI = D015993
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
AN = a multiple neopl syndrome; do not use /blood supply /chem /congen /second /secret /ultrastruct CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Rare autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by mesenchymal and epithelial neoplasms at multiple sites. A point mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene apparently predisposes family members who inherit it to develop certain cancers.
UI = D016864
Lifting
AN = by machines or humans
MS = Moving or bringing something from a lower level to a higher one. The concept encompasses biomechanic stresses resulting from work done in transferring objects from one plane to another as well as the effects of varying techniques of patient handling and transfer.
UI = D017770
Ligaments
AN = IM; coord with site (IM); joint ligaments = LIGAMENTS, ARTICULAR
MS = Bands of fibrous tissue connecting bones and cartilage, serving to support and strengthen joints. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008022
Ligaments, Articular
AN = IM; coord with specific joint (IM)
UI = D008023
Ligamentum Flavum
AN = a vertebral ligament
MS = One of a series of bands of yellow (Latin flavum) elastic tissue attached to and extending between the ventral portions of the laminae of two adjacent vertebrae, from the junction of the axis and the third cervical vertebra to the junction of the fifth lumbar vertebra and the sacrum. They assist in maintaining or regaining the erect position and serve to close in the spaces between the arches. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D017843
Ligands
AN = IM for general only; usually NIM with specific cpd IM; no qualif
MS = A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008024
Ligases
MS = A class of enzymes that catalyze the formation of a bond between two substrate molecules, coupled with the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond in ATP or a similar energy donor. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 6.
UI = D008025
Ligation
AN = never IM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part.
UI = D008026
Light
AN = non-ionizing; differentiate from LIGHTING (the environment); /ther use = PHOTOTHERAPY (coord disease with /ther, not /radiother) but consider also PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY & ULTRAVIOLET THERAPY; as radiation: TN 158; light scattering = SCATTERING, RADIATION (IM) + LIGHT (NIM); photoperiod = PHOTOPERIOD; LIGHT + PERIODICITY is not necessarily CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; luminance goes here or under LIGHTING but not under LUMINESCENCE; black light: index under INFRARED RAYS or ULTRAVIOLET RAYS depending on text but unspecified, index under ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
MS = That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the human eye is sensitive. Light is about 400 to 800 nanometers in wavelength, i.e., between the ultraviolet and infrared spectra.
UI = D008027
Light Coagulation
AN = non-ionizing; used predominantly in eye surg; do not confuse with LASER COAGULATION also used in ophthalmol surg; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with Cat A or C term with /surg; DF: LIGHT COAG
MS = The coagulation of tissue by an intense beam of light, including laser (LASER COAGULATION). In the eye it is used in the treatment of retinal detachments, retinal holes, aneurysms, hemorrhages, and malignant and benign neoplasms. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)
UI = D008028
Lighting
AN = the environment: differentiate from LIGHT, a principle of physics; /adv eff permitted but do not confuse with LIGHT /adv eff
MS = The illumination of an environment and the arrangement of lights to achieve an effect or optimal visibility. Its application is in domestic or in public settings and in medical and non-medical environments.
UI = D008029
Lightning
AN = no qualif; /adv eff = probably LIGHTNING INJURIES
UI = D008030
Lightning Injuries
AN = DF: LIGHTNING INJ
MS = Accidental injuries caused by brief high-voltage electrical discharges during thunderstorms. Cardiopulmonary arrest, coma and other neurologic symptoms, myocardial necrosis, and dermal burns are common. Prompt treatment of the acute sequelae, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation, is indicated for survival.
UI = D015168
Lignin
AN = highly polymerized substance in many plant fibers, espec wood; do not confuse with LIGNANS; D25-26 qualif
MS = Lignin. The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D008031
Lignans
AN = in plants & body fluids; do not confuse with LIGNIN, also found in plants
MS = A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
UI = D017705
Likelihood Functions
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific subject /statist (IM); no qualif
MS = Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters.
UI = D016013
Liliaceae
AN = a large family of flowering plants; note common names as X refs; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = A monocot family within the order Liliales. Members include many common garden plants such as the lily, ONION, yam, ALOE, yucca, and COLCHICUM.
UI = D019668
Limb Bud
AN = usually NIM; no qualif when NIM; do not specify limb unless pertinent & then probably NIM with /embryol; specify animal (NIM)
MS = A swelling on the trunk of the vertebrate embryo that becomes a limb. Limb bud cultures are used in developmental, organogenesis, morphogenesis, and cell differentiation studies. The limb bud of the chick embryo is most commonly used but mouse and rat limb buds are also used.
UI = D018878
Limb Deformities, Congenital
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer ARM or its parts /abnorm or its specifics & LEG or its parts /abnorm or its specifics; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: LIMB DEFORMITIES CONGEN CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Congenital structural deformities of the upper and lower extremities collectively or unspecified.
UI = D017880
Limbic System
UI = D008032
Limulus Test
AN = for detection of bact endotoxins using horseshoe crab blood
MS = Sensitive method for detection of bacterial endotoxins and endotoxin-like substances that depends on the in vitro gelation of Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL), prepared from the circulating blood (amebocytes) of the horseshoe crab, by the endotoxin or related compound. Used for detection of endotoxin in body fluids and parenteral pharmaceuticals.
UI = D008033
Limbus Corneae
AN = a slight furrow between cornea & sclera: do not index under SCLERA unless sclera is particularly discussed; /transpl is unlikely: article will likely be on CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION with anat or physiol ref to LIMBUS CORNEAE with pertinent qualif
MS = An annular transitional zone, approximately 1 mm wide, between the cornea and the bulbar conjunctiva and sclera. It is highly vascular and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea. It is ophthalmologically significant in that it appears on the outer surface of the eyeball as a slight furrow, marking the line between the clear cornea and the sclera. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)
UI = D016850
Linaceae
AN = family of plants to which COCA & FLAX belong
MS = A family in the order Linales. These plants have simple leaves and regular flowers housing a compound ovary. Stamens are usually fused by their filaments.
UI = D019658
Lincomycin
AN = an antibiotic
MS = (2S-trans)-Methyl 6,8-dideoxy-6-(((1-methyl-4-propyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)-1-thio-D-erythro-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside. An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.
UI = D008034
Lindane
AN = an organochlorine insecticide; do not confuse X ref BENZENE HEXACHLORIDE with HEXACHLOROBENZENE; TN 111 for eff on insects
MS = An organochlorine insecticide that has been used as a pediculicide and a scabicide. It has been shown to cause cancer.
UI = D001556
Linear Energy Transfer
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = Rate of energy dissipation along the path of charged particles. In radiobiology and health physics, exposure is measured in kiloelectron volts per micrometer of tissue (keV/micrometer T).
UI = D018499
Lingual Frenum
UI = D008035
Lingual Nerve
AN = a branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve; dis: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = A sensory branch of the MANDIBULAR NERVE, which is part of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The lingual nerve carries general afferent fibers from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, and the mandibular gingivae.
UI = D008036
Linguistics
AN = = science of LANGUAGE & SPEECH; do not confuse with LANGUAGE (what is spoken), SEMANTICS (hist or psychol study of language & meaning changes), NOMENCLATURE (names of things & etymology, the origin or words), PHONETICS (how words are sounded), LITERATURE (literary works), PHILOLOGY (study of literature or language as used in literature) or VOCABULARY (a person's stock of words); grammar, syntax, accent go here; SPEC: SPEC qualif
MS = The science of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and historical linguistics. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
UI = D008037
Liniments
AN = IM for general only, qualif permitted; NIM (no qualif) with specific drug IM (with qualif); /adv eff permitted but be careful: it may be the adv eff of the drug in liniment form, not the liniment
MS = Heat-generating liquids that are thinner than ointments and are applied to the skin with friction. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
UI = D008038
Linitis Plastica
AN = neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = Diffuse fibrous proliferation of the submucous connective tissue of the stomach, resulting in thickening and fibrosis so that the stomach is constricted, inelastic, and rigid (like a leather bottle). It is almost always a manifestation of adenocarcinoma but is also seen in benign conditions such as gastric syphilis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008039
Linkage (Genetics)
AN = DF: LINKAGE
MS = The association in inheritance of two or more non-allelic genes due to their being located more or less closely on the same chromosome.
UI = D008040
Linkage Disequilibrium
MS = Nonrandom association of linked genes. This is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone.
UI = D015810
Linoleic Acid
AN = LINOLEIC ACIDS also available
MS = A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D019787
Linoleic Acids
AN = do not confuse with LINOLENIC ACIDS
MS = Eighteen-carbon essential fatty acids that contain two double bonds.
UI = D008041
Linolenic Acids
AN = do not confuse with LINOLEIC ACIDS
MS = Eighteen-carbon essential fatty acids that contain three double bonds.
UI = D008042
alpha-Linolenic Acid
AN = an omega-3 fatty acid; GAMMA-LINOLENIC ACID is an omega-6 fatty acid; DF: note short X ref
MS = (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic Acid. A fatty acid that is found in plants and involved in the formation of prostaglandins.
UI = D017962
gamma-Linolenic Acid
AN = an omega-6 fatty acid; ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID is an omega-3 fatty acid
MS = (Z,Z,Z)-6,9,12-Octadecatrienoic acid. An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D017965
Linseed Oil
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = The fixed oil obtained from the dried ripe seed of linseed, Linum usitatissimum (L. Linaceae). It is used as an emollient in liniments, pastes, and medicinal soaps, and in veterinary medicine as a laxative. It is also called flaxseed oil. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008043
Linuron
AN = an herbicide
MS = A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D008044
Lions
AN = IM; qualif permitted
MS = Large chiefly nocturnal mammals of the cat family Felidae, species Panthera leo. They are found in Africa and southern Asia.
UI = D008045
Lip
AN = inflammation = CHEILITIS
MS = Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth.
UI = D008046
Lip Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = CHEILITIS
UI = D008047
Lip Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D008048
Lipase
AN = /defic: consider also LIPID METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS & CHOLESTEROL ESTER STORAGE DISEASE & WOLMAN DISEASE; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE is also available
MS = An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3.
UI = D008049
Lipectomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Removal of localized subcutaneous fat deposits by suction curettage or blunt cannulization in the cosmetic correction of obesity and other esthetic contour defects.
UI = D015187
Lipid A
AN = a lipopolysaccharide
MS = Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.
UI = D008050
Lipid Bilayers
AN = coord IM with specific lipid (IM or NIM)
MS = Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.
UI = D008051
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific lipid /metab (IM); DF: LIPID METAB INBORN ERR CATALOG: do not use /in inf
UI = D008052
Lipid Mobilization
MS = The breakdown of stored triglyceride in adipose tissue with the release of free fatty acids and glycerol. Depot fat hydrolysis is catalyzed by a lipase in response to pituitary lipid mobilization factors (LMF), various hormones, serotonin, or hepatotoxins such as carbon tetrachloride.
UI = D008053
Lipid Peroxidation
MS = Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor.
UI = D015227
Lipid Peroxides
MS = Peroxides produced in the presence of a free radical by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell in the presence of molecular oxygen. The formation of lipid peroxides results in the destruction of the original lipid leading to the loss of integrity of the membranes. They therefore cause a variety of toxic effects in vivo and their formation is considered a pathological process in biological systems. Their formation can be inhibited by antioxidants, such as vitamin E, structural separation or low oxygen tension.
UI = D008054
Lipids
AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer specifics; differentiate from FATS ("outside the body"); /blood: consider also HYPERLIPIDEMIA & specifics; dyslipidemia, especially in foreign lit, is probably HYPERLIPIDEMIA or its specifics; DIETARY FATS is also available
MS = A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, sterols, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
UI = D008055
Lipids and Antilipemic Agents
AN = not used for indexing; LIPIDS & ANTILIPEMIC AGENTS are available CATALOG: do not use
MS = A collective grouping for lipids and substances that maintain normal blood lipid levels.
UI = D008056
Lipoamide Dehydrogenase
MS = A flavoprotein that catalyzes the reduction of lipoamide by NADH to yield dihydrolipoamide and NAD+. The enzyme is a component of the multienzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. EC 1.8.1.4.
UI = D008058
Lipodystrophy
AN = atrophy of subcutaneous fat
MS = A collection of rare conditions resulting from defective fat metabolism and characterized by atrophy of the subcutaneous fat. They include total, congenital or acquired, partial, abdominal infantile, and localized lipodystrophy.
UI = D008060
Lipofuscin
AN = a lipid pigment
MS = A naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to ceroid. It accumulates in various normal tissues and apparently increases in quantity with age.
UI = D008062
Lipoidosis
AN = an inborn error of lipid metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A disturbance of lipid metabolism with abnormal deposit of lipids in the cells. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008064
Lipoidproteinosis
AN = a lipoidosis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A familial disease occurring in the course of latent diabetes, marked by yellowish nodules on the skin and mucosae, keratotic lesions on the extremities, and hoarseness due to faulty lipid metabolism. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008065
Lipolysis
AN = metabolic only: not for "suction lipolysis" of adipose tissue ( = LIPOLYSIS, SUCTION see LIPECTOMY)
MS = The hydrolysis of lipids.
UI = D008066
Lipoma
AN = solitary; multiple = LIPOMATOSIS; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A benign tumor usually composed of mature fat cells. At times the tumor may be composed partly or entirely of fetal fat cells (hibernoma). (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008067
Lipomatosis
AN = multiple non-neoplastic accumulations of fat in tissue; solitary is probably LIPOMA which is neoplastic; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; coord IM with precoord organ/dis term (IM) if relevant; LIPOMATOSIS, MULTIPLE SYMMETRICAL is also available
MS = A condition characterized by abnormal localized, or tumor-like, accumulations of fat in the tissues. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008068
Lipomatosis, Multiple Symmetrical
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
MS = Multiple circumscribed or encapsulated lipomas which may be distributed symmetrically or haphazardly or which may form a collar around the neck.
UI = D008069
Lipopolysaccharides
AN = largely bacterial so do not coord with POLYSACCHARIDES, BACTERIAL for bacterial lipopolysaccharides; coord IM with specific bacterium (IM); DF: LPS
MS = Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008070
Lipoprotein Lipase
AN = /defic: consider also LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE DEFICIENCY, FAMILIAL
MS = An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34.
UI = D008071
Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency, Familial
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A rare familial condition characterized by massive chylomicronemia and decreased levels of other lipoproteins. It is due to deficiency of lipoprotein lipase, an alkaline triglyceride hydrolase which catalyzes an important step in the extrahepatic removal of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins from the blood.
UI = D008072
Lipoprotein(a)
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = A family of lipoprotein particles varying in density and size depending on the protein-lipid ratio and the protein composition. These particles consist of apolipoprotein B-100 covalently linked to apolipoprotein-a by one or two disulfide bonds. There is a correlation between high plasma levels of this lipoprotein and increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
UI = D017270
Lipoprotein-X
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = An abnormal lipoprotein which is present in large amounts in individuals suffering from obstructive liver diseases. It exists as a bilayer vesicle of equimolar phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol containing small amounts of plasma proteins (mainly albumin) in its internal aqueous compartment together with some apolipoproteins adsorbed on its surface. Separates with LDL by ultracentrifugation.
UI = D008073
Lipoproteins
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /blood: consider also HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA; /defic: consider also HYPOLIPOPROTEINEMIA & specifics
MS = Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood. Lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesteryl esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008074
Lipoproteins, HDL
AN = hyperalphalipoproteinemia = LIPOPROTEINS, HDL /blood (IM) + HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA (IM); hypoalphalipoproteinemia = LIPOPROTEINS, HDL /blood (IM) + HYPOLIPOPROTEINEMIAS (IM); familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia = TANGIER DISEASE; /defic: consider also HYPOLIPOPROTEINEMIAS
MS = A class of lipoproteins frequently divided into HDL2 and HDL3 and the minor variant HDL1. HDL promote transport of cholesterol from extrahepatic tissue to the liver for excretion in the bile. Synthesized by the liver as discoid "nascent HDL" particles lacking a lipid core, they accumulate a core of cholesterol esters during reverse cholesterol transport and transfer them to the liver directly or indirectly via other lipoproteins. HDL also shuttle apolipoproteins C-II and E to and from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins during catabolism of the lipoproteins. Serum HDL cholesterol has been negatively correlated with premature coronary heart disease. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008075
Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol
MS = Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to high density lipoproteins (HDL). High density lipoproteins transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver thereby acting as a scavenger to prevent excess accumulation and deposition of cholesterol in blood vessels.
UI = D008076
Lipoproteins, LDL
AN = /defic: consider also HYPOBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA
MS = A class of lipoproteins responsible for transport of cholesterol to extrahepatic tissues. They are formed in the circulation when very-low-density lipoproteins are degraded first to intermediate-density lipoproteins and then to LDL by the gain and loss of specific apolipoproteins and the loss of most of their triglycerides. LDL are taken up and catabolized by both the liver and extrahepatic tissues by specific receptor-mediated endocytosis. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008077
Lipoproteins, LDL Cholesterol
MS = Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to low density lipoproteins (LDL). LDL transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues and regulate de novo cholesterol synthesis at these sites. Atherosclerosis is caused by the deposit of cholesterol on the walls of blood vessels, because of high concentrations of LDL cholesterol in plasma.
UI = D008078
Lipoproteins, VLDL
AN = hypoprebetalipoproteinemia = LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL /blood (IM) + HYPOLIPOPROTEINEMIAS (IM); /defic: consider also HYPOLIPOPROTEINEMIAS
MS = A class of lipoproteins that transport triglycerides from the intestine and liver to adipose and muscle tissues. Synthesized by the liver, they contain primarily triglycerides in their lipid cores, with some cholesterol esters. As their triglycerides are cleaved by endothelial lipoprotein lipase and transferred to hepatic tissues, the VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein) particles lose most of their apolipoprotein C and become intermediate-density lipoproteins. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008079
Lipoproteins, VLDL Cholesterol
MS = Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). High concentrations of VLDL cholesterol are found in Type IIB and Type V hyperlipoproteinemia. The end product of VLDL cholesterol catabolism is LDL (low density lipoproteins).
UI = D015243
Liposarcoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D008080
Liposarcoma, Myxoid
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A liposarcoma containing myxomatous tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D018208
Liposomes
AN = when used as a vehicle in drug ther, index under DRUG CARRIERS (NIM without qualif) + specific drug /admin (IM) + LIPOSOMES (NIM without qualif)
MS = Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.
UI = D008081
Lipotropic Agents
MS = Endogenous factors or drugs that act on fat metabolism by hastening the removal of or decreasing the deposit of fat in the liver. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p951)
UI = D008082
Lipotropin
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Lipotropic or pituitary lipotropic hormone. A pituitary hormone mobilizing fat from adipose tissue. Beta-lipotropin is a single-chain peptide of about 90 residues that contains the sequences of endorphins and metenkephalin, and may be a precursor of beta-melanotropin and beta-endorphin. Gamma-lipotropin is shorter and is identical in sequence to the first 58 residues of beta-lipotropin. Both contain sequences common to ACTH and beta-melanotropin. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D008083
Lipoxygenase
MS = An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the ARACHIDONATE LIPOXYGENASES, ARACHIDONATE 5-LIPOXYGENASE, ARACHIDONATE 12-LIPOXYGENASE, and ARACHIDONATE 15-LIPOXYGENASE. EC 1.13.11.12.
UI = D008084
Lipoxygenase Inhibitors
AN = GEN or unspecified: not for inhibitors of specific lipoxygenases, as arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors ( = ARACHIDONATE 5-LIPOXYGENASE /antag); DF: LIPOXYGENASE INHIB
MS = Compounds or agents that combine with lipoxygenase and thereby prevent its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of the eicosanoid products hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and various leukotrienes.
UI = D016859
Lipreading
AN = no qualif
MS = The process by which an observer comprehends speech by watching the movements of the speaker's lips without hearing the speaker's voice.
UI = D008085
Lisinopril
AN = an ACE inhib & antihypertensive
MS = (S)-1-(N(2)-(1-Carboxy-3-phenylpropyl)-L-lysyl)-L-proline dihydrate. An orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.
UI = D017706
Lissamine Green Dyes
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = Green dyes containing ammonium and aryl sulfonate moieties that facilitate the visualization of tissues, if given intravenously. They have mostly been used in the study of kidney physiology.
UI = D008086
Listeria
AN = in feces, on plants, in silage
MS = A genus of bacteria which may be found in the feces of animals and man, on vegetation, and in silage. Its species are parasitic on cold-blooded and warm-blooded animals, including man.
UI = D008087
Listeria Infections
AN = gram-pos bact infect; Listeria monocytogenes infection = LISTERIA INFECTIONS & do not bother to coord with LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; MENINGITIS, LISTERIA is available
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus LISTERIA.
UI = D008088
Listeria monocytogenes
AN = infection = LISTERIA INFECTIONS & do not bother to coord with L. monocytogenes
MS = A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. It has been isolated from sewage, soil, silage, and from feces of healthy animals and man. Infection with this bacterium leads to encephalitis, meningitis, endocarditis, and abortion.
UI = D008089
Lisuride
AN = a dopamine antag & serotonin agonist
MS = An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors, may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors. It has been used in parkinsonism but it may be hepatotoxic. It is commonly used as a research tool.
UI = D008090
Literature
AN = the body of literary works; TN 121: differentiate from BIBLIOGRAPHY; relation to BOOKS: Manual 33.11 CATALOG: /form /lang
MS = Writings having excellence of form or expression and expressing ideas of permanent or universal interest. The body of written works produced in a particular language, country, or age. (Webster, 3d ed)
UI = D008091
Literature, Medieval
AN = coord IM with POETRY (IM) or DRAMA (IM); DF: LIT MEDIEVAL CATALOG: /form /lang
UI = D008092
Literature, Modern
AN = starts with 15th cent; coord IM with POETRY (IM) or DRAMA (IM); DF: LIT MODERN CATALOG: /form /lang
UI = D008093
Lithiasis
AN = prefer specifics; coord IM with organ /disease term (IM)
MS = A condition characterized by the formation of CALCULI and concretions in the hollow organs or ducts of the body. They occur most often in the gallbladder, kidney, and lower urinary tract.
UI = D020347
Lithium
AN = an alkali metal; a tranquilizer in the form of its salts; Li-7; Li-6 = LITHIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Li-5, 8, 9 = LITHIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = Lithium. An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders.
UI = D008094
Lithium Carbonate
MS = A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of biogenic monoamines in the central nervous system, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.
UI = D016651
Lithium Chloride
AN = in exper med as immunomodulator
MS = A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.
UI = D018021
Lithium Compounds
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain lithium as an integral part of the molecule.
UI = D018020
Lithocholic Acid
AN = a bile acid; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.
UI = D008095
Lithotripsy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; litholysis (dissolving calculi by acid) is disease /ther, not LITHOTRIPSY; DF: ESWL
MS = The destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. Focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. Lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. Lithotripsy by laser is LITHOTRIPSY, LASER.
UI = D008096
Lithotripsy, Laser
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with disease /ther, not /surg (IM)
MS = Fragmentation of calculi, notably urinary or biliary, by laser. It is usually performed with an endoscopically guided pulsed tunable dye laser, a combination of a pulsed laser and a dye laser usually referred to as a pulsed dye laser. It is both safe and effective when extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy is infeasible or unsuccessful.
UI = D017602
Lithuania
UI = D008097
Litter Size
AN = animals only: see also note under TWINS; relation to PREGNANCY: Manual 28.17.4
MS = The number of offspring produced at one birth by an animal.
UI = D008098
Liver
AN = /blood supply: consider also LIVER CIRCULATION; /cytol: consider also KUPFFER CELLS; /surg: consider also HEPATECTOMY & LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; inflammation = HEPATITIS & its specifics; specialty is HEPATOLOGY see GASTROENTEROLOGY; be careful: do not confuse "hepatic" with "intrahepatic": "intrahepatic" may refer to BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC & its dis, not LIVER
UI = D008099
Liver Abscess
AN = for coord read note on ABSCESS; LIVER ABSCESS, AMEBIC is also available
MS = Solitary or multiple collections of pus within the liver. It is usually associated with systemic manifestations of toxemia and clinical signs of disease in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It was known in ancient times to Hippocrates and Celsus. (Bockus, Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p3288-9)
UI = D008100
Liver Abscess, Amebic
AN = amebic infect of liver caused by Entamoeba histolytica
MS = Liver abscess caused by ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA.
UI = D008101
Liver, Artificial
MS = Devices for simulating the activities of the liver. They often consist of a hybrid between both biological and artificial materials.
UI = D019164
Liver Circulation
AN = consider also LIVER /blood supply & ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION (see note there); DF: LIVER CIRC
MS = The circulation of blood through the vessels of the liver.
UI = D008102
Liver Cirrhosis
AN = do not index ascites unless specifically pertinent
MS = Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.
UI = D008103
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
MS = Liver cirrhosis in alcoholics.
UI = D008104
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
AN = from interference with intrahepatic bile flow
MS = Liver cirrhosis in which there is interference with intrahepatic bile flow. It includes primary biliary cirrhosis, an intrahepatic disturbance of bile secretion affecting predominantly middle-aged women and with segmental destruction and, later, absence of septal bile ducts (cirrhosis is the end stage); and secondary biliary cirrhosis, which is produced by prolonged mechanical obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts.
UI = D008105
Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental
AN = DF: LIVER CIRRHOSIS EXPER
UI = D008106
Liver Diseases
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; inflamm dis = HEPATITIS & its specifics; /chem ind permitted but consider also HEPATITIS, TOXIC; specialty is HEPATOLOGY see GASTROENTEROLOGY; be careful: do not confuse "hepatic dis" with "intrahepatic dis": "intrahepatic dis" may refer to BILE DUCT DISEASES with regard to BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC, not LIVER DISEASES
UI = D008107
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
AN = GEN: specifics FATTY LIVER, ALCOHOLIC, HEPATITIS, ALCOHOLIC & LIVER CIRRHOSIS, ALCOHOLIC are available
MS = Liver diseases associated with alcoholism. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., alcoholic fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and alcoholic liver cirrhosis, but may be the general entity when subentities are not specified.
UI = D008108
Liver Diseases, Parasitic
AN = coord IM with specific parasitic dis (IM) but note that also available are ECHINOCOCCOSIS, HEPATIC; FASCIOLIASIS & LIVER ABSCESS, AMEBIC
MS = Infections of the liver with a parasite. They are caused most commonly by trematodes (flukes).
UI = D008109
Liver Extracts
AN = extracts of liver or liver fractions containing uncharacterized factors; do not confuse with chemical substances "extracted" from the liver, as "peptides extracted from the mouse liver" ( = PEPTIDES /anal + LIVER /anal)
MS = Extracts of liver tissue containing uncharacterized specific factors with specific activities; a soluble thermostable fraction of mammalian liver is used in the treatment of pernicious anemia.
UI = D008110
Liver Failure
AN = if coma is present, index under HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
MS = Severe inability of the liver to carry out its normal functions or the demands made upon it, as evidenced by such clinical phenomena as severe jaundice and abnormal levels of ammonia, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, and reversal of the albumin/globulin ratio. For the presence of disturbed mental functioning, usually coma, HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY is available. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)
UI = D017093
Liver Failure, Acute
AN = if coma is present, index under HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
MS = A form of liver failure with rapid onset. It is often induced by the toxic effect of drugs and various toxic substances in experimental studies in animals and in clinical states in humans. If coma ensues, the constellation of neurological symptoms is referred to as HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY.
UI = D017114
Liver Function Tests
AN = NIM
UI = D008111
Liver Glycogen
MS = Glycogen stored in the liver. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008112
Liver Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM), including HEPATOMA (IM); LIVER NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL is available; be careful: do not confuse "hepatic neopl" with "intrahepatic neopl": "intrahepatic neopl" may refer to BILE DUCT NEOPLASMS with regard to BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC, not LIVER NEOPLASMS
UI = D008113
Liver Neoplasms, Experimental
AN = animal only; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; don't forget check tag ANIMAL; DF: LIVER NEOPL EXPER
MS = Experimentally induced tumors of the liver.
UI = D008114
Liver Regeneration
AN = IM
MS = Repair or renewal of hepatic tissue.
UI = D008115
Liver Transplantation
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed
MS = The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.
UI = D016031
Living Donors
AN = coord IM with precoord organ/transpl heading (IM) or specific organ or tissue /transpl (IM) if precoord transpl heading is not in MeSH
MS = Non-cadaveric providers of organs for transplant to related or non-related recipients.
UI = D019520
Living Wills
MS = Written, witnessed declarations in which persons request that if they become disabled beyond reasonable expectation of recovery, they be allowed to die rather than be kept alive by extraordinary means. (Bioethics Thesaurus)
UI = D016224
Lizards
AN = includes IGUANAS, geckos, chameleons, Gila monsters; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D008116
LLC-PK1 Cells
AN = A 11 qualif; LLC stands for Lilly Laboratories Cell & PK for Porcine Kidney; don't forget also SWINE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL
MS = Renal epithelial cell line originally derived from porcine kidneys. It is used for pharmacologic and metabolic studies.
UI = D018374
Loa
AN = infection = LOIASIS; coord with specific helminth term (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc.) if pertinent; /drug eff: consider FILARICIDES
MS = A genus of parasitic nematodes found throughout the rain-forest areas of the Sudan and the basin of the Congo. L. loa inhabits the subcutaneous tissues, which it traverses freely.
UI = D008117
Lobosea
AN = a class of protozoa
MS = A class of ameboid protozoa that forms either filiform subpseudopodia or lobopodia. Characteristics include the absence of sorocarps, sporangia, or similar fruiting bodies.
UI = D016840
Local Government
AN = specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Smallest political subdivisions within a country at which general governmental functions are carried-out.
UI = D009111
Locus Control Region
MS = A regulatory region first identified in the human beta-globin locus but subsequently found in other loci. The region is believed to regulate transcription by opening and remodeling chromatin structure. It may also have enhancer activity.
UI = D019901
Logistic Models
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific subject /statist (IM); no qualif
MS = Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
UI = D016015
Loiasis
AN = /drug ther: consider FILARICIDES
MS = A parasitic infection caused by the nematode Loa loa. The vector in the transmission of this infection is the horsefly (Tabanus) or the deerfly or mango fly (Chrysops). The larvae may be seen just beneath the skin or passing through the conjunctiva. Eye lesions are not uncommon. The disease is generally mild and painless.
UI = D008118
Lobbying
AN = no qualif
MS = A process whereby representatives of a particular interest group attempt to influence governmental decision makers to accept the policy desires of the lobbying organization.
UI = D008119
Lobeline
AN = an alkaloid from Lobelia inflata, an herb; a ganglionic stimulant; /biosyn permitted if by plant
MS = An alkaloid that has actions similar to NICOTINE on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation.
UI = D008120
Lobsters
AN = as animal & food; IM; as food, coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM); /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
MS = Large marine decapod crustaceans of the family Homaridae, commonly used for food.
UI = D008121
Local Area Networks
AN = IM
MS = Communications networks connecting various hardware devices together within or between buildings by means of a continuous cable or voice data telephone system.
UI = D008122
Location Directories and Signs
MS = Directory signs or listings of designated areas within or without a facility.
UI = D008123
Locomotion
AN = differentiate LOCOMOTION (getting from one point to another) from GAIT (how a man or major animal gets there), MOVEMENT (without necessarily locomoting), MOTOR ACTIVITY (movement assoc with behavior), WALKING (purposeful locomotion to get somewhere or for recreation, fitness or competition); CELL MOVEMENT is available
MS = Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.
UI = D008124
Locus Coeruleus
AN = in the 4th ventricle; note other spellings of X refs: locus caeruleus & locus ceruleus; also called nucleus pigmentosus pontis, locus cinereus, locus ferrugineus
MS = Bluish region in the superior angle of the fourth ventricle floor, corresponding to melanin-like pigmented nerve cells which lie lateral to the ponto-mesencephalic central gray (griseum centrale). It is also known as nucleus pigmentosus pontis, locus cinereus, and locus ferrugineus.
UI = D008125
Lod Score
AN = for Logarithmic ODds: in genet a linkage relat among loci; no qualif
MS = The total relative probability, expressed on a logarithmic scale, that a linkage relationship exists among selected loci. Lod is an acronym for "logarithmic odds."
UI = D008126
Lofepramine
AN = an antidepressant
MS = 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-((3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz(b,f)azepin-5-yl)propyl)methylamino)ethanone. A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.
UI = D008127
Logic
AN = no qualif
MS = The science that investigates the principles governing correct or reliable inference and deals with the canons and criteria of validity in thought and demonstration. This system of reasoning is applicable to any branch of knowledge or study. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed & Sippl, Computer Dictionary, 4th ed)
UI = D008128
Lolium
AN = used as cattle fodder; do not confuse X ref RYE GRASS with RYE (genus Secale)
MS = Common member of the Gramineae family used as cattle fodder. It harbors several fungi and other parasites toxic to livestock and people and produces allergenic compounds, especially in its pollen. The most commonly seen varieties are L. perenne, L. multiflorum, and L. rigidum.
UI = D008129
Lomustine
MS = An alkylating agent of value against both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors.
UI = D008130
London
AN = early & modern LONDON: Manual 32.15.5, 36.14
UI = D008131
Loneliness
MS = The state of feeling sad or dejected as a result of lack of companionship or being separated from others.
UI = D008132
Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements
MS = Highly repeated sequences, 6K-8K base pairs in length, which contain RNA polymerase II promoters. They also have an open reading frame that is related to the reverse transcriptase of retroviruses but they do not contain LTRs (long terminal repeats). Copies of the LINE 1 (L1) family form about 15% of the human genome. The jockey elements of Drosophila are LINEs.
UI = D020084
Long QT Syndrome
AN = see scope notes for features of X refs
MS = Syndrome characterized by history of syncopal episodes and a long QT interval, sometimes leading to sudden death due to paroxysmal ventricular arrhythmia. When associated with autosomal recessive inheritance and congenital deafness, it is called the Jervell-Lange Nielsen syndrome. When associated with autosomal dominant inheritance and no deafness is present, it is called the Romano-Ward syndrome.
UI = D008133
Long-Term Care
AN = NIM
MS = Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care.
UI = D008134
Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = Thyroid stimulator, long-acting. An immunoglobulin G, often found in the blood of hyperthyroid individuals. It stimulates the thyroid for a longer duration than does thyrotoxin and may cause hyperthyroidism in newborns due to placental transmission.
UI = D008135
Longevity
AN = human & animal; consider also LIFE EXPECTANCY
UI = D008136
Longitudinal Ligaments
AN = spinal ligaments; LIGAMENTUM FLAVUM, a vertebral ligament, is also available
MS = Two extensive fibrous bands running the length of the vertebral column. The anterior longitudinal ligament (ligamentum longitudinale anterius; lacertus medius) interconnects the anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies; the posterior longitudinal ligament (ligamentum longitudinale posterius) interconnects the posterior surfaces. The commonest clinical consideration is OSSIFICATION OF POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D017846
Longitudinal Studies
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
MS = Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
UI = D008137
Long-Term Potentiation
AN = note category: "a persistent increase in synaptic efficacy"; DF: LTP
MS = A persistent increase in synaptic efficacy, usually induced by appropriate activation of the same synapses. The phenomenological properties of long-term potentiation suggest that it may be a cellular mechanism of learning and memory.
UI = D017774
Loop of Henle
AN = in a kidney tubule
MS = A U-shaped turn in the medullary portion of a renal tubule, with a descending limb from the proximal convoluted tubule and an ascending limb to the distal convoluted tubule. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008138
Loperamide
AN = an antidiarrheal
MS = 4-(p-Chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-N.N-dimethyl-alpha,alpha-diphenyl-1-piperidine butyramide hydrochloride. Synthetic anti-diarrheal agent with a long duration of action; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.
UI = D008139
Loratadine
AN = a histamine H1 antag & antipruritic
MS = A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.
UI = D017336
Lorazepam
AN = an anti-anxiety agent
MS = 7-Chloro-5-(o-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. An anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.
UI = D008140
Lordosis
AN = a type of spinal curvature; disease only; for normal lordosis index under SPINE; for lordosis in animal sex exper use POSTURE + SEX BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL
MS = The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = POSTURE + SEX BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL).
UI = D008141
Lorisidae
AN = prosimians; IM; qualif permitted
MS = A family of Primates of the suborder Strepsirhini containing six genera. The family is distributed in parts of Africa, India, Asia, and the Philippines. The six genera are: Arctocebus (golden potto), GALAGO (bush babies), Loris (slender loris), Nycticebus (slow loris), and Perodicticus (potto). Lorises and pottos are relatively common except for Arctocebus, the golden potto. All are arboreal and nocturnal.
UI = D008142
Los Angeles
UI = D015141
Losartan
MS = An angiotensin II receptor antagonist with antihypertensive activity due mainly to selective blockade of AT(1) receptors and the consequent reduced pressor effect of angiotensin II. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)
UI = D019808
Loss of Heterozygosity
MS = The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the alleles was deleted. When this occurs at a tumor suppressor gene locus where one of the alleles is already abnormal, it can result in neoplastic transformation.
UI = D019656
Loudness Perception
MS = The perceived attribute of a sound which corresponds to the physical attribute of intensity.
UI = D008144
Louisiana
UI = D008145
Louping Ill
AN = caused by a tick-transm flavivirus; usually animal, generally sheep; "louping" is Scottish dialect for "leaping" with ref to musc manifest of infected animal; check tag ANIMAL; don't forget also SHEEP (NIM) but do not index under SHEEP DISEASES
MS = An acute tick-borne arbovirus infection causing meningoencephalomyelitis of sheep.
UI = D008146
Lovastatin
AN = /biosyn permitted if by fungus
MS = A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.
UI = D008148
Love
AN = no qualif
MS = Affection; in psychiatry commonly refers to pleasure, particularly as it applies to gratifying experiences between members of the opposite sex.
UI = D008149
Low Back Pain
AN = usually chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE; "lombo-sciatique" in French texts is indexed here (IM) + SCIATICA (IM)
MS = A continuous pain in the lower back or lumbar region.
UI = D017116
Lower Body Negative Pressure
AN = "external decompression applied to the lower body"; used in physiol research & ther
MS = External decompression applied to the lower body. It is used to study orthostatic intolerance and the effects of gravitation and acceleration, to produce simulated hemorrhage in physiologic research, to assess cardiovascular function, and to reduce abdominal stress during childbirth.
UI = D008150
Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome
AN = note X ref: normal PR interval & long QRS interval = PRE-EXCITATION, MAHAIN TYPE
MS = A form of pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval associated with a normal QRS complex.
UI = D008151
Loxapine
AN = an antipsychotic agent
MS = An antipsychotic agent used in schizophrenia.
UI = D008152
L-Selectin
AN = a cell adhesion molecule & CD antigen
MS = Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that serves as a homing receptor for lymphocytes to lymph node high endothelial venules.
UI = D019041
Lubrication
AN = NIM; no qualif; coord with lubricant (IM); do not use for natural "lubrication" of joints: = probably SYNOVIAL FLUID
MS = The application of a substance to diminish friction between two surfaces. It may refer to oils, greases, and similar substances for the lubrication of medical equipment but it can be used for the application of substances to tissue to reduce friction, such as lotions for skin and vaginal lubricants.
UI = D008153
Lucanthone
AN = a schistosomicide
MS = Schistosomicide formerly given orally. Its use has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46)
UI = D008154
Lucensomycin
AN = an antifungal macrolide antibiotic; do not use /biosyn unless by living matter
MS = Antifungal antibiotic isolated from cultures of Streptomyces lucensis.
UI = D008155
Luciferase
MS = Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes LUCIFERINS to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-.
UI = D008156
Luciferins
AN = luminescent upon oxidation
MS = A generic term referring to a substrate which, upon oxidation by the enzyme luciferase, produces bioluminescence. Luciferins isolated from different species may vary greatly in structure, although in many cases identical structures have been found in widely diverse animals. The American firefly, Photinus pyralis, and its substrate have been studied extensively and is used in the assay of adenosine triphosphate. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)
UI = D008157
Ludwig's Angina
AN = submaxillary cellulitis
MS = Severe cellulitis of the submaxillary space with secondary involvement of the sublingual and submental space. It usually results from infection in the lower molar area or from a penetrating injury to the mouth floor. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008158
Lumbar Vertebrae
AN = do not confuse with LUMBOSACRAL REGION which is merely locational; do not use as site to locate intraspinal inject or spinal cord inj: restrict to lumbar vert as the bones themselves; coord IM with specific spinal disease (IM); inflammation = LUMBAR VERTEBRAE (IM) + SPONDYLITIS (IM)
UI = D008159
Lumbosacral Plexus
AN = a network of spinal nerves
MS = The lumbar and sacral plexuses taken together. The fibers of the lumbosacral plexus originate in the lumbar and upper sacral spinal cord (L1 to S3) and innervate the lower extremities.
UI = D008160
Lumbosacral Region
AN = do not confuse with LUMBAR VERTEBRAE or SACROCOCCYGEAL REGION: use term in the text; NIM when merely locational; pain: note see related ref
UI = D008161
Lumicolchicines
AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant
MS = N-(5,6,7,7b,8,10a-Hexahydro-1,2,3,9-Tetramethoxy- 8-oxobenzo(A) cyclopenta(3,4)cyclobuta(1,2-c)cyclopenten- 7-ylacetamide. Three, alpha, beta, and gamma isomers of ultraviolet degradation products of colchicine that lack many of the physiological actions of the parent; used as experimental control for colchicine actions.
UI = D008162
Luminescence
AN = non-ionizing; refers to inorganic or living matter (note X ref); no qualif; luminance does not go here: index LIGHT or LIGHTING; LUMINESCENCE, BACTERIAL & LUMINESCENT PROTEINS are also available
MS = The property of giving off light without emitting a corresponding degree of heat. It includes the luminescence of inorganic matter or the bioluminescence of human matter, invertebrates and other living organisms. For the luminescence of bacteria, LUMINESCENCE, BACTERIAL is available.
UI = D008163
Luminescence, Bacterial
AN = IM; no qualif; coord IM with specific bact with subhead appropriate to article (IM); DF: LUMINESCENCE BACT
MS = The emission of light by bacteria. It is applied to studies on bacterial viability, metabolism, genetics, adhesiveness, and other physiological properties.
UI = D017117
Luminescent Proteins
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.
UI = D008164
Luminol
AN = a reagent; D25-26 qualif; do not confuse with Luminal, a brand of PHENOBARBITAL
MS = 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.
UI = D008165
Lumpy Skin Disease
AN = caused by a poxvirus; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL; don't forget also CATTLE (NIM) but do not index under CATTLE DISEASES
MS = A poxvirus infection of cattle characterized by the appearance of nodules on all parts of the skin.
UI = D008166
Lumpy Skin Disease Virus
AN = a species of Capripoxvirus; infection = LUMPY SKIN DISEASE: see note there; DF: note short X ref or LUMPY SKIN DIS VIRUS
MS = A species of CAPRIPOXVIRUS causing a cattle disease occurring in Africa.
UI = D008167
Lung
AN = /abnorm: CYSTIC ADENOMATOID MALFORMATION OF LUNG, CONGENITAL is available; /blood supply: consider also PULMONARY CIRCULATION; /surg: consider also PNEUMONECTOMY but PULMONARY SURGICAL PROCEDURES is also available; /transpl = LUNG TRANSPLANTATION or HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION: do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed; inflammation = PNEUMONIA; collapse of lung = ATELECTASIS
MS = Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
UI = D008168
Lung Abscess
AN = for coord read note on ABSCESS
MS = A complication of a localized area of pneumonia or when a neoplasm becomes necrotic and contains purulent material that cannot drain easily from the area because of partial or complete bronchial obstruction. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1068)
UI = D008169
Lung Compliance
AN = a resp funct test; NIM
MS = The pulmonary volume change per unit pressure change. While clearly not a complete description of the pressure-volume properties of the lung, it is nevertheless useful in practice as a measure of the comparative stiffness of the lung. The stiffer the lung, the less the compliance. Compliance is reduced by diseases which cause an accumulation of fibrous tissue in the lung or by edema in the alveolar spaces. It is increased in pulmonary emphysema and also with age, probably because of alterations in the elastic tissue in both cases. (From Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p562)
UI = D008170
Lung Diseases
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; inflamm dis = PNEUMONIA; lung collapse = ATELECTASIS
UI = D008171
Lung Diseases, Fungal
AN = coord IM with specific fungal disease (IM); ASPERGILLOSIS, ALLERGIC BRONCHOPULMONARY is available
UI = D008172
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: LUNG DIS INTERSTITIAL
MS = A heterogeneous group of noninfectious, nonmalignant disorders of the lower respiratory tract, affecting primarily the alveolar wall structures but also often involving the small airways and blood vessels of the lung parenchyma. "Interstitial" refers to the fact that the interstitium of the alveolar walls is thickened, usually by fibrosis. This group of diseases is usually inflammatory. (Dorland, 27th ed; Wyngarden, Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p396)
UI = D017563
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
AN = chronic in nature so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE; in X ref AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION, CHRONIC note "chronic" but AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION (not chronic) is also available; DF: note short X refs
MS = Any disorder marked by persistent obstruction of bronchial air flow.
UI = D008173
Lung Diseases, Parasitic
AN = coord IM with specific parasitic disease (IM) but note that available also is ECHINOCOCCOSIS, PULMONARY
MS = Infections of the lungs with a parasite. They are caused most commonly by nematodes (roundworms).
UI = D008174
Lung, Hyperlucent
AN = a type of pulm emphysema manifesting as hyperlucency on x-ray
MS = Hyperlucency of one lung with decreased size and vascularity of the lung. It is often associated with BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS and with adenovirus infection in childhood.
UI = D019568
Lung Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D008175
Lung Transplantation
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed
MS = The transference of either one or both of the lungs from one human or animal to another.
UI = D016040
Lung Volume Measurements
AN = NIM; see FORCED EXPIRATORY FLOW RATES & FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME for more cross-refs
MS = Measurement of the amount of air that the lungs may contain at various points in the respiratory cycle.
UI = D008176
Lupus
AN = a type of cutaneous tuberc; do not confuse with LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS
MS = A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa.
UI = D008177
Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor
AN = a blood coag inhib & antiphospholipid antibody found in systemic lupus erythematosus & variety of other dis; DF: LUPUS COAG INHIB
MS = An antiphospholipid antibody found in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME, and in a variety of other diseases as well as in healthy individuals. In vitro, the antibody interferes with the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and prolongs the partial thromboplastin time. In vivo, it exerts a procoagulant effect resulting in thrombosis mainly in the larger veins and arteries. It further causes obstetrical complications, including fetal death and spontaneous abortion, as well as a variety of hematologic and neurologic complications.
UI = D016682
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous
AN = acute: consider LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC if skin lesions are paramount
MS = A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).
UI = D008178
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid
AN = do not confuse with systemic or disseminated: discoid is usually in dermatol jrnls, systemic in arthritis or rheumat jrnls; when unspecified in title, "discoid" is usually discernible from text or bibliog refs; note X ref: do not confuse with LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS
MS = A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.
UI = D008179
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
AN = if not specified as "systemic" it is still probably correct to index here, not also discoid; LUPUS NEPHRITIS is also available; LE CELLS see NEUTROPHILS is also available: use LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC /blood or /pathol + NEUTROPHILS for discussion of the LE cells as cells; DF: SLE
MS = A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.
UI = D008180
Lupus Nephritis
AN = "glomerulonephritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus"
MS = Glomerulonephritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. It is classified into four histologic types: mesangial, focal, diffuse, and membranous.
UI = D008181
Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
AN = DF: LURIA
MS = A series of tests designed to assess neuropsychological function. The battery is used to diagnose specific cerebral dysfunction and also to determine lateralization.
UI = D008182
Luteal Phase
AN = qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY
MS = The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with ovulation and ends with menstruation.
UI = D008183
Lutein Cells
AN = A 11 qualif
MS = The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle.
UI = D008184
Lutembacher's Syndrome
AN = atrial septal defect with mitral stenosis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A combination of atrial septal defect and mitral stenosis.
UI = D008185
Luteolytic Agents
AN = consider also CORPUS LUTEUM /drug eff & CORPUS LUTEUM REGRESSION
MS = Chemical compounds causing corpus luteum regression or degeneration.
UI = D008186
Luteoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = A benign ovarian tumor of granulosa or theca-lutein cell origin, producing progesterone effects on the uterine mucosa. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D018311
Luteovirus
AN = a group of plant viruses; Latin luteo-, yellow, refers to yellowing symptoms of infected hosts; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)
MS = A group of plant viruses that infects both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Its organisms are persistently transmitted by aphids, and weeds may provide reservoirs of infection.
UI = D017793
Lutetium
AN = a rare earth metal; Lu-175; Lu-167-174, 176-180 = LUTETIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = Lutetium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.
UI = D008187
Lutheran Blood-Group System
AN = IM; coord with disease /blood (IM), not /immunol nor /genet; TN 230
MS = A complex blood group system having pairs of alternate antigens and amorphic genes, but also subject to a dominant independently segregating repressor.
UI = D008188
Luxembourg
UI = D008189
Lyases
MS = A class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of C-C, C-O, and C-N, and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.
UI = D008190
Lye
AN = a caustic
MS = Generally speaking, it is the alkaline substance obtained from wood ashes by percolation. Preparations of lye can either be solutions of potassium or sodium hydroxide. The term lye, is also used to refer to the household product which is a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate.
UI = D008191
Lyme Disease
AN = caused by Borrelia burgdorferi; tick-borne dis
MS = An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.
UI = D008193
Lymecycline
AN = a tetracycline antibiotic
MS = (4S-(4 alpha,4a alpha,5a alpha,6 beta,12a alpha-N(6)-((((4-(Dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,6,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-2-naphthacenyl)carbonyl)amino)methyl)-L-lysine. A semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE. It is more readily absorbed than TETRACYCLINE and can therefore be given in lower doses; it is also reported to have fewer gastrointestinal side effects.
UI = D008194
Lymnaea
AN = freshwater snail; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
MS = A genus of dextrally coiled freshwater snails that includes some species of importance as intermediate hosts of parasitic flukes.
UI = D008195
Lymph
UI = D008196
Lymph Node Excision
AN = coord IM with site of lymph nodes (NIM) but RADICAL NECK DISSECTION is available; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Surgical excision of one or more lymph nodes. Its most common use is in cancer surgery. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p966)
UI = D008197
Lymph Nodes
AN = /radiogr permitted: not necessarily LYMPHOGRAPHY; /surg: probably LYMPH NODE EXCISION or RADICAL NECK DISSECTION; "lymphadenopathy" is indexed under LYMPHATIC DISEASES but consider also IMMUNOBLASTIC LYMPHADENOPATHY, SEZARY SYNDROME & other specifics; GIANT LYMPH NODE HYPERPLASIA is also available; "axillary lymph nodes" = LYMPH NODES (IM) + AXILLA (NIM, no qualif); "cervical lymph nodes" = LYMPH NODES (IM) + NECK (NIM, no qualif); inflammation = LYMPHADENITIS
UI = D008198
Lymphadenitis
AN = inflamm of lymph nodes: do not confuse with LYMPHANGITIS, inflamm of lymphatic vessels; consider also MESENTERIC LYMPHADENITIS
UI = D008199
Lymphangiectasis
AN = dilat of lymphatic vessels
MS = Dilatation of the lymphatic vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008200
Lymphangiectasis, Intestinal
AN = a protein-losing enteropathy
MS = Dilatation of the intestinal lymphatic system, particularly in the lacteals in the intestinal villi, characterized by protein-losing enteropathy, steatorrhea, and lymphopenia. It may be congenital, due to abnormality of the lymphatic system (as in Milroy's disease) or acquired, due to involvement of the major intestinal lymphatic ducts by inflammatory processes or neoplasm, or to increased lymphatic pressure, as in valvular heart disease and constrictive pericarditis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008201
Lymphangioma
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A benign tumor representing a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system and made up of newly formed lymph-containing vascular spaces and channels. Lymphangioendothelioma is a type of lymphangioma in which endothelial cells are the dominant component. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008202
Lymphangioma, Cystic
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A lymphangioma, often very large, usually occurring in the neck area, and composed of large, multilocular thin-walled cysts. It is also called hygroma or cystic hygroma. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D018191
Lymphangiomyoma
AN = solitary; multiple = LYMPHANGIOMYOMATOSIS but see MeSH definition; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A tumorlike condition characterized by smooth muscle and endothelium proliferation of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes in the mediastinum and retroperitoneum, also in the lung. It may be manifested by chylous pleural effusion and ascites.
UI = D008203
Lymphangiomyomatosis
AN = multiple but read MeSH definition; solitary = LYMPHANGIOMYOMA; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl terms (IM) if relevant
MS = A progressive disorder of women of child-bearing age, marked by nodular and diffuse interstitial proliferation of smooth muscle in the lungs, lymph nodes, and thoracic duct. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D018192
Lymphangiosarcoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A malignant tumor originating from the endothelial cells of lymphatic vessels. Most lymphangiosarcomas arise in an arm secondary to radical mastectomy but they sometimes complicate idiopathic lymphedema. The lymphedema has usually been present for 6 to 10 years before malignant changes develop. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)
UI = D008204
Lymphangitis
AN = inflamm of lymphatic vessels; do not confuse with LYMPHADENITIS, inflamm of lymph nodes
UI = D008205
Lymphatic Diseases
AN = note X ref LYMPHADENOPATHY: unspecified goes here but note LYMPHADENOPATHY SYNDROME see AIDS-RELATED COMPLEX & consider IMMUNOBLASTIC LYMPHADENOPATHY, SEZARY SYNDROME & other specifics indented here; inflamm dis = LYMPHANGITIS
MS = Diseases of lymph or lymph vessels.
UI = D008206
Lymphatic Irradiation
AN = ionizing; a radiother procedure: do not confuse with eff of rad on lymphatic system or lymph nodes ( = LYMPHATIC SYSTEM /rad eff or LYMPH NODES /rad eff); do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = External or interstitial irradiation to treat lymphomas (e.g., Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas) and lymph node metastases and also some autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
UI = D015182
Lymphatic Metastasis
AN = NIM, no qualif; IM for GEN or lymphatic metastatic process; when IM, qualif permitted; policy on metastases: Manual 24.3.1, 24.4.1.3+, 24.4.1.4
MS = Transfer of a neoplasm from its primary site to lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic system.
UI = D008207
Lymphatic System
AN = note X refs VENULES, LYMPHATIC & VENULES, POSTCAPILLARY: do not coord with VENULES which are restricted to blood vessels; LYMPHOID TISSUE & LYMPH NODES are available; inflammation = LYMPHANGITIS
UI = D008208
Lymphatic Vessel Tumors
AN = neoplasms composed of lymphatic tissue, not located in lymphatic tissue: TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord with precoord organ/neopl term; restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5
MS = Neoplasms composed of lymphoid tissue, a lattice work of reticular tissue the interspaces of which contain lymphocytes. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in lymphatic vessels.
UI = D018190
Lymphedema
AN = edema of arms or legs caused by obstruct or dis of lymph nodes or vessels; X ref MILROY'S DISEASE goes under LYMPHEDEMA /congen
MS = Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.
UI = D008209
Lymphocele
AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with organ/dis term (IM) if relevant
MS = Cystic mass containing lymph from diseased lymphatic channels or following surgical trauma or other injury.
UI = D008210
Lymphocryptovirus
AN = a genus of the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae; infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, consisting of viruses similar to the type species human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN), better known as the Epstein-Barr virus.
UI = D018143
Lymphocyte Cooperation
MS = T-cell enhancement of the B-cell response to thymic-dependent antigens.
UI = D008211
Lymphocyte Count
AN = NIM; coord with specific lymphocyte (IM) but note that CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT is available; coord with disease /blood or disease /immunol, not /physiopathol
MS = A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood.
UI = D018655
Lymphocyte Depletion
MS = Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation.
UI = D008212
Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1
AN = a differentiation antigen; DF: LFA1 or LFA 1
MS = A heterodimer molecule widely expressed on cells of hematopoietic origin. CD11a antigen comprises the alpha chain and the CD18 antigen (ANTIGENS, CD18) the beta chain. LFA-1 is a major receptor of T-cells, B-cells, and granulocytes. It mediates the leukocyte adhesion reactions underlying cytolytic conjugate formation, helper T-cell interactions, and antibody-dependent killing by natural killer cells and granulocytes. Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) has been defined as a ligand for LFA-1.
UI = D016169
Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)
MS = This enzyme is a lymphoid specific src family tyrosine kinase that is critical for T-cell development and activation. Lck is associated with the cytoplasmic domains of CD4, CD8 and the beta-chain of the IL-2 receptor, and is thought to be involved in the earliest steps of TCR-mediated T-cell activation. EC 2.7.11.-.
UI = D019860
Lymphocyte Subsets
AN = A 11 qualif; coord IM with specific lymphocyte (IM) but note that B-LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS & T-LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS are available
MS = A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.
UI = D016131
Lymphocyte Transformation
AN = lymphocyte transformation test goes here but do not index under specific agent inducing transformation unless particularly discussed; DF: LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORM
MS = Morphologic alteration of small lymphocytes in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by interleukins, mitogens such as phytohemagglutinins, and by specific antigens. It may also occur in vivo, as in graft rejection and chronic myelogenous leukemia.
UI = D008213
Lymphocyte Transfusion
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with specific lymphocyte (NIM); for transfusion back to donor, coord IM with BLOOD TRANSFUSION, AUTOLOGOUS (NIM)
MS = The transfer of lymphocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor.
UI = D017710
Lymphocytes
AN = A 11 qualif; decrease in number = LYMPHOPENIA; excess number = LYMPHOCYTOSIS; LYMPHOCYTE COUNT is also available; LYMPHOCYTE CULTURE TEST, MIXED is also available
MS = White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells.
UI = D008214
Lymphocytes, Null
AN = A 11 qualif; subpopulations: coord IM with LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS (IM)
MS = A class of lymphocytes characterized by the lack of surface markers specific for either T or B lymphocytes.
UI = D008215
Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating
AN = A 11 qualif; subpopulations: coord IM with LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS (IM); DF: TIL
MS = Lymphocytes that show specificity for autologous tumor cells. Ex vivo isolation and culturing of TIL with interleukin-2, followed by reinfusion into the patient, is one form of adoptive immunotherapy of cancer.
UI = D016246
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
AN = caused by an arenavirus
MS = A form of viral meningitis caused by the LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS. In humans it may be inapparent or present with symptoms of a flu-like disease, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, or myelitis.
UI = D008216
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
AN = a species of Arenavirus; infection = LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS; DF: LCMV
MS = The type species of ARENAVIRUS, part of the LCM-LASSA COMPLEX VIRUSES, producing an inapparent infection in house and laboratory mice. In humans, infection with LCMV can be inapparent, or can present with an influenza-like illness, a benign aseptic meningitis, or a severe meningoencephalomyelitis. The virus can also infect monkeys, dogs, field mice, guinea pigs, and hamsters, the latter an epidemiologically important host.
UI = D008217
Lymphocytosis
AN = increase in number of lymphocytes
MS = Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.
UI = D008218
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
AN = caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
MS = Subacute inflammation of the inguinal lymph glands caused by certain immunotypes of CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. It is a sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. but is more widespread in developing countries. It is distinguished from granuloma venereum (see GRANULOMA INGUINALE), which is caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis.
UI = D008219
Lymphography
AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: LYMPHOGR
MS = Radiographic study of the lymphatic system following injection of dye or contrast medium.
UI = D008220
Lymphoid Tissue
AN = /radiogr permitted: not necessarily LYMPHOGRAPHY
UI = D008221
Lymphokines
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity.
UI = D008222
Lymphoma
AN = GEN only or unspecified: prefer specific; do not confuse X ref LYMPHOMA, MALIGNANT with LYMPHOGRANULOMA, MALIGNANT see HODGKIN DISEASE); for lymphoma with AIDS, use LYMPHOMA, AIDS-RELATED
MS = A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.
UI = D008223
Lymphoma, AIDS-Related
AN = a B-cell lymphoma but use for any AIDS-related lymphoma; coord IM with specific type of lymphoma (IM); coord with HIV-1 or HIV-2 (IM or NIM) if pertinent; DF: LYMPHOMA AIDS RELAT
MS = B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including Burkitt lymphoma, immunoblastic large-cell lymphoma, small non-cleaved-cell lymphoma and diffuse large-cell lymphoma. The tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation.
UI = D016483
Lymphoma, B-Cell
AN = a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; LYMPHOMA, T-CELL is also available
MS = A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.
UI = D016393
Lymphoma, Diffuse
AN = a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
MS = Malignant lymphoma in which neoplastic cells diffusely infiltrate the entire lymph node without any definite organized pattern. Patients whose lymphomas present a diffuse pattern generally have a more unfavorable survival outlook than those presenting with a follicular or nodular pattern.
UI = D016398
Lymphoma, Follicular
AN = a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; DF: LYMPHOMA FOLLIC
MS = Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the lymph nodes. The nodules resemble to some extent the germinal centers of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-lymphocytes. This class of lymphoma usually occurs in older persons, is commonly multinodal, and possibly extranodal. Patients whose lymphomas present a follicular or nodular pattern generally have a more indolent course than those presenting with a diffuse pattern.
UI = D008224
Lymphoma, High-Grade
AN = a grade of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; prefer specific; LYMPHOMA, LOW-GRADE & LYMPHOMA, INTERMEDIATE-GRADE & their specifics are also available
MS = One of the three major prognostic groupings for non-Hodgkin lymphomas as proposed in the Working Formulation of the Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Pathologic Classification Project sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (1981). Lymphomas falling within this group have a relatively unfavorable survival potential.
UI = D016395
Lymphoma, Intermediate-Grade
AN = a grade of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; prefer specific; LYMPHOMA, HIGH-GRADE & LYMPHOMA, LOW-GRADE & their specifics are also available
MS = One of the three major prognostic groupings for non-Hodgkin lymphomas as proposed in the Working Formulation of the Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Pathologic Classification Project sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (1981). Lymphomas falling within this group have an intermediate survival potential.
UI = D016396
Lymphoma, Large-Cell
AN = a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; DF: LYMPHOMA LARGE
MS = A form of malignant lymphoma in which the malignant cells resemble histiocytes morphologically but are presently considered to be derived from lymphoid elements. These cells are irregular in shape with relatively abundant, frequently acidophilic cytoplasm. Large-cell lymphoma can occur in both nodular (follicular) and diffuse forms, with the latter being more frequently seen. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008225
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Diffuse
AN = an intermediate-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; DF: LYMPHOMA LARGE DIFFUSE
MS = Malignant lymphoma composed of large cells which may be both cleaved and noncleaved. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.
UI = D016403
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Follicular
AN = an intermediate-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; DF: LYMPHOMA LARGE FOLLIC
MS = Malignant lymphoma in which the majority of neoplastic cells within the follicles are large cleaved or noncleaved cells. The degree to which the follicular center cells retain their ability to form follicles varies with the state of B-cell transformation.
UI = D016404
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Immunoblastic
AN = a diffuse high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; DF: LYMPHOMA LARGE IMMUNOBLASTIC
MS = Malignant lymphoma characterized by the presence of immunoblasts with uniformly round-to-oval nuclei, one or more prominent nucleoli, and abundant cytoplasm. This class may be subdivided into plasmacytoid and clear-cell types based on cytoplasmic characteristics. A third category, pleomorphous, may be analogous to some of the peripheral T-cell lymphomas (LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, PERIPHERAL) recorded in both the United States and Japan.
UI = D016400
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Ki-1
AN = a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; DF: note short X ref
MS = A large-cell, non-Hodgkin's, malignant lymphoma with pleomorphic appearance and reactivity with the monoclonal antibody Ki-1. The lymphoma is most often found in the skin and lymph nodes and expresses the Ki-1 (CD30) antigen (ANTIGENS, CD30) on its surface. It is often mistaken for metastatic carcinoma and malignant histiocytosis.
UI = D017728
Lymphoma, Lymphoblastic
AN = a diffuse high-grade T-cell lymphoma
MS = A high-grade malignant lymphoma composed of a diffuse, relatively uniform proliferation of cells with round or convoluted nuclei and scanty cytoplasm. The cells are cytologically similar to the lymphoblasts seen in acute lymphocytic leukemia, and in some cases, the disease may evolve into a leukemic phase morphologically indistinguishable from acute T-lymphocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, T-CELL, ACUTE). Lymphoblastic lymphoma represents approximately one-third of the cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in children and 5% of the cases in adults. It is more prevalent in males.
UI = D016401
Lymphoma, Low-Grade
AN = a grade of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; prefer specific; LYMPHOMA, HIGH-GRADE & LYMPHOMA, INTERMEDIATE-GRADE & their specifics are also available
MS = One of the three major prognostic groupings for non-Hodgkin lymphomas as proposed in the Working Formulation of the Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Pathologic Classification Project sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (1981). Lymphomas falling within this group have a relatively favorable survival potential.
UI = D016397
Lymphoma, Mixed-Cell, Diffuse
AN = a diffuse intermediate-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; DF: LYMPHOMA MIXED DIFFUSE
MS = A heterogeneous group of intermediate-grade lymphomas of mixed cellular composition. Although they have not been extensively studied, it appears that they are predominantly B-cell diseases.
UI = D016405
Lymphoma, Mixed-Cell, Follicular
AN = a low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; DF: LYMPHOMA MIXED FOLLIC
MS = A low-grade malignant lymphoma of follicular pattern in which there is no clear preponderance of one cell type (small or large) over another. The large cells, cleaved or noncleaved, are often 2-3 times larger in diameter than normal lymphocytes.
UI = D016407
Lymphoma, Mixed-Cell
AN = a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; DF: LYMPHOMA MIXED
MS = Malignant lymphoma characterized by the presence of a mixed population of cells, with the smaller cells resembling lymphocytes and the larger ones histiocytes. It usually presents in a nodular (follicular) pattern, but may evolve into a diffuse pattern. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008227
Lymphoma, Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
AN = a low-grade B-cell lymphoma; DF: LYMPHOMA MALT
MS = Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire MALT tissue as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.
UI = D018442
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
AN = GEN & unspecified only: prefer specifics
MS = Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.
UI = D008228
Lymphoma, Small-Cell
AN = a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; DF: LYMPHOMA SMALL
MS = A B-cell lymphoma presumably representing a tumor of interfollicular B-lymphocytes that may be functional. Those that are secrete identical immunoglobulin molecules.
UI = D008226
Lymphoma, Small Cleaved-Cell, Follicular
AN = a low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; DF: LYMPHOMA SMALL CLEAVED FOLLIC
MS = A low-grade malignant lymphoma of predominantly follicular pattern. Follicles are of relatively uniform size and shape and the cells are usually somewhat larger than normal lymphocytes. Nuclei are irregular with prominent indentations and cytoplasm can rarely be identified. Cells exhibiting these characteristics are often called centrocytes.
UI = D016408
Lymphoma, Small Lymphocytic
AN = a diffuse low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
MS = A low-grade malignant lymphoma that may, in some cases, be considered histologically identical to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL; LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOCYTIC, CHRONIC). It is diffuse in pattern, representing the neoplastic proliferation of well-differentiated B-lymphocytes. In patients with immunoglobulin gammopathies, the lymphocytes may exhibit plasmacytoid characteristics.
UI = D016409
Lymphoma, Small Noncleaved-Cell
AN = a diffuse high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; DF: LYMPHOMA SMALL NONCLEAVED
MS = A high-grade malignant lymphoma that includes both Burkitt tumor (BURKITT LYMPHOMA) and other lymphomas previously designated undifferentiated non-Burkitt type. Nuclei in Burkitt tumor are round to ovoid and uniform in size. The non-Burkitt type exhibits greater nuclear variation and less evidence of cellular maturation with a correspondingly lesser degree of differentiation.
UI = D016402
Lymphoma, Small Cleaved-Cell, Diffuse
AN = a diffuse intermediate-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; DF: LYMPHOMA SMALL CLEAVED DIFFUSE
MS = An intermediate-grade malignant lymphoma in which the neoplastic cells (B-lymphocytes) exhibit variability in size, configuration, and degree of differentiation. The cells have distinctive nuclei, irregular in shape, with marked indentations and angularity. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D016406
Lymphoma, T-Cell
AN = a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, CUTANEOUS & LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, PERIPHERAL are also available
MS = A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.
UI = D016399
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous
AN = a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES and SEZARY SYNDROME are the best characterized of these disorders.
UI = D016410
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral
AN = a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
MS = A group of malignant lymphomas thought to derive from peripheral T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes and other nonlymphoid sites. They include a broad spectrum of lymphocyte morphology, but in all instances express T-cell markers admixed with epithelioid histiocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. Although markedly similar to large-cell immunoblastic lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, LARGE-CELL, IMMUNOBLASTIC), this group's unique features warrant separate treatment.
UI = D016411
Lymphoma, Undifferentiated
AN = a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; DF: LYMPHOMA UNDIFFER
MS = A form of lymphoma in which relatively large stem cells with large nuclei, pale, scanty cytoplasm, and indistinct borders are predominant. The cells are undifferentiated, i.e., show no morphologic evidence of maturation toward lymphocytes or histiocytes.
UI = D008229
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
AN = if non-neopl, coord IM with precoord organ/dis term (IM); if neopl, coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = An angiocentric and angiodestructive lymphoreticular proliferative disorder primarily involving the lungs. Histologically it simulates malignant lymphoma and in some cases may progress to lymphoma.
UI = D008230
Lymphomatoid Papulosis
AN = a precancerous form of pityriasis lichenoides
MS = Clinically benign, histologically malignant, recurrent cutaneous eruption characterized by an infiltration of large atypical cells surrounded by inflammatory cells. The atypical cells resemble Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's disease or the malignant cells of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. In some cases, lymphomatoid papulosis progresses to lymphomatous conditions including mycosis fungoides, Hodgkin's disease, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, or Ki-1 lymphoma.
UI = D017731
Lymphopenia
AN = decrease in no. of lymphocytes
MS = Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.
UI = D008231
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics
MS = Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.
UI = D008232
Lymphotoxin
AN = for "lymphocytotoxin" check text: if toxin released by lymphocyte index under LYMPHOTOXIN, if antibody to lymphocytes index under ANTILYMPHOCYTE SERUM
MS = Soluble substance released by lymphocytes activated by antigens or T-cell mitogens, that is cytotoxic to other cells. It is involved in allergies and chronic inflammatory diseases. Lymphotoxin is antigenically distinct from tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR), though they both share a common receptor, biological activities, and significant amino acid sequences.
UI = D008233
Lynestrenol
MS = A synthetic progestational hormone used often in mixtures with estrogens as an oral contraceptive.
UI = D008234
Lyngbya Toxins
AN = from seaweed originally; /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; coord with source only if particularly discussed
MS = Toxins isolated from any species of the seaweed Lyngbya or similar chemicals from other sources, including mollusks and micro-organisms. These have been found to be potent tumor promoters.
UI = D008235
Lypressin
AN = a neurotransmitter vasopressin; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = 8-Lysyl vasopressin. The porcine antidiuretic hormone most frequently used clinically. A cyclic nonapeptide with lysine in position 8 of the chain; it is used to treat diabetes insipidus and as hemostatic because of its vasoconstrictor action.
UI = D008236
Lysergic Acid
UI = D008237
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
AN = a hallucinogen & serotonin agonist & antag; DF: note short X ref
MS = Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.
UI = D008238
Lysine
AN = an essential amino acid; /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted; POLYLYSINE is also available
MS = An essential amino acid. It is used for food enrichment and results in improved growth and tissue synthesis.
UI = D008239
Lysine Carboxypeptidase
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = A serine carboxypeptidase that removes C-terminal amino acids, preferentially lysine, from peptides and proteins. It inactivates bradykinin by this action. EC 3.4.17.3.
UI = D001121
Lysine (Procollagen), 2-Oxoglutarate 5-Dioxygenase (see:Procollagen-Lysine, 2-Oxoglutarate 5-Dioxygenase)
Lysinoalanine
AN = "an unusual amino acid...found in proteins of cooked foods"
MS = N(6)-(2-Amino-2-carboxyethyl)-L-lysine. An unusual amino acid, not a dipeptide, which has been found in proteins of cooked foods. It is formed in food that is heated or treated with alkali. Has been implicated in nephrocytomegalia in rats.
UI = D008241
Lysogeny
AN = for bacteriophages only
MS = The phenomenon by which a temperate phage incorporates itself into the DNA of a bacterial host, establishing a kind of symbiotic relation between prophage and bacterium which results in the perpetuation of the prophage in all the descendants of the bacterium until induction by various agents, such as ultraviolet radiation, releases the phage, which then becomes virulent and lyses the bacterium.
UI = D008242
Lysophosphatidylcholines
MS = Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES obtained by their partial hydrolysis which removes one of the fatty acid moieties.
UI = D008244
Lysophospholipase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a single fatty acid ester bond in lysoglycerophosphatidates with the formation of glyceryl phosphatidates and a fatty acid. EC 3.1.1.5.
UI = D008245
Lysophospholipids
MS = Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS that lack one of its fatty acyl chains due to its hydrolytic removal.
UI = D008246
Lysosomal Storage Diseases
AN = an inborn error of metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Inborn errors of metabolism characterized by defects in specific lysosomal hydrolases and resulting in intracellular accumulation of unmetabolized substrates.
UI = D016464
Lysosomes
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
MS = A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
UI = D008247
Lysostaphin
AN = a peptide antibiotic, mixture of 3 peptide hydrolases
MS = A mixture of three different proteolytic enzymes, two of which lyse bacterial walls. It is obtained from Staphylococcus staphylolyticus (S. epidermidis). Lysostaphin is very antigenic, but has been used in animals and topically in man against certain infections.
UI = D008248
Lysine(Protein-) 6-Oxidase (see:Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase)
Lysine-tRNA Ligase
MS = An enzyme that activates lysine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.6.
UI = D008250
Lyssavirus
AN = a genus of the family Rhabdoviridae; from Greek lyssa, rabies; infection: coord IM with RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of the family RHABDOVIRIDAE that includes RABIES VIRUS and other rabies-like viruses.
UI = D018114