Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms
M
RETURN TO INDEX Macaca
AN = Old World monkey, not ape despite X refs; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)
MS = A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of 16 species inhabiting forests of Africa, Asia, and the islands of Borneo, Philippines, and Celebes.
UI = D008251
Macaca fascicularis
AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)
MS = A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.
UI = D008252
Macaca mulatta
AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)
MS = A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.
UI = D008253
Macaca nemestrina
AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)
MS = A species of the genus MACACA which inhabits Malaya, Sumatra, and Borneo. It is one of the most arboreal species of Macaca. The tail is short and untwisted.
UI = D008254
Macaca radiata
AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)
MS = A species of macaque monkey that mainly inhabits the forest of southern India. They are also called bonnet macaques or bonnet monkeys.
UI = D008255
Macao
MS = A Portuguese colony on the island of Macao and adjacent islands off the southeast coast of China.
UI = D008256
Macedonia (Republic)
AN = note X refs: do not confuse with MACEDONIA (GREECE) see GREECE or with MACEDONIA, catalogers' geog subhead for the ancient Macedonia of Greek & Roman hist
MS = Formerly a constituent republic of Yugoslavia, comprising the Yugoslav section of the region of Macedonia. It was made a constituent republic in the 1946 constitution. It became independent on 8 February 1994 and was recognized as The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia by the United States Board on Geographic Names 16 February 1994.
UI = D018843
Machado-Joseph Disease
AN = a form of spinocerebellar degen; DF: note short X refs
MS = A progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system occurring in Portuguese-Azorean families, having a variety of forms and inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. There are four major types: Type I: with pyramidal and extrapyramidal deficits; Type II: with cerebellar, pyramidal and extrapyramidal deficits; Type III: with cerebellar deficits and distal sensorimotor neuropathy; Type IV: with parkinsonism and distal sensory neuropathy. It was originally reported in two Portuguese-Azorean families in Massachusettes (Machado), then in another Portuguese family (Thomas), and later in a third family in California (Joseph, who settled there in 1845). It has been reported also in Japanese families. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)
UI = D017827
Machiavellianism
AN = no qualif
MS = A personality dimension characterized by the manipulation of others.
UI = D008257
Macroglobulinemia, Waldenstrom (see:Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia)
Macroglobulins
AN = serum globulins; ALPHA MACROGLOBULINS is also available
MS = Serum globulins with high molecular weight. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008259
Macroglossia
AN = overlarge tongue, congen or acquired
MS = The presence of an excessively large tongue, which may be congenital or may develop as a result of a tumor or edema due to obstruction of lymphatic vessels, or it may occur in association with hyperpituitarism or acromegaly. It also may be associated with malocclusion because of pressure of the tongue on the teeth. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
UI = D008260
Macrolides
AN = in ther of dis is likely to be ANTIBIOTICS, MACROLIDE
MS = A group of organic compounds that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties.
UI = D018942
Macromolecular Systems
AN = almost never IM unless GEN only, irrespective of chemical; coord NIM with specific chem (IM); no qualif; DF: MACROMOL SYSTEMS
UI = D008261
Macrophage Activation
MS = The process of altering the morphology and functional activity of macrophages so that they become avidly phagocytic. It is initiated by lymphokines, such as the macrophage activation factor (MAF) and the macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MMIF), immune complexes, C3b, and various peptides, polysaccharides, and immunologic adjuvants.
UI = D008262
Macrophage-Activating Factors
AN = a lymphokine; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; DF: MAF
MS = Factors secreted by stimulated lymphocytes that prime macrophages to become nonspecifically cytotoxic to tumors. They also modulate the expression of macrophage cell surface Ia antigens. One MAF is interferon-gamma (INTERFERON TYPE II). Other factors antigenically distinct from IFN-gamma have also been identified.
UI = D016215
Macrophage-1 Antigen
AN = a differentiation antigen & complement receptor; DF: note short X ref
MS = An adhesion-promoting leukocyte surface membrane heterodimer. The alpha subunit consists of the CD11b antigen and the beta subunit of the CD18 antigen (ANTIGENS, CD18). The antigen, which is an integrin, functions both as a receptor for complement 3 and in cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesive interactions.
UI = D016177
Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
AN = /drug eff permitted; DF: MCSF
MS = A mononuclear phagocyte colony-stimulating factor synthesized by mesenchymal cells. The compound stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. M-CSF is a disulfide-bonded glycoprotein dimer with a MW of 70 kDa. It binds to a single class of high affinity receptor which is identical to the product of the c-fms proto-oncogene.
UI = D016173
Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = A chemokine that is chemotactic for neutrophils and monocytes, stimulates macrophages, and may play a role in regulating hematopoiesis. Its two variants, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta, are 60% homologous to each other.
UI = D019407
Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins
AN = heparin-binding proteins; DF: MACROPHAGE INFLAMM PROTEINS
MS = Heparin-binding proteins that exhibit a number of inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities. Originally identified as secretory products of macrophages, these chemokines are produced by a variety of cell types including neutrophils, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells. They likely play a significant role in respiratory tract defenses.
UI = D019402
Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors
AN = a lymphokine; /biosyn /physiol permitted; also called MIF; DF: MMIF
MS = Proteins released by sensitized lymphocytes and possibly other cells that inhibit the migration of macrophages away from the release site. The structure and chemical properties may vary with the species and type of releasing cell.
UI = D008263
Macrophages
AN = A 11 qualif; macrophage migration test: index under MACROPHAGES /immunol (IM) + CELL MIGRATION INHIBITION (IM)
UI = D008264
Macrophages, Alveolar
AN = alveolar refers to pulm alveoli; A 11 qualif
MS = Round, granular, mononuclear phagocytes found in the alveoli of the lungs. They ingest small inhaled particles resulting in degradation and presentation of the antigen to immunocompetent cells.
UI = D016676
Macrophages, Peritoneal
AN = A 11 qualif
MS = Mononuclear phagocytes derived from bone marrow precursors but resident in the peritoneum.
UI = D017737
Macrostomia
AN = overwide mouth; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Greatly exaggerated width of the mouth, resulting from failure of union of the maxillary and mandibular processes, with extension of the oral orifice toward the ear. The defect may be unilateral or bilateral. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008265
Macula Lutea
AN = a depression on the retina; macular dis: coord IM with RETINAL DISEASES (IM)
MS = An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototopic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
UI = D008266
Maculae, Acoustic (see:Acoustic Maculae)
Macular Degeneration
AN = macular refers to macula lutea of retina; includes "macular dystrophy"
MS = Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina.
UI = D008268
Macular Edema, Cystoid
AN = macular refers to macula lutea of retina; a form of MACULAR DEGENERATION
MS = Macular degeneration characterized by edema and cystic spaces which may lead to a macular depression or hole.
UI = D008269
Madagascar
AN = the largest of the Indian Ocean Islands; X ref MALAGASY REPUBLIC was its former name
MS = One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)
UI = D008270
Madurella
MS = A mitosporic fungal genus that causes MADUROMYCOSIS (mycetoma) in humans. Madurella grisea and M. mycetomatis are the etiological agents.
UI = D020461
Maduromycosis
AN = caused by various fungi or bacteria; coord with causative organism (IM) or precoord organism/dis (IM) if pertinent
MS = A disease caused by various fungi (Madurella mycetomi) or actinomycetes (Nocardia brasiliensis). It usually affects the foot, hand, and legs with tissues becoming necrosed and swollen after infection.
UI = D008271
Mafenide
AN = an anti-infective
MS = 4-(Aminomethyl)benzenesulfonamide. A sulfonamide that inhibits the enzyme carbonic anhydrase and is used as topical anti-infective, especially in burn therapy.
UI = D008272
Magic
AN = IM; consider also WITCHCRAFT
MS = Beliefs and practices concerned with producing desired results through supernatural forces or agents as with the manipulation of fetishes or rituals.
UI = D008273
Magnaporthe
MS = A genus of fungi, in the family Phyllachoraceae, order PHYLLACHORALES, best known for its species M. grisea. The latter is one of the most popular experimental organisms of all fungal plant pathogens.
UI = D020082
Magnesium
AN = Mg-24; /physiol permitted; Mg-25, 26 = MAGNESIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Mg-20, 21, 23, 27, 28 = MAGNESIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = A light, silvery, metallic element. It has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. Its salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with oxidative phosphorylation. It is a component of both intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in the urine and feces. Deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008274
Magnesium Chloride
AN = used as a source of magnesium ions
MS = Magnesium chloride. An inorganic compound consisting of one magnesium and two chloride ions. The compound is used in medicine as a source of magnesium ions, which are essential for many cellular activities. It has also been used as a cathartic and in alloys.
UI = D015636
Magnesium Compounds
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: MAGNESIUM CPDS
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain magnesium as an integral part of the molecule.
UI = D017616
Magnesium Deficiency
AN = DF: MAGNESIUM DEFIC
MS = A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)
UI = D008275
Magnesium Hydroxide
AN = an antacid & cathartic
MS = Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects.
UI = D008276
Magnesium Oxide
AN = an antacid & cathartic
MS = Magnesium oxide (MgO). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral periclase. In aqueous media combines quickly with water to form magnesium hydroxide. It is used as an antacid and mild laxative and has many nonmedicinal uses.
UI = D008277
Magnesium Silicates
AN = inorganic cpds; TALC & ASBESTOS are examples of magnesium silicates
MS = A generic term for a variety of compounds that contain silicon, oxygen, and magnesium, and may contain hydrogen. Examples include TALC and some kinds of ASBESTOS.
UI = D017633
Magnesium Sulfate
MS = A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083)
UI = D008278
Magnetic Resonance Angiography
AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; coord dis with /diag not /radiogr; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: MR ANGIOGR
MS = Non-invasive method of vascular imaging and determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation exposure. The technique is used especially in CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY as well as for studies of other vascular structures.
UI = D018810
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NIM; coord with disease /diag; coord with organ or tissue /anat or /pathol as pertinent; do not confuse with NMR SPECTROSCOPY see NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; DF: MRI
MS = Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that hydrogen nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
UI = D008279
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine
AN = for dis & organ coords see note on MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; DF: MRI CINE or short X ref
MS = A type of imaging technique used primarily in the field of cardiology. By coordinating the fast gradient-echo MRI sequence with retrospective ECG-gating, numerous short time frames evenly spaced in the cardiac cycle are produced. These images are laced together in a cinematic display so that wall motion of the ventricles, valve motion, and blood flow patterns in the heart and great vessels can be visualized.
UI = D019028
Magnetics
AN = ELECTROMAGNETICS is also available
MS = The study of magnetic phenomena and magnetic fields. Magnetism produced by electric currents is ELECTROMAGNETICS.
UI = D008280
Magnetoencephalography
AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: MAGNETOENCEPHALOGR
MS = The measurement of magnetic fields over the head generated by electric currents in the brain. As in any electrical conductor, electric fields in the brain are accompanied by orthogonal magnetic fields. The measurement of these fields provides information about the localization of brain activity which is complementary to that provided by electroencephalography. Magnetoencephalography may be used alone or together with electroencephalography, for measurement of spontaneous or evoked activity, and for research or clinical purposes.
UI = D015225
Maillard Reaction
MS = One of a group of nonenzymatic reactions in which aldehydes, ketones, or reducing sugars react with amino acids, peptides, or proteins. Food browning reactions, such as those that occur with cooking of meats, and also food deterioration reactions, resulting in decreased nutritional value and color changes, are attributed to this reaction type. The Maillard reaction is studied by scientists in the agriculture, food, nutrition, and carbohydrate chemistry fields.
UI = D015416
Maine
UI = D008281
Mainstreaming (Education)
AN = DF: MAINSTREAMING
MS = Most frequently refers to the integration of a physically or mentally disabled child into the regular class of normal peers and provision of the appropriately determined educational program.
UI = D008282
Maintenance
AN = "upkeep of property or equipment"; NIM
MS = The upkeep of property or equipment.
UI = D008283
Maintenance and Engineering, Hospital
AN = DF: MAINTENANCE HOSP or MAINTENANCE HOSPITAL
MS = Hospital department whose primary function is the upkeep and supervision of the buildings and grounds and the maintenance of hospital physical plant and equipment which requires engineering expertise.
UI = D008284
Major Histocompatibility Complex
AN = DF: MHC
MS = The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune response-associated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement.
UI = D008285
Malabsorption Syndromes
AN = form of malnutrition caused by failure of normal intestinal absorp
MS = General term for syndromes of malnutrition due to failure of normal intestinal absorption of nutrients.
UI = D008286
Malacoplakia
AN = soft patches on mucosa
MS = The formation of soft patches on the mucous membrane of a hollow organ, such as the urogenital tract or digestive tract.
UI = D008287
Malaria
AN = protozoan infect; GEN or unspecified; specify Plasmodium species IM if possible but note P. falciparum malaria = MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, P. vivax malaria = MALARIA, VIVAX; tertian malaria = MALARIA, VIVAX, quartan malaria: coord IM with PLASMODIUM MALARIAE (IM); malariotherapy = HYPERTHERMIA, INDUCED: do not confuse with MALARIA /ther; /drug ther: consider also ANTIMALARIALS
MS = A protozoan disease caused by four species of the genus PLASMODIUM (P. falciparum (MALARIA, FALCIPARUM), P. vivax (MALARIA, VIVAX), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia.
UI = D008288
Malaria, Avian
AN = don't forget also BIRDS (NIM); coord IM with specific bird or fowl (IM) & check tag ANIMAL
MS = Any of a group of infections of fowl caused by protozoa of the genera PLASMODIUM, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus. The life cycles of these parasites and the disease produced bears strong resemblance to those observed in human malaria.
UI = D008289
Malaria, Cerebral
AN = a compl of falciparum malaria
MS = A condition that is most commonly seen as a severe complication of MALARIA, FALCIPARUM mainly involving the brain. It has also been reported to occur as a result of infection with other Plasmodium species. This disease is often fatal and presents as disturbances in consciousness ranging from somnolence to coma, major motor seizures, and organic psychosis. The onset may be gradual or sudden following a convulsion.
UI = D016779
Malaria, Falciparum
AN = severest form of malaria
MS = Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.
UI = D016778
Malaria Vaccines
AN = coord IM with specific Plasmodium /immunol (IM)
MS = Vaccines made from antigens arising from any of the four strains of Plasmodium which cause malaria in humans, or from P. berghei which causes malaria in rodents.
UI = D017780
Malaria, Vivax
AN = less severe form of malaria than falciparum malaria
MS = Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.
UI = D016780
Malassezia
AN = infection: coord IM with DERMATOMYCOSES (IM) or TINEA VERSICOLOR (IM)
MS = A mitosporic fungal genus that causes a variety of skin disorders. Malassezia furfur (Pityrosporum orbiculare) causes TINEA (pityriasis) VERSICOLOR.
UI = D008290
Malate Dehydrogenase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of (S)-malate and NAD+ to oxaloacetate and NADH. EC 1.1.1.37.
UI = D008291
Malate Synthase
MS = An important enzyme in the glyoxylic acid cycle which reversibly catalyzes the synthesis of L-malate from acetyl-CoA and glyoxylate. EC 4.1.3.2.
UI = D008292
Malates
AN = do not confuse with MALEATES
UI = D008293
Malathion
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D008294
Malawi
AN = a republic in southern Africa; X ref NYASALAND was its former name
MS = A republic in southern Africa east of ZAMBIA. Its capital is Lilongwe. It was formerly called Nyasaland. This region was visited by Livingstone in 1859. It became a British protectorate in 1891, part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in 1953, and independent in 1964. It takes its name from the Malavi people whose name means flames, possibly referring to the reflection of the rising sun on Lake Malawi. Its former name Nyasaland is from the Malawi word for lake. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p326, 386)
UI = D008295
Malaysia
AN = a monarchy in southeast Asia; note X refs but Malay Archipelago = INDONESIA; Malaysians are of MONGOLOID RACE unless otherwise specified
MS = A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)
UI = D008296
Male
AN = check tag only for male organs, diseases, physiol processes, genetics, etc.; do not confuse with MEN as a social, cultural, political, economic force; Manual 18.9+, 35.6.2 CATALOG: do not use: for indexers only
UI = D008297
Maleates
AN = do not confuse with MALATES
UI = D008298
Maleic Anhydrides
MS = cis-Butenedioic anhydride. Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.
UI = D008299
Maleic Hydrazide
AN = an herbicide
MS = 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione. A herbicide and plant growth regulator; also used to control suckering of tobacco. Its residue in food and tobacco is highly toxic, causing CNS disturbances and liver damage.
UI = D008300
Maleimides
UI = D008301
Mali
AN = a country in western Africa
MS = A country in western Africa, east of MAURITANIA and north of SUDAN. Its capital is Bamako. Its earlier names give a clue to its African and overseas connections: 1904-1920 it was known as Upper Senegal-Niger; prior to 1958, as French Sudan; 1958-1960 as the Sudanese Republic and 1959-1960 it joined Senegal in the Mali Federation. It became an independent republic in 1960 but the government is at present in transition. Mali was the name of a former empire, extinct from the 17th century. It may be derived from Malinke, an indigenous people of this region or from a Mandingo word meaning hippopotamus. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, p717 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)
UI = D008302
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; for cardiac manifest use CARCINOID HEART DISEASE
MS = A symptom complex associated with CARCINOID TUMOR and characterized by attacks of severe flushing of the skin, diarrheal watery stools, bronchoconstriction, sudden drops in blood pressure, edema, and ascites. The carcinoid tumors are usually located in the gastrointestinal tract and metastasize to the liver. Symptoms are caused by tumor secretion of serotonin, prostaglandins, and other biologically active substances. Cardiac manifestations constitute CARCINOID HEART DISEASE. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D008303
Malignant Catarrh
AN = caused by a herpesvirus; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL; don't forget also CATTLE (NIM) but do not index under CATTLE DISEASES
MS = A herpesvirus infection of cattle characterized by catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory and alimentary epithelia, keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis and lymph node enlargement. Syn: bovine epitheliosis, snotsiekte.
UI = D008304
Malignant Hyperthermia
AN = follows general anesthesia
MS = Rapid and excessive rise of temperature accompanied by muscular rigidity following general anesthesia.
UI = D008305
Malingering
MS = Simulation of symptoms of illness or injury with intent to deceive in order to obtain a goal, e.g., a claim of physical illness to avoid jury duty.
UI = D008306
Malleus
AN = one of the 3 ear ossicles
MS = The largest of the auditory ossicles, and the one attached to the membrana tympani (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Its club-shaped head articulates with the INCUS.
UI = D008307
Mallophaga
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
MS = An order of insects comprising the chewing lice or biting lice, many of which are parasitic on wild birds and domestic fowl and on wild and domestic mammals. Suborders include Amblycera and Ischnocera.
UI = D008308
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
AN = mucosal tears at usually esophagogastric junction
MS = Mucosal tears usually linear and confined to the esophagogastric junction but may be located in the fundus of the stomach or in the distal esophagus. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding from these lacerations is often precipitated by retching or vomiting.
UI = D008309
Malocclusion
AN = X ref ANGLE'S CLASSIFICATION: Angle's classes MALOCCLUSION, ANGLE CLASS I & MALOCCLUSION, ANGLE CLASS II & MALOCCLUSION, ANGLE CLASS III are also available but index Angle's classification in general or unspecified as MALOCCLUSION /class; X ref OPEN BITE: if pertinent, index instead under one of the specific Angle classes
MS = Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
UI = D008310
Malocclusion, Angle Class I
AN = Angle refers to Edward Hartley Angle, Amer orthodontist
MS = Malocclusion in which the mandible and maxilla are anteroposteriorly normal as reflected by the relationship of the first permanent molar (i.e., in neutroclusion), but in which individual teeth are abnormally related to each other.
UI = D008311
Malocclusion, Angle Class II
AN = Angle refers to Edward Hartley Angle, Amer orthodontist
MS = Malocclusion in which the mandible is posterior to the maxilla as reflected by the relationship of the first permanent molar (distoclusion).
UI = D008312
Malocclusion, Angle Class III
AN = Angle refers to Edward Hartley Angle, Amer orthodontist
MS = Malocclusion in which the mandible is anterior to the maxilla as reflected by the first relationship of the first permanent molar (mesioclusion).
UI = D008313
Malonates
UI = D008314
Malondialdehyde
MS = The dialdehyde of malonic acid.
UI = D008315
Malonyl Coenzyme A
MS = A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.
UI = D008316
Malpighian Tubules
AN = in intestines of arthropods; "malpighian" is not capitalized in titles or translations
MS = One of the tubular or hairlike excretory organs arising from the midgut-hindgut junction of many arthropods. Two to several hundred such tubules may be present. They collect waste from the body fluids and discharge them into the hindgut. Malpighian refers to the Italian anatomist Marcello Malpighi, 1628-1694. (Dorland, 27th ed, p975, 1772; from Storer, et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p125)
UI = D008317
Malpractice
AN = not restricted to med malpractice; coord IM with specialty (IM) CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Failure of a professional person, as a physician or lawyer, to render proper services through reprehensible ignorance or negligence or through criminal intent, especially when injury or loss follows. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, 1993)
UI = D008318
Malta
AN = a state of 3 islands south of Sicily
MS = An independent state consisting of three islands in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Sicily. Its capital is Valetta. The major island is Malta, the two smaller islands are Comino and Gozo. It was a Phoenician and Carthaginian colony, captured by the Romans in 218 B.C. It was overrun by Saracens in 870, taken by the Normans in 1090, and subsequently held by the French and later the British who allotted them a dominion government in 1921. It became a crown colony in 1933, achieving independence in 1964. The name possibly comes from a pre-Indoeuropean root mel, high, referring to its rocks, but a more picturesque origin derives the name from the Greek melitta or melissa, honey, with reference to its early fame for its honey production. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p719 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p330)
UI = D008319
Maltose
AN = a disaccharide; ISOMALTOSE is available
MS = A dextrodisaccharide from malt and starch. It is used as a sweetening agent and fermentable intermediate in brewing. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
UI = D008320
Malvaceae
AN = a family of flowering plants; note common names as X refs
MS = The mallow family of flowering plants, belonging to the dicotyledon order Malvales. Members of the Malvaceae include COTTON, okra, and CACAO.
UI = D019660
Mammae
AN = animal only; inflammation = MASTITIS or MASTITIS, BOVINE; UDDER refers to ruminants only; for neoplasms use MAMMARY NEOPLASMS: see note there; MAMMARY NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL is also available; Manual 24.5+, 24.6+
UI = D008321
Mammals
AN = avoid: too general: prefer specifics
MS = Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young. It includes three major groups: placentals and marsupials, which are vivparous, and monotremes, which are oviparous. (Dorland, 28th ed.)
UI = D008322
Mammaplasty
AN = includes augmentation & reduction; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; BREAST IMPLANTS is also available
MS = Surgical reconstruction of the breast including both augmentation and reduction.
UI = D016462
Mammary Arteries
MS = Arteries originating from the subclavian or axillary arteries and distributing to the anterior thoracic wall, mediastinal structures, diaphragm, pectoral muscles and mammary gland.
UI = D008323
Mammary Neoplasms
AN = animal only but MAMMARY NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL is also available; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM) + precoord animal/dis term (IM) + specific animal (NIM); do not coord with NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL; check tag ANIMAL
MS = Tumors of the mammary gland. Their occurrence is uncommon with the exception of the female dog, in which they account for 25% of all neoplasms.
UI = D015674
Mammary Tumor Viruses, Mouse
AN = a species of the genus Retroviruses Type B, Mammalian; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + (if pertinent) MAMMARY NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL (IM)
MS = The type species of mammalian type B retroviruses (RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN) commonly latent in mice. It causes mammary adenocarcinoma when in a genetically susceptible strain of mice and when the appropriate hormonal influences operate.
UI = D008324
Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental
AN = animal only; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); don't forget also specific animal (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: MAMMARY NEOPL EXPER
UI = D008325
Mamillary Bodies
MS = A pair of nuclei and associated gray matter in the interpeduncular space rostral to the posterior perforated substance in the posterior hypothalamus.
UI = D008326
Mammography
AN = NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: MAMMOGR
MS = Radiographic examination of the breast.
UI = D008327
Man-Machine Systems
AN = no qualif; with computers, USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE is also available
MS = A system in which the functions of the man and the machine are interrelated and necessary for the operation of the system.
UI = D008328
Managed Care Programs
AN = specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Health insurance plans intended to reduce unnecessary health care costs through a variety of mechanisms, including: economic incentives for physicians and patients to select less costly forms of care; programs for reviewing the medical necessity of specific services; increased beneficiary cost sharing; controls on inpatient admissions and lengths of stay; the establishment of cost-sharing incentives for outpatient surgery; selective contracting with health care providers; and the intensive management of high-cost health care cases. The programs may be provided in a variety of settings, such as HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS and PREFERRED PROVIDER ORGANIZATIONS.
UI = D008329
Managed Competition
AN = restrict to health insurance; do not confuse with MANAGED CARE PROGRAMS
MS = A strategy for purchasing health care in a manner which will obtain maximum value for the price for the purchasers of the health care and the recipients. The concept was developed primarily by Alain Enthoven of Stanford University and promulgated by the Jackson Hole Group. The strategy depends on sponsors for groups of the population to be insured. The sponsor, in some cases a health alliance, acts as an intermediary between the group and competing provider groups (accountable health plans). The competition is price-based among annual premiums for a defined, standardized benefit package. (From Slee and Slee, Health Care Reform Terms, 1993)
UI = D018854
Management Audit
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Management review designed to evaluate efficiency and to identify areas in need of management improvement within the institution in order to ensure effectiveness in meeting organizational goals.
UI = D008330
Management Information Systems
AN = for automated systems do not coord with AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING
MS = Systems designed to provide information primarily concerned with the administrative functions associated with the provision and utilization of services; also includes program planning, etc.
UI = D008331
Management Quality Circles
AN = personnel & management as a labor-management team
MS = Participation of employees with management as a labor-management team, in decisions pertaining to the operational activities of the organization or industry.
UI = D008332
Mandatory Reporting
AN = for reporting "suspected incidents of abuse & neglect"; do not confuse with DISEASE NOTIFICATION, reporting of occur of contagious dis
MS = Legal requirement for physicians and other professionals providing health services to report suspected incidents of abuse and neglect. As mandated reporters, they are generally afforded legal immunity for such reports and most jurisdictions impose a civil or criminal penalty for failure to report. (From JAMA 1985;254(6):796-800)
UI = D019221
Mandatory Testing
AN = for prev of commun dis; IM; coord with specific dis or population group (IM) CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Testing or screening required by federal, state, or local law or other agencies for the diagnosis of specified conditions. It is usually limited to specific populations such as categories of health care providers, members of the military, and prisoners or to specific situations such as premarital examinations or donor screening.
UI = D018580
Mandelic Acids
AN = a urinary anti-infective
MS = Analogs or derivatives of mandelic acid (alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid).
UI = D008333
Mandible
AN = /growth: consider also MAXILLOFACIAL DEVELOPMENT; /innerv: consider also MANDIBULAR NERVE
MS = The horseshoe-shaped bone forming the lower jaw. It is the largest and strongest bone of the face. It articulates with the skull at the temporomandibular joint. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008334
Mandibular Advancement
AN = "moving a retruded mandible forward to a normal position"
MS = Moving a retruded mandible forward to a normal position. It is commonly performed for malocclusion and retrognathia. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
UI = D019186
Mandibular Condyle
MS = The posterior process on the ramus of the mandible composed of two parts: a superior part, the articular portion, and an inferior part, the condylar neck.
UI = D008335
Mandibular Diseases
UI = D008336
Mandibular Fractures
MS = Fractures of the lower jaw.
UI = D008337
Mandibular Injuries
MS = Injuries to the lower jaw bone.
UI = D008338
Mandibular Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D008339
Mandibular Nerve
AN = a branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve; dis: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura.
UI = D008340
Mandibular Prosthesis
AN = to replace missing part of mandible: do not use for prosthetic replacement of teeth in mandible ( = DENTAL PROSTHESIS + MANDIBLE)
MS = A prosthetic appliance for the replacement of areas of the mandible missing or defective as a result of deformity, disease, injury, or surgery.
UI = D008341
Mandibular Prosthesis Implantation
MS = Surgical insertion of an appliance for the replacement of areas of the mandible.
UI = D019930
Mandibulofacial Dysostosis
AN = a form of craniofacial dysostosis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A hereditary disorder occurring in two forms: the complete form (Franceschetti's syndrome) is characterized by antimongoloid slant of the palpebral fissures, coloboma of the lower lid, micrognathia and hypoplasia of the zygomatic arches, and microtia. It is transmitted as an autosomal trait. The incomplete form (Treacher Collins syndrome) is characterized by the same anomalies in less pronounced degree. It occurs sporadically, but an autosomal dominant mode of transmission is suspected. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008342
Manduca
AN = a genus of moth; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
MS = A genus of sphinx or hawk moths of the family Sphingidae. These insects are used in molecular biology studies during all stages of their life cycle.
UI = D018402
Maneb
AN = an indust fungicide
MS = ((1,2-Ethanediylbis(carbamodithioato))(2-))manganese. Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.
UI = D008344
Manganese
AN = a trace element; Mn-55; /defic /physiol permitted; Mn-50-54, 56-58 = MANGANESE (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = Manganese. A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035)
UI = D008345
Manganese Compounds
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: MANGANESE CPDS
MS = Inorganic chemicals that contain manganese as an integral part of the molecule.
UI = D017895
Manifest Anxiety Scale
MS = True-false questionnaire made up of items believed to indicate anxiety, in which the subject answers verbally the statement that describes him.
UI = D008347
Manikins
AN = no qualif
UI = D008348
Manipulation, Orthopedic
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = The planned and carefully managed manual movement of the musculoskeletal system, extremities, and spine to produce increased motion. The term is sometimes used to denote a precise sequence of movements of a joint to determine the presence of disease or to reduce a dislocation. In the case of fractures, orthopedic manipulation can produce better position and alignment of the fracture. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p264)
UI = D008349
Manipulation, Spinal
MS = Adjustment and manipulation of the vertebral column.
UI = D020393
Manitoba
AN = a province of Canada
MS = A province of Canada, lying between the provinces of Saskatchewan and Ontario. Its capital is Winnipeg. Taking its name from Lake Manitoba, itself named for one of its islands, the name derived from Algonquian Manitou, great spirit. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p724 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p332)
UI = D008350
Mannans
AN = polysaccharides
MS = Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units.
UI = D008351
Mannich Bases
AN = IM general only
MS = Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.
UI = D008352
Mannitol
AN = a diuretic
MS = D-Mannitol. A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity.
UI = D008353
Mannitol Dehydrogenase
UI = D008354
Mannitol Phosphates
MS = Phosphoric acid esters of mannitol.
UI = D008355
Mannoheptulose
AN = a heptose
MS = Manno-heptulose. A 7-carbon keto sugar having the mannose configuration.
UI = D008356
Mannomustine
AN = an alkylating antineoplastic nitrogen mustard cpd
MS = 1,6-Bis(2-chloroethylamino)-1,6-dideoxy-D-mannitol. Nitrogen mustard derivative alkylating agent used as antineoplastic. It causes severe bone marrow depression and is a powerful vesicant.
UI = D008357
Mannose
AN = a hexose
MS = A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
UI = D008358
Mannose-6-Phosphate Isomerase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible isomerization of D-mannose-6-phosphate to form D-fructose-6-phosphate, an important step in glycolysis. EC 5.3.1.8.
UI = D008359
Mannosephosphates
MS = Phosphoric acid esters of mannose.
UI = D008360
Mannosidases
AN = alpha-mannosidase defic: consider also MANNOSIDOSIS
MS = alpha or beta-Mannoside mannohydrolases. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha or beta-D-mannose residues in mannosides. Deficiency of the alpha form can cause mannosidosis.
UI = D008361
Mannosides
MS = Glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of mannose with an alcohol to form an acetal. They include both alpha- and beta-mannosides.
UI = D008362
Mannosidosis
AN = an inborn error of carbohydrate & lysosomal storage dis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Inborn error of metabolism marked by a defect in alpha-mannosidase activity that results in lysosomal accumulation of mannose-rich substrates. Virtually all patients have psychomotor retardation, facial coarsening, and some degree of dysostosis multiplex. It is thought to be an autosomal recessive disorder.
UI = D008363
Mannosyl-Glycoprotein Endo-beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase
MS = A group of related enzymes responsible for the endohydrolysis of the di-N-acetylchitobiosyl unit in high-mannose-content glycopeptides and glycoproteins. EC 3.2.1.96.
UI = D017038
Mannosyltransferases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of mannose from a nucleoside diphosphate mannose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. The group includes EC 2.4.1.32, EC 2.4.1.48, EC 2.4.1.54, and EC 2.4.1.57.
UI = D008364
Manometry
AN = measurement of pressure of liquids or gases; for measurement of intraocular pressure use TONOMETRY; NIM
MS = Measurement of the pressure or tension of liquids or gases. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008365
Mansonella
AN = infection = MANSONELLIASIS; coord with specific helminth term (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc) if pertinent; /drug eff: consider FILARICIDES
MS = A genus of parasitic nematodes whose organisms are distributed in Central and South America. Characteristics include a smooth cuticle and an enlarged anterior end.
UI = D008366
Mansonelliasis
AN = /drug ther: consider FILARICIDES
MS = Infection with nematodes of the genus MANSONELLA. Symptoms include pruritus, headache, and articular swelling.
UI = D008368
Mantodea
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
MS = An order of insects, comprising a single family (Mantidae), restricted almost entirely to the tropics. Only one species, the praying mantis (Mantis religiosa), is found in temperate habitats.
UI = D020050
Manual Communication
AN = no qualif; SIGN LANGUAGE & NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION are also available
MS = Method of nonverbal communication utilizing hand movements as speech equivalents.
UI = D008369
Manuals
AN = CATALOG: form qualif /handbooks & /laboratory manuals are available
UI = D008370
Manubrium
UI = D008371
Manufactured Materials
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; TN 124
MS = Substances and materials manufactured for use in various technologies and industries and for domestic use.
UI = D008420
Manure
AN = IM; solid or liquid animal excreta with or without litter; includes slurry
MS = Accumulations of solid or liquid animal excreta usually from stables and barnyards with or without litter material. Its chief application is as a fertilizer. (From Webster's 3d ed)
UI = D008372
Manuscripts
AN = IM; includes books prepared by hand before invention of printing; also handwritten or typescript drafts of pre-print papers, correspondence, diaries, notebooks, memoranda, etc.; check century tag; Manual 33.12: relation to BOOKS CATALOG: form qualif /manuscripts & /manuscripts - catalogs are available
MS = Compositions written by hand, as one written before the invention or adoption of printing. A manuscript may also refer to a handwritten copy of an ancient author. A manuscript may be handwritten or typewritten as distinguished from a printed copy, especially the copy of a writer's work from which printed copies are made. (Webster, 3d ed)
UI = D008373
Manuscripts [Publication Type]
MS = Works prepared by hand including handwritten or typescript drafts of pre-publication papers or works not otherwise reproduced in multiple copies.
UI = D020486
Manuscripts, Medical
AN = see note on MANUSCRIPTS; DF: MANUSCRIPTS MED
UI = D008374
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
AN = an inborn error of amino acid metab; maple syrup refers to urine odor; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Familial cerebral degenerative disease caused by a defect in branched-chain amino acid metabolism and characterized by severe mental and motor retardation and urine with a maple syrup-like odor.
UI = D008375
Maprotiline
MS = A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.
UI = D008376
Maps
AN = avoid: a cataloging term; possibly GEOGRAPHY might apply; no qualif; do not confuse with Publication Type MAPS CATALOG: form qualif /maps is available
MS = Representations, normally to scale and on a flat medium, of a selection of material or abstract features on the surface of the earth. They may be used also in delineating the heavens and celestial bodies. (From Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2d ed, p619)
UI = D008377
Maps [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; for maps as a subject, index under main heading MAPS
MS = Representations, normally to scale and on a flat medium, of a selection of material or abstract features on the surface of the earth. They may be used also in delineating the heavens and celestial bodies. (From Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2d ed, p619)
UI = D019532
Marburg Virus
AN = a species of Filovirus; Marburg is in Germany; infection = MARBURG VIRUS DISEASE: see note there
MS = The type species of FILOVIRUS associated with severe illness in workers handling tissues of African green monkeys.
UI = D008378
Marburg Virus Disease
AN = a hemorrhagic fever caused by a filovirus; disease of monkeys transmissible to man; but check tag ANIMAL
MS = An RNA virus infection of rhesus, vervet, and squirrel monkeys transmissible to man.
UI = D008379
Marek's Disease
AN = caused by a herpesvirus; don't forget also BIRDS or POULTRY (NIM) or specific bird or fowl (IM); check tag ANIMAL
MS = A lymphoproliferative disease of fowl caused by a herpesvirus. Lymphoid cell infiltrations are most common in the peripheral nerves and gonads, but widespread infiltrations may also be found in any of the visceral organs, skin, muscle, and the iris of the eye. The location of the lesions dictates the clinical signs, such as paralysis, general depression, and blindness. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008380
Marfan Syndrome
AN = connective tissue dis with multiple abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A hereditary disorder of connective tissue characterized by tall stature, elongated extremities, subluxation of the lens, dilatation of the ascending aorta, and "pigeon breast." It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
UI = D008382
Margarine
AN = a butter substitute
MS = A butterlike product made of refined vegetable oils, sometimes blended with animal fats, and emulsified usually with water or milk. It is used as a butter substitute. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
UI = D008383
Marginal Adaptation (Dentistry)
AN = degree of interlocking of a filling to a tooth cavity wall; DF: MARGINAL ADAPTATION
MS = The degree of proximity and interlocking of filling material to the wall of the cavity of a tooth. The term has come to be used synonymously with adaptation at the cavosurface margin. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982; J Dent 1993;21:265-73)
UI = D018772
Marijuana Abuse
AN = see note on CANNABIS
MS = The excessive use of marijuana with associated psychological symptoms and impairment in social or occupational functioning.
UI = D002189
Marijuana Smoking
AN = consider also MARIJUANA ABUSE
MS = Inhaling and exhaling the smoke from CANNABIS.
UI = D008385
Marine Biology
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; IM; marine = ocean or sea, not inland waterways, lakes, ponds ( = FRESH WATER (IM) + organism (IM) ); DF: MARINE BIOL
UI = D008386
Marine Toxins
AN = includes toxins from marine flora or fauna; /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; coord IM with specific source (IM with no qualif); does not include venoms of sea snakes ( = SEA SNAKE VENOMS)
MS = Toxic or poisonous substances elaborated by marine flora or fauna. They include also specific, characterized poisons or toxins for which there is no more specific heading, like those from poisonous fishes. Clupeotoxin, pahutoxin, prymnesin, scombrotoxin go here.
UI = D008387
Marital Status
AN = a demographic & statist concept: differentiate from MARRIAGE, a sociol & anthropol concept; includes marital state, divorce, widowhood, singleness
MS = A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc.
UI = D017533
Marital Therapy
AN = a psychother technique; DF: MARITAL THER
MS = A form of psychotherapy involving the husband and wife and directed to improving the marital relationship.
UI = D008388
Marketing of Health Services
AN = DF: MARKETING HEALTH SERV
MS = Application of marketing principles and techniques to maximize the use of health care resources.
UI = D008389
Markov Chains
AN = no qualif
MS = A stochastic process such that the conditional probability distribution for a state at any future instant, given the present state, is unaffected by any additional knowledge of the past history of the system.
UI = D008390
Marmota
AN = a genus of marmots or woodchucks: do not confuse with MARMOSETS see CALLITHRIX, a genus of monkey; IM; qualif permitted
MS = A genus of Sciuridae consisting of 14 species. They are shortlegged, burrowing rodents which hibernate in winter.
UI = D008392
Marriage
AN = a sociol & anthropol concept: differentiate from MARITAL STATUS, a demographic & statist concept; SPOUSES is available for the husband or wife as a person
MS = The social institution involving legal and/or religious sanction whereby men and women are joined together for the purpose of founding a family unit.
UI = D008393
Mars
AN = 4th planet from sun with 2 moons; no qualif
MS = The fourth planet in order from the sun. Its two natural satellites are Deimos and Phobos. It is one of the four inner or terrestrial planets of the solar system.
UI = D018535
Marsupialia
AN = includes bandicoot, koala, phalanger, Tasmanian devil, wallaby, wallaroo & wombat; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D008394
Martial Arts
AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; Manual 30.15.1
MS = Activities in which participants learn self-defense mainly through the use of hand-to-hand combat. Judo involves throwing an opponent to the ground while karate (which includes kung fu and tae kwon do) involves kicking and punching an opponent. T'ai chi is also a form of meditative exercise through methodically slow circular stretching movements and positions of body balance.
UI = D016139
Martinique
AN = an island in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies
MS = An island in the Lesser Antilles, one of the Windward Islands. Its capital is Fort-de-France. It was discovered by Columbus in 1502 and from its settlement in 1635 by the French it passed into and out of Dutch and British hands. It was made a French overseas department in 1946. One account of the name tells of native women on the shore calling "Madinina" as Columbus approached the island. The meaning was never discovered but was entered on early charts as Martinique, influenced by the name of St. Martin. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p734 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p339)
UI = D008395
Maryland
AN = BALTIMORE is also available
UI = D008396
Masks
AN = includes surgical masks; GAS MASKS see RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES is available
MS = Protective coverings for the face, particularly the mouth and nose, to maintain antiseptic conditions, to protect the wearer from contamination and to prevent droplets from the wearer's nose and mouth from spreading in the air. It includes surgical masks worn in the operating room and dentists' offices. It refers also to devices designed to cover the mouth and nose for administration of inhalation anesthetics, oxygen, or other gases. (From Stedman, 26th ed & Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008397
Masochism
MS = Pleasure derived from being physically or psychologically abused, whether inflicted by oneself or by others. Masochism includes sexual masochism.
UI = D008398
Mason-Pfizer Monkey Virus
AN = a species of the genus Retroviruses Type D; infection = SIMIAN ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (IM) or if not so specified, coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: MPMV
MS = The type species of type D retroviruses (RETROVIRUSES TYPE D) isolated from mammary carcinoma and normal tissues in rhesus monkeys. It appears to have evolved from a recombination between a murine B oncovirus and a primate C oncovirus related to the baboon endogenous virus. MPMV induces simian AIDS (SAIDS).
UI = D016093
Mass Behavior
AN = differentiate from GROUP PROCESSES: mass will probably be on a civil or pathol or mob level; no qualif
MS = Collective behavior of an aggregate of individuals giving the appearance of unity of attitude, feeling, and motivation.
UI = D008399
Mass Chest X-Ray
AN = see note under RADIOGRAPHY, THORACIC; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = X-ray screening of large groups of persons for diseases of the lung and heart by means of radiography of the chest.
UI = D008400
Mass Fragmentography
AN = a type of gas chromatogr & spectrum anal; NIM; DF: GCMS or MASS FRAGMENTOGR
MS = A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.
UI = D008401
Mass Media
AN = IM with general reference to NEWSPAPERS, PERIODICALS, RADIO, TELEVISION, MOTION PICTURES, etc., as mass media; do not use as routine coord with the specific: coord only when specific is discussed as a mass medium, as "magazines as mass media"
MS = Instruments or technological means of communication that reach large numbers of people with a common message: press, radio, television, etc.
UI = D008402
Mass Screening
AN = coord with disease/diag or /epidemiol or /prev CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.
UI = D008403
Massachusetts
AN = BOSTON is also available
UI = D008404
Massage
AN = do not confuse X ref REFLEXOLOGY with REFLEXOTHERAPY; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Group of systematic and scientific manipulations of body tissues best performed with the hands for the purpose of affecting the nervous and muscular systems and the general circulation.
UI = D008405
Masseter Muscle
MS = A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws.
UI = D008406
Mast Cells
AN = A 11 qualif; MAST CELL DISEASE see MASTOCYTOSIS is available
UI = D008407
Mastadenovirus
AN = a genus of the family Adenoviridae; mast-, Greek for breast, refers to its identity as a mammalian (mamma, Latin for breast) virus; infection: coord IM with ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of ADENOVIRIDAE that infects mammals including humans and causes a wide range of diseases. The type species is human adenovirus 2 (see ADENOVIRUSES, HUMAN).
UI = D017921
Mastectomy
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D008408
Mastectomy, Extended Radical
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Radical mastectomy with removal of the ipsilateral half of the sternum and a portion of ribs two through five with the underlying pleura and the internal mammary lymph nodes.
UI = D015410
Mastectomy, Modified Radical
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Total mastectomy with axillary node dissection, but with preservation of the pectoral muscles.
UI = D015411
Mastectomy, Radical
AN = GEN or unspecified; MASTECTOMY, EXTENDED RADICAL & MASTECTOMY, MODIFIED RADICAL are also available; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Removal of the breast, pectoral muscles, axillary lymph nodes, and associated skin and subcutaneous tissue.
UI = D015409
Mastectomy, Segmental
MS = Removal of only enough breast tissue to ensure that the margins of the resected surgical specimen are free of tumor.
UI = D015412
Mastectomy, Simple
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Removal of only the breast tissue and nipple and a small portion of the overlying skin.
UI = D015413
Mastectomy, Subcutaneous
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Excision of breast tissue with preservation of overlying skin, nipple, and areola so that breast form may be reconstructed.
UI = D015414
Mastication
MS = The process of chewing food in preparation for swallowing and digestion. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008409
Masticatory Muscles
AN = GEN: prefer specific
MS = Muscles arising in the zygomatic arch that close the jaw. Their nerve supply is masseteric from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D008410
Mastigophora
AN = a subphylum of protozoa; infection = MASTIGOPHORA INFECTIONS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A subphylum of flagellate protozoa. It contains two classes: PHYTOMASTIGOPHORA and ZOOMASTIGOPHORA.
UI = D008412
Mastigophora Infections
AN = protozoan infect; GEN: prefer specifics
MS = Infections with protozoa of the subphylum MASTIGOPHORA.
UI = D016772
Mastitis
AN = inflamm of breast or mammary tissue; cystic mastitis = FIBROCYSTIC DISEASE OF BREAST & do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE
MS = Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland.
UI = D008413
Mastitis, Bovine
AN = inflamm of udder in cows; don't forget also CATTLE (NIM) & check tags ANIMAL & FEMALE
UI = D008414
Mastocytosis
AN = proliferation of mast cells
MS = A group of diseases resulting from proliferation of mast cells.
UI = D008415
Mastoid
AN = inflammation = MASTOIDITIS; fractures: coord MASTOID /inj (IM) + SKULL FRACTURES (IM)
UI = D008416
Mastoiditis
AN = a form of otitis media
MS = Inflammation of the mastoid antrum and cells of the mastoid process of the temporal bone. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008417
Masturbation
AN = human & animal
MS = Sexual stimulation or gratification of the self.
UI = D008418
Matched-Pair Analysis
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM) + matched parameter (e.g. age, sex, physiol state) (IM or NIM); no qualif
MS = A type of analysis in which subjects in a study group and a comparison group are made comparable with respect to extraneous factors by individually pairing study subjects with the comparison group subjects (e.g., age-matched controls).
UI = D016555
Materia Medica
AN = IM; materia medica in traditional Chinese med: index here but do not coord with MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL; do not capitalize Chinese names of various substances in titles or translations
MS = Materials or substances used in the composition of medical remedies. Restrict the use of this term to historical articles or those concerned with traditional medicine. Examples are powdered tiger bones and antler horns, oil of ants, steel tonics, extracts of viper flesh, live frogs and worms.
UI = D008419
Maternal Exposure
AN = restrict to exposure to environ or environ factors
MS = Exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. It includes pre-conception maternal exposure.
UI = D018811
Maternal-Child Nursing
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; nurs of pregnant women & their newborn infants: do not confuse with PEDIATRIC NURSING, nurs of only infants & children; NEONATAL NURSING & OBSTETRICAL NURSING are available; check also tags PREGNANCY & INFANT, NEWBORN; DF: MATERNAL CHILD NURS
MS = The nursing specialty that deals with the care of women throughout their pregnancy and childbirth and the care of their newborn children.
UI = D016389
Materials Management, Hospital
MS = The management of all procurement, distribution, and storage of equipment and supplies, as well as logistics management including laundry, processing of reusables, etc.
UI = D008421
Materials Testing
MS = The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for implants, prostheses, sutures, adhesives, etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, and efficacy.
UI = D008422
Maternal Age
AN = no qualif; relation to PREGNANCY: Manual 28.17.4
UI = D008423
Maternal Age 35 and over
AN = no qualif; relation to PREGNANCY: Manual 28.17.4; DF: MATERNAL AGE 35
MS = Pregnancy in women 35 or more years of age. It is used for normal pregnancies and for problems of pregnancy occurring in a woman's late reproductive years. These include effects on the mother's physical and mental health as well as risks of perinatal mortality and fetal abnormality.
UI = D008424
Maternal Behavior
AN = human & animal; /drug eff permitted only if the drug affects the mother's behavior: do not use for eff of a drug on the offspring after admin of drug to pregn mother
MS = The behavior patterns associated with or characteristic of a mother.
UI = D008425
Maternal Deprivation
AN = human & animal
MS = Prolonged separation of the offspring from the mother.
UI = D008426
Maternal Health Services
AN = specify geog; check also tags HUMAN, FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: MATERNAL HEALTH SERV CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Organized services to provide health care to expectant and nursing mothers.
UI = D008427
Maternal Mortality
AN = a largely statistical concept, not for individual maternal deaths; IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /mortal (IM); specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Maternal deaths resulting from complications of pregnancy and childbirth in a given population.
UI = D008428
Maternal Welfare
AN = specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Organized efforts by communities or organizations to improve the health and well-being of the mother.
UI = D008429
Maternal-Child Health Centers
AN = check also tag CHILD or specific
MS = Facilities which administer the delivery of health care services to mothers and children.
UI = D008430
Maternal-Fetal Exchange
AN = exchange of substances through placental barrier; excludes microbial or viral transm; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; note that FETOMATERNAL TRANSFUSION (Cat C) & IMMUNITY, MATERNALLY-ACQUIRED (Cat G) exist
MS = Exchange of substances between the maternal blood and the fetal blood through the placental barrier. It excludes microbial or viral transmission.
UI = D008431
Mathematical Computing
AN = IM; no qualif
MS = Computer-assisted interpretation and analysis of various mathematical functions related to a particular problem.
UI = D008432
Mathematics
AN = NIM; includes arithmetic, geometry, calculus; differentiate from STATISTICS
UI = D008433
Matrix Bands
MS = Devices which provide an artificial temporary wall, or matrix, used in filling a prepared cavity.
UI = D008434
Maturation-Promoting Factor
AN = a protein kinase; /drug eff permitted; DF: MPF
MS = Protein kinase that drives both the mitotic and meiotic cycles in all eukaryotic organisms. In meiosis it induces immature oocytes to undergo meiotic maturation. In mitosis it has a role in the G2/M phase transition. Once activated by CYCLINS, MPF directly phosphorylates some of the proteins involved in nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, spindle assembly, and the degradation of cyclins. The catalytic subunit of MPF is PROTEIN P34CDC2.
UI = D016200
Mauritania
AN = a republic in western Africa; do not confuse with the ancient country Mauretania
MS = A republic in western Africa, southwest of ALGERIA and west of MALI. Its capital is Nouakchott. Its coast was opened by the Portuguese in the 15th century. Although recognized as in the French sphere from 1817, it did not become a French colony until 1921. It gained independence in 1960. Mauritania takes its name from the Moors, either from the Greek mauros, dark, with reference to their skin or from the Punic mahurim or mauharin, western, with reference to the geographical area of North Africa that they occupied. It should not be confused with the ancient country of Mauretania in northern Africa, although both share a common derivation for their names. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p742 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p361)
UI = D008435
Mauritius
AN = one of the Indian Ocean Islands
MS = One of the Indian Ocean Islands, east of Madagascar. Its capital is Port Louis. It was discovered by the Portugese in 1505, occupied by the Dutch 1598-1710, held by the French 1715-1810 when the British captured it, formally ceded to the British in 1814, and became independent in 1968. It was named by the Dutch in honor of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange (1567-1625). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p742 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p341)
UI = D008436
Maxilla
AN = the upper jaw only; check text for loose use of "maxillary" to mean "jaw", not precisely MAXILLA; /blood supply: consider also MAXILLARY ARTERY; /growth: consider also MAXILLOFACIAL DEVELOPMENT; /inj: consider also MAXILLOFACIAL INJURIES; /innerv: consider also MAXILLARY NERVE
UI = D008437
Maxillary Artery
MS = A branch of the external carotid artery which distributes to the deep structures of the face (internal maxillary) and to the side of the face and nose (external maxillary).
UI = D008438
Maxillary Diseases
AN = must be of the MAXILLA, not for "jaws" ( = JAW DISEASES)
UI = D008439
Maxillary Fractures
AN = must be of the MAXILLA, not for "jaws" ( = JAW FRACTURES)
MS = Fractures of the upper jaw.
UI = D008440
Maxillary Neoplasms
AN = must be of the MAXILLA, not for "jaws" ( = JAW NEOPLASMS); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = Cancer or tumors of the maxilla or upper jaw.
UI = D008441
Maxillary Nerve
AN = a branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve; dis: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura.
UI = D008442
Maxillary Sinus
AN = inflammation or sinusitis = MAXILLARY SINUSITIS; fractures: coord MAXILLARY SINUS /inj (IM) + MAXILLARY FRACTURES (IM)
MS = One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the maxilla, communicating with the middle meatus of the nasal cavity.
UI = D008443
Maxillary Sinus Neoplasms
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Neoplasms or tumors of the maxillary sinus. The majority of paranasal sinus neoplasms arise here. They develop silently when confined to the sinus and produce symptoms on extension through the walls.
UI = D008444
Maxillary Sinusitis
MS = Inflammation of the maxillary sinus. In most cases it is the result of infection by the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE, STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE, and STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. This condition may be acute or chronic.
UI = D015523
Maxillofacial Abnormalities
AN = GEN or unspecified & involving both the maxilla & the face: not a substitute for MAXILLA /abnorm or FACE /abnorm or FACIAL BONES /abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: MAXILLOFACIAL ABNORM CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the maxilla and face or facial bones.
UI = D019767
Maxillofacial Development
AN = long face syndrome does not go here: index under FACIAL BONES /abnorm (IM) + MALOCCLUSION or specific type (IM) + SYNDROME (NIM)
MS = The process of growth and differentiation of the jaws and face.
UI = D008445
Maxillofacial Injuries
AN = GEN or unspecified & involving both a jaw & the face: not a substitute for MANDIBULAR INJURIES or MAXILLA /inj or FACIAL INJURIES or FACIAL BONES /inj
MS = General or unspecified injuries involving the face and jaw (either upper, lower, or both).
UI = D008446
Maxillofacial Prosthesis
AN = maxillo- here may be either jaw but MANDIBULAR PROSTHESIS is also available; not for outer ear replacements ( = EAR, EXTERNAL (IM) + PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS (IM) ) or nose replacements ( = NOSE (IM) + PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS (IM) )
MS = A prosthetic appliance for the replacement of areas of the maxilla, mandible, and face, missing as a result of deformity, disease, injury, or surgery. When the prosthesis replaces portions of the mandible only, it is referred to as MANDIBULAR PROSTHESIS.
UI = D008447
Maxillofacial Prosthesis Implantation
MS = Surgical insertion of an appliance for the replacement of areas of the maxilla, mandible, and face. When only portions of the mandible are replaced, it is referred to as MANDIBULAR PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION.
UI = D019931
Maximal Expiratory Flow Rate
AN = NIM; do not confuse with MAXIMAL MIDEXPIRATORY FLOW RATE (MMFR); DF: MEFR
MS = Measurement of rate of airflow during the first liter expired after the first 200 ml have been exhausted during a forced vital capacity determination. Common abbreviations are MEFR, FEF 202-1200, and FEF 0.2-1.2.
UI = D008448
Maximal Expiratory Flow-Volume Curves
AN = NIM; do not confuse with MAXIMAL EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE (MEFR); DF: MEFV
MS = Curves depicting maximal expiratory flow in liters/second at each point of lung inflation (expressed in liters or percentage of forced vital capacity) during a forced vital capacity determination. Common abbreviation is MEFV.
UI = D008449
Maximal Midexpiratory Flow Rate
AN = NIM; do not confuse with MAXIMAL EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE (MEFR); DF: MMFR
MS = Measurement of rate of airflow over the middle half of a forced vital capacity determination (from the 25 percent level to the 75 percent level). Common abbreviations are MMFR and FEF 25%-75%.
UI = D008450
Maximal Voluntary Ventilation
AN = NIM; DF: MVV
MS = Measure of the maximum amount of air that can be breathed in and blown out over a sustained interval such as 15 or 20 seconds. Common abbreviations are MVV and MBC.
UI = D008451
Maximum Permissible Exposure Level
AN = NIM; no qualif; coord NIM with specific drug or substance (IM without qualif); DF: MPEL
MS = The highest level of exposure to a substance, usually noxious, in the environment or during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, that a body can tolerate without injury.
UI = D008452
Maytansine
AN = an antineoplastic; /biosyn permitted if by plant
MS = An ansa macrolide isolated from the East African shrubs Maytenus serrata and M. buchananii. It has antineoplastic activity, probably due to its inhibition of DNA synthesis.
UI = D008453
Maze Learning
AN = human & animal
MS = Learning the correct route through a maze to obtain reinforcement. It is used for human or animal populations. (Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 6th ed)
UI = D018782
Mazindol
AN = an appetite depressant
MS = Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.
UI = D008454
McN-A-343
AN = a ganglionic stimulant & muscarinic agonist; McN stands for McNeil (a pharmaceut co)
MS = A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.
UI = D008455
MCPA
AN = an herbicide
MS = 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid. A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.
UI = D008456
Measles
AN = caused by a morbillivirus; do not confuse X ref RUBEOLA with RUBELLA (German measles); French for measles = rougeole (not rubâeole which = RUBELLA), Ital for measles = rosolia (not rubeola which = RUBELLA); Span for measles = sarampi (not rubeola which = RUBELLA)
MS = A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the reticuloendothelial system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008457
Measles Vaccine
MS = A live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had measles or been immunized with live measles vaccine and have no serum antibodies against measles. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008458
Measles Virus
AN = a species of Morbillivirus; "morbilli virus" sometimes refers to the measles virus & sometimes to the genus Morbillivirus: check text; infection = MEASLES
MS = The type species of MORBILLIVIRUS and the cause of the highly infectious human disease measles, which affects mostly children.
UI = D008459
Meat
AN = IM; coord with animal source of meat (NIM), as beef = MEAT (IM) + CATTLE (NIM), pork = MEAT (IM) + SWINE (NIM): Manual 31.7; canned meat = MEAT (IM) + source (NIM) + FOOD PRESERVATION (IM); note MEAT PRODUCTS, FISH PRODUCTS & POULTRY PRODUCTS are available: see notes there
MS = The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game.
UI = D008460
Meat Products
AN = "derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal" (e.g., sausage, scrapple) but for canned meat see note on MEAT; coord IM with animal source (NIM)
MS = Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple).
UI = D008461
Meat-Packing Industry
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: MEAT PACKING INDUST
MS = The aggregate enterprise of technically producing packaged meat.
UI = D008462
Mebendazole
AN = an antinematodal agent
MS = Methyl-5-benzoyl-2-benzimidazolecarbamate. A nematocide in humans and animals. It acts by interfering with the carbohydrate metabolism and associated energy production of the parasite.
UI = D008463
Mecamylamine
AN = a nicotinic antag & ganglionic blocker
MS = A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.
UI = D008464
Mechanics
AN = for materials, machines & other inanimate objects; for structures in living bodies index under BIOMECHANICS; GEN; prefer specifics; IM for principle of physics, NIM as coord for object described (IM)
MS = The branch of physics which deals with the motions of material bodies, including kinematics, dynamics, and statics. When the laws of mechanics are applied to living structures, as to the locomotor system, it is referred to as BIOMECHANICS. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019563
Mechanoreceptors
AN = sensory receptors; DF: MECHANORECEPT
MS = Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptors include HAIR CELLS, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with non-neural accessory structures.
UI = D008465
Mechlorethamine
AN = a nitrogen mustard cpd
MS = A vesicant and necrotizing irritant destructive to mucous membranes. It was formerly used as a war gas. The hydrochloride is used as an antineoplastic in Hodgkin's disease and lymphomas. It causes severe gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.
UI = D008466
Meckel's Diverticulum
AN = ileal abnorm; use only Cat C qualif; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; Meckel's diverticulitis: coord IM with DIVERTICULITIS (IM) CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = An occasional sacculation or appendage of the ileum, derived from an unobliterated yolk stalk. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008467
Meclizine
AN = a histamine H1 antag & antiemetic
MS = A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.
UI = D008468
Meclofenamic Acid
MS = A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.
UI = D008469
Meclofenoxate
AN = a nootropic & neuroprotective agent
MS = (4-Chlorophenoxy)acetic acid 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl ester. A drug proposed to be a nootropic and neuroprotective agent.
UI = D002504
Meconium
AN = intestinal matter in the newborn inf; check the tag INFANT, NEWBORN
MS = A dark green mucilaginous material in the intestine of the full-term fetus, being a mixture of the secretions of the intestinal glands and some amniotic fluid. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008470
Meconium Aspiration
AN = sucking of meconium into lungs in utero or at birth; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Syndrome caused by sucking of thick meconium into the lungs, usually by term or post-term infants (often small for gestational age) either in utero or with first breath. The resultant small airway obstruction may produce respiratory distress, tachypnea, cyanosis, pneumothorax, and/or pneumomediastinum.
UI = D008471
Medazepam
AN = an anti-anxiety agent & central muscle relaxant
MS = A benzodiazepine derivative used in the treatment of anxiety. It has sedative, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant properties. One of its metabolites is DIAZEPAM and one of its excretion products is OXAZEPAM.
UI = D008472
Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee
AN = an artic ligament between tibia & femur: do not confuse with PATELLAR LIGAMENT, between patella & tibia
MS = A broad, flat, longitudinal band on the medial side of the knee joint. It is attached superiorly to the medial epicondyle of the femur, inferiorly to the medial surface of the body of the tibia, and in between to the medial meniscus. It is a frequent site of injury, particularly rupture and tear. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D017888
Median Eminence
MS = Raised area on the infundibular hypothalamus at the floor of the third ventricle of the brain which contains the primary capillary network of the hypophyseal portal system.
UI = D008473
Medial Forebrain Bundle
MS = A complex group of fibers arising from the basal olfactory regions, the periamygdaloid region, and the septal nuclei, and passing to the lateral hypothalamus. Some fibers continue into the tegmentum.
UI = D008474
Median Nerve
AN = a major nerve of the arm from the brachial plexus; dis: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand.
UI = D008475
Mediastinal Cyst
AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; simple mediastinal cysts commonly adjacent to pericardium; note X refs: do not coord pericardial, thoracic, thymic or tracheal cysts with respective organs or organ/dis precoord: index only under MEDIASTINAL CYST
MS = Cysts of one of the parts of the mediastinum: the superior part, containing the trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct and thymus organs; the inferior middle part, containing the pericardium; the inferior anterior part containing some lymph nodes; and the inferior posterior part, containing the thoracic duct and esophagus.
UI = D008476
Mediastinal Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = MEDIASTINITIS
MS = Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.
UI = D008477
Mediastinal Emphysema
AN = a disease: do not confuse with radiogr pneumomediastinum ( = PNEUMOMEDIASTINUM, DIAGNOSTIC)
MS = Presence of air in the mediastinal tissues due to leakage of air from the tracheobronchial tree, usually as a result of trauma.
UI = D008478
Mediastinal Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D008479
Mediastinitis
AN = inflamm of the mediastinum
MS = Inflammation of the mediastinum. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008480
Mediastinoscopy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Examination of the mediastinum by means of an endoscope inserted through an anterior incision in the suprasternal notch, permitting direct inspection and biopsy of tissue in the anterior superior mediastinum. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008481
Mediastinum
AN = radiogr is probably PNEUMOMEDIASTINUM, DIAGNOSTIC; inflammation = MEDIASTINITIS
UI = D008482
Medicaid
AN = specify geog; Public Law 89-97 CATALOG: /geog by state /form
MS = Federal program, created by Public Law 89-97, Title XIX, a 1965 amendment to the Social Security Act, administered by the states, that provides health care benefits to indigent and medically indigent persons.
UI = D008484
Medical Assistance
AN = specify geog; DF: MED ASSISTANCE CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Financing of medical care provided to public assistance recipients.
UI = D008483
Medical Audit
AN = DF: MED AUDIT
MS = A detailed review and evaluation of selected clinical records by qualified professional personnel for evaluating quality of medical care.
UI = D008485
Medical Errors
AN = IM; coord with specific dis or procedure (IM); do not confuse with MALPRACTICE: read MeSH definition; DIAGNOSTIC ERRORS & MEDICATION ERRORS are also available; DF: MED ERR
MS = Errors or mistakes committed by health professionals which result in harm to the patient. They include errors in diagnosis (DIAGNOSTIC ERRORS), errors in the administration of drugs and other medications (MEDICATION ERRORS), errors in the performance of surgical procedures, in the use of other types of therapy, in the use of equipment, and in the interpretation of laboratory findings. Medical errors are differentiated from MALPRACTICE in that the former are regarded as honest mistakes or accidents while the latter is the result of negligence, reprehensible ignorance, or criminal intent.
UI = D019300
Medical Futility
AN = futility of diag or ther; DF: MED FUTILITY
MS = The absence of a useful purpose or useful result in a diagnostic procedure or therapeutic intervention. The situation of a patient whose condition will not be improved by treatment or instances in which treatment preserves permanent unconsciousness or cannot end dependence on intensive medical care. (From Ann Intern Med 1990 Jun 15;112(12):949)
UI = D018447
Medical History Taking
AN = DF: MED HIST TAKING
UI = D008487
Medical Illustration
AN = MODELS, ANATOMIC is also available; anatomical atlases go here (IM) + ANATOMY, ARTISTIC (IM) if general; if specific coord IM with specific subject illustrated (IM) + illus medium (IM or NIM); DF: MED ILLUSTRATION
MS = The field which deals with illustrative clarification of biomedical concepts, as in the use of diagrams and drawings. The illustration may be produced by hand, photography, computer, or other electronic or mechanical methods.
UI = D008488
Medical Indigency
AN = read MeSH definition; DF: MED INDIGENCY
MS = The condition in which an individual is unable to provide himself and his dependents with adequate medical care without depriving himself and his dependents of food, clothing, shelter, and other essentials of living.
UI = D008489
Medical Informatics
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: MED INFORMATICS
MS = The field of information science concerned with the analysis and dissemination of medical data through the application of computers to various aspects of health care and medicine.
UI = D008490
Medical Informatics Applications
AN = no qualif; DF: MED INFORMATICS APPLICATIONS
MS = Automated systems applied to the patient care process including diagnosis, therapy, and systems of communicating medical data within the health care setting.
UI = D008491
Medical Informatics Computing
AN = IM; DF: MED INFORMATICS COMPUTING
MS = Precise procedural mathematical and logical operations utilized in the study of medical information pertaining to health care.
UI = D008492
Medical Missions, Official
AN = do not confuse with MISSIONS AND MISSIONARIES; DF: MED MISSIONS OFFICIAL CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Travel by a group of physicians to a foreign country for the purpose of making a special study or of undertaking a special project of a short-term duration; not to be confused with MISSIONS AND MISSIONARIES which covers permanent medical establishments and personnel maintained by religious organizations.
UI = D008493
Medical Office Buildings
AN = DF: MED OFFICE BUILDINGS
MS = Office and laboratory facilities constructed for the use of physicians and other health personnel.
UI = D008494
Medical Oncology
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; RADIATION ONCOLOGY is also available; DF: MED ONCOL
MS = A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of neoplasms.
UI = D008495
Medical Receptionists
MS = Individuals who receive patients in a medical office.
UI = D008496
Medical Record Administrators
AN = includes med rec librarians & med rec technicians
MS = Individuals professionally qualified in the management of patients' records. Duties may include planning, designing, and managing systems for patient administrative and clinical data, as well as patient medical records. The concept includes medical record technicians.
UI = D008497
Medical Record Linkage
AN = records in multiple institutions for combined use of a patient's records; IM; DF: MED RECORD LINKAGE
MS = The creation and maintenance of medical and vital records in multiple institutions in a manner that will facilitate the combined use of the records of identified individuals.
UI = D008498
Medical Records
AN = vet records = RECORDS (IM) + VETERINARY MEDICINE (IM); case reports as a form of medical presentation goes here or specific RECORDS term (IM); FORMS AND RECORDS CONTROL, also available, is probably NIM when coord; DF: MED RECORDS
MS = Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses.
UI = D008499
Medical Records Department, Hospital
AN = DF: MED REC DEP
MS = Hospital department responsible for the creating, care, storage and retrieval of medical records. It also provides statistical information for the medical and administrative staff.
UI = D008500
Medical Records, Problem-Oriented
AN = DF: POMR
MS = The structuring of a patient's record according to a complete listing of his medical problems accompanied by progress notes for each problem.
UI = D008501
Medical Records Systems, Computerized
AN = DF: COMPUTERIZED MED RECORDS
MS = Computer-based systems for input, storage, display, retrieval, and printing of information contained in a patient's medical record.
UI = D016347
Medical Savings Accounts
MS = Tax-exempt trusts or custodial accounts established by individuals with financial institutions for saving money for future medical expenses.
UI = D020402
Medical Secretaries
MS = Individuals responsible for various duties pertaining to the medical office routine.
UI = D008502
Medical Staff
AN = other than in hosp; in hosp = MEDICAL STAFF, HOSPITAL; coord IM with med milieu (IM)
MS = Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency.
UI = D008503
Medical Staff Privileges
AN = DF: MED STAFF PRIVILEGES
MS = Those rights or activities which are specific to members of the institution's medical staff, including the right to admit private patients.
UI = D008504
Medical Staff, Hospital
AN = hosp only: non-hosp med staff = MEDICAL STAFF; X ref REGISTRARS, HOSPITAL refers to British hosp; DF: MED STAFF HOSP
MS = Professional medical personnel approved to provide care to patients in a hospital.
UI = D008505
Medical Waste
AN = note next heading; DENTAL WASTE is also available; DF: MED WASTE
MS = Blood, mucus, tissue removed at surgery or autopsy, soiled surgical dressings, and other materials requiring special disposal procedures.
UI = D008506
Medical Waste Disposal
AN = disposal of dental waste: coord IM with DENTAL WASTE (IM)
MS = Management, removal, and elimination of biologic, infectious, pathologic, and dental waste. The concept includes blood, mucus, tissue removed at surgery or autopsy, soiled surgical dressings, and other materials requiring special control and handling. Disposal may take place where the waste is generated or elsewhere.
UI = D017744
Medically Underserved Area
AN = no qualif; specify geog; DF: MED UNDERSERV AREA CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = A geographic location which has insufficient health resources (manpower and/or facilities) to meet the medical needs of the resident population.
UI = D008507
Medically Uninsured
AN = uninsured or underinsured; DF: MED UNINSURED
MS = Individuals or groups with no or inadequate health insurance coverage. Those falling into this category usually comprise three primary groups: the medically indigent (MEDICAL INDIGENCY); those whose clinical condition makes them medically uninsurable; and the working uninsured.
UI = D017057
Medicare
AN = U.S. only: for Canada & Australia index under NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS + country; specify geog; Public Law 89-97 CATALOG: /geog by state /form
MS = Federal program, created by Public Law 89-97, Title XVIII-Health Insurance for the Aged, a 1965 amendment to the Social Security Act, that provides health insurance benefits to persons over the age of 65 and others eligible for Social Security benefits. It consists of two separate but coordinated programs: hospital insurance (MEDICARE PART A) and supplementary medical insurance (MEDICARE PART B). (Hospital Administration Terminology, AHA, 2d ed and A Discursive Dictionary of Health Care, US House of Representatives, 1976)
UI = D006278
Medicare Assignment
AN = specify geog if possible CATALOG: /geog by state /form
MS = Concept referring to the standardized fees for services rendered by health care providers, e.g., laboratories and physicians, and reimbursement for those services under Medicare Part B. It includes acceptance by the physician.
UI = D015442
Medicare Part A
AN = specify state if given; DF: MEDICARE A CATALOG: /geog by state /form
MS = The compulsory portion of Medicare that is known as the Hospital Insurance Program. All persons 65 years and older who are entitled to benefits under the Old Age, Survivors, Disability and Health Insurance Program or railroad retirement, persons under the age of 65 who have been eligible for disability for more than two years, and insured workers (and their dependents) requiring renal dialysis or kidney transplantation are automatically enrolled in Medicare Part A.
UI = D016344
Medicare Part B
AN = specify state if given; DF: MEDICARE B CATALOG: /geog by state /form MS = The voluntary portion of Medicare, known as the Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Program, that includes physician's services, home health care, medical services, outpatient hospital services, and laboratory, pathology, and radiology services. All persons entitled to Medicare Part A may enroll in Medicare Part B on a monthly premium basis.
UI = D016345
Medicare Part C
AN = specify state if given; DF: MEDICARE C CATALOG: /geog by state /form
MS = The Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997 establishes a Medicare+Choice program under part C of Title XVIII, Section 4001, of the Social Security Act. Under this program, an eligible individual may elect to receive Medicare benefits through enrollment in a Medicare+Choice plan. Beneficiaries may choose to use private pay options, establish medical savings accounts, use managed care plans, or join provider-sponsored plans.
UI = D020398
Medicare Payment Advisory Commission
AN = CATALOG: use NAF entry
MS = The Commission was created by the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 under Title XVIII. It is specifically charged to review the effect of Medicare+Choice under Medicare Part C and to review payment policies under Parts A and B. It is also generally charged to evaluate the effect of prospective payment policies and their impact on health care delivery in the US. The former Prospective Payment Assessment Commission (ProPAC) and the Physician Payment Review Commission (PPRC) were merged to form MEDPAC.
UI = D020406
Medication Errors
AN = IM; coord with specific dis /drug ther (IM) & specific drug /ther use (IM); DF: MEDICATION ERR
MS = Errors in prescribing, dispensing, or administering medication with the result that the patient fails to receive the correct drug or the proper dose of the drug in the treatment of his disease.
UI = D008508
Medication Systems
AN = an organizational concept in patient care for providing medication; do not confuse with DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS for admin of a drug to a patient or animal for "controlled delivery so that an optimum amount reaches the target site"; MEDICATION SYSTEMS, HOSPITAL is also available
MS = Overall systems, traditional or automated, to provide medication to patients.
UI = D008509
Medication Systems, Hospital
AN = see MeSH definition & note on MEDICATION SYSTEMS; DF: MEDICATION SYSTEMS HOSP
MS = Overall systems, traditional or automated, to provide medication to patients in hospitals. Elements of the system are: handling the physician's order, transcription of the order by nurse and/or pharmacist, filling the medication order, transfer to the nursing unit, and administration to the patient.
UI = D008510
Medicine
AN = medicine only as a field, profession or discipline: differentiate from DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE where the patient is emphasized (see MeSH definition there); very general; avoid; it is divided broadly into experimental medicine ( = RESEARCH) & CLINICAL MEDICINE, a specialty devoted to the diag & management of human patients; no qualif; /legislation & jurisprudence = LEGISLATION, MEDICAL or JURISPRUDENCE or FORENSIC MEDICINE; legal med = FORENSIC MEDICINE or JURISPRUDENCE CATALOG: do not use /bibliography ( = BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MEDICINE) /dictionaries ( = DICTIONARIES, MEDICAL) /nomenclature /terminology ( = NOMENCLATURE)
MS = The art and science of preventing, diagnosing, and treating disease, as well as the maintenance of health.
UI = D008511
Medicine, African Traditional
AN = IM; not medicine in Africa ( = MEDICINE + AFRICA); apply policy of Manual 32.13 to this term; apply TN J/29-36 on Chinese plants to indexing of African plants where applicable; specify geog; DF: MED AFRICAN TRADITIONAL CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = A system of traditional medicine which is based on the beliefs and practices of the African peoples. It includes treatment by medicinal plants and other materia medica as well as by the ministrations of diviners, medicine men, witch doctors, and sorcerers.
UI = D016488
Medicine, Arabic
AN = is not medicine in Arab countries ( = MEDICINE + specific country); no qualif; Manual 32.13; Avicenna (also called Ibn Sina) is indexed as Avicenna in field 15 + check tags BIOGRAPHY + HISTORY OF MEDICINE, MEDIEVAL: TN 12; DF: MED ARABIC CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D008514
Medicine, Ayurvedic
AN = Manual 32.13; DF: MED AYURVEDIC CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The traditional Hindu system of medicine which is based on customs, beliefs, and practices of the Hindu culture. Ayurveda means "the science of Life": veda - science, ayur - life.
UI = D008515
Medicine Chests
AN = do not confuse with the modern medicine cabinet: read MeSH definition; may be used for doctor's bags; often in hist contexts so check hist tags; DF: MED CHESTS
MS = Boxes in which physicians kept their drugs and other medications, medical instruments and supplies, manuals, etc. As a carrying case or convenient storage receptable, or a kind of portable pharmacy, the medicine chest was indispensable to the itinerant physician. The chest was usually larger and sturdier than a doctor's kit or bag.
UI = D019026
Medicine, Chinese Traditional
AN = is not medicine in China ( = MEDICINE + CHINA): TN 125; Manual 32.13; TN J: indexing instructions; X ref KAMPO or KANPO is MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL as a body of knowledge; kanpo or kampo medication can be Chinese traditional materia medica ( = MATERIA MEDICA) or DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL: check text for kanpo yaku or specific plant; medicinal plants in Chinese med: consider DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL; index differentiation of signs & symptoms (bianzheng shizhi) under MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL (IM) + DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL (IM); Tibetan traditional medicine = MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL + TIBET; DF: MED CHINESE TRADITIONAL CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = A system of traditional medicine which is based on the beliefs and practices of the Chinese culture.
UI = D008516
Medicine, Herbal
AN = "use of plants or herbs to treat disease or to alleviate pain"; general only: ther use of specific herbs or plants in MeSH goes under specific term; consider also DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL; X ref HERBALS: do not confuse with Publication Type HERBALS; DF: MED HERBAL CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.
UI = D008517
Medicine in Art
AN = no qualif; coord IM with med aspect (IM) + specific art heading (IM); DF: MED ART
UI = D008512
Medicine in Literature
AN = no qualif; coord IM with med aspect (IM) + specific lit heading (IM) + literary type if pertinent (as POETRY, DRAMA, etc.) (IM); DF: MED LIT
UI = D008513
Medicine, Oriental Traditional
AN = do not use for "medicine in the Orient" ( = MEDICINE (IM) + country); specify Oriental country; Manual 32.13; DF: MED ORIENTAL TRADITIONAL CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = A system of traditional medicine which is based on the customs, beliefs and practices of the Oriental people.
UI = D008518
Medicine, Traditional
AN = IM; includes medicine among aborigines & other primitive cultures & folk medicine among non-primitive cultures; specify geog; DF: MED TRADITIONAL CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Systems of medicine based on cultural beliefs and practices handed down from generation to generation. The concept includes mystical and magical rituals, herbal therapy, and other treatments which may not be explained by modern medicine.
UI = D008519
Medicine, Unani
AN = a type of Arabic & herbal med common in India & Pakistan; specify geog only if relevant; do not capitalize unani in titles & translations; DF: MED UNANI
MS = A modified Greco-Arabic medical system flourishing today as unani medicine. It was the product of Arab physicians and scholars captivated by Greek philosophy, science, and medicine. It is practiced today in India and Pakistan, largely as a type of herbal medicine. (From Magner, A History of Medicine, 1992, p136)
UI = D019367
Medigoxin
AN = a Digitalis glycoside
MS = (3 beta,5 beta,12 beta)-3-((O-2,6-Dideoxy-4-O-methyl-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1-4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl)oxy)-12,14-card-20(22)-enolide. A semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of digoxin but more rapid onset of action. Its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to digoxin in the liver. It has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.
UI = D008520
Meditation
AN = a relaxation technique
MS = A state of consciousness in which the individual eliminates environmental stimuli from awareness so that the mind can focus on a single thing, producing a state of relaxation and relief from stress. A wide variety of techniques are used to clear the mind of stressful outside interferences. It includes meditation therapy. (Mosby's Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed)
UI = D019122
Mediterranean Islands
AN = CYPRUS, MALTA & SICILY are available; for Corsica, coord with FRANCE; for Crete, coord with GREECE
MS = Scattered islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The chief islands are the Balearic Islands (belong to Spain; Majorca and Minorca are among these), Corsica (belongs to France), Crete (belongs to Greece), CYPRUS (a republic), the Cyclades, Dodecanese and Ionian Islands (belong to Greece), MALTA (a republic), Sardinia and SICILY (belong to Italy). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p747)
UI = D008521
Mediterranean Region
AN = the countries & people of the region in general or unspecified; prefer specific islands or countries
MS = The MEDITERRANEAN SEA, the MEDITERRANEAN ISLANDS, and the countries bordering on the sea collectively.
UI = D019083
Mediterranean Sea
AN = no qualif
UI = D008522
MEDLARS
AN = IM CATALOG: use NAF entry
MS = A computerized biomedical bibliographic storage and retrieval system operated by the National Library of Medicine. From it a monthly and cumulated Index Medicus is generated and through it the online system, MEDLINE, as well as many other databases, is operated.
UI = D008523
MEDLINE
AN = IM CATALOG: use NAF entry
MS = An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine.
UI = D016239
Medrogestone
AN = a synthetic progestational hormone
MS = 6,17-Dimethylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone. It is used in the treatment of menstrual irregularities and has also been employed in the treatment of prostatic hypertrophy and endometrial carcinoma.
UI = D008524
Medroxyprogesterone
AN = a synthetic progestational hormone
MS = (6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator.
UI = D008525
Medroxyprogesterone 17-Acetate
AN = a contraceptive & antineoplastic
MS = A synthetic progestin that is derived from 17-hydroxyprogesterone. It is a long-acting contraceptive that is effective both orally or by intramuscular injection and has also been used to treat breast and endometrial neoplasms.
UI = D017258
Medulla Oblongata
UI = D008526
Medulloblastoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with CEREBELLAR NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = A glioma consisting of neoplastic cells that resemble the undifferentiated cells of the primitive medullary tube. The neoplastic cells are compactly arranged, round or ovoid, with hyperchromatic nuclei in relatively scant cytoplasm, and lie in small and poorly defined groups or, occasionally, in a pseudorosette pattern. Medulloblastomas comprise approximately 3% of all intracranial neoplasms and occur approximately twice as frequently in boys as in girls. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D008527
Meeting Abstracts [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; for abstracts of presentations at various types of meetings: not for designating abstracts accompanying journal articles; for abstract as a subject, index under main heading ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING
MS = For individual abstracts of presentations at meetings, congresses, conferences, symposia, colloquia, seminars, workshops, round tables, and other professional gatherings.
UI = D016416
Mefenamic Acid
MS = A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.
UI = D008528
Mefloquine
AN = an antimalarial
MS = alpha-2-Piperidinyl-2,8-bis (trifluoromethyl)-4-quinolinemethanol. A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug. It is very effective against Plasmodium falciparum with very few side effects.
UI = D015767
Mefruside
AN = a diuretic
MS = 4-Chloro-N(1)-methyl-N(1)-(tetrahydro-2-methylfurfuryl)-m-benzenedisulfonamide. A diuretic that affects the concentrating ability of the kidney, increases sodium chloride excretion, but may not spare potassium. It inhibits carbonic anhydrases and may increase the blood uric acid level.
UI = D008529
Megacins
AN = bacteriocins
MS = Bacteriocins elaborated by mutant strains of Bacillus megaterium. They are protein or protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes lethal to other strains of the same species.
UI = D008530
Megacolon
AN = note MEGACOLON, TOXIC is also available
MS = Pathological enlargement of the colon.
UI = D008531
Megacolon, Toxic
AN = assoc with ulcerative colitis
MS = Acute dilatation of the colon associated with amebic or ulcerative colitis. The dilatation may precede perforation of the colon. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008532
Megakaryocytes
AN = A 11 qualif
MS = Very large bone marrow cells which release mature blood platelets.
UI = D008533
Megaloblasts
AN = A 11 qualif
UI = D008534
Megestrol
AN = a synthetic progestational hormone
MS = 17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-3,6-diene-3,20-dione. A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.
UI = D008535
Megestrol Acetate
MS = Megestrol acetate is a progestogen with actions and uses similar to those of the progestogens in general. It also has anti-androgenic properties. It is given by mouth in the palliative treatment or as an adjunct to other therapy in endometrial carcinoma and in breast cancer. Megestrol acetate has been approved to treat anorexia and cachexia. (From Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)
UI = D019290
Meglumine
MS = 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.
UI = D008536
Meglutol
AN = an antilipemic
MS = An antilipemic agent which lowers cholesterol, triglycerides, serum beta-lipoproteins and phospholipids. It acts by interfering with the enzymatic steps involved in the conversion of acetate to hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A as well as inhibiting the activity of HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES which is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.
UI = D015093
Meibomian Glands
AN = dis: coord IM with EYELID DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with EYELID NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = Sebaceous glands between the tarsi and the conjunctiva of the eyelids. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008537
Meige Syndrome
AN = note X refs: do not confuse with Meige Syndrome of familial lymphedema ( = MILROY'S DISEASE see LYMPHEDEMA) nor with MEIGS' SYNDROME
MS = A syndrome characterized by blepharospasm and involuntary facial movements, in the absence of neuroleptic drug therapy.
UI = D008538
Meigs' Syndrome
AN = ovarian tumor with ascites & pleural effusion; note apostrophe: s' , not 's; do not confuse with MEIGE SYNDROME; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
MS = Ascites and hydrothorax associated with ovarian fibroma or other pelvic tumors.
UI = D008539
Meiosis
AN = NIM specific cell when merely test cell; coord with specific cell /cytol; not for bacteria or viruses; do not confuse with MIOSIS, constriction of the pupil
MS = A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species.
UI = D008540
Mekong Valley
MS = The geographic area of the Mekong Valley in general or when the specific country or countries are not indicated. Usually includes Cambodia, Indochina, and Laos.
UI = D008541
Melanesia
AN = a group of islands northeast of Australia; includes, in addition to indentions & X refs, Norfolk Island; Melanesians are of Negroid race unless otherwise specified
MS = The collective name for the islands of the Pacific Ocean northeast of Australia, including NEW CALEDONIA, VANUATU, New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, Admiralty Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, FIJI, etc. Melanesia (from the Greek melas, black + nesos, island) is so called from the black color of the natives who are generally considered to be descended originally from the Negroid Papuans and the Polynesians or Malays. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p748 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p344)
UI = D008542
Melanins
AN = pigments in skin, hair, feathers; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Pigments causing darkness in skin, hair, feathers, etc. They are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.
UI = D008543
Melanocytes
AN = do not confuse with MELANOPHORES
MS = Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called MELANOSOMES. MELANOPHORES are larger cells which do not exist in mammals.
UI = D008544
Melanoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); MELANOMA, EXPERIMENTAL is also available
MS = A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)
UI = D008545
Melanoma, Amelanotic
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM or NIM) if relevant
MS = An unpigmented malignant melanoma. It is an anaplastic melanoma consisting of cells derived from melanoblasts but not forming melanin. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D018328
Melanoma, Experimental
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); DF: MELANOMA EXPER
UI = D008546
Melanophores
AN = do not confuse with MELANOCYTES
MS = Chromatophores (large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates) which contain melanin. Short term color changes are brought about by an active redistribution of the melanophores pigment containing organelles (MELANOSOMES). Mammals do not have melanophores; however they have retained smaller pigment cells known as MELANOCYTES.
UI = D008547
Melanosis
AN = increased melanin pigmentation
MS = Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.
UI = D008548
Melanosomes
MS = Melanin-containing organelles found in melanocytes and melanophores.
UI = D020460
Melarsoprol
AN = a trypanocide
MS = Arsenical used in trypanosomiases. It may cause fatal encephalopathy and other undesirable side effects.
UI = D008549
MELAS Syndrome
AN = for Mitochondrial myopathy, Encephalopathy, Lactic Acid, Strokelike episodes; DF: MELAS
MS = A major subgroup of the MITOCHONDRIAL ENCEPHALOMYOPATHIES characterized by mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes. It has been diagnosed in all age groups.
UI = D017241
Melatonin
MS = A neurohormone synthesized by the pineal gland in mammals and by lower plants. Production peaks at night and secretion increases during exposure to light. In humans, it is implicated in the regulation of sleep, mood, puberty, and ovarian cycles. Evidence shows that melatonin is a highly effective free radical scavenger and antioxidant both in vivo and in vitro.
UI = D008550
Melena
AN = black stools containing blood
MS = Black, tarry stools containing digested blood.
UI = D008551
Melengestrol Acetate
AN = a synthetic progestational hormone
MS = A progestational hormone with reported glucocorticoid and antineoplastic activity.
UI = D008552
Melibiose
MS = 6-0-alpha-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-glucose. A disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage.
UI = D008553
Melioidosis
AN = caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei; in India, Malay & Indonesia
MS = A disease of humans and animals that resembles GLANDERS. It is caused by BURKHOLDERIA PSEUDOMALLEI and may range from a dormant infection to a condition that causes multiple abscesses, pneumonia, and bacteremia.
UI = D008554
Melitten
AN = a bee venom; /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS
MS = Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera); it contains 62 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes. Synonyms: melittin; melliten.
UI = D008555
Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome
AN = facial edema & paralysis, lip inflamm & eye involvement
MS = A syndrome often beginning in childhood or adolescence, characterized by chronic facial edema, recurrent peripheral facial paralysis, sometimes fissured tongue, and ophthalmological involvement. It is also called granulomatous cheilitis or cheilitis granulomatosa.
UI = D008556
Melorheostosis
AN = a form of osteosclerosis
MS = A form of osteosclerosis or hyperostosis extending in a linear track through one of the long bones of an extremity, and consisting of proliferated ivory-like new bone. "Melo-" is from the Greek, limb and "-rheostosis" refers to streaks (rheo- from the Greek, flow), in the bones. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008557
Melphalan
AN = a nitrogen mustard cpd
MS = An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.
UI = D008558
Memantine
AN = a possible antiparkinson agent
MS = 3,5-Dimethyltricyclo(3.3.1.1(3,7))decan-1-amine. AMANTADINE derivative that has some dopaminergic effects. It has been proposed as an antiparkinson agent.
UI = D008559
Membrane Fluidity
AN = IM; permitted with artif membranes
MS = The motion of phospholipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of phospholipids present, their fatty acid composition and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains, the cholesterol concentration, and temperature.
UI = D008560
Membrane Fusion
AN = IM; coord with specific membrane & specific organism preferably NIM
MS = The adherence of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artifical membrane models of either to each other or to viruses, parasites, or interstitial particles through a variety of chemical and physical processes.
UI = D008561
Membrane Glycoproteins
MS = Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.
UI = D008562
Membrane Lipids
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.
UI = D008563
Membrane Potentials
AN = NIM; coord with organ /physiol (IM)
MS = Ratio of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride and other ions in diffusible tissues or cells. Also called transmembrane and resting potentials, they are measured by recording electrophysiologic responses in voltage-dependent ionic channels of (e.g.) nerve, muscle and blood cells as well as artificial membranes.
UI = D008564
Membrane Proteins
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.
UI = D008565
Membranes
AN = almost never IM: usually NIM coord with organ or tissue IM
MS = Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures.
UI = D008566
Membranes, Artificial
AN = IM; no qualif
MS = Artificially produced membranes, such as semipermeable membranes used in artificial kidney dialysis, monomolecular and bimolecular membranes used as models to simulate biological membranes. These membranes are also used in the process of guided tissue regeneration.
UI = D008567
Memory
AN = human & animal
MS = Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.
UI = D008568
Memory Disorders
MS = Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression or in the recall of an impression.
UI = D008569
Memory, Short-Term
MS = Temporary storage of information for a few seconds to hours, as opposed to long-term memory which refers to material stored for days, years, or a lifetime.
UI = D008570
Men
AN = for men only as a cultural, social, sociol, polit, economic force; do not confuse with MALE for disease, organs, physiol, genetics, etc.; check tags HUMAN & MALE; Manual 18.9.6, 34.12; do not use for mankind: see note on Man under PRIMATES
MS = Human adult males as cultural, psychological, sociological, political, and economic entities.
UI = D008571
Menarche
AN = qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY
UI = D008572
Mendelevium
AN = man-made radioactive element; IM
MS = Mendelevium. A man-made radioactive element of the actinide family with atomic symbol Md, atomic number 101, and atomic weight 258.
UI = D008573
Mengovirus
AN = a strain of encephalomyocarditis virus; Mengo is in Uganda; infection: coord IM with CARDIOVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A strain of ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS, a species of CARDIOVIRUS, isolated from rodents and lagomorphs and occasionally causing febrile illness in man.
UI = D008574
Meniere's Disease
AN = an inner ear dis; spell with one accent (Meniáere's) in translations; note see related
MS = A disease of the inner ear characterized by vertigo, tinnitus, and fluctuating hearing loss often accompanied by fullness in the affected ear. ENDOLYMPHATIC HYDROPS (swelling of the endolymph-containing structures) is the main pathologic finding.
UI = D008575
Meningeal Arteries
MS = Arteries which supply the dura mater.
UI = D008576
Meningeal Neoplasms
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); for intracranial or spinal meningioma, see note on MENINGIOMA; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; intradural extramedullary neopl do not go here: index under SPINAL CORD NEOPLASMS & do not try to locate "intradural" or "extramedullary"; meningeal leukemia does not go here: index under MENINGES /pathol (IM) + LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION (IM) (see note there) + specific type of leukemia (IM) if relevant
MS = Neoplasms located in any of the meninges, the dura mater, pia mater, or arachnoid.
UI = D008577
Meninges
AN = inflammation = MENINGITIS & its specifics
UI = D008578
Meningioma
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with MENINGEAL NEOPLASMS (IM) but not with BRAIN NEOPLASMS nor SPINAL CORD NEOPLASMS for intracranial or spinal meningioma unless site is particularly discussed
MS = An encapsulated neoplasm of arachnoidal origin, most frequently consisting of elongated, fusiform cells in whorls and pseudolobules with psammoma bodies frequently present. It tends to occur along the superior sagittal sinus, along the sphenoid ridge or in the vicinity of the optic chiasm. Meningiomas account for 13%-17% of brain tumors, occurring most often during the fourth through sixth decades of life with a peak occurrence in patients about 45 years old. About 65% occur in women. 2%-10% of meningiomas are malignant. (From Stedman, 25th ed; from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1111)
UI = D008579
Meningism
AN = sympt of meningeal irritation without meningeal infect
MS = The symptoms and signs of meningeal irritation associated with acute febrile illness or dehydration without actual infection of the meninges. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008580
Meningitis
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; for pachymeningitis (DURA MATER) or leptomeningitis (ARACHNOID or PIA MATER) do not specify meninx unless particularly discussed; purulent, suppurative or pyogenic: do not coord with SUPPURATION (NIM) unless particularly discussed: consider also various specific bacterial meningitis terms
UI = D008581
Meningitis, Aseptic
AN = meningeal reaction in csf in absence of an infecting organism
MS = A meningeal reaction in the cerebrospinal fluid sometimes occurring in the absence of an infecting organism. It can be due to a virus, foreign substance, diagnostic or therapeutic procedure, or to a tumor or a septic focus within the skull or spinal canal.
UI = D008582
Meningitis, Bacterial
AN = coord IM with precoord or specific bact infect (IM); DF: MENINGITIS BACT
MS = Meningitis caused by species of BACTERIA.
UI = D016920
Meningitis, Cryptococcal
AN = often opportunistic in AIDS
MS = A type of meningitis caused by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS. This condition is a commonly encountered opportunistic infection of AIDS patients.
UI = D016919
Meningitis, Fungal
AN = coord IM with fungus term or fungal dis (IM)
MS = Meningitis caused by species of fungi.
UI = D016921
Meningitis, Haemophilus
AN = caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b
MS = A type of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. It develops insidiously over several days and is commonly associated with an upper respiratory infection.
UI = D008583
Meningitis, Listeria
AN = L. monocytogenes meningitis: do not bother to coord with LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES unless organism is particularly discussed
MS = Meningitis caused by bacteria of the genus LISTERIA.
UI = D008584
Meningitis, Meningococcal
AN = "inflamm in response to infect with Neisseria meningitidis" so do not bother to coord with NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS unless organism is particularly discussed
MS = Inflammation in response to infection with NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS of the pia-arachnoid and the fluid residing in the space which it encloses as well as the fluid in the ventricles of the brain. This condition occurs most often in children and adolescents.
UI = D008585
Meningitis, Pneumococcal
AN = caused by Strep pneumoniae so do not bother to coord with STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE unless organism is particularly discussed
MS = Meningitis caused by bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE. This condition can develop as a complication of pneumococcal pneumonia; by extension from otitis, mastoiditis, or sinusitis; following a skull injury; or without preceding sign of infection elsewhere.
UI = D008586
Meningitis, Viral
AN = coord IM with specific virus dis (IM)
MS = Meningitis of viral origin usually due to picornaviruses, togaviruses, herpesviruses, paramyxoviruses, or arenaviruses. Symptoms include headache, malaise, nausea, fever, and neck stiffness.
UI = D008587
Meningocele
AN = meningeal hernia; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; meningoencephalocele: coord IM with ENCEPHALOCELE (IM) CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Hernial protrusion of the meninges through a defect in the skull or vertebral column.
UI = D008588
Meningococcal Infections
AN = MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL is also available; DF: MENINGOCOCCAL INFECT
MS = Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.
UI = D008589
Meningoencephalitis
AN = inflamm of brain & meninges; coord IM with precoord or specific infect (IM); DF: MENINGOENCEPH
MS = Inflammation of both the brain and meninges. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008590
Meningomyelocele
AN = meningeal & spinal cord hernia; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Hernial protrusion of part of the meninges and substance of the spinal cord through a defect in the vertebral column. It is commonly seen in spina bifida cystica.
UI = D008591
Menisci, Tibial
AN = crescent-shaped cartilages at the knee joint
MS = Crescent-shaped disks of fibrocartilage attached to the superior articular surface of the tibia. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008592
Menogaril
AN = an antineoplastic antibiotic
MS = (2R-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 alpha,5 beta,6 alpha,11 alpha,13 alpha))-4-(Dimethylamino)-3,4,5,6,11,12,13,14-octahydro-3,5,8,10,13-pentahydroxy-11-methoxy-6,13-dimethyl-2,6-epoxy-2H-naphthaceno(1,2-b)oxocin-9,16-dione. A semisynthetic anthracycline antibiotic with the amino sugar on the D ring. It displays broad-spectrum antineoplastic activity against a variety of tumors.
UI = D017290
Menopause
AN = qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; PREMENOPAUSE and POSTMENOPAUSE are available
MS = Cessation of menstruation in the human female, occurring usually around the age of 50. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008593
Menopause, Premature
AN = qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY
MS = Premature failure of ovulation associated with the permanent disappearance of oocytes and follicles from the ovary in women under the age of 40. If failure occurs while follicles are still present, the condition is called premature ovarian failure (OVARIAN FAILURE, PREMATURE).
UI = D008594
Menorrhagia
AN = excessive menstrual flow
MS = Excessive menstrual flow.
UI = D008595
Menotropins
AN = from postmenopausal urine; to treat female sterility; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Extracts from postmenopausal urine containing FSH and LH activity. They are is used to treat female sterility. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D008596
Menstrual Cycle
AN = human & other primates only; non-primates = ESTRUS; do not confuse with MENSTRUATION; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY
MS = The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (MENSTRUATION).
UI = D008597
Menstruation
AN = human & other primates only; non-primates = ESTRUS; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; /drug eff: consider also MENSTRUATION-INDUCING AGENTS; do not confuse with MENSTRUAL CYCLE
MS = The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus.
UI = D008598
Menstruation Disorders
AN = human only; GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; note X refs
UI = D008599
Menstruation-Inducing Agents
AN = consider also MENSTRUATION /drug eff
MS = Chemical compounds that induce menstruation either through direct action on the reproductive organs or through indirect action by relieving another condition of which amenorrhea is a secondary result. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008600
Mental Competency
AN = in mental retard or organic or psychiat ment disord; coord IM with concomitant disord /psychol (IM); competency to consent: coord IM with INFORMED CONSENT (IM)
MS = Ability to perform or accomplish an action or task that another person of similar background and training, or any human being, could reasonably be expected to perform. The term almost always refers to mental capacity. Incompetency refers to primarily defects in intellectual functioning such that comprehension of the nature of a transaction is interfered with or otherwise inadequate. It takes no note of temperament, emotions, or the like, even though these may interfere with a person's capacity to function. (Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 6th ed, pp139 and 363)
UI = D016743
Mental Disorders
MS = Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
UI = D001523
Mental Disorders Diagnosed in Childhood
AN = Not used for indexing; do not use for diagnosis of a specific disorder in a child DF: MENTAL DIS DIAG CHILD CATALOG: do not use
MS = Those psychiatric disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence. These disorders can also be first diagnosed during other life stages.
UI = D019952
Mental Fatigue
MS = Fatigue arising in consequence of mental effort.
UI = D005222
Mental Healing
AN = do not confuse X ref SPIRITUAL HEALING with SPIRITUALISM CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The use of suggestion or faith to cure disease, particularly physical illness.
UI = D008602
Mental Health
AN = no qualif
MS = The state wherein the person is well adjusted.
UI = D008603
Mental Health Associations
AN = specify geog; DF: MENTAL HEALTH ASSOC CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Voluntary organizations which support educational programs and research in psychiatry with the objective of the promotion of mental health. An early association in the United States was founded as the National Committee for Mental Hygiene in 1909, became the Mental Health Association in 1976 and later the National Mental Health Association in 1980. State and local mental health associations in this country are chartered by the national organization and affiliated with it.
UI = D008604
Mental Health Services
AN = COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES & specifics are also available; Public Laws 89-105 & 89-164; DF: MENTAL HEALTH SERV CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Organized services to provide mental health care.
UI = D008605
Mental Processes
MS = Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms.
UI = D008606
Mental Retardation
AN = use Cat C qualif; /rehabil permitted: do not equate with EDUCATION OF MENTALLY RETARDED
MS = Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period and is associated with impairment of one or more of the following: (1) maturation, (2) learning, (3) social adjustment.
UI = D008607
Mental Status Schedule
MS = Standardized clinical interview used to assess current psychopathology by scaling patient responses to the questions.
UI = D008609
Mentally Disabled Persons
MS = Persons diagnosed as having significantly lower than average intelligence and considerable problems in adapting to everyday life or lacking independence in regard to activities of daily living.
UI = D019989
Menthol
AN = an antipruritic & inhalant
MS = An alcohol obtained from diverse mint oils or prepared synthetically. It is used as a topical antipruritic, and in inhalers for treatment of upper respiratory disorders or added to water for inhalation in acute bronchitis. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008610
Mentors
MS = Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations.
UI = D008611
Menu Planning
AN = domestic, commercial, institutional, hosp, etc.
UI = D008612
Mepartricin
AN = a macrolide antifungal antibiotic
MS = Polyene macrolide antibiotic with unknown composition. It is obtained from Streptomyces aureofaciens. It is used as an antifungal agent, an antiprotozoal agent, and in the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy.
UI = D008613
Meperidine
AN = a narcotic analgesic
MS = 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester. A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.
UI = D008614
Mephenesin
AN = a central muscle relaxant
MS = A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.
UI = D008615
Mephentermine
AN = a vasoconstrictor
MS = A sympathomimetic agent with mainly indirect effects on adrenergic receptors. It is used to maintain blood pressure in hypotensive states, for example, following spinal anesthesia. Although the central stimulant effects of mephentermine are much less than those of amphetamine, its use may lead to amphetamine-type dependence. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1248)
UI = D008616
Mephenytoin
AN = an anticonvulsant
MS = An anticonvulsant effective in grand mal epilepsy. It may cause blood dyscrasias.
UI = D008617
Mephobarbital
AN = a sedative; do not confuse with mephebarbital
MS = A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in epilepsy, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.
UI = D008618
Mepivacaine
AN = a local anesthetic
MS = A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168)
UI = D008619
Meprobamate
AN = an anti-anxiety agent & central muscle relaxant; Equanil & Miltown go here
MS = A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of anxiety disorders, and also for the short-term management of insomnia but has largely been susperseded by the benzodiazepines. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)
UI = D008620
Meptazinol
AN = a narcotic analgesic
MS = A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.
UI = D008621
Merbromin
AN = a local anti-infective agent
MS = A popular topical antiseptic with weak antibacterial action. It is incompatible with local anesthetics.
UI = D008622
Mercaptoethanol
UI = D008623
Mercaptoethylamines
UI = D008624
3-Mercaptopropionic Acid
AN = an enzyme inhib & convulsant
MS = 3-Mercaptopropionic acid. An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GABA concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.
UI = D015097
Mercaptopropionylglycine
AN = an amino acid
MS = Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of glycine used in treatment of liver diseases, as a detoxicant and in therapy of myopia.
UI = D008625
6-Mercaptopurine
AN = an antineoplastic antimetabolite; ribosyl, ribofuranosyl mercaptopurine = THIOINOSINE
MS = An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.
UI = D015122
Mercuribenzoates
MS = Mercury-containing benzoic acid derivatives.
UI = D008626
Mercuric Chloride
AN = a local anti-infective
MS = Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.
UI = D008627
Mercury
AN = Hg-202
MS = A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.
UI = D008628
Mercury (Planet)
AN = 1st planet from sun with no moons; no qualif
MS = The first planet in order from the sun. It has no known natural satellites. It is one of the four inner or terrestrial planets of the solar system.
UI = D018537
Mercury Compounds
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: MERCURY CPDS
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain mercury as an integral part of the molecule.
UI = D017669
Mercury Isotopes
AN = Hg-196,198-201,204; NIM; no qualif
MS = Stable mercury atoms that have the same atomic number as the element mercury, but differ in atomic weight. Hg-196, 198-201, and 204 are stable mercury isotopes.
UI = D008629
Mercury Poisoning
AN = GEN only: consider also /pois with specific mercury terms; occup mercury pois: coord IM with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES (IM) but not also ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE (see note there)
UI = D008630
Mercury Radioisotopes
AN = Hg-185-195, 197, 203, 205, 206; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)
MS = Unstable isotopes of mercury that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Hg atoms with atomic weights 185-195, 197, 203, 205, and 206 are radioactive mercury isotopes.
UI = D008631
Meridians
AN = classical loci in acupuncture; not for meridians in ophthalmology: index under OPTICS (IM) + EYE, CORNEA, VISUAL FIELD or other applicable ophthalmol term (IM)
MS = Classical loci in acupuncture. They are main and collateral channels, regarded as a network of passages, through which vital energy circulates and along which acupoints (ACUPUNCTURE POINTS) are distributed. The meridians are a series of 14 lines upon which more than 400 acupoints are located on the body. (The Pinyin Chinese-English Dictionary, p. 359; Dr. Wu Lancheng, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing)
UI = D016740
Meristem
AN = group of cells at plant root or stem; IM GEN or unspecified; coord probably IM in genetics & space physiol, NIM in pharmacognosy, with specific plant (IM or NIM)
MS = A group of plant cells that are capable of dividing infinitely and whose main function is the production of new growth at the growing tip of a root or stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
UI = D018519
Merkel Cells
AN = an epithelial cell functioning as a touch receptor; A 11 qualif
MS = Nondendritic, nonkeratinocytic epithelial clear cells normally found in the epidermis and dermis of mammals and humans. They are believed to be of neuroendocrine origin and function as a specific slowly adapting sensory touch receptor. The Merkel cell was first described by Friedrich Sigmund Merkel, German anatomist in 1875. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1788 & Dorland, 28th ed, p1015)
UI = D018862
Mermithoidea
AN = a superfamily of nematodes; infection (probably accidental through food contam): coord IM with ENOPLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
MS = A superfamily of nematodes of the order ENOPLIDA. Characteristics include a reduced alimentary tract and the presence of a trophosome. Its organisms can be present in the human intestine through ingestion of unwashed or contaminated raw vegetables.
UI = D008632
Merozoite Surface Protein 1
AN = coord IM with specific PLASMODIUM species
MS = A surface protein found on Plasmodium species which induces a T-cell response. The antigen is polymorphic, sharing amino acid sequence homology among PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM, PLASMODIUM CHABAUDI, PLASMODIUM VIVAX, and PLASMODIUM YOELII.
UI = D020066
MERRF Syndrome
AN = for Myoclonic Epilepsy and Ragged Red Fibers (of red muscles); DF: MERRF
MS = One of the MITOCHONDRIAL ENCEPHALOMYOPATHIES characterized by myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers of muscle tissue. Red muscle tends to be rich in mitochondria. Biochemical tests disclose changes in the enzymes of the respiratory chain.
UI = D017243
Mersalyl
AN = a diuretic
MS = (3-((2-(Carboxylatomethoxy)benzoyl)amino)-2-methoxypropyl)hydroxymercurate(1-) sodium. A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.
UI = D008634
Mesalamine
MS = An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in inflammatory bowel disease. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)
UI = D019804
Mescaline
AN = a peyote alkaloid from Mexican cactus called mescal; a serotonin agonist & hallucinogen
MS = 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethylamine. Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.
UI = D008635
Mesencephalon
UI = D008636
Mesenchymoma
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A mixed mesenchymal tumor composed of two or more mesodermal cellular elements not commonly associated, not counting fibrous tissue as one of the elements. Mesenchymomas are widely distributed in the body and about 75% are malignant. (Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)
UI = D008637
Mesenteric Arteries
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer MESENTERIC ARTERY, INFERIOR or MESENTERIC ARTERY, SUPERIOR; occlusion or obstruction: coord NIM with MESENTERIC VASCULAR OCCLUSION (IM); embolism or thrombosis: index under MESENTERIC VASCULAR OCCLUSION (IM) + EMBOLISM or THROMBOSIS (IM) + MESENTERIC ARTERIES (NIM); duodenal compression by superior mesenteric artery = SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY SYNDROME
MS = Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines.
UI = D008638
Mesenteric Artery, Inferior
AN = disease is usually MESENTERIC VASCULAR OCCLUSION but coord IM with MESENTERIC ARTERY, INFERIOR (NIM); embolism or thrombosis: coord NIM with MESENTERIC VASCULAR OCCLUSION (IM) + EMBOLISM or THOMBOSIS (IM)
MS = The artery supplying nearly all the left half of the transverse colon, the whole of the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the greater part of the rectum. It is smaller than the superior mesenteric artery (MESENTERIC ARTERY, SUPERIOR) and arises from the aorta above its bifurcation into the common iliac arteries.
UI = D017537
Mesenteric Artery, Superior
AN = disease is usually MESENTERIC VASCULAR OCCLUSION but coord IM with MESENTERIC ARTERY, SUPERIOR (NIM); embolism or thrombosis: coord NIM with MESENTERIC VASCULAR OCCLUSION (IM) + EMBOLISM or THROMBOSIS (IM); duodenal compression by this artery = SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY SYNDROME
MS = A large vessel supplying the whole length of the small intestine except the superior part of the duodenum. It also supplies the cecum and the ascending part of the colon and about half the transverse part of the colon. It arises from the anterior surface of the aorta below the celiac artery at the level of the first lumbar vertebra.
UI = D017538
Mesenteric Cyst
AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted
MS = A congenital thin-walled cyst of the abdomen between the leaves of the mesentery, which may be of wolffian or lymphatic duct origin. As it enlarges it may cause colicky pain and intestinal obstruction. (Dorlamd, 27th ed)
UI = D008639
Mesenteric Lymphadenitis
AN = a peritoneal dis
MS = A condition clinically resembling acute appendicitis, in which there is inflammation of the mesenteric lymph nodes receiving lymph from the intestine. A septal form, which is frequently fatal, and a milder form, which is self-limited, are caused by YERSINIA (Pasteurella) PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008640
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion
AN = obstruct of external or internal origin; coord IM with MESENTERIC ARTERIES (NIM) or MESENTERIC VEINS (NIM); embolism or thrombosis: see notes under MESENTERIC ARTERIES & MESENTERIC VEINS; coord IM with target organ losing its blood supply (COLON /blood supply, JEJUNUM /blood supply) (IM or NIM) only if particularly discussed; do not confuse with SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY SYNDROME (duodenal compression BY the superior mesenteric artery, not OF)
MS = Obstruction of the flow in the mesenteric circulation by atherosclerosis, emboli or thrombi, stenosis, trauma, and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as periarteritis nodosa and thromboangiitis obliterans. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)
UI = D008641
Mesenteric Veins
AN = occlusion or obstruction: coord NIM with MESENTERIC VASCULAR OCCLUSION (IM); venous thrombosis: index under MESENTERIC VASCULAR OCCLUSION (IM) + THROMBOSIS (IM) (not THROMBOPHLEBITIS - see note there) + MESENTERIC VEINS (NIM)
MS = Veins which return blood from the intestines; the inferior mesenteric vein empties into the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein to form the portal vein.
UI = D008642
Mesentery
AN = avoid /blood supply: prefer MESENTERIC ARTERIES or MESENTERIC VEINS but for mesenteric circulation use SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION; diseases: coord IM with PERITONEAL DISEASES (NIM); neopl: coord IM with PERITONEAL NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D008643
Mesial Movement of Teeth
AN = use Cat C qualif
UI = D008644
Mesna
MS = A sulfhydryl compound sometimes given orally or intravenously together with a urotoxic antineoplastic agent such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE because it inactivates some of the metabolites thus lessening the extent of bladder damage. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D015080
Mesocestoides
AN = infection: coord IM with CESTODE INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
MS = A genus of tapeworm, containing several species, found as adults in birds and mammals. The larvae or cysticercoid stage develop in invertebrates. Human infection has been reported and is probably acquired from eating inadequately cooked meat of animals infected with the second larval stage known as the tetrahythridium.
UI = D008645
Mesocolon
MS = The fold of peritoneum by which the colon is attached to the posterior abdominal wall.
UI = D008646
Mesocricetus
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check HAMSTERS
MS = A genus of the family Muridae having three species. The present domesticated strains were developed from individuals brought from Syria. They are widely used in biomedical research.
UI = D008647
Mesoderm
AN = A 11 qualif
MS = The middle germ layer of the embryo.
UI = D008648
Mesonephroma
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A rare tumor of the female genital tract, most often the ovary, formerly considered to be derived from mesonephric rests. Two varieties are recognized: (1) clear cell carcinoma, so called because of its histologic resemblance to renal cell carcinoma, and now considered to be of muellerian duct derivation and (2) an embryonal tumor (called also ENDODERMAL SINUS TUMOR and yolk sac tumor), occurring chiefly in children. The latter variety may also arise in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008649
Mesonephros
MS = The excretory organ of the embryo, collective Wolffian tubules, which forms the urogenital fold from which the reproductive organs develop. The mesonephros is the permanent kidney in fish and amphibians, but atrophies in reptiles, birds, and mammals.
UI = D008650
Mesons
AN = elementary particles; IM
MS = Short-lived elementary particles found in cosmic radiation or produced from nuclear disintegration. Their mass is between that of protons and electrons and they can be negative, positive, or neutral. pi-Mesons (pions) are heavier than mu-mesons (muons) and are proposed for cancer radiotherapy because their capture and disintegration by matter produces powerful, but short-lived, secondary radiation.
UI = D008651
Mesoporphyrins
MS = Porphyrins with four methyl, two ethyl, and two propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings.
UI = D008652
Mesoridazine
AN = an antipsychotic agent
MS = A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.
UI = D008653
Mesothelioma
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008654
Mesothelioma, Cystic
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PERITONEAL NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = A peritoneal mesothelioma affecting mainly young females and producing cysts of variable size and number lined by a single layer of benign mesothelial cells. The disease follows a benign course and is compatible with a normal life expectancy, requiring occasionally partial excision or decompression for relief of pain or other symptoms. Malignant potential is exceptional. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1345)
UI = D018261
Mesterolone
AN = an anabolic steroid
MS = 17 beta-Hydroxy-1 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-androstan-3-one. A synthetic steroid with anabolic and androgenic activities.
UI = D008655
Mestranol
AN = estrogen component of many oral contraceptives
MS = (17 alpha)-3-Methoxy-19-norpregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-20-yn-17-ol. The 3-methyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. It must be demethylated before it becomes biologically active. It is used as the estrogen component of many combination oral contraceptives. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1058)
UI = D008656
Mesylates
MS = Organic salts or esters of methanesulfonic acid.
UI = D008698
Meta-Analysis
AN = IM for articles & books on meta-analysis as a type of study design: do not confuse with Publication Type META-ANALYSIS; no qualif; DF: META ANAL
MS = A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine.
UI = D015201
Meta-Analysis [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; for meta-analyses as a subject or research method, index under main heading META-ANALYSIS; Manual 26.26.6.1
MS = A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc. It is often an overview of clinical trials. It is usually called a meta-analysis by the author or sponsoring body and should be differentiated from reviews of literature.
UI = D017418
Metabolic Clearance Rate
AN = NIM with specific drug /pharmacokin (IM); not for metab rate: read restricted MeSH definition
MS = Volume of biological fluid completely cleared of drug metabolites as measured in unit time. Elimination occurs as a result of metabolic processes in the kidney, liver, saliva, sweat, intestine, heart, brain, or other site.
UI = D008657
Metabolic Detoxication, Drug
AN = NIM with specific drug /pharmacokin (IM); for reduction of pharmacol activ of both toxic and non-toxic agents; DF: METAB DETOX DRUG
MS = Reduction of pharmacologic activity or toxicity of a drug or other foreign substance by a living system, usually by enzymatic action. It includes those metabolic transformations that make the substance more soluble for faster renal excretion.
UI = D008658
Metabolic Diseases
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; TN 194: differentiate from DEFICIENCY DISEASES; DF: METAB DIS
MS = Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D008659
Metabolism
AN = GEN only as the metabolic process irrespective of substance; prefer /metab with organs, organisms, diseases, substances: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.44, 19.10+; when GEN & IM, qualif permitted; DF: METAB
MS = The sum of all the physical and chemical processes by which living organized substance is produced and maintained (anabolism), and also the transformation by which energy is made available for the uses of the organism (catabolism). (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008660
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
AN = GEN: prefer specific types; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; TN 194: differentiate from DEFICIENCY DISEASES; TN 222: indexing enzyme defic; DF: METAB INBORN ERR CATALOG: do not use /in inf
UI = D008661
Metacarpophalangeal Joint
AN = primates only
MS = The articulation between a metacarpal bone and a phalanx.
UI = D008662
Metacarpus
AN = not restricted to primates
UI = D008663
Metal Ceramic Alloys
AN = a dental alloy; D25-26 qualif; specify metals (IM or NIM) if particularly discussed
MS = The fusion of ceramics (porcelain) to an alloy of two or more metals for use in restorative and prosthodontic dentistry. Examples of metal alloys employed include cobalt-chromium, gold-palladium, gold-platinum-palladium, and nickel-based alloys.
UI = D016876
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Errors
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific metal /metab (IM); DF: METAL METAB INBORN ERR CATALOG: do not use /in inf
UI = D008664
Metalloporphyrins
AN = pigments (porphyrins) "combined with a metal ion"; iron porphyrins = HEME or HEMIN, magnesium porphyrins = CHLOROPHYLL
MS = Porphyrins which are combined with a metal ion. The metal is bound equally to all four nitrogen atoms of the pyrrole rings. They possess characteristic absorption spectra which can be utilized for identification or quantitative estimation of porphyrins and porphyrin-bound compounds.
UI = D008665
Metalloproteinases
MS = Peptide hydrolases which use a metal in the catalytic mechanism. This group of enzymes is inactivated by metal chelators. EC 3.4.24
UI = D008666
Metalloproteins
AN = coord IM with specific metal (IM)
MS = Proteins that have one or more tightly bound metal ions forming part of their structure. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008667
Metallothionein
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.
UI = D008668
Metallurgy
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; note X ref HEAVY INDUSTRIES for iron, steel, etc., industries; in dent lit, the working & manipulation of metals for orthodontic or prosthodontic appliances is probably DENTAL SOLDERING but if not soldering, coord specific appliance (IM) + METALLURGY (NIM)
MS = The science, art, or technology dealing with processes involved in the separation of metals from their ores, the technique of making or compounding the alloys, the techniques of working or heat-treating metals, and the mining of metals. It includes industrial metallurgy as well as metallurgical techniques employed in the preparation and working of metals used in dentistry, with special reference to orthodontic and prosthodontic appliances. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p494)
UI = D008669
Metals
AN = GEN only: prefer specific metal groups or specific metals; allergic reactions to metals is probably DERMATITIS, CONTACT, not DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY
MS = Electropositive chemical elements characterized by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. They can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
UI = D008670
Metals, Actinoid
AN = naturally radioactive; GEN: prefer specifics
MS = A series of radioactive elements from actinium, atomic number 89, to and including lawrencium, atomic number 103. They are the theoretical analogs of the rare earth metal series.
UI = D008671
Metals, Alkali
AN = do not confuse with METALS, ALKALINE EARTH; GEN: prefer specifics
MS = Metals that constitute group Ia in the periodic table. They are the most strongly electropositive of the metals.
UI = D008672
Metals, Alkaline Earth
AN = do not confuse with METALS, ALKALI; GEN: prefer specifics
MS = Metals that constitute the group IIa in the periodic table.
UI = D008673
Metals, Heavy
AN = GEN: prefer specifics
MS = Metals with high specific gravity, typically larger than 5. They have complex spectra, form colored salts and double salts, have a low electrode potential, are mainly amphoteric, yield weak bases and weak acids, and are oxidizing or reducing agents (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
UI = D019216
Metals, Light
AN = GEN: prefer specifics
MS = Metals with low specific gravity, typically smaller than 5, characterized by a single valence (1, 2, or 3), a simple spectrum, strong electromotive force (positive), and colorless compounds. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
UI = D019565
Metals, Rare Earth
AN = GEN: prefer specifics
MS = Elements of group IIIb of the periodic table from lanthanum, atomic number 57, to and including lutetium, atomic number 71.
UI = D008674
Metamorphosis, Biological
AN = Manual 22.5; DF: METAMORPHOSIS BIOL
UI = D008675
Metanephrine
MS = alpha-(Methylaminomethyl)vanillyl alcohol. Product of epinephrine O-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine.
UI = D008676
Metaphase
AN = 2d phase of cell div; NIM specific cell when merely test cell; coord with specific cell /cytol; permitted with micro-organisms
MS = The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation.
UI = D008677
Metaphor
AN = IM; coord with object of comparison (IM)
MS = The application of a concept to that which it is not literally the same but which suggests a resemblance and comparison. Medical metaphors were widespread in ancient literature; the description of a sick body was often used by ancient writers to define a critical condition of the State, in which one corrupt part can ruin the entire system. (From Med Secoli Arte Sci, 1990;2(3):abstract 331)
UI = D019365
Metaphysics
AN = only /hist
MS = The branch of philosophy that treats of first principles, including ontology (the nature of existence or being) and cosmology (the origin and structure of the universe). (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
UI = D008678
Metaplasia
AN = NIM; coord with organ /pathol (IM)
MS = A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.
UI = D008679
Metaraminol
AN = a vasoconstrictor
MS = alpha-(1-Aminoethyl)-3-hydroxybenzenemethanol. An adrenergic agonist that acts predominantly at alpha adrenergic receptors and also stimulates the release of norepinephrine. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of hypotension.
UI = D008680
Metastrongyloidea
AN = a superfamily of nematodes; infection: coord IM with STRONGYLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
MS = A superfamily of nematodes of the order STRONGYLIDA. Characteristics include a fluid-filled outer layer of cuticle and a reduced mouth and bursa.
UI = D008681
Metatarsal Bones
AN = the 5 bones of the foot; do not confuse with METATARSUS, the anat area
MS = The five long bones of the METATARSUS articulating with the TARSAL BONES proximally and the TOES (phalanges) distally.
UI = D008682
Metatarsophalangeal Joint
AN = primates only
MS = The articulation between a metatarsal bone and a phalanx.
UI = D008683
Metatarsus
AN = not restricted to primates; METATARSUS refers to the anat area, METATARSAL BONES is available for the bones
MS = The part of the foot between the tarsus and the toes, its skeleton being five long bones (METATARSAL BONES). (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008684
Meteoroids
AN = no qualif
MS = Any solid objects moving in interplanetary space that are smaller than a planet or asteroid but larger than a molecule. Meteorites are any meteoroid that has fallen to a planetary surface. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
UI = D019110
Meteorological Factors
AN = no qualif; DF: METEOROL FACTORS
MS = The atmospheric phenomena which pertain to climate and weather.
UI = D008685
Metestrus
AN = animal only; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY
MS = Short period following estrus during which the phenomena of estrus subside in those animals in which pseudopregnancy does not occur. Does not apply to humans.
UI = D008686
Metformin
AN = a hypoglycemic
MS = A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289)
UI = D008687
Methacholine Chloride
MS = A quarternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolysed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)
UI = D016210
Methacholine Compounds
AN = ganglionic stimulants; DF: METHACHOLINE CPDS
MS = A group of compounds that are derivatives of beta-methylacetylcholine (methacholine).
UI = D008688
Methacrylates
MS = Acrylic acids or acrylates which are substituted in the C-2 position with a methyl group.
UI = D008689
Methacycline
AN = a tetracycline antibiotic
MS = (4S-(4 alpha,4a alpha,5 alpha,5a alpha,12a alpha))-4-Dimethylamino-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,5,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methylene-1,11-dioxo-2-naphthacenecarboxamide. A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE but excreted more slowly and maintaining effective blood levels for a more extended period.
UI = D008690
Methadone
AN = a narcotic analgesic & antitussive; with disease term, use /rehabil rather than /drug ther
MS = A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. It also has a depressant action on the cough center and may be given to control intractable cough associated with terminal lung cancer. Methadone is also used as part of the treatment of dependence on opioid drugs, although prolonged use of methadone itself may result in dependence. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3)
UI = D008691
Methadyl Acetate
AN = a narcotic analgesic; used in ther of narcotic addiction
MS = 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanol acetate (ester). A narcotic analgesic with a long onset and duration of action. It is used mainly in the treatment of narcotic dependence.
UI = D008692
Methallibure
AN = a hormone antag
MS = 1-Methyl-6-(1-methylallyl)-2,5-dithiobiurea. A dithiobiurea compound with anti-gonadotropic activity.
UI = D008693
Methamphetamine
AN = a CNS stimulant; smokable crystal methamphetamine, called "ice" by drug abusers, goes here
MS = A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.
UI = D008694
Methandriol
AN = an anabolic steroid
MS = A synthetic steroid with anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)
UI = D008695
Methandrostenolone
AN = an anabolic steroid
MS = A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)
UI = D008696
Methane
AN = /biosyn permitted if by living matter
MS = The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
UI = D008697
Methanobacteriales
AN = an order of methanogens found throughout nature
MS = An order of anaerobic, coccoid to rod-shaped methanogens, in the kingdom EURYARCHAEOTA. They are nonmotile, do not catabolize carbohydrates, proteinaceous material, or organic compounds other than formate or carbon monoxide, and are widely distributed in nature.
UI = D017012
Methanobacteriaceae
AN = a family of methanogens found throughout nature
MS = A family of anaerobic, coccoid to rod-shaped METHANOBACTERIALES. Cell membranes are composed mainly of polyisoprenoid hydrocarbons ether-linked to glycerol. Its organisms are found in anaerobic habitats throughout nature.
UI = D017013
Methanobacterium
AN = a genus of methanogens found throughout nature & in gastrointestinal tract of animals: do not confuse with plural see ref METHANOBACTERIA see METHANOGENS; DF: METHANOBACT
MS = A genus of anaerobic, rod-shaped METHANOBACTERIACAE. Its organisms are nonmotile and use ammonia as the sole source of nitrogen. These methanogens are found in aquatic sediments, soil, sewage, and the gastrointestinal tract of animals.
UI = D017014
Methanococcales
AN = an order of methanogens
MS = An order of anaerobic methanogens in the kingdom EURYARCHAEOTA. They are pseudosarcina, coccoid or sheathed rod-shaped and catabolize methyl groups. The cell wall is composed of protein. The order includes one family, METHANOCOCCACEAE. (From Bergey's Manual of Systemic Bacteriology, 1989)
UI = D017015
Methanococcaceae
AN = a family of methanogens
MS = A family of anaerobic METHANOCOCCALES whose organisms are motile by means of flagella. These methanogens use carbon dioxide as an electron acceptor.
UI = D017016
Methanococcus
AN = a genus of methanogens found in aquatic environments & in animal intestine
MS = A genus of anaerobic coccoid METHANOCOCCACEAE whose organisms are motile by means of polar tufts of flagella. These methanogens are found in salt marshes, marine and estuarine sediments, and the intestinal tract of animals.
UI = D017017
Methanogens
AN = note category; do not confuse X ref METHANOBACTERIA (a group name) with METHANOBACTERIUM, the genus; GEN: avoid; prefer specifics
MS = Common name of organisms requiring completely anaerobic conditions for growth and producing methane gas as a catabolic product. Methanogens are found in the bovine stomach, swamp mud, and other environments in which oxygen is not present. There are four taxonomic orders: METHANOBACTERIALES, METHANOCOCCALES, METHANOMICROBIALES, and METHANOSARCINALES.
UI = D008699
Methanol
AN = for wood alcohol
MS = A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.
UI = D000432
Methanomicrobiaceae
AN = a family of anaerobic methanogens
MS = A family of anaerobic METHANOMICROBIALES whose cells are coccoid to straight or slightly curved rods. There are three genera: Methanogenium, Methanomicrobium, and METHANOSPIRILLUM.
UI = D019638
Methanomicrobiales
AN = an order of anaerobic methanogens found throughout nature
MS = An order of anaerobic, highly specialized methanogens, in the kingdom EURYARCHAEOTA. Its organisms are nonmotile or motile, with cells occurring as coccoid bodies, pseudosarcina, or rods. They are widely distributed in nature.
UI = D017018
Methanosarcinaceae
AN = a family of methanogens "found in any anaerobic environment"
MS = A family of anaerobic METHANOSARCINALES whose cells are mesophilic or thermophilic and appear as irregular spheroid bodies or sheathed rods. These methanogens are found in any anaerobic environment including aquatic sediments, anaerobic sewage digesters and gastrointestinal tracts. There are four genera: METHANOSARCINA, Methanolobus, Methanothrix, and Methanococcoides.
UI = D017019
Methanosarcina
AN = a genus of methanogens found in aquatic environments
MS = A genus of anaerobic, irregular spheroid-shaped METHANOSARCINALES whose organisms are nonmotile. Endospores are not formed. These archaea derive energy via formation of methane from acetate, methanol, mono-, di-, and trimethylamine, and possibly, carbon monoxide. Organisms are isolated from freshwater and marine environments.
UI = D017020
Methanosarcina barkeri
AN = a gram-pos methanogen found in mud & ungulate rumens
MS = A species of halophilic archaea whose organisms are nonmotile. Habitats include freshwater and marine mud, animal-waste lagoons, and the rumens of ungulates.
UI = D017021
Methanospirillum
AN = a genus of anaerobic methanogens
MS = A genus of anaerobic rod-shaped METHANOMICROBIACEAE whose organisms are progressively motile by means of polar, tufted flagella. These methanogens have been isolated from sewage-sludge and pear waste digesters as well as marine and non-marine habitats.
UI = D019639
Methanosarcinales
AN = an order of anaerobic methanogens of the kingdom of Euryarchaeota, of the domain Archaea
MS = An order of anaerobic methanogens in the kingdom EURYARCHAEOTA.
UI = D019640
Methapyrilene
AN = a histamine H1 antag & sedative
MS = Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.
UI = D008701
Methaqualone
AN = a nonbarbiturate sedative
MS = A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604)
UI = D008702
Methazolamide
AN = a carbonic anhydrase inhib
MS = A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.
UI = D008704
Methemalbumin
AN = a serum albumin
MS = A 1:1 molar complex of heme or hematin and albumin formed after the dissociation of methemoglobin into heme or hematin and globin in plasma. This complex, which imparts a coffee-brown color to plasma, occurs in hemolytic and hemorrhagic disorders. Its presence in plasma is used as a test to differentiate between hemorrhagic and edematous pancreatitis.
UI = D008705
Methemoglobin
UI = D008706
Methemoglobin Reductase
AN = /defic: consider also METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
MS = An erythrocyte enzyme which catalyzes the reduction of methemoglobin (ferrihemoglobin) to hemoglobin (ferrohemoglobin). Deficiency produces the inherited disease familial methemoglobinemia. In the absence of methemoglobin, the enzyme can also reduce methylene blue.
UI = D008707
Methemoglobinemia
AN = presence of methemoglobin in blood
MS = The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008708
Methenamine
AN = a urinary anti-infective
MS = An antibacterial agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its antibacterial action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173)
UI = D008709
Methenolone
MS = A synthetic steroid that has been used for its anabolic action.
UI = D008710
Methergoline
AN = a serotonin antag
MS = A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for migraine therapy.
UI = D008711
Methicillin
AN = a penicillin
MS = 6-((2,6-Dimethoxybenzoyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1- azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptene-2-carboxylic acid. A penicillin resistant to penicillinase produced by staphlococci. It is inactivated by gastric acid and is therefore given by injection in the treatment of staphlococcal infections. Many strains of staphlococci have developed resistance to methicillin. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p181)
UI = D008712
Methicillin Resistance
MS = Non-susceptibility of a microbe to the action of METHICILLIN, a semi-synthetic penicillin derivative.
UI = D016106
Methimazole
AN = a thyroid antag
MS = 1,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2H-imidazole-2-thione. A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.
UI = D008713
Methiocarb
AN = an insecticide & molluscicide; TN 111 for eff on insects
MS = 4-(Methylthio)-3,5-xylyl-N-methylcarbamate. Insecticide, molluscacide, acaricide.
UI = D008714
Methionine
AN = an essential amino acid; /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted
MS = An essential amino acid.
UI = D008715
Methionine Adenosyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. EC 2.5.1.6.
UI = D008716
Methionine Sulfoximine
UI = D008717
Methionine-tRNA Ligase
MS = An enzyme that activates methionine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.10.
UI = D008718
Methiothepin
AN = a serotonin antag & antipsychotic agent
MS = 8-Methylthio-10-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo-(b,f)thiepin. A serotonin receptor antagonist in the central nervous system used as an antipsychotic.
UI = D008719
Methisazone
AN = an antiviral
MS = 1-Methylindole-2,3-dione 3-(thiosemicarbazone). An antiviral agent effective against pox viruses.
UI = D008720
Methocarbamol
AN = a central muscle relaxant
MS = A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206)
UI = D008721
Methods
AN = no qualif; prefer /methods (Manual 19.7+), with correct category but do not index /methods routinely: the method should be discussed substantively; never IM; policy: Manual 19.8.45, 26.3.7+
UI = D008722
Methohexital
AN = a barbiturate & intravenous anesthetic
MS = An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.
UI = D008723
Methomyl
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
MS = A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.
UI = D008724
Methonium Compounds
AN = DF: METHONIUM CPDS
MS = Compounds containing polymethylene bis-trimethylammonium cations. Members of this group frequently act as ganglionic blockers and neuromuscular depolarizing agents.
UI = D008725
Methoprene
AN = a juvenile hormone
MS = Isopropyl-11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate. Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae. Synonyms: ZR-515; Altosid.
UI = D008726
Methotrexate
MS = An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.
UI = D008727
Methotrimeprazine
AN = an antipsychotic agent
MS = A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with central nervous system effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604)
UI = D008728
Methoxamine
AN = a vasoconstrictor; do not confuse with methoxyamine
MS = An alpha-adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral vasoconstriction. It has little if any direct effect on the central nervous system.
UI = D008729
Methoxsalen
AN = do not index here for use in PUVA THERAPY unless particularly discussed
MS = A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA adducts in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.
UI = D008730
Methoxychlor
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
MS = An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.
UI = D008731
Methoxydimethyltryptamines
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Compounds that contain the biogenic monoamine tryptamine and are substituted with one methoxy group and two methyl groups. Members of this group include several potent serotonergic hallucinogens found in several unrelated plants, skins of certain toads, and in mammalian brains. They are possibly involved in the etiology of schizophrenia.
UI = D008732
Methoxyflurane
AN = an inhalation anesthetic
MS = An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180)
UI = D008733
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethanol
MS = 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethanol. Metabolite of serotonin and norepinephrine.
UI = D015098
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
MS = 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-ethanediol. Synthesized by animals from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.
UI = D008734
5-Methoxytryptamine
MS = 5-Methoxy-1H-indole-3-ethanamine. Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.
UI = D008735
Methyclothiazide
AN = a diuretic
MS = A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)
UI = D008736
Methyl Chloride
AN = do not confuse with METHYLENE CHLORIDE
MS = A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403)
UI = D008737
Methyl Ethers
MS = A group of compounds that contain the general formula R-OCH3.
UI = D008738
Methyl Green
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = Used as a biological stain and for the dyeing and printing of textiles. Usually compounded with zinc chloride.
UI = D008739
Methyl Methanesulfonate
AN = an alkylating antineoplastic
MS = Methanesulfonic acid, methyl ester. An alkylating agent in cancer therapy that may also act as a mutagen by interfering with and causing damage to DNA.
UI = D008741
Methyl N-Butyl Ketone
AN = an indust solvent
MS = 2-Hexanone. An industrial solvent which causes nervous system degeneration. Synonym: MBK.
UI = D008742
Methyl Parathion
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
MS = Phosphorothioic acid, O,O-dimethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) ester. The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.
UI = D008743
Methylamines
UI = D008744
omega-N-Methylarginine
MS = A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.
UI = D019323
N-Methylaspartate
AN = a glutamate agonist; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).
UI = D016202
Methylation
AN = almost never IM; enzymatic methylation: coord NIM with METHYLTRANSFERASES (IM) + substrate (NIM) or specific methyltransferase (IM); DNA METHYLATION is also available
MS = Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D008745
Methylazoxymethanol Acetate
AN = a carcinogen; D25-26 qualif
MS = The aglycone of CYCASIN. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.
UI = D008746
Methylcellulose
AN = used in pharm & cosmetic indust; also a cathartic
MS = Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.
UI = D008747
Methylcholanthrene
AN = a carcinogen; NIM; D25-26 qualif; in exper cancer studies usually no qualif
MS = A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.
UI = D008748
Methyldimethylaminoazobenzene
AN = a carcinogen; D25-26 qualif; DF: note short X ref
MS = A very potent liver carcinogen.
UI = D008749
Methyldopa
AN = an antihypertensive & alpha-2 adrenergic agonist
MS = An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent. Before its alpha-adrenergic actions became clear, methyldopa was thought to act by inhibiting decarboxylation of DOPA leading to depletion of norepinephrine or by conversion to and release as the false transmitter alpha-methylnorepinephrine.
UI = D008750
Methylene Blue
MS = A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of methemoglobin.
UI = D008751
Methylene Chloride
AN = an anesthetic; do not confuse with METHYL CHLORIDE
MS = Dichloromethane. A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.
UI = D008752
Methylenebis(chloroaniline)
AN = used in plastics indust; D25-26 qualif
MS = 4,4'-Methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline). Aromatic diamine used in the plastics industry as curing agent for epoxy resins and urethane rubbers. It causes bladder, liver, lung, and other neoplasms.
UI = D008753
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine
AN = a hallucinogen; DF: note short X ref
MS = An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.
UI = D015104
Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase
MS = Catalyzes the oxidation of methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate. Includes EC 1.5.1.15 which uses NAD+. EC 1.5.1.5.
UI = D008754
Methylergonovine
AN = methylergonovine derivatives = METHYLERGONOVINE /analogs
MS = A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D008755
3-O-Methylglucose
MS = A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504)
UI = D019325
Methylgalactosides
UI = D008756
Methylglucosides
AN = do not confuse with METHYLGLYCOSIDES
UI = D008757
Methylglycosides
AN = do not confuse with METHYLGLUCOSIDES
UI = D008759
Methylguanidine
MS = A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.
UI = D008760
O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that transfers methyl groups from O(6)-methylguanine, and other methylated moities of DNA, to a cysteine residue in itself, thus repairing alkylated DNA in a single-step reaction. EC 2.1.1.63.
UI = D019853
Methylhistamines
MS = Histamine substituted in any position with one or more methyl groups. Many of these are agonists for the H1, H2, or both histamine receptors.
UI = D008761
Methylhistidines
MS = Histidine substituted in any position with one or more methyl groups.
UI = D008762
Methylhydrazines
MS = Hydrazines substituted by one or more methyl groups in any position.
UI = D008763
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
AN = a phosphodiesterase inhib; DF: MIBX
MS = 3,7-Dihydro-1-methyl-3-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-purine-2,6-dione. A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases.
UI = D015056
Methylmalonic Acid
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Methylpropanedioic acid. A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.
UI = D008764
Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase
AN = /defic: consider also METHYLMALONIC ACID /urine (IM) + AMINO ACID METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS (IM)
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA by transfer of the carbonyl group. It requires a cobamide coenzyme. A block in this enzymatic conversion leads to the metabolic disease, methylmalonic aciduria. EC 5.4.99.2.
UI = D008765
Methylmannosides
MS = Mannosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of mannose with methyl alcohol. They include both alpha- and beta-methylmannosides.
UI = D008766
Methylmercury Compounds
AN = DF: METHYLMERCURY CPDS
MS = Organic compounds in which mercury is attached to a methyl group.
UI = D008767
Methylmethacrylate
AN = POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE is available
MS = The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.
UI = D020366
Methylmethacrylates
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = The methyl esters of methacrylic acid that polymerize easily and are used as tissue cements, dental materials, and absorbent for biological substances.
UI = D008768
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
AN = a hallucinogen; street drug Ecstasy goes here; DF: note short X ref
MS = An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.
UI = D018817
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine
AN = a carcinogen; D25-26 qualif; DF: MNNG
MS = 1-Methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine. A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.
UI = D008769
Methylnitrosourea
AN = a carcinogen; D25-26 qualif
MS = 1-Methyl-1-nitrosourea. A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.
UI = D008770
Methylococcaceae
AN = a family of gram-neg aerobic bacteria in soil & water
MS = A family of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria utilizing only one-carbon organic compounds.
UI = D008772
Methylphenazonium Methosulfate
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = 5-Methylphenazinium methosulfate. Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of succinic dehydrogenase.
UI = D008773
Methylphenidate
AN = a CNS stimulant
MS = A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.
UI = D008774
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
AN = an herbicide
MS = 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE (MPTP). The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.
UI = D015655
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
MS = A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.
UI = D015632
Methylprednisolone
AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent
MS = (6 alpha,11 beta)-11,17,21-Trihydroxy-6-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,2-dione. A prednisolone derivative which has pharmacological actions similar to prednisolone.
UI = D008775
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate
AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent
MS = (6 alpha,11 beta)-21-(3-Carboxy-1-oxopropoxy)-11,17-dihydroxy-6-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione. A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.
UI = D008776
N-Methylscopolamine
MS = A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.
UI = D019832
Methyltestosterone
AN = a synthetic androgen
MS = 17 beta-Hydroxy-17-methylandrost-4-en-3-one.
UI = D008777
5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase
AN = /defic: consider also HOMOCYSTINURIA; DF: note short X ref
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of methionine by transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to homocysteine. It requires a cobamide coenzyme. The enzyme can act on mono- or triglutamate derivatives. EC 2.1.1.13.
UI = D013766
Methylthioinosine
MS = 6-(Methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. An analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position.
UI = D008778
Methylthiouracil
AN = a thyroid antag
MS = A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.
UI = D008779
Methyltransferases
MS = A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1.
UI = D008780
alpha-Methyltyrosine
MS = An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma and decreases the frequency and severity of hypertensive attacks and related symptoms in most patients. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)
UI = D019805
Methyltyrosines
MS = A group of compounds that are methyl derivatives of the amino acid TYROSINE.
UI = D008781
Methylurea Compounds
AN = DF: METHYLUREA CPDS
MS = Urea compounds which are substituted with one or more methyl groups.
UI = D008782
Methysergide
AN = a serotonin antag; methysergide derivatives = METHYSERGIDE /analogs
MS = An ergot derivative that is a congener of LSD. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.
UI = D008784
Metiamide
AN = a histamine H2 antag & anti-ulcer agent
MS = A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.
UI = D008785
Metipranolol
AN = an antihypertensive & anti-arrhythmic
MS = A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.
UI = D014290
Metmyoglobin
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /urine = METMYOGLOBIN /urine (IM) + MYOGLOBINURIA (IM)
MS = Myoglobin which is in the oxidized ferric or hemin form. The oxidation causes a change in color from red to brown.
UI = D008786
Metoclopramide
MS = A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.
UI = D008787
Metolazone
AN = a diuretic
MS = 7-Chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-oxo-3-o-tolyl-6-quinazoline sulfonamide. A potent, long acting diuretic useful in chronic renal disease. It also tends to lower blood pressure and increase potassium loss.
UI = D008788
Metoprolol
AN = an antihypertensive & anti-arrhythmic
MS = Adrenergic beta-1-blocking agent with no stimulatory action. It is less bound to plasma albumin than alprenolol and may be useful in angina pectoris, hypertension, or cardiac arrhythmias.
UI = D008790
Metrial Gland
AN = female; animal only
MS = Collection of granular epithelial cells in the uterine muscle beneath the placenta that develop during pregnancy in certain species of animals.
UI = D008791
Metribolone
AN = an anabolic steroid
MS = 17 beta-Hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one. A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.
UI = D015741
Metric System
UI = D008792
Metrizamide
MS = A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.
UI = D008793
Metrizoate
MS = A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.
UI = D008794
Metronidazole
AN = an antitrichomonal & radiation-sensitizing agent
MS = Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed).
UI = D008795
Metrorrhagia
AN = a type of uterine bleeding
MS = Uterine bleeding, usually of normal amount, occurring at completely irregular intervals, the period of flow sometimes being prolonged. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008796
Metyrapone
AN = usually /diag use
UI = D008797
Mevalonic Acid
UI = D008798
Mevinphos
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
MS = An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.
UI = D008799
Mexican Americans
AN = IM; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Persons living in the United States of Mexican descent.
UI = D017058
Mexico
AN = part of No. Amer., not So. Amer. nor Cent. Amer.; Indians of Mexico are indexed under MEXICO + INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN: do not confuse with INDIANS, CENTRAL AMERICAN
UI = D008800
Mexiletine
AN = an anti-arrhythmic
MS = 1-(2,6-Dimethylphenoxy)-2-propanamine. Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to lidocaine. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.
UI = D008801
Mezlocillin
AN = an ampicillin
MS = 3,3-Dimethyl-6-(((((3-(methylsulfonyl)-2-oxo-1- imidazolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)phenylacetyl)amino)- 7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid. Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.
UI = D008802
Mianserin
AN = an antidepressant
MS = A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.
UI = D008803
Mice
AN = = MUS MUSCULUS only: for other species note MUS see MURIDAE; check tag: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
MS = The common name for the species Mus musculus.
UI = D008804
Mice, Congenic
AN = NIM when exper animal; check tag MICE
MS = Mouse strains constructed to possess identical genotypes except for a difference at a single gene locus.
UI = D020297
Mice, Inbred A
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008805
Mice, Inbred AKR
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008806
Mice, Inbred BALB C
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008807
Mice, Inbred CBA
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008808
Mice, Inbred C3H
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008809
Mice, Inbred C57BL
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008810
Mice, Inbred CFTR
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; used a model for cystic fibrosis; do not forget also to check tag MICE
MS = A strain of mice widely studied as a model for cystic fibrosis. These mice are generated from embryonic stem cells in which the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) gene is inactivated by gene targeting. As a result, all mice have one copy of this altered gene in all their tissues. Mice homozygous for the disrupted gene exhibit many features common to young cystic fibrosis patients, including failure to thrive, meconium ileus, and alteration of mucous and serous glands.
UI = D018181
Mice, Inbred DBA
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008811
Mice, Inbred HRS
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not confuse X ref MICE, HAIRLESS with MICE, NUDE; do not forget also to check tag MICE
MS = Homozygous, permanently near-hairless mice which lose their hair at about 10 days of age.
UI = D008812
Mice, Inbred ICR
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008813
Mice, Inbred mdx
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check MICE
MS = A strain of mice arising from a spontaneous mutation (mdx) in inbred C57BL mice. This mutation is X chromosome-linked and produces viable homozygous animals that lack the muscle protein dystrophin, have high serum levels of muscle enzymes, and possess histological lesions similar to human muscular dystrophy. The histological features, linkage, and map position of mdx make these mice a worthy animal model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
UI = D018101
Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
AN = a strain predisposed to develop of systemic lupus erythematosus; MRL stands for "Murphy-Roths Lymphoma", lpr stands for "LymphoPRoliferative"; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check MICE; in titles & translations use lpr (the letter l), not 1pr (the figure one)
MS = A mouse substrain that is genetically predisposed to the development of systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome, which has been found to be clinically similar to the human disease. It has been determined that this mouse strain carries a mutation in the fas gene. Also, the MRL/lpr is a useful model to study behavioral and cognitive deficits found in autoimmune diseases and the efficacy of immunosuppressive agents.
UI = D019463
Mice, Inbred NOD
AN = a model for DIABETES MELLITUS, INSULIN-DEPENDENT, the most likely type of exper diabetes mellitus, not DIABETES MELLITUS, EXPERIMENTAL (see MeSH definition); NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check MICE
MS = A strain of non-obese diabetic mice developed in Japan that has been widely studied as a model for T-cell-dependent autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in which insulitis is a major histopathologic feature, and in which genetic susceptibility is strongly MHC-linked.
UI = D016688
Mice, Inbred NZB
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008814
Mice, Inbred SENCAR
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE; SENCAR stands for SENsitive to CARcinogenesis
MS = Mice selectively bred for hypersusceptibility to two-stage chemical skin carcinogenesis. They are also hypersusceptible to UV radiation tumorigenesis with single high-dose, but not chronic low-dose, exposures. SENCAR (SENsitive to CARcinogenesis) mice are used in research as an animal model for tumor production.
UI = D018632
Mice, Inbred Strains
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE; Manual 22.36
MS = Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.
UI = D008815
Mice, Jimpy
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
MS = Myelin-deficient mutants which are from the inbred Tabby-Jimpy strain.
UI = D008816
Mice, Knockout
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check MICE
MS = Mice whose genome contains a gene whose function has been disrupted, or "knocked-out". A common method of producing disabled genes using recombinant DNA technology is by inserting an antibiotic resistance gene into the normal DNA sequence of a clone of the gene being studied. This disrupts the gene's action, thereby preventing it from making an active protein product. Cells in which this transfer is successful are then injected into mouse embryos, producing chimeric mice. These mice are bred to yield a strain in which all the cells contain the knocked-out gene. Knockout mice are used as animal models for various diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, and are helping to clarify the functions of the genes studied within the fields of immunology, cancer genetics, and developmental biology.
UI = D018345
Mice Minute Virus
AN = a mouse parvovirus; infection: coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = The type species of PARVOVIRUS prevalent in mouse colonies and found as a contaminant of many transplanted tumors or leukemias.
UI = D008915
Mice, Mutant Strains
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
MS = Mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.
UI = D008817
Mice, Neurologic Mutants
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE; MICE, JIMPY & MICE, QUAKING, both neurol mutants, are available; DF: MICE NEUROL MUTANTS
MS = Mice which carry mutant genes for neurologic defects or abnormalities.
UI = D008818
Mice, Nude
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not confuse with MICE, HAIRLESS see MICE, INBRED HRS; do not forget also to check tag MICE
MS = Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.
UI = D008819
Mice, Obese
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE; for X ref HYPERGLYCEMIC MICE do not add HYPERGLYCEMIA or OBESITY unless particularly discussed as diseases
MS = Mutant mice exhibiting a marked obesity coupled with overeating, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, marked insulin resistance, and infertility when in a homozygous state. They may be inbred or hybrid.
UI = D008820
Mice, Quaking
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
MS = Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene, quaking (qk), associated with disorder in myelin formation and manifested by axial tremors.
UI = D008821
Mice, SCID
AN = SCID stands for "Severe Combined ImmunoDeficiency"; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
MS = Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.
UI = D016513
Mice, Transgenic
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
MS = Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated egg or embryo. The technique involves microinjection of DNA fragments from another species into the nucleus of the fertilized egg.
UI = D008822
Micelles
AN = no qualif
MS = Electrically charged colloidal particles or ions consisting of oriented molecules; aggregates of a number of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds.
UI = D008823
Michigan
UI = D008824
Miconazole
AN = an antifungal
MS = An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.
UI = D008825
Microbial Collagenase
AN = coord IM with specific bacterium /enzymol (IM or NIM) if pertinent
MS = A metalloproteinase which degrades helical regions of native collagen to small fragments. Preferred cleavage is -Gly in the sequence -Pro-Xaa-Gly-Pro-. Six forms (or 2 classes) have been isolated from Clostridium histolyticum that are immunologically cross-reactive but possess different sequences and different specificities. Other variants have been isolated from Bacillus cereus, Empedobacter collagenolyticum, Pseudomonas marinoglutinosa, and species of Vibrio and Streptomyces. EC 3.4.24.3.
UI = D003012
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
AN = not for protozoa or helminths; IM when general; NIM when with specific drug (IM) & specific micro-organisms (virus, bacterium, & fungus) (IM); note X ref MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION but bactericidal eff of an antimicrobial drug using patient's blood (= SERUM BACTERICIDAL TEST + specific drug)
MS = Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).
UI = D008826
Microbiologic Phenomena
AN = not used for indexing; DF: MICROBIOL PHENOMENA CATALOG: do not use
MS = Physiological processes and activities of microorganisms, including archaea, bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, protozoa, and fungi.
UI = D008827
Microbiological Techniques
AN = GEN or unspecified; bacteriologic techniques = BACTERIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES; virologic techniques = VIROLOGY /methods; mycologic techniques = MYCOLOGY /methods; parasitologic techniques = PARASITOLOGY /methods; do not use /util except by MeSH definition: DF: MICROBIOL TECHNIQUES CATALOG: do not use /laboratory manuals
MS = Techniques used in microbiology.
UI = D008828
Microbiology
AN = SPEC only; SPEC qualif; prefer /microbiol with specific organ, higher animal & disease: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.46; the concept microbiol includes only algae, archaea, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rickettsias & viruses; consider also AIR MICROBIOLOGY, FOOD MICROBIOLOGY, SOIL MICROBIOLOGY, WATER MICROBIOLOGY with specific organism; presence of microbes in the blood = /microbiol, not /blood; DF: MICROBIOL
MS = The science that deals with the study of microorganisms, including algae, archaea, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008829
Microbodies
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
MS = Membrane-bound cytoplasmic particles containing enzymes and other substances.
UI = D008830
Microcephaly
AN = abnormally small head; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Abnormal smallness of the head, usually associated with mental retardation. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008831
Microchemistry
AN = SPEC qualif when IM; no qualif when NIM
MS = The study of chemical reactions, using small quantities of materials, frequently less than 1 milligram or 1 milliliter, and often requiring special small apparatus and microscopical observation. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
UI = D008832
Microcirculation
AN = IM GEN only; NIM as coord with specific organ /blood supply; not for lymphatic microcirc ( = LYMPHATIC SYSTEM /physiol); Manual 21.5; DF: MICROCIRC
MS = The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network.
UI = D008833
Microclimate
AN = no qualif; refers to climate in a limited geog or environ area, as in a forest or factory
MS = The climate of a very small area.
UI = D008834
Micrococcaceae
MS = A family of bacteria ranging from free living and saprophytic to parasitic and pathogenic forms.
UI = D008835
Micrococcal Nuclease
AN = DF: STAPH NUCLEASE
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage to 3'-phosphomononucleotide and 3'-phospholigonucleotide end-products. It can cause hydrolysis of double- or single-stranded DNA or RNA. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.1.31.1.
UI = D008836
Micrococcus
AN = found in soil & fresh water & on mammalian skin
MS = A genus of gram-positive, spherical bacteria found in soils and fresh water, and frequently on the skin of man and other animals.
UI = D008837
Micrococcus luteus
AN = found on mammalian skin
MS = A species of gram-positive, spherical bacteria whose organisms occur in tetrads and in irregular clusters of tetrads. The primary habitat is mammalian skin.
UI = D016982
Microcomputers
AN = do not confuse with MINICOMPUTERS
MS = Small computers using LSI (large-scale integration) microprocessor chips as the CPU (central processing unit) and semiconductor memories for compact, inexpensive storage of program instructions and data. They are smaller and less expensive than minicomputers and are usually built into a dedicated system where they are optimized for a particular application. "Microprocessor" may refer to just the CPU or the entire microcomputer.
UI = D008838
Microdialysis
MS = A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.
UI = D017551
Microelectrodes
AN = NIM
MS = Electrodes with an extremely small tip, used in a voltage clamp or other apparatus to stimulate or record bioelectric potentials of single cells intracellularly or extracellularly. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008839
Microfilament Proteins
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Filaments which are composed primarily of actin and found in the cytoplasmic matrix of almost all cells. They are often associated with microtubules and may play a role in cytoskeletal function and/or mediate movement of the cell or the organelles within the cell.
UI = D008840
Microfilaments
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
MS = The smallest of the cytoskeletal filaments. They are composed chiefly of actin and/or myosin.
UI = D008841
Microfilaria
AN = coord with specific helminth terms (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc) if pertinent; /drug eff: consider FILARICIDES
MS = The prelarval stage of Filarioidea in the blood and other tissues of mammals and birds. They are removed from these hosts by blood-sucking insects in which they metamorphose into mature larvae.
UI = D008842
Microfilming
AN = IM CATALOG: form qualif /microfilm is available
UI = D008843
Microglia
AN = a type of neuroglia; A 11 qualif
MS = The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.
UI = D017628
Micrognathism
AN = abnormally small jaw; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Unusual or undue smallness of the jaws. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008844
Microinjections
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: MICROINJECT
UI = D008845
Micromanipulation
AN = MICROSURGERY, MICROINJECTIONS & other MICRO- procedures are also available
MS = The performance of dissections, injections, surgery, etc., by the use of micromanipulators (attachments to a microscope that manipulate tiny instruments).
UI = D008846
Micromonospora
AN = in soil; a genus: do not confuse with the family MICROMONOSPORACEAE
MS = A genus of gram-positive bacteria that forms a branched mycelium. It commonly occurs as a saprophytic form in soil and aquatic environments.
UI = D008847
Micromonosporaceae
AN = in soil & water
MS = A family of gram-positive, saprophytic bacteria occurring in soil and aquatic environments.
UI = D008848
Micronesia
AN = a group of islands east of the Philippines; includes Christmas Island; of the X ref MARIANA ISLANDS, GUAM is available; PALAU is also available
MS = The collective name for islands of the Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines, including the Mariana, PALAU, Caroline, Marshall, and Kiribati Islands. Micronesia is from the Greek micro, small + nesos, island, so named because the islands in this group are much smaller than those in MELANESIA. Micronesia is inhabited by a mixed race of Melanesians, Polynesians, and some Malaysians. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p761 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p350)
UI = D008849
Micronuclei
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
MS = Nuclei, separate from and additional to the main nucleus of a cell, produced during the telophase of mitosis or meiosis by lagging chromosomes or chromosome fragments derived from spontaneous or experimentally induced chromosomal structural changes. This concept also includes the smaller, reproductive nuclei found in multinucleate protozoans.
UI = D015574
Micronucleus Tests
AN = NIM
MS = Induction and quantitative measurement of chromosomal damage leading to the formation of micronuclei in cells which have been exposed to genotoxic agents or ionizing radiation.
UI = D015162
Micronutrients
AN = coord IM with specific micronutrient (IM)
MS = Essential dietary elements required only in small quantities. They are present in the body in amounts less than .005% of body weight. (Dorland, 28th ed; Claudio & Lagua, Nutrition and Diet Therapy Dictionary, 3d ed)
UI = D018977
Microphthalmos
AN = abnormally small eyeball; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Congenital or developmental anomaly in which the eyeballs are abnormally small.
UI = D008850
Micropore Filters
AN = includes millipore filters
UI = D008851
Microradiography
AN = NIM; DF: MICRORADIOGR
MS = Production of a radiographic image of a small or very thin object on fine-grained photographic film under conditions which permit subsequent microscopic examination or enlargement of the radiograph at linear magnifications of up to several hundred and with a resolution approaching the resolving power of the photographic emulsion (about 1000 lines per millimeter).
UI = D008852
Microsatellite Repeats
MS = A variety of simple di- (DINUCLEOTIDE REPEATS), tri- (TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEATS), tetra-, and pentanucleotide tandem repeats (usually less than 100 bases long). They are dispersed in the euchromatic arms of most chromosomes.
UI = D018895
Microscopy
AN = do not index here routinely for histol & cytol studies: Manual 26.12+
MS = The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye.
UI = D008853
Microscopy, Atomic Force
MS = Microscopy in which a probe systematically rides across the surface of a sample being scanned in a raster pattern. The vertical position is recorded as a spring attached to the probe rises and falls in response to peaks and valleys on the surface. A microcomputer keeps track of the vertical excursions as a function of the position of the probe in the horizontal plane and presents the sample's image.
UI = D018625
Microscopy, Confocal
AN = NIM
MS = A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.
UI = D018613
Microscopy, Electron
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; NIM; relation to /ultrastruct: Manual 26.12.1 & TN 195; note X ref TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM) but scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is see MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, SCANNING TRANSMISSION
MS = Visual and photographic microscopy in which electron beams with wavelengths thousands of times shorter than visible light are used in place of light, thereby allowing much greater magnification.
UI = D008854
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
AN = NIM; do not confuse with MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, SCANNING TRANSMISSION or STEM; if in doubt, follow words of author; MICROSCOPY, SCANNING TUNNELING is also available
MS = Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point, giving the surface image a three-dimensional quality.
UI = D008855
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission
AN = do not confuse with MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, SCANNING nor with MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, TRANSMISSION see MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON; since the techniques have different applications, do not interpret: if in doubt, use words of author; DF: note short X ref
MS = A type of electron microscopy which scans with an extremely narrow beam that is transmitted through the sample. The detection apparatus produces an image whose brightness depends on the atomic number of the sample. It should not be confused with MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON SCANNING nor with MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, TRANSMISSION (see MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 3d ed)
UI = D017348
Microscopy, Fluorescence
AN = NIM
MS = Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.
UI = D008856
Microscopy, Immunoelectron
AN = NIM
MS = Microscopy in which the samples are first stained immunocytochemically and then examined using an electron microscope. Immunoelectron microscopy is used extensively in diagnostic virology as part of very sensitive immunoassays.
UI = D016253
Microscopy, Interference
AN = NIM
MS = Microscopy in which physiological and photometric contrast in the image is influenced or produced by the action of optical components which regulate interference.
UI = D008857
Microscopy, Phase-Contrast
AN = NIM
MS = A form of interference microscopy in which variations of the refracting index in the object are converted into variations of intensity in the image. This is achieved by the action of a phase plate.
UI = D008858
Microscopy, Polarization
AN = NIM
MS = Microscopy using polarized light in which phenomena due to the preferential orientation of optical properties with respect to the vibration plane of the polarized light are made visible and correlated parameters are made measurable.
UI = D008859
Microscopy, Scanning Tunneling
AN = NIM
MS = Electron microscopy in which a very sharp conducting needle is swept just a few angstroms above the surface of a sample. The tiny tunneling current that flows between the sample and the needle tip is measured and from this are produced three-dimensional topographs, with a lateral resolution often as good as 1-2 angstroms and a vertical resolution of less than 1 angstrom. Due to their composition, biological samples are usually coated with a conductive layer, e.g., by depositing a thin metal or carbon film on top of the sample, to enhance their conductivity.
UI = D016252
Microscopy, Ultraviolet
AN = NIM
MS = Microscopy in which the image is formed by ultraviolet radiation and is displayed and recorded by means of photographic film.
UI = D008860
Microscopy, Video
AN = NIM
MS = Microscopy in which television cameras are used to brighten magnified images that are otherwise too dark to be seen with the naked eye. It is used frequently in TELEPATHOLOGY.
UI = D018715
Microsomes
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol
MS = Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
UI = D008861
Microsomes, Liver
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol
MS = In the hepatocyte, any of the vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008862
Microspectrophotometry
AN = a type of spectrum anal; NIM
MS = Analytical technique for studying substances present at enzyme concentrations in single cells, in situ, by measuring light absorption. Light from a tungsten strip lamp or xenon arc dispersed by a grating monochromator illuminates the optical system of a microscope. The absorbance of light is measured (in nanometers) by comparing the difference between the image of the sample and a reference image.
UI = D015591
Microspheres
AN = NIM; no qualif; note X refs: do not coord with LATEX unless particularly discussed; note MICROCAPSULES see CAPSULES: do not coord with MICROSPHERES
MS = Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently labeled with radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers.
UI = D008863
Microspora
AN = a phylum of protozoa: do not confuse with class MICROSPOREA nor with MICROSPORUM, a dermatophyte; infection = MICROSPORA INFECTIONS
MS = A phylum of protozoa comprising minute intracellular parasites with spores of unicellular origin. It has two classes: Rudimicrosporea and MICROSPOREA.
UI = D016814
Microspora Infections
AN = protozoan infect: do not confuse with Microsporum infections, one of the DERMATOMYCOSES (see note at MICROSPORUM)
MS = Infections with protozoa of the phylum MICROSPORA.
UI = D016881
Microsporea
AN = a class of protozoa: do not confuse with protozoan phylum MICROSPORA; infection: coord IM with MICROSPORA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A class of parasitic protozoa. Characteristics include spores that are spherical, oval, or tubular in shape and sporoplasm which is uninuclear or binuclear.
UI = D016815
Microsporida
AN = an order of protozoa found largely in fish & arthropods
MS = An order of parasitic protozoa found mostly in arthropods and fish and in some lower vertebrates. It comprises two suborders: Pansporoblastina and APANSPOROBLASTINA.
UI = D016816
Microsporum
AN = do not confuse with the protozoan phylum MICROSPORA nor with the protozoan class MICROSPOREA; infection: coord IM with DERMATOMYCOSES (IM) or specific (IM); do not confuse with MICROSPORA INFECTIONS
MS = A mitosporic Oxygenales fungal genus causing various diseases of the skin and hair. The species Microsporum canis produces TINEA CAPITIS and tinea corporis, which usually are acquired from domestic cats and dogs. Teleomorphs includes Arthroderma (Nannizzia). (Alexopoulos et al., Introductory Mycology, 4th edition, p305)
UI = D008864
Microstomia
AN = unusually small mouth; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A congenital defect in which the mouth is unusually small. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008865
Microsurgery
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D008866
Microtinae
AN = note common names as X refs; IM; qualif permitted; for X ref MICE, RED-BACKED & other species commonly called "mouse" but taxonomically MICROTINAE, do not check tag MICE
MS = A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of 20 genera. Voles, lemmings, and muskrats are included in this subfamily. They occur nearly world-wide.
UI = D003411
Microtomy
MS = The technique of using a microtome to cut thin or ultrathin sections of tissues embedded in a supporting substance. The microtome is an instrument that hold a steel, glass or diamond knife in clamps at an angle to the blocks of prepared tissues, which it cuts in sections of equal thickness.
UI = D008867
Microtubule Proteins
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted; TUBULIN is available
MS = Proteins found in the microtubules.
UI = D008868
Microtubule-Associated Proteins
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted
MS = High molecular weight proteins found in the microtubules of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for tubulin assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules.
UI = D008869
Microtubules
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
MS = Any of the slender, tubular structures composed chiefly of tubulin, found in the cytoplasmic ground substance of nearly all cells. They are involved in maintenance of cell shape and in the movements of organelles and inclusions, and form the spindle fibers of mitosis. In cilia and flagella, they are constantly arranged with two single microtubules in the center and nine pairs of doublets arrayed around the central two. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008870
Microvilli
AN = NIM: coord with specific cell /ultrastructure (IM); IM only if point of article irrespective of identity of cell /ultrastructure (NIM); A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
MS = Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell.
UI = D008871
Microviridae
AN = a family of bacteriophages infecting Enterobacteria
MS = A large family of lytic bacteriophages infecting enterobacteria. It contains two genera: MICROVIRUS and spiromicrovirus.
UI = D017914
Microvirus
AN = a genus of bacteriophages of the family Microviridae
MS = A genus of bacteriophages of the family MICROVIRIDAE. The genome consists of isometric single-stranded DNA.
UI = D017915
Microwaves
AN = non-ionizing; IM; radiation policy: see Manual index under RADIATION & entries following
MS = That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum lying between UHF (ultrahigh frequency) radio waves and heat (infrared) waves. Microwaves are used to generate heat, especially in some types of diathermy. They may cause heat damage to tissues.
UI = D008872
Mid-Atlantic Region
AN = includes DC, Del, Md, NJ, NY & Pa; specify as needed but use MID-ATLANTIC REGION when text uses the term CATALOG: use for 4 or more states
MS = A geographical area of the United States comprising the District of Columbia, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.
UI = D008873
Midazolam
AN = an anti-anxiety agent
MS = A short-acting compound, water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH. It is a hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used for sedation in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. Because of its short duration and cardiorespiratory stability, it is particularly useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients.
UI = D008874
Middle Age
AN = age 45-64; IM as a physiol, psychol, sociol entity: Manual 18.5.12; NIM as check tag; Manual 34.10 for indexing examples
UI = D008875
Middle Ear Ventilation
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Ventilation of the middle ear in the treatment of secretory (serous) otitis media, usually by placement of tubes or grommets which pierce the tympanic membrane.
UI = D008876
Middle East
AN = countries from Libya east to Afghanistan, including Turkey
MS = The countries of southwest Asia and northeastern Africa usually considered as extending from Libya on the west to Afghanistan on the east. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988)
UI = D008877
Middle Lobe Syndrome
AN = atelectasis of middle lobe of right lung
MS = Atelectasis of the right middle pulmonary lobe, with chronic pneumonitis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008878
Midodrine
AN = a vasoconstrictor
MS = An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of hypotension.
UI = D008879
Midwestern United States
AN = includes Ill, Ind, Iowa, Kans, Ky, Mich, Minn, Missouri, Nebr, Ohio, Okla, N Dakota, S Dakota, Wisc; specify as needed but use MIDWESTERN UNITED STATES when text uses the term; DF: note short X ref CATALOG: use for 4 or more states
MS = The geographic area of the midwestern region of the United States in general or when the specific state or states are not indicated. The states usually included in this region are Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wisconsin.
UI = D015146
Midwifery
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; check also tag PREGNANCY
MS = The practice of assisting women in childbirth.
UI = D008880
Mifepristone
AN = a menstruation-inducing agent
MS = A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary Cushing's syndrome.
UI = D015735
Migraine
AN = a periodic vasc headache
MS = A periodic vascular headache, usually temporal and unilateral in onset, commonly associated with irritability, nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, and often photophobia.
UI = D008881
Mikulicz' Disease
AN = an inflamm dis of the lacrimal & salivary glands
MS = A chronic, benign, and usually painless inflammatory swelling of the lacrimal and salivary glands. It is considered by some to include the glandular enlargement associated with other diseases, such as Sjogren's syndrome, sarcoidosis, lupus erythematosus, etc.
UI = D008882
Miliaria
AN = a sweat gland dis
MS = A syndrome of cutaneous changes associated with sweat retention and extravasation of sweat at different levels in the skin. Miliaria rubra, or prickly heat, results from apocrine duct obstruction. The sweat then seeps into the epidermis, producing pruritic erythematous papulovesicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008883
Milieu Therapy
AN = a form of socioenvir ther; DF: MILIEU THER
MS = A treatment program based on manipulation of the patient's environment by the medical staff. The patient does not participate in planning the treatment regimen.
UI = D008884
Military Dentistry
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; specify country; DF: MILITARY DENT
MS = The practice of dentistry as applied to special circumstances associated with military operations.
UI = D008885
Military Hygiene
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; specify country
UI = D008886
Military Medicine
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; specify country; Manual 23.6, 28.8, 34.15; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), under US Dept of Defense, goes under SCHOOLS, MEDICAL (IM) + UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: MILITARY MED
MS = The practice of medicine as applied to special circumstances associated with military operations.
UI = D008887
Military Nursing
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; specify country CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The practice of nursing in military environments.
UI = D008888
Military Personnel
AN = their physiol & diseases go here: reserve MILITARY MEDICINE for the specialty; includes all uniformed personnel: note X refs; /psychol: consider also the specialties PSYCHOLOGY, MILITARY & MILITARY PSYCHIATRY; specify country; Manual 28.8, 34.15 CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D008889
Military Psychiatry
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; not for MENTAL DISORDERS in soldiers, etc.
MS = Branch of psychiatry concerned with problems related to the prevention, diagnosis, etiology, and treatment of mental or emotional disorders of Armed Forces personnel.
UI = D008890
Military Science
AN = specify country
UI = D008891
Milk
AN = IM; assume to be cow's milk & do not coord with CATTLE; coord IM with other animal source (NIM), as goat's milk = MILK (IM) + GOATS (NIM); /secret: consider also LACTATION; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; selected qualif from Cat A12 & Cat J2
MS = The fluid secretion of the mammary gland forming the natural food of young mammals. (Dorland, 28th ed) It often refers to cow's milk used as a food by humans.
UI = D008892
Milk Banks
MS = Centers for acquiring, storing, and distributing human milk.
UI = D017784
Milk Ejection
AN = human & animal
MS = Reflex in which tactile stimulation of nipples causes release of oxytocin which causes myoepithelial cells surrounding mammary alveoli to contract and expel the milk. Applies to humans and animals.
UI = D008893
Milk Hypersensitivity
AN = IM; coord with specific milk product /adv eff (IM) if pertinent & if the milk component is causing the allergy; do not confuse with LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, a lactase defic
MS = Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. In infants the hypersensitivity is manifested by colic, vomiting, diarrhea, rhinitis, wheezing, etc. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.
UI = D016269
Milk Proteins
AN = do not use /analogs /defic /physiol
MS = The major protein constituents of milk are CASEINS and whey proteins such as LACTALBUMIN and LACTOGLOBULINS. Immunoglobulins occur in high concentrations in colostrum and in relatively lower concentrations in milk. (Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p554)
UI = D008894
Milk, Human
AN = /secret: consider also LACTATION
UI = D008895
Milk Sickness
AN = a form of plant pois: see MeSH definition
MS = An acute, often fatal disease caused by the ingestion of milk, milk products, or the flesh of cattle or sheep which have a disease known as trembles. It is marked by weakness, anorexia, vomiting, constipation, and sometimes muscular tremors. It is caused by poisoning by white snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum) and the rayless goldenrod (Haplopappus heterophyllus). (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D018602
Miller Fisher Syndrome
AN = ophthalmoplegia, cerebellar ataxia & areflexia; named for American physician C. M(iller) Fisher: Fisher is his surname; note: no hyphen; X ref FISHER SYNDROME: do not confuse with the Fisher one-and-a-half syndrome, an eye movement disorder caused by a brain stem lesion
MS = A syndrome characterized by total external ophthalmoplegia, cerebellar ataxia, and loss of tendon reflexes. Early symptoms include fever, headache, and pneumonia. They are followed by facial paralysis, diplopia, and paresthesia of the arms and trunk. It is sometimes viewed as a variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome.
UI = D019846
Millet
AN = as plant & food; do not confuse X ref ITALIAN MILLET with pearl millet, Pennisetum (index under CEREALS); selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2
MS = A genus of small cereal grasses, Panicum, used for forage. Its grain is used for food.
UI = D008897
Milrinone
MS = A positive inotropic cardiotonic agent with vasodilator properties. It inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase activity in myocardium and vascular smooth muscle. Milrinone is a derivative of amrinone and has 20-30 times the ionotropic potency of amrinone.
UI = D020105
Mimosine
AN = an antineoplastic
MS = 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridinealanine. An antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from Leucena glauca.
UI = D008898
Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics)
AN = important in alternative med; do not confuse with MIND-BODY RELATIONS (PHYSIOLOGY) see PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY where emphasis is on physiol; DF: MIND BODY RELAT METAPHYSICS
MS = The relation between the mind and the body in a religious, social, spiritual, behavioral, and metaphysical context. This concept is significant in the field of alternative medicine. It differs from the relationship between physiologic processes and behavior where the emphasis is on the body's physiology ( = PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY).
UI = D019222
Mineral Fibers
AN = restrict to minerals; emphasis is on the filamentous structure; IM GEN or unspecified only; coord NIM with specific mineral or material (IM), as asbestos fibers = MINERAL FIBERS (NIM) + ASBESTOS (IM); not for textile fibers ( = TEXTILES or specific textile such as COTTON, WOOL or NYLON); not for fiberglass ( = GLASS); /adv eff: consider also specific pneumoconioses, such as ASBESTOSIS
MS = Long, pliable, cohesive natural or manufactured filaments of various lengths. They form the structure of some minerals. The medical significance lies in their potential ability to cause various types of PNEUMOCONIOSIS (e.g., ASBESTOSIS) after occupational or environmental exposure. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p708)
UI = D019016
Mineral Oil
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient.
UI = D008899
Mineral Waters
AN = for drinking, with BALNEOLOGY probably better for bathing in mineral waters CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Water naturally or artificially infused with mineral salts or gases (carbon dioxide).
UI = D008900
Mineralocorticoids
AN = GEN: avoid: prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to MINERALOCORTICOIDS, SYNTHETIC
MS = A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II.
UI = D008901
Mineralocorticoids, Synthetic
AN = do not confuse with MINERALOCORTICOIDS /chem syn; DF: MINERALOCORTICOIDS SYN
MS = Synthetic steroids that mimic the activity of the mineralocorticoids obtained from the adrenal cortex, but differ in structure from the naturally occurring mineralocorticoids.
UI = D008902
Minerals
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; trace minerals = TRACE ELEMENTS; "bone minerals" = MINERALS (IM) + BONE AND BONES (IM)
MS = Native, inorganic or fossilized organic substances having a definite chemical composition and formed by inorganic reactions. They may occur as individual crystals or may be disseminated in some other mineral or rock. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
UI = D008903
Miniaturization
UI = D008904
Minicomputers
AN = do not confuse with MICROCOMPUTERS; personal computers: index under MICROCOMPUTERS
MS = Small computers that lack the speed, memory capacity, and instructional capability of the full-size computer but usually retain its programmable flexibility. They are larger, faster, and more flexible, powerful, and expensive than microcomputers.
UI = D008905
Mining
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; coord IM with substance being mined (IM or NIM); COAL MINING is also available
UI = D008906
Minisatellite Repeats
MS = Tandem arrays of moderately repetitive (5-50 repeats) short (10-60 bases) DNA sequences found dispersed throughout the genome and clustered near telomeres. Their degree of repetition is two to several hundred at each locus. Loci number in the thousands but each locus shows a distinctive repeat unit. Minisatellite repeats are often called variable number of tandem repeats.
UI = D018598
Mink
AN = IM; qualif permitted
MS = Carnivores of genus Mustela of the family Mustelidae. Although widely trapped for commercial purposes, the fur of the European mink is not as valuable as that of the American mink. At present it is found only in the Soviet Union, Finland, eastern Poland, parts of the Balkans, western France, and northern Spain. The American mink, raised mostly commercially, has been introduced into the Soviet Union, and escaped animals have established populations in Iceland, Ireland, Great Britain, Scandinavia, and Germany. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1111-2)
UI = D008907
Mink Cell Focus-Inducing Viruses
AN = species of the genus Leukemia Viruses, Murine; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + LEUKEMIA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM) or LEUKEMIA (IM) (for spontaneous leukemia); DF: note short X ref
MS = Murine leukemia viruses discovered in 1976 by Hartley, Wolford, Old, and Rowe and so named because the viruses originally isolated had the capacity to transform cell foci in mink cell cultures. MCF viruses are generated in a multi-step process by recombination with other viral types including AKR, Friend, Moloney, and Rauscher.
UI = D008908
Minnesota
UI = D008910
Minocycline
AN = a tetracycline antibiotic
MS = (4S-(4 alpha,4a alpha,5a alpha,12a alpha))-4,7-Bis(dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,10,12,12a-tetrahydroxy-1,11-dioxo-2-naphthacene carboxamide. A semisynthetic antibiotic effective against tetracycline-resistant staphylococcus infections.
UI = D008911
Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
MS = Allelic alloantigens often responsible for weak graft rejection in cases when (major) histocompatibility has been established by standard tests. In the mouse they are coded by more than 500 genes at up to 30 minor histocompatibility loci. The most well-known minor histocompatibility antigen in mammals is the H-Y antigen.
UI = D015778
Minor Histocompatibility Loci
AN = DF: MHL
MS = Genetic loci responsible for the encoding of histocompatibility antigens other than those encoded by the major histocompatibility complex. The antigens encoded by these genes are often responsible for graft rejection in cases where histocompatibility has been established by standard tests. The location of some of these loci on the X and Y chromosomes explains why grafts from males to females may be rejected while grafts from females to males are accepted. In the mouse roughly 30 minor histocompatibility loci have been recognized, comprising more than 500 genes.
UI = D008912
Minor Lymphocyte Stimulatory Antigens
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = Endogenous superantigens responsible for inducing strong proliferative responses in T-cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions (see LYMPHOCYTE CULTURE TEST, MIXED). They are encoded by mouse mammary tumor viruses that have integrated into the germ line as DNA proviruses (MINOR LYMPHOCYTE STIMULATORY LOCI).
UI = D016747
Minor Lymphocyte Stimulatory Loci
AN = note category
MS = Genetic loci responsible for the encoding of minor lymphocyte stimulatory antigens. There are at least two unlinked loci (in the mouse) and they appear to be separate from the major histocompatibility complex and minor histocompatibility loci. The mouse mammary tumor virus (see MAMMARY TUMOR VIRUSES, MOUSE) has the ability to integrate into these loci. The antigens induce strong T-cell proliferative responses in mixed lymphocyte reactions.
UI = D016744
Minor Planets
AN = no qualif
MS = Small solar system planetary bodies including asteroids. Most asteroids are found within the gap lying between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
UI = D018543
Minority Groups
AN = IM; coord with specific minority group (IM) & geog
MS = A subgroup having special characteristics within a larger group, often bound together by special ties which distinguish it from the larger group.
UI = D008913
Minoxidil
AN = an antihypertensive
MS = A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in blood pressure. It is given by mouth in the treatment of severe hypertension unresponsive to other therapy. It is also used topically in the treatment of male-pattern baldness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371)
UI = D008914
Miocamycin
AN = a macrolide antibiotic; do not use /biosyn unless by living matter
MS = Leucomycin V, 3(B),9-diacetate 3,4(B)-dipropionate. A macrolide antibiotic that has a wide antimicrobial spectrum and is particularly effective in respiratory and genital infections.
UI = D015644
Miosis
AN = contraction of the pupil: do not confuse with MEIOSIS nor with MITOSIS, both cell division concepts
MS = Constriction of the pupil to less than 2 mm and failure of pupil to dilate in darkness. There are several causes of this condition including congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, paretic lesion of the sympathetic nervous system, and irritation of the conjunctiva or cornea.
UI = D015877
Miotics
AN = do not confuse with "mitotic"; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also PUPIL /drug eff
MS = Agents causing contraction of the pupil of the eye. Because the size of the pupil is under the antagonistic control of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, drugs affecting either system can cause miosis. Drugs that mimic or potentiate the parasympathetic input to the circular constrictor muscle and drugs that inhibit sympathetic input to the radial dilator muscle tend to contract the pupils. Some sources use the term miotics only for the parasympathomimetics but any drug used to induce miosis is included here.
UI = D008916
Mirex
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
MS = An organochlorine insecticide that is carcinogenic.
UI = D008917
Misonidazole
AN = an antineoplastic & radiation-sensitizing agent
MS = A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.
UI = D008920
Misoprostol
AN = a synthetic prostaglandin E anti-ulcer agent & abortifacient
MS = A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.
UI = D016595
Missions and Missionaries
AN = do not confuse with MEDICAL MISSIONS, OFFICIAL; DF: MISSIONS
MS = To be used for articles pertaining to medical activities carried out by personnel in institutions which are administered by a religious organization.
UI = D008921
Mississippi
UI = D008922
Missouri
UI = D008923
Mite Infestations
AN = arthropod infect
MS = Infestations with arthropods of the order Acarina other than the suborder Ixodides.
UI = D008924
Mites
AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; infection = MITE INFESTATIONS; for miticides (chemicals killing or controlling mites) index under INSECTICIDES even though mites are not insects; mite vectors = ARACHNID VECTORS (IM) + MITES (IM); mite control: coord IM with TICK CONTROL (IM)
MS = Any arthropod of the order Acarina except the ticks. They are minute animals related to the spiders, usually having transparent or semitransparent bodies. They may be parasitic on man and domestic animals, producing various irritations of the skin (acariasis or MITE INFESTATIONS). Many mite species are important to human and veterinary medicine as both parasite and vector. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008925
Mitobronitol
AN = an alkylating antineoplastic
MS = 1,6-Dibromo-1,6-dideoxy-D-mannitol. Brominated analog of MANNITOL which is an antineoplastic agent appearing to act as an alkylating agent.
UI = D008927
Mitochondria
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; coord with organ /metab (IM) but not also organ /ultrastruct for metab studies, coord with organ /ultrastruct (IM) for morphol studies: TN 126; mitochondria of vasc or smooth musc tissue goes under MITOCHONDRIA, MUSCLE & do not coord with MUSCLE, SMOOTH or MUSCLE, SMOOTH, VASCULAR unless particularly discussed & then probably only NIM
MS = Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER), AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES, and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
UI = D008928
Mitochondria, Heart
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
MS = The mitochondria of the myocardium.
UI = D008929
Mitochondria, Liver
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
MS = Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)
UI = D008930
Mitochondria, Muscle
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; for skeletal & smooth musc mitochondria; for vasc & smooth musc mitochondria see note on MITOCHONDRIA
MS = Mitochondria of skeletal and smooth muscle. It does not include myocardial mitochondria for which MITOCHONDRIA, HEART is available.
UI = D008931
Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Brain diseases associated with disease of the muscles, accompanied by morphological changes in the muscle mitochondria and their metabolism. The mitochondrial encephalopathies are often multisystemic and vary considerably in age at onset, distribution of weakness, severity, and course. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase deficiency appears to be implicated and often several mitochondrial enzymes are affected in the same patient. The brain lesions can be said to be clinical and morphological expressions of a mitochondrial defect.
UI = D017237
Mitochondrial Myopathies
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Diseases of the muscles characterized by morphologic changes in mitochondria and often associated with excessive lipid accumulation. Muscle biopsies reveal "the presence of overly abundant and large mitochondria (often containing abnormal inclusions and cristae) in many muscle fibers. The terms mitochondrial and lipid storage have been used interchangeably to designate these myopathies, since the enzymes essential for intramuscular lipid metabolism are contained in the mitochondria, and a defect in the latter results in an abnormal accumulation of lipid bodies in muscle fibers." Often defects in various oxidative enzymes figure. One type of mitochondrial myopathy is called pleoconial with reference to "a remarkably large number (pleo-) of enlarged mitochondria in the biopsied muscle", another is "called megaconial with reference to giant (mega-) mitochondria in the muscle." (Adams and Victor: Principles of Neurology, 2d ed, p980-1)
UI = D017240
Mitochondrial Swelling
MS = Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria.
UI = D008933
Mitogens
AN = chem or drugs inducing mitosis
MS = Substances that stimulate mitosis and lymphocyte transformation. They include not only substances associated with lectins, but also substances from streptococci (associated with streptolysin S) and from strains of alpha-toxin-producing staphylococci. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D008934
Mitoguazone
AN = an antineoplastic
MS = 1,1-[(Methylethanediylidene)dinitrilo]diguanidine. Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.
UI = D008935
Mitolactol
AN = an alkylating antineoplastic
MS = 1,6-Dibromo-1,6-dideoxygalactitol. Alkylating antineoplastic toxic to bone marrow; used in breast cancer, also in combination with other drugs.
UI = D008936
Mitomycin C
AN = an antineoplastic antibiotic
MS = A member of the group of antitumor antibiotics produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It has antineoplastic action against a variety of tumors, particularly liver, gastrointestinal, and bladder neoplasms. It is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols.
UI = D016685
Mitomycins
AN = antineoplastic antibiotics
MS = A group of methylazirinopyrroloindolediones obtained from certain Streptomyces strains. They are very toxic antibiotics used as antineoplastic agents in some solid tumors. PORFIROMYCIN and MITOMYCIN C are the most useful members of the group.
UI = D008937
Mitosis
AN = consider also ANTIMITOTIC AGENTS see ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; coord with specific cell /cytol; permitted with micro-organisms; do not confuse with MIOSIS, constriction of the pupil
MS = A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species.
UI = D008938
Mitosporic Fungi
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; infection = MYCOSES or specific mycosis (IM)
MS = A large and heterogenous group of fungi whose common characteristic is the absence of a sexual state. Many of the pathogenic fungi in humans belong to this group.
UI = D003904
Mitotane
AN = an antineoplastic; TN 111 for eff on insects
MS = 1-Chloro-2-(2,2-dichloro)-1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethylbenzene. A derivative of the insecticide DDD that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.
UI = D008939
Mitotic Index
MS = An expression of the number of mitoses found in a stated number of cells.
UI = D008940
Mitotic Spindle Apparatus
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
MS = An organelle consisting of three components: 1) the astral microtubules, which form around each centrosome and extend to the periphery; 2) the polar microtubules which extend from one spindle pole to the equator; and 3) the kinetochore microtubules, which connect the centromeres of the various chromosomes to either centrosome.
UI = D008941
Mitoxantrone
AN = an antineoplastic
MS = An anthracenedione antineoplastic agent. It is particularly effective against advanced breast cancer, acute leukemia, and malignant lymphoma. It has mild side effects, especially with respect to nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and cardiotoxicity.
UI = D008942
Mitral Valve
AN = atresia: index MITRAL VALVE /abnorm
MS = The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart.
UI = D008943
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
AN = imperfect closing of valve
MS = Backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium, owing to imperfect functioning of the mitral valve.
UI = D008944
Mitral Valve Prolapse
MS = Abnormal protrusion of one or both of the leaflets of the mitral valve into the left atrium during systole. This may be accompanied by mitral regurgitation, systolic murmur, nonejection click, or cardiac arrhythmia.
UI = D008945
Mitral Valve Stenosis
AN = atresia = MITRAL VALVE /abnorm
MS = A rheumatic disease causing diffuse thickening of the mitral valve leaflets by fibrous tissue or calcific deposits. (Harrisons' Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1052)
UI = D008946
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
AN = disease entity: read definition & do not confuse with CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; DF: MCTD
MS = A syndrome with overlapping clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, polymyositis, and Raynaud's phenomenon. The disease is differentially characterized by high serum titers of antibodies to ribonuclease-sensitive extractable (saline soluble) nuclear antigen and a "speckled" epidermal nuclear staining pattern on direct immunofluorescence.
UI = D008947
Mixed Function Oxidases
MS = Catalyse the insertion of one oxygen atom of molecular oxygen into the organ substrate. Require a second substrate to donate electrons for the reduction of the second atom in the oxygen molecule to water.
UI = D008948
Mixed Tumor, Malignant
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A malignant tumor composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D018198
Mixed Tumor, Mesodermal
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably UTERINE NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = A sarcoma of the body of the uterus arising in older women, composed of more than one mesenchymal tissue, especially including striated muscle cells. It is associated with previous pelvic radiation exposure in 20% of patients. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1702)
UI = D018199
Mixed Tumor, Mullerian
AN = in titles & translations use diacrit: Mèullerian; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably UTERINE NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = A tumor, basically a carcinoma with a single sarcoma such as leiomyosarcoma or angiosarcoma or multiple sarcomas of uterine origin. The role of estrogen has been postulated as a possible etiological factor in this tumor. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1703)
UI = D018200
MM Virus
AN = a strain of encephalomyocarditis virus; infection: coord IM with CARDIOVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A strain of ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS, a species of CARDIOVIRUS, causing neurological disease in the mouse.
UI = D017947
MMPI
MS = A personality inventory consisting of statements to be asserted or denied by the individual. The patterns of response are characteristic of certain personality attributes.
UI = D008950
MNSs Blood-Group System
AN = IM; coord with disease /blood (IM), not /immunol nor /genet; TN 230
MS = A system of universal human blood group isoantigens with many associated subgroups. The M and N traits are codominant and the S and s traits are probably very closely linked alleles, including the U antigen. This system is most frequently used in paternity studies.
UI = D008951
Mobile Health Units
MS = Movable facilities in which diagnostic and therapeutic services are provided to the community.
UI = D008952
Mobiluncus
AN = mobil- refers to its being motile, -uncus to its curved shape; found in human vagina; infection: coord IM with BACTEROIDACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Its organisms are found in the human vagina, particularly in association with Gardnerella vaginalis in cases of bacterial vaginosis.
UI = D017904
Models, Anatomic
AN = no qualif; note X ref MOULAGES; DF: MODELS ANAT
MS = Three-dimensional representation to show anatomic structures.
UI = D008953
Models, Biological
AN = no qualif; TN 128: definition & relation to MODELS, THEORETICAL; DF: MODELS BIOL
MS = Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
UI = D008954
Models, Cardiovascular
AN = no qualif; apply TN 128 for relation to MODELS, THEORETICAL
MS = Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the cardiovascular system, processes, or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers and other electronic equipment.
UI = D008955
Models, Chemical
AN = no qualif; TN 37: relation to MODELS, STRUCTURAL; TN 128: definition & relation to MODELS, THEORETICAL; DF: MODELS CHEM
MS = Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
UI = D008956
Models, Econometric
AN = models of econ theory & for solution of econ problems: a type of MODELS, ECONOMIC; no qualif; apply TN 128 for relation to MODELS, THEORETICAL
MS = The application of mathematical formulas and statistical techniques to the testing and quantifying of economic theories and the solution of economic problems.
UI = D017059
Models, Economic
AN = no qualif; TN 128: application of MODELS, THEORETICAL; MODELS, ECONOMETRIC is also available; DF: MODELS ECON
MS = Statistical models of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, as well as of financial considerations. For the application of statistics to the testing and quantifying of economic theories MODELS, ECONOMETRIC is available.
UI = D018803
Models, Educational
AN = no qualif; TN 128: application of MODELS, THEORETICAL; DF: MODELS EDUC
MS = Theoretical models which propose methods of learning or teaching as a basis or adjunct to changes in attitude or behavior. These educational interventions are usually applied in the fields of health and patient education but are not restricted to patient care.
UI = D017145
Models, Genetic
AN = no qualif; apply TN 128 for relation to MODELS, THEORETICAL; DF: MODELS GENET
MS = Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
UI = D008957
Models, Immunological
AN = no qualif; TN 128: definition of MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; DF: MODELS IMMUNOL
MS = Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of immune system, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electrical equipment.
UI = D018448
Models, Molecular
AN = no qualif; TN 37: relation to MODELS, CHEMICAL; DF: MODELS MOL
MS = Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
UI = D008958
Models, Neurological
AN = no qualif; TN 128: definition & relation to MODELS, THEORETICAL; DF: MODELS NEUROL
MS = Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
UI = D008959
Models, Nursing
AN = no qualif
MS = Theoretical models simulating behavior or activities in nursing, including nursing care, management and economics, theory, assessment, research, and education. Some examples of these models include Orem Self-Care Model, Roy Adaptation Model, and Rogers Life Process Model.
UI = D016294
Models, Organizational
AN = no qualif; TN 128: application of MODELS, THEORETICAL; DF: MODELS ORGAN
MS = Theoretical representations and constructs that describe or explain the structure and hierarchy of relationships and interactions within or between formal organizational entities or informal social groups.
UI = D017146
Models, Psychological
AN = no qualif; TN 128: definition & relation to MODELS, THEORETICAL; DF: MODELS PSYCHOL
MS = Theoretical representations that simulate psychological processes and/or social processes. These include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
UI = D008960
Models, Statistical
AN = IM; no qualif; TN 128: definition & relation to MODELS, THEORETICAL
MS = Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.
UI = D015233
Models, Structural
AN = no qualif; TN 37: relation to MODELS, CHEMICAL
MS = A representation, generally smale in scale, to show the structure, construction, or appearance of something. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
UI = D008961
Models, Theoretical
AN = no qualif; TN 128: definition & relation to its specifics; physiol models are indexed under MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; models of social behavior are indexed under MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL
MS = Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
UI = D008962
Mohs Surgery
AN = note spelling: no apostrophe; named for Dr. F.E. Mohs
MS = A surgical technique used primarily in the treatment of skin neoplasms, especially basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. This procedure is a microscopically controlled excision of cutaneous tumors either after fixation in vivo or after freezing the tissue. Serial examinations of fresh tissue specimens are most frequently done.
UI = D015580
Moire Topography
AN = in titles & translations spell moirâe; DF: MOIRE TOPOGR
MS = A method of three-dimensional morphometry in which contour maps are produced from the overlapping interference fringes created when an object is illuminated by beams of coherent light issuing from two different point sources.
UI = D015903
Molar
AN = the most posterior teeth; for grinding; NIM when merely locational
MS = The most posterior teeth on either side of the jaw, totaling eight in the deciduous dentition (2 on each side, upper and lower), and usually 12 in the permanent dentition (three on each side, upper and lower). They are grinding teeth, having large crowns and broad chewing surfaces. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p821)
UI = D008963
Molar, Third
AN = the last tooth, behind the 2d molar; human only; IM
MS = The aftermost permanent tooth on each side in the maxilla and mandible.
UI = D008964
Molasses
MS = The syrup remaining after sugar is crystallized out of sugar cane or sugar beet juice. It is also used in animal feed, and in a fermented form, is used to make industrial ethyl alcohol and alcoholic beverages.
UI = D008965
Moldova
UI = D008966
Mole Rats
AN = rodents of 2 different taxonomic families; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
MS = Any of several burrowing rodents of the families MURIDAE and Bathyergidae, found in eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia. They have short limbs, small eyes with permanently closed lids, and no tail. Three genera Spalax (Muridae), Heterocephalus (Bathyergidae) and Cryptomys (Bathyergidae) are used frequently as experimental animals in biomedical research. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed)
UI = D019577
Molecular Biology
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: MOL BIOL
MS = A field of biology concerned with biological phenomena in terms of molecular (or chemical) interactions; it differs from biochemistry in that the latter is concerned primarily with the chemical behavior of biologically important substances and analogues thereof, and differs from other fields of biology in its emphasis on chemical interactions, especially those involved in the replication of DNA, its transcription into RNA, and its translation into or expression in protein, i.e., in the chemical reactions connecting genotype and phenotype. (Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D008967
Molecular Chaperones
AN = a class of proteins; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: MOL CHAPERONES
MS = A family of cellular proteins that mediate the correct assembly or disassembly of other polypeptides, and in some cases their assembly into oligomeric structures, but which are not components of those final structures. It is believed that chaperone proteins assist polypeptides to self-assemble by inhibiting alternative assembly pathways that produce nonfunctional structures. Some classes of molecular chaperones are the nucleoplasmins, the CHAPERONINS, the HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS 70, and the HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS 90.
UI = D018832
Molecular Conformation
AN = NIM; do not confuse with molec structure ( = MOLECULAR STRUCTURE (NIM) ); peptide conformation = PEPTIDES or specific peptide (IM) + PROTEIN CONFORMATION (NIM), not MOLECULAR CONFORMATION; DF: MOL CONFORMATION
MS = The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.
UI = D008968
Molecular Mimicry
MS = The process in which structural properties of an introduced molecule imitate or simulate molecules of the host. Direct mimicry of a molecule enables a viral protein to bind directly to a normal substrate as a substitute for the homologous normal ligand. Immunologic molecular mimicry generally refers to what can be described as antigenic mimicry and is defined by the properties of antibodies raised against various facets of epitopes on the viral protein. (From Immunology Letters 1991 May;28(2):91-9)
UI = D018716
Molecular Motors
MS = Protein based machines that are involved in or cause movement such as the rotary devices (flagellar motor and the F1 ATPase) or the devices whose movement is directed along cytoskeletal filaments (myosin, kinesin and dynein motor families).
UI = D020409
Molecular Probe Techniques
AN = specific probes are indented under MOLECULAR PROBES in Cat D26; DF: MOL PROBE TECHNIQUES
MS = The use of devices which use detector molecules to detect, investigate, or analyze other molecules, macromolecules, molecular aggregates, or organisms.
UI = D015336
Molecular Probes
AN = usually no qualif; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: MOL PROBES
MS = A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by molecular hybridization.
UI = D015335
Molecular Sequence Data
AN = never IM; no qualif; index here every time article shows a nucleic acid or amino acid or carbohydrate sequence; coord NIM with BASE SEQUENCE or AMINO ACID SEQUENCE or CARBOHYDRATE SEQUENCE (NIM) + specific nucleotide or protein or carbohydrate (IM); index here only for base sequences containing 50 or more nucleotides, only for amino acid sequences containing 15 or more amino acids, only for carbohydrate sequences containing 3 or more carbohydrate units (trisaccharides); DF: MOL SEQ DATA
MS = Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GenBank, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
UI = D008969
Molecular Structure
AN = almost never IM; no qualif; DF: MOL STRUCT
MS = The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number and location of chemical bonds.
UI = D015394
Molecular Weight
AN = almost never IM; no qualif; DF: MOL WEIGHT
UI = D008970
Moles
AN = IM; qualif permitted
MS = Any of numerous burrowing mammals found in temperate regions and having minute eyes often covered with skin.
UI = D008971
Molindone
AN = an antipsychotic agent
MS = An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283)
UI = D008972
Mollicutes
AN = a class of bacteria; mollis = soft, cutis = skin, with ref to its pliable cell boundary; includes the MYCOPLASMATALES
MS = A class of gram-negative bacteria consisting of cells bounded by a plasma membrane. Its organisms differ from other bacteria in that they are devoid of cell walls. It contains a single order, MYCOPLASMATALES.
UI = D008973
Mollusca
AN = as animal & food; IM; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; as food, coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM); /microbiol /parasitol /virology permitted
MS = A phylum of animals containing SNAILS, slugs, MUSSELS, OYSTERS, CLAMS, OCTOPUS, nautiluses, SQUID, cuttlefish, etc. The name mollusk is derived from the Latin mollis, soft, with reference to their soft unsegmented bodies. (Dorland, 27th ed; Webster, 3d ed)
UI = D008974
Molluscacides
AN = specify the mollusk if pertinent; eff of molluscacides on mollusks is indexed under each without a qualif: cf TN 111 for eff of insecticides on insects
MS = Agents destructive to snails and other mollusks.
UI = D008975
Molluscipoxvirus
AN = a genus of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae; mollusci- refers to agent of the disease molluscum contagiosum, not to mollusks; infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of POXVIRIDAE, subfamily CHORDOPOXVIRIDAE, infecting humans. Transmission is by direct contact among children, by sexual contact among young adults, or by fomites. MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM VIRUS is the type species.
UI = D018169
Molluscum Contagiosum
AN = a skin dis caused by a poxvirus
MS = A common, benign, usually self-limited viral infection of the skin and occasionally the conjunctivae by a poxvirus (MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM VIRUS). (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008976
Molluscum Contagiosum Virus
AN = a species of Molluscipoxvirus; infection = MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM
MS = A species of MOLLUSCIPOXVIRUS causing skin lesions in humans. It is transmitted by direct contact or from non-living reservoirs (fomites), such as books or clothing.
UI = D008977
Mollusk Venoms
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted; coord IM with specific mollusk (IM or NIM)
MS = Venoms from mollusks, including the Conus and Octopus species. The venoms contain proteins, enzymes, choline derivatives, slow-reacting substances, and several characterized polypeptide toxins that affect the nervous system. Mollusk venoms include cephalotoxin, venerupin, maculotoxin, surugatoxin, conotoxins, and murexine.
UI = D008978
Moloney Leukemia Virus
AN = a species of the genus Leukemia Viruses, Murine; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)+ TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + LEUKEMIA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM) or LEUKEMIA (IM) (for spontaneous leukemia)
MS = A murine virus arising during the propagation of S37 mouse sarcoma, and causing lymphoid leukemia in mice. It also infects rats and newborn hamsters and is apparently transmitted vertically to embryos in utero and through mother's milk.
UI = D008979
Moloney Sarcoma Virus
AN = a defective species of the genus Sarcoma Viruses, Murine; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + SARCOMA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM)
MS = A replication-defective murine sarcoma virus (SARCOMA VIRUSES, MURINE) isolated from a rhabdomyosarcoma by Moloney in 1966.
UI = D008980
Molsidomine
AN = a vasodilator
MS = 3-Ethyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2-methyl-5-(morpholinylmethyl)- 4H-indol-4-one. A vasodilator that has been used in angina pectoris. Concerns regarding the carcinogenicity or molsidomine have been raised and marketing has been suspended on two occasions. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024)
UI = D008981
Molteno Implants
MS = Devices implanted to control intraocular pressure by allowing aqueous fluid to drain from the anterior chamber. (Hoffman, Pocket Glossary of Ophthalmologic Terminology, 1989)
UI = D018465
Molting
AN = IM; coord with arthropods, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals or specifics (IM)
MS = Casting off feathers, hair, or cuticle. Molting is a process of sloughing or desquamation, especially the shedding of an outer covering and the development of a new one. This phenomenon permits growth in arthropods, skin renewal in amphibians and reptiles, and the shedding of winter coats in birds and mammals.
UI = D018978
Molybdenum
AN = a trace element; Mo-98; Mo-92, 94-97, 100 = MOLYBDENUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Mo-88-91, 93, 99, 101-105 = MOLYBDENUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.94. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D008982
Molybdoferredoxin
AN = from bacteria; a component of nitrogenase
MS = A non-heme iron-sulfur protein isolated from Clostridium pasteurianum and other bacteria. It is a component of NITROGENASE, which is active in nitrogen fixation, and consists of two subunits with molecular weights of 59.5 kD and 50.7 kD, respectively.
UI = D008983
Monaco
UI = D008984
Monensin
AN = a coccidiostat
MS = An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.
UI = D008985
Mongolia
AN = = Outer Mongolia; INNER MONGOLIA is see CHINA
UI = D008986
Mongoloid Race
AN = IM; specify geog if pertinent; includes Amer Indians, Chinese, Eskimos, Evenki, Indonesians, Japanese, Koreans, Malayans, Mongolians, Samoyedes, Tibetans, Tungus; Ainus of Japan go under AUSTRALOID RACE; policy on race: Manual 30.6.4-30.6.5.2 CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = A major racial group distinguished by classification according to physical features. This group centers around the Pacific Ocean and includes the Malayan, Northern and Southern Chinese, Mongolian, Siberian, Eskimo, and American Indian.
UI = D008987
Mongooses
AN = IM; qualif permitted
MS = Agile, keen-sighted mammals of Asia and Africa that feed on rodents and snakes. They represent several genera in the family Viverridae.
UI = D008988
Monieziasis
AN = tapeworm infect; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL; for organism index CESTODA (IM) + MONIEZIASIS (NIM)
MS = Infection of ruminants with tapeworms of the genus Moniezia.
UI = D008989
Moniliformis
AN = a genus of roundworms; infection: coord IM with HELMINTHIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
MS = A genus of roundworms of the phylum Acanthocephala, parasitic in rats, mice, hamsters, dogs and cats. Occasional infection in man produces inflammation and ulceration of the intestinal mucosa.
UI = D008990
Monitoring, Ambulatory
MS = The use of electronic equipment to observe or record physiologic processes while the patient undergoes normal daily activities.
UI = D018670
Monitoring, Immunologic
AN = determ of immune status of patient in diag & ther: do not confuse X ref IMMUNOSURVEILLANCE with IMMUNOLOGIC SURVEILLANCE, a function of T-lymphocytes; IM GEN only; avoid indexing routinely every word "monitoring" as "monitoring": read MeSH definition; DF: MONITORING IMMUNOL
MS = Testing of immune status in the diagnosis and therapy of cancer, immunoproliferative and immunodeficiency disorders, and autoimmune abnormalities. Changes in immune parameters are of special significance before, during and following organ transplantation. Strategies include measurement of tumor antigen and other markers (often by RADIOIMMUNOASSAY), studies of cellular or humoral immunity in cancer etiology, IMMUNOTHERAPY trials, etc.
UI = D015166
Monitoring, Intraoperative
AN = DF: MONITORING INTRAOP
MS = The constant checking on the state or condition of a patient during the course of a surgical operation (e.g., checking of vital signs).
UI = D016343
Monitoring, Physiologic
AN = IM GEN only; avoid indexing routinely word "monitoring": must be "continuous" (see MeSH definition); note see related: there emphasis is on the computer-assisted processing
MS = The continuous measurement of physiological processes, blood pressure, heart rate, renal output, reflexes, respiration, etc., in a patient or experimental animal; includes pharmacologic monitoring, the measurement of administered drugs or their metabolites in the blood, tissues, or urine.
UI = D008991
Monkey Diseases
AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM) or specific monkey dis (IM); coord IM with specific monkey (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under specific monkey heading /abnorm or /inj; does not include diseases of chimpanzees: CHIMPANZEE is an ape, not monkey ( = APE DISEASES: see note there); don't forget also MONKEYS (NIM) if no specific monkey is indexed; also check tag ANIMAL; DF: MONKEY DIS
MS = Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).
UI = D008992
Monkeypox Virus
AN = a species of Orthopoxvirus; infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS causing an epidemic disease among captive primates.
UI = D008993
Monoacylglycerol Lipases
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycerol monoesters of long-chain fatty acids EC 3.1.1.23.
UI = D008994
Monoamine Oxidase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4.
UI = D008995
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
AN = DF: MAO INHIB
MS = A chemically heterogeneous group of drugs that have in common the ability to block oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. Although MAO inhibitors are probably as effective as tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of major depression, the complex, sometimes severe, and often unpredictable interactions between MAO inhibitors and many other drugs and food-derived amines make their medical use difficult and potentially hazardous. (From Gilman, et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p414)
UI = D008996
Monobactams
AN = do not use /biosyn unless by living matter
MS = Monocyclic, bacterially produced or semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics. They lack the double ring construction of the traditional beta-lactam antibiotics and can be easily synthesized.
UI = D008997
Monoclonal Gammopathies, Benign
AN = a hypergammaglobulinemia
MS = Conditions characterized by the presence of a monoclonal serum (or urine) protein without clinical manifestations of plasma cell dyscrasia.
UI = D008998
Monocrotaline
AN = an alkaloid toxic to grazing livestock & to humans
MS = A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.
UI = D016686
Monocrotophos
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
MS = An organophosphate insecticide that inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. It has been shown to be genotoxic.
UI = D008999
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1
AN = a chemokine; DF: note short X refs
MS = A chemokine that is a chemoattractant for human monocytes and may also cause cellular activation of specific functions related to host defense. It is produced by leukocytes of both monocyte and lymphocyte lineage and by fibroblasts during tissue injury.
UI = D018932
Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins
AN = chemokines; MONOCYTE CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN-1 is also available
MS = Chemokines that are chemoattractants for monocytes. These CC chemokines (cysteines adjacent) number at least three including MONOCYTE CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN-1.
UI = D018945
Monocytes
AN = A 11 qualif; do not confuse with LEUKOCYTES, MONONUCLEAR
MS = Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.
UI = D009000
Monocytes, Activated Killer
AN = A 11 qualif; DF: AKM
MS = Monocytes made cytotoxic by ex vivo incubation with cytokines, especially interferon-gamma. AKM cells are used for adoptive immunotherapy in cancer patients.
UI = D016260
Monograph [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; former citation type (Manual section 37); for catalogers only
MS = In cataloging, any publication that is not a serial. It is usually on a single subject or related subjects and is complete in itself, whether constructed of chapters, sections, or parts. While any article encountered in indexing journals can be, strictly speaking, a monograph, as a publication type, a monograph will refer to a cataloging item.
UI = D016467
Monokines
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Soluble mediators of the immune response that are neither antibodies nor complement. They are produced largely, but not exclusively, by monocytes and macrophages.
UI = D015846
Monomethylhydrazine
MS = Hydrazine substituted by one methyl group.
UI = D009002
Mononegavirales
AN = an order of RNA viruses; mono-, single, refers to their non-segmented genome & nega- to NEGative-strand RNA; infection = MONONEGAVIRALES INFECTIONS
MS = An order comprising three families of eukaryotic viruses possessing linear, non-segmented, negative-strand RNA genomes. The families are FILOVIRIDAE, PARAMYXOVIRIDAE, and RHABDOVIRIDAE.
UI = D018096
Mononegavirales Infections
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Infections with viruses of the order MONONEGAVIRALES. The concept includes FILOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS, PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS, and RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.
UI = D018701
Monophenol Monooxygenase
AN = /defic: consider also ALBINISM
MS = An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction between L-tyrosine, L-dopa, and oxygen to yield L-dopa, dopaquinone, and water. It is a copper protein that acts also on catechols, catalyzing some of the same reactions as CATECHOL OXIDASE. EC 1.14.18.1.
UI = D014442
Monosaccharide Transport Proteins
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; restrict to glucose or hexose transport proteins
MS = Membrane transport proteins which bind glucose and sodium ions and enter the cell together. The sodium ions are then pumped out of the cell by a sodium potassium ATPase. The rate and extent of the sugar transport depends on the sodium ion concentration. Inhibitors of the monosaccharide transport system are phlorizin, cytochalasin B, and inhibitors of the sodium potassium ATPase system. Insulin increases the rate of monosaccharide transport across the membrane into the cell.
UI = D009004
Monosaccharides
AN = GEN; prefer specifics
MS = Simple sugars, carbohydrates which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis. They are colorless crystalline substances with a sweet taste and have the same general formula CnH2nOn. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D009005
Monosomy
AN = "one chromosome of a pair is missing"
MS = The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1.
UI = D009006
Monotremata
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer ECHIDNA & PLATYPUS; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D009007
Monsters
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; fetus in fetu: index under FETUS /abnorm CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A fetus or infant with such pronounced developmental anomalies as to be grotesque and usually nonviable. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009008
Montana
UI = D009009
Monte Carlo Method
AN = a statist method; no qualif
MS = In statistics, a technique for numerically approximating the solution of a mathematical problem by studying the distribution of some random variable, often generated by a computer. The name alludes to the randomness characteristic of the games of chance played at the gambling casinos in Monte Carlo. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, 1993)
UI = D009010
Monteggia's Fracture
AN = ulna fract with radius disloc
MS = Fracture in the proximal half of the shaft of the ulna, with dislocation of the head of the radius.
UI = D009011
Mood Disorders
AN = human only; do not confuse with AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS: read MeSH definitions & follow text
MS = Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.
UI = D019964
Moon
AN = no qualif; includes lunar cycles, landscape, geography, soil; moon illusion: coord IM with OPTICAL ILLUSIONS (IM)
MS = The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.
UI = D016081
Mopidamol
AN = an antineoplastic
MS = 2,2',2'',2'''-((4-(1-Piperidinyl)pyrimido(5,4-d)pyrimidine- 2,6-diyl)dinitrilo)tetrakisethanol. Proposed antineoplastic agent that may have antiplatelet properties.
UI = D009012
Morale
AN = no qualif
MS = The prevailing temper or spirit of an individual or group in relation to the tasks or functions which are expected.
UI = D009013
Morals
AN = no qualif
MS = Standards of conduct as right or wrong.
UI = D009014
Morantel
AN = an antinematodal
MS = (E)-1,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-1-methyl-2-[2-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)vinyl]pyrimidine tartrate (1:1). Antinematodal agent used mainly for livestock.
UI = D009015
Moraxella
AN = causes conjunctivitis; infection: coord IM with NEISSERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria occurring as rods (subgenus Moraxella) or cocci (subgenus Branhamella). Its organisms are parasitic on the mucous membranes of man and other warm-blooded animals.
UI = D009016
Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis
AN = not often pathogenic; infection: coord IM with NEISSERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM); DF: note short X refs
MS = Gram-negative aerobic cocci that are frequently isolated from the nasal cavity of man. They rarely cause disease but may play a role as an extranasal invader in the respiratory tract.
UI = D001936
Moraxella (Moraxella) bovis
AN = infection: coord IM with NEISSERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM); DF: note short X ref
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is most frequently isolated from bovine eyes in cases of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, INFECTIOUS), but also occurs in unaffected eyes and the nasal cavity of cattle.
UI = D016955
Morbidity
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM); specify geog if possible CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The proportion of patients with a particular disease during a given year per given unit of population.
UI = D009017
Morbillivirus
AN = a genus of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae; from morbilli, Latin for measles; "morbilli virus" sometimes refers to the genus Morbillivirus & sometimes to measles virus: check text; infection = MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS
MS = A genus of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE (subfamily PARAMYXOVIRINAE) where all the virions have hemagglutinin but not neuraminidase activity. All members produce both cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies. MEASLES VIRUS is the type species.
UI = D018103
Morbillivirus Infections
AN = caused by a member of the Paramyxoviridae family; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Infections with viruses of the genus MORBILLIVIRUS, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. Infections mainly cause acute disease in their hosts, although in some cases infection is persistent and leads to degenerative conditions.
UI = D018185
Moricizine
AN = an anti-arrhythmic
MS = (10-(3-(4-Morpholinyl)-1-oxopropyl)-10H-phenothiazin-2-yl)carbamic acid ethyl ester. An effective, well-tolerated antiarrhythmia agent. The drug is used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances, but has been shown to be effective also for automatic atrial ectopic tachycardia and for ventricular arrhythmias associated with mitral valve prolapse syndrome.
UI = D016293
Morocco
AN = a kingdom in northern Africa
MS = A kingdom in northern Africa, west of ALGERIA. Its capital is Rabat. It was known to the Romans as Mauretania, part of the Carthaginian empire (not to be confused with the modern MAURITANIA, a country of western Africa). Morocco was invaded by the Muslims in the 7th century A.D. It engaged in hostilities with England, France, and Spain from 1662 to 1911. The country gained independence in 1956. The name is from the Arabic marukus, the name of the former capital Marrakech, from a Berber word meaning fortified. The Arabic name for Morocco is al-magrib al-aasa, the far west. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p708, 792 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p362)
UI = D009018
Morphinans
UI = D009019
Morphine
AN = a narcotic analgesic; /analogs = MORPHINE DERIVATIVES
MS = The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.
UI = D009020
Morphine Dependence
AN = HEROIN DEPENDENCE is also available
MS = Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.
UI = D009021
Morphine Derivatives
MS = Analogs or derivatives of morphine.
UI = D009022
Morphogenesis
AN = IM GEN only, irrespective of organ or organism; NIM with specific organ or organism /embryol (IM); for uni- & multicellular organisms
MS = The evolution and development of form, as the development of the shape of a particular organ or part of the body, or the development undergone by individuals who attain the type to which the majority of individuals of the species approximate. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D009024
Morpholines
UI = D009025
Mortality
AN = a statistical concept, not for individual deaths in case reports ( = FATAL OUTCOME); do not confuse with DEATH, the physiol dying or death; IM GEN only; prefer /mortal with diseases: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.47; specify geog; for human & animal; DF: MORTAL CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = All deaths reported in a given population.
UI = D009026
Mortierella
AN = infection: coord IM with MUCORMYCOSIS (IM)
MS = A genus of zygomycetous fungi of the family Mortierellaceae, order MUCORALES. Its species are abundant in soil and can cause rare infections in humans and animals. Mortierella alpinais is used for production of arachidonic acid.
UI = D020094
Mortuary Practice
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
MS = Activities associated with the physical burial of the dead. It excludes cultural practices such as funeral rites.
UI = D009027
Morula
AN = A 11 qualif
MS = The early embryo at the developmental stage in which the blastomeres, resulting from repeated mitotic divisions of the fertilized ovum, form a compact mass.
UI = D009028
Mosaic Viruses
AN = a group of RNA plant viruses; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)
MS = Viruses which produce a mottled appearance of the leaves of plants.
UI = D009029
Mosaicism
AN = "2 or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions derived from a single zygote"
MS = The occurrence in an individual of two or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions, derived from a single zygote.
UI = D009030
Moscow
AN = for pre- & post-1917 Moscow; Manual 36.12
UI = D009031
Mosquito Control
AN = coord IM with specific mosquito (IM) if pertinent
MS = The reduction or regulation of the population of mosquitoes through chemical, biological, or other means.
UI = D009032
Mosses
AN = a class of plants of the phylum Bryophyta
MS = A class of plants within the Bryophyta comprising the mosses, which are found in both damp (including freshwater) and drier situations. Mosses possess erect or prostrate leafless stems, which give rise to leafless stalks bearing capsules. Spores formed in the capsules are released and grow to produce new plants. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
UI = D019068
Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal
AN = axons in the dentate gyrus: do not confuse with MOSSY FIBERS, CEREBELLAR see NERVE FIBERS
MS = Axons of certain cells in the dentate gyrus. They project to the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus and to the proximal dendrites of pyramidal cells of the hippocampus. These mossy fibers should not be confused with mossy fibers that are cerebellar afferents (see NERVE FIBERS).
UI = D019599
Mother-Child Relations
AN = human only; DF: MOTHER CHILD RELAT
MS = Interaction between the mother and the child.
UI = D009034
Mothers
AN = human & animal; /psychol: consider also MOTHER-CHILD RELATIONS; permitted for legal aspects of establishing maternity (as counterpart of PATERNITY); note category: do not confuse with PREGNANCY, a physiol state
MS = Female parents, human or animal.
UI = D009035
Moths
AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; don't forget SILKWORMS exists; TN 111 for eff of insecticides
MS = Insects of the suborder Heterocera of the order LEPIDOPTERA.
UI = D009036
Motilin
AN = a neurotransmitter gastrointestinal hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A 22-amino acid polypeptide (molecular weight 2700) isolated from the duodenum. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.
UI = D009037
Motion
AN = no qualif; a concept in physics: a bullet shot from a gun is MOTION: differentiate from MOVEMENT, a concept in physiol; see note there
MS = Physical motion, i.e., a change in position of a body or subject as a result of an external force. It is distinguished from MOVEMENT, a process resulting from biological activity.
UI = D009038
Motion Perception
AN = TN 129: relation to KINESTHESIS
MS = The real or apparent movement of objects through the visual field.
UI = D009039
Motion Pictures
AN = IM; docudrama if a motion picture goes here CATALOG: form qualif /motion pictures & double form, /film catalogs & /filmstrips & double form are available
MS = The art, technique, or business of producing motion pictures for entertainment, propaganda, or instruction.
UI = D009040
Motion Sickness
AN = on sea or air or in cars or trains but SPACE MOTION SICKNESS is available
MS = Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness.
UI = D009041
Motion Therapy, Continuous Passive
AN = a type of exercise ther; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Movement of a body part initiated and maintained by a mechanical or electrical device to restore normal range of motion to joints, muscles, or tendons after surgery, prosthesis implantation, contracture flexion, or long immobilization.
UI = D015915
Motivation
AN = human & animal; no qualif
MS = Those factors which cause an organism to behave or act in either a goal-seeking or satisfying manner. They may be influenced by physiological drives or by external stimuli.
UI = D009042
Motor Activity
AN = human & animal; = movement as associated with behavior: differentiate from MOVEMENT, a physiol process; TN 130: discussion on MOVEMENT; animal running in exercise wheel goes here (unless better under EXERTION)
MS = The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon.
UI = D009043
Motor Cortex
MS = Area of the frontal lobe concerned with primary motor control. It lies anterior to the central sulcus.
UI = D009044
Motor Endplate
AN = do not confuse with NERVE ENDINGS
MS = The specialized postsynaptic region of a muscle cell. The motor endplate is immediately across the synaptic cleft from the presynaptic axon terminal. Among its anatomical specializations are junctional folds which harbor a high density of cholinergic receptors.
UI = D009045
Motor Neuron Disease
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Selective degeneration of the motor neurons primarily involving the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord, motor nuclei of the medulla, and corticospinal tracts. The main clinical forms are AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS, progressive muscular atrophy (MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL), progressive bulbar palsy (PARALYSIS, BULBAR), and PRIMARY LATERAL SCLEROSIS.
UI = D016472
Motor Neurons
AN = efferent neurons activating muscle cells; A 11 qualif
MS = Neurons which activate muscle cells.
UI = D009046
Motor Neurons, Gamma
AN = A 11 qualif
MS = Motor neurons which activate the contractile regions of intrafusal muscle fibers, thus adjusting the sensitivity of the muscle spindles to stretch. Gamma motor neurons may be "static" or "dynamic" according to which aspect of responsiveness (or which fiber types) they regulate. The alpha and gamma motor neurons are often activated together (alpha gamma coactivation) which allows the spindles to contribute to the control of movement trajectories despite changes in muscle length.
UI = D009047
Motor Skills
MS = Performance of complex motor acts.
UI = D009048
Motor Skills Disorders
MS = Marked impairments in the development of motor coordination such that the impairment interferes with activities of daily living. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
UI = D019957
Motor Vehicles
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific indentions
MS = AUTOMOBILES, trucks, buses, or similar engine-driven conveyances. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
UI = D018986
Motorcycles
AN = MOTORCYCLES are public-road vehicles: OFF-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES is also available
MS = Two-wheeled, engine-driven vehicles.
UI = D009049
Mountaineering
AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; Manual 30.15.1
MS = A sport involving mountain climbing techniques.
UI = D009051
Mouth
AN = /surg permitted: do not confuse with SURGERY, ORAL, a dental speciality; inflammation = STOMATITIS; mucositis: index under STOMATITIS (IM) + MOUTH MUCOSA (NIM); denture-sore mouth = STOMATITIS, DENTURE (IM) + specific denture term /adv eff (NIM); mouth odors = HALITOSIS
UI = D009055
Mouth Abnormalities
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the mouth.
UI = D009056
Mouth Breathing
AN = note category: use all pertinent qualif
MS = Abnormal breathing through the mouth, usually associated with obstructive disorders of the nasal passages.
UI = D009058
Mouth Diseases
AN = GEN only: prefer specifics; inflamm dis = STOMATITIS; mucositis: index under STOMATITIS (IM) + MOUTH MUCOSA (NIM)
UI = D009059
Mouth Floor
AN = NIM when merely locational
UI = D009060
Mouth Mucosa
AN = /surg: consider also VESTIBULOPLASTY; mucositis: coord NIM with STOMATITIS (IM)
UI = D009061
Mouth Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D009062
Mouth Protectors
AN = coord IM with specific instrum of relevant subject area (IM) or procedure (IM)
MS = Devices or pieces of equipment placed in or around the mouth or attached to instruments to protect the external or internal tissues of the mouth and the teeth.
UI = D009064
Mouth Rehabilitation
AN = GEN only; to restore mouth to optimal form & function (filling & replacing teeth, ther of mouth & tooth dis, etc.): prefer specifics in Cat E6
UI = D009065
Mouth, Edentulous
AN = total lack of teeth through disease or extraction; do not confuse with ANODONTIA (congen absence of one or more teeth); differentiate from JAW, EDENTULOUS & JAW, EDENTULOUS, PARTIALLY (see definitions under JAW, EDENTULOUS)
MS = Having teeth in neither the mandible nor the maxilla.
UI = D009066
Mouthwashes
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = Solutions for rinsing the mouth, possessing cleansing, germicidal, or palliative properties. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
UI = D009067
Movement
AN = the physiol process of an organism in moving one or more parts: do not confuse with LOCOMOTION (see note there) or MOTION, a concept of physics or MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior; animal running in exercise wheel is probably MOTOR ACTIVITY or EXERTION; NIM for microorganisms; movement of cells = CELL MOVEMENT; probably NIM if specific organism is IM; TN 130: definition & examples
MS = The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.
UI = D009068
Movement Disorders
AN = /chem ind = DYSKINESIA, DRUG-INDUCED
UI = D009069
Moxalactam
AN = a lactam antibiotic
MS = 7-((Carboxy(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl)amino)-7-methoxy-3- (((1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio)methyl)-8-oxo-5-oxa-1- azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid. Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.
UI = D009070
Moxibustion
AN = a counterirritant used largely in Chinese traditional med; coord with dis /ther, not dis /drug ther
MS = Counterirritation produced by placing on the skin and igniting a cone or cylinder of moxa, a tuft of soft combustible substance popularly used in the Orient as a cautery and counterirritant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009071
Moxisylyte
AN = a vasodilator & miotic
MS = (2-(4-Acetoxy-2-isopropyl-5-methylphenoxy)ethyl)dimethylamine. An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)
UI = D013948
Moyamoya Disease
AN = "bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion with extensive intracranial collat circ"; from a Japanese word for "hazy" with reference to its radiographic appearance
MS = A condition marked by the formation of an extensive network of small anastomotic blood vessels that form at the base of the brain in association with stenosis or occlusion of the terminal portions of the carotid arteries. This condition is primarily seen in the children. Clinical manifestations include hemiparesis, headache, seizures, and delayed mental development. In older individual, this disease may present as subarchnoid hemorrhage. (Adams, et al, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p831)
UI = D009072
Mozambique
AN = a country in southern Africa; X ref PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA was its former name
MS = An independent state in southern Africa, south of TANZANIA and east of ZAMBIA, on the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Maputo. It was formerly called Portuguese East Africa, the town of Mozambique having been a Portuguese trading fort early in the 16th century. Organized as a colony in 1907, it became an overseas province of Portugal in 1951 and became independent in 1975. The name is a Portuguese corruption of the Arabic musa malik: Musa (the name of an early African ruler) + malik (king). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1992, p798 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p365)
UI = D009073
MSH
AN = X ref explains MSH; neurotransmitter pituitary hormones; /biosyn /physiol permitted; beta-MSH, etc. go here
MS = Peptide hormones secreted by the intermediate lobe of the pituitary that stimulate melanin release and dispersal. Melanocyte-stimulating hormones are also found in the brain where they are presumed to play a signaling role.
UI = D009074
MSH Release-Inhibiting Hormone
AN = a neurotransmitter hypothalamic hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: MSHRIH
MS = An oligopeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus that inhibits the release of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH).
UI = D009075
MSH-Releasing Hormone
AN = a neurotransmitter hypothalamic hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: MSHRH
MS = A polypeptide hormone which originates in the hypothalamus and stimulates secretion of melanocyte-stimulating hormones in the pituitary gland.
UI = D009076
Mucinoses
AN = elevated deposition of mucin in skin
MS = Mucoid states characterized by the elevated deposition and accumulation of mucin (mucopolysaccharides) in dermal tissue. The fibroblasts are responsible for the production of acid mucopolysaccharides (GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS) in the ground substance of the connective tissue system. When fibroblasts produce abnormally large quantities of mucopolysaccharides as hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, or heparin, they accumulate in large amounts in the dermis.
UI = D017520
Mucinosis, Follicular
AN = a sebaceous gland dis
MS = A disease of the pilosebaceous unit, presenting clinically as grouped follicular papules or plaques with associated hair loss. It is caused by mucinous infiltration of tissues, and usually involving the scalp, face, and neck. It may be primary (idiopathic) or secondary to mycosis fungoides or reticulosis.
UI = D000507
Mucins
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus.
UI = D009077
Mucocele
AN = a type of cyst; non-neoplastic
MS = A retention cyst of the salivary gland, lacrimal sac, paranasal sinuses, appendix, or gallbladder. (Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D009078
Mucociliary Clearance
AN = of the resp submucosal glands
MS = Rate of ciliary and secretory activity of the respiratory submucosal glands. It is a non-specific host defense mechanism, measurable in vivo by mucus transfer, ciliary beat frequency, and clearance of radioactive tracers.
UI = D009079
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
AN = DF: MLNS or MCLS
MS = An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.
UI = D009080
Mucoepidermoid Tumor
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A malignant epithelial tumor of glandular tissue, especially the salivary glands, characterized by acini with mucus-producing cells and by the presence of malignant squamous elements. Most mucoepidermoid tumors are low-grade lesions readily cured by adequate excision. They may appear in any age group. They grow slowly. If high-grade, they behave aggressively, widely infiltrating the salivary gland and producing lymph node and distant metastases. (Dorland, 27th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575)
UI = D018298
Mucolipidosis
AN = a lysosomal storage dis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A group of inherited metabolic diseases characterized by the accumulation of excessive amounts of acid mucopolysaccharides, sphingolipids, and/or glycolipids in visceral and mesenchymal cells. Abnormal amounts of sphingolipids or glycolipids are present in neural tissue. Mental retardation and skeletal changes are common.
UI = D009081
Mucopolysaccharidoses
AN = lysosomal storage dis; types I through VII except V are available as main headings: V = MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS V see MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS I; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Group of lysosomal storage diseases each caused by an inherited deficiency of an enzyme involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). The diseases are progressive and often display a wide spectrum of clinical severity within one enzyme deficiency.
UI = D009083
Mucopolysaccharidosis I
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: MPS I CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Systemic lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase and characterized by progressive physical deterioration with urinary excretion of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate. There are three recognized phenotypes representing a spectrum of clinical severity from severe to mild: Hurler's syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome and Scheie's syndrome (formerly mucopolysaccharidosis V). Symptoms may include dwarfism, hepatosplenomegaly, gargoyle-like facies, corneal clouding, cardiac complications, and noisy breathing.
UI = D008059
Mucopolysaccharidosis II
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: MPS II CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Systemic lysosomal storage disease marked by progressive physical deterioration and caused by a deficiency of L-sulfoiduronate sulfatase. This disease differs from MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS I by slower progression, lack of corneal clouding, and X-linked rather than autosomal recessive inheritance. The mild form produces near-normal intelligence and life span. The severe form usually causes death by age 15.
UI = D016532
Mucopolysaccharidosis III
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: MPS III CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Mucopolysaccharidosis characterized by heparitin sulfate in the urine, progressive mental retardation, mild dwarfism, and other skeletal disorders. There are four clinically indistinguishable but biochemically distinct forms, each due to a deficiency of a different enzyme.
UI = D009084
Mucopolysaccharidosis IV
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: MPS IV CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Genetic disorder of mucopolysaccharide metabolism characterized by skeletal abnormalities, joint instability, development of cervical myelopathy, and excessive urinary keratan sulfate. There are two biochemically distinct forms, each due to a deficiency of a different enzyme.
UI = D009085
Mucopolysaccharidosis VI
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: MPS VI CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Mucopolysaccharidosis with excessive chondroitin sulfate B in urine, characterized by dwarfism and deafness. It is caused by a deficiency of N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (arylsulfatase B).
UI = D009087
Mucopolysaccharidosis VII
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: MPS VII CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Mucopolysaccharidosis characterized by excessive dermatan and heparan sulfates in the urine and Hurler-like features. It is caused by a deficiency of beta-glucuronidase.
UI = D016538
Mucoproteins
AN = includes mucoids & mucopeptides
MS = Conjugated proteins in which mucopolysaccharides are combined with proteins. The mucopolysaccharide moiety is the predominant group with the protein making up only a small percentage of the total weight.
UI = D009088
Mucor
AN = a zygomycete; infection = MUCORMYCOSIS
MS = A genus of zygomycetous fungi of the family Mucoraceae, order Mucorales. It is primarily saprophytic, but may cause MUCORMYCOSIS in man from spores germinating in the lungs.
UI = D009089
Mucorales
AN = infection = MUCORMYCOSIS
MS = An order of zygomycetous fungi, usually saprophytic, causing damage to food in storage, but which may cause respiratory infection or MUCORMYCOSIS in persons suffering from other debilitating diseases.
UI = D009090
Mucormycosis
AN = fungus dis caused by various MUCORALES
MS = Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order Mucorales (e.g., Absidia, Mucor, Rhizopus etc.) There are many clinical types associated with infection of the central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an opportunistic infection in patients with a chronic debilitating disease, particularly uncontrolled diabetes, or who are receiving immunosuppressive agents. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D009091
Mucous Membrane
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; almost never IM: coord NIM with specific organ (IM)
UI = D009092
Mucus
AN = mucus glands: index MUCUS (IM) + EXOCRINE GLANDS (IM)
MS = The free slime of the mucous membranes, composed of secretion of the glands, along with various inorganic salts, desquamated cells, and leukocytes. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D009093
Mud Therapy
AN = includes earth & clay; note X ref PEAT THERAPY; X refs to PELO- are seen in Russian lit; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = The therapeutic use of mud in packs or baths. It includes mud, earth, clay, and peat. The original mud was fango, a volcanic mud from the Battaglia thermal springs in Italy, applied externally in the treatment of rheumatism and other diseases of the joints and muscles. (From Dorland, 27th ed, p610 & Stedman, 25th ed, p564)
UI = D009094
Mullerian Ducts
MS = Two ducts of the embryo which empty into the cloaca, and which in the female develop into vagina, uterus and oviducts; in the male they disappear except for the vestigial vagina masculina and the appendix testis.
UI = D009095
Multicenter Studies
AN = IM as a method in med research: do not confuse with Publication Type MULTICENTER STUDY; specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Controlled studies which are planned and carried out by several cooperating institutions to assess certain variables and outcomes in specific patient populations, for example, a multicenter study of congenital anomalies in children.
UI = D015337
Multicenter Study [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; to designate a controlled study performed by two or more cooperating hosp or services, etc; for multicenter studies as a subject or form of research, index under main heading MULTICENTER STUDIES; specify geog if pertinent; add CLINICAL TRIAL (PT); Manual 26.26.3+
MS = A controlled study executed by several cooperating institutions.
UI = D016448
Multienzyme Complexes
MS = Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates; may involve simply a transfer of water molecules of hydrogen atoms or be associated with large supramolecular structures such as mitochondria or ribosomes.
UI = D009097
Multigene Family
MS = A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
UI = D005810
Multi-Institutional Systems
AN = IM; coord with institutions or specialty (IM); specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Institutional systems consisting of more than one health facility which have cooperative administrative arrangements through merger, affiliation, shared services, or other collective ventures.
UI = D009096
Multilingualism
AN = IM; do not coord with a Cat Z term to specify the languages, i.e., French-Italian bilingualism = MULTILINGUALISM only & not also FRANCE & ITALY
MS = The ability to speak, read, or write several languages or many languages with some facility. Bilingualism is the most common form. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
UI = D019303
Multimedia
AN = restrict to a combination of audiovisual aids: do not use for a multiplicity of media such as newspapers, radio, TV
MS = Materials, frequently computer applications, that combine some or all of text, sound, graphics, animation, and video into integrated packages. (Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, 1994)
UI = D019212
Multiphasic Screening
MS = The simultaneous use of multiple laboratory procedures for the detection of various diseases. These are usually performed on groups of people.
UI = D009098
Multiple Birth Offspring
AN = human & animal; these are the offspring (TWINS, etc.): PREGNANCY, MULTIPLE is the mother (see note there); for animals, consider also LITTER SIZE
MS = The offspring in multiple pregnancies (PREGNANCY, MULTIPLE): TWINS, TRIPLETS, QUADRUPLETS, QUINTUPLETS, etc.
UI = D009099
Multiple Carboxylase Deficiency
AN = an inborn error of amino acid & carbohydrate metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Abnormalities in carbohydrate and branched-chain amino acid catabolism that are responsive to biotin therapy. It may be due to deficiency of propionyl-CoA carboxylase, methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, biotinidase, or propionyl-CoA carboxylase, methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, and pyruvate carboxylase.
UI = D009100
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity
AN = a type of hypersensitivity usually to occup or environ chemicals; often affects multiple organs; specific chemicals are seldom at issue: if discussed coord IM with specific chem heading IM or NIM; DF: MULTIPLE CHEM SENSITIVITY
MS = An acquired disorder characterized by recurrent symptoms, referable to multiple organ systems, occurring in response to demonstrable exposure to many chemically unrelated compounds at doses far below those established in the general population to cause harmful effects. No single widely accepted test of physiologic function can be shown to correlate with symptoms. (Cullen MR. The worker with multiple chemical sensitivities: an overview. Occup Med 1987;2(4):655-61)
UI = D018777
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
AN = IM; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord with specific endocrine/neopl precoords (IM) + specific histol type (IM) if pertinent; DF: MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPL CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A group of autosomal dominant, often overlapping diseases characterized by hyperplasia or neoplasia of more than one endocrine gland, many of which are made up of APUD cells. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
UI = D009377
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
AN = IM; coord with specific endocrine/neopl precoords (IM) + specific histol type (IM) if pertinent; MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2a & MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2b are also available; DF: note short X refs CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A rare syndrome characterized by hyperplasia and/or neoplasms of the pituitary, parathyroid glands, and pancreatic islets. Hyperparathyroidism occurs in 90% of the cases and is usually the first manifestation of the syndrome. The most frequent pancreatic manifestation is gastrinoma typically leading to Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. The appearance of this condition has been limited to the loss of allelic heterozygosity at the 11q13 locus on the long arm of chromosome 11. Patients overall exhibit long survival times. Chemotherapy is rare and surgical management is generally dependent on the genetic expression in individual patients. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp1169-72)
UI = D018761
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a
AN = IM; coord with specific endocrine/neopl precoords (IM) + specific histol type (IM) if pertinent; MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2b is also available; DF: note short X ref CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A type of multiple endocrine neoplasia characterized by a virtually 100% incidence of medullary thyroid carcinoma, a 50% incidence of pheochromocytoma, and a lesser incidence of parathyroid adenomas associated with hyperparathyroidism. The condition is always transmitted through autosomal dominant inheritance. Genetic testing can identify individuals with the trait in early infancy. Treatment is usually excision of the enlarged parathyroid glands. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp1172-75)
UI = D018813
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2b
AN = IM; coord with specific endocrine/neopl precoords (IM) + specific histol type (IM) if pertinent; MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2a is also available; DF: note short X ref CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A type of multiple endocrine neoplasia occurring as an isolated congenital presentation or as a distinct autosomal dominant disease. It is characterized by the 100% incidence of medullary thyroid carcinoma and frequent pheochromocytomas; patients seldom exhibit hyperparathyroidism. It is distinguished from MEN 2a by its characteristic physical appearance resulting from numerous neural defects including mucosal neuromas of the eyelids, lips, and tongue. The neural abnormalities also include widespread neurogangliomatosis of the gastrointestinal tract leading to abnormal gut motility. Treatment usually requires total thyroidectomy following evaluation for the presence of pheochromocytomas.
UI = D018814
Multiple Myeloma
AN = myeloma unspecified is probably MULTIPLE MYELOMA; solitary myeloma = PLASMACYTOMA; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
MS = A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia.
UI = D009101
Multiple Organ Failure
AN = IM
MS = A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of the lungs, liver, kidney, and clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.
UI = D009102
Multiple Sclerosis
MS = A disease in which there are foci of demyelination of various sizes throughout the white matter of the central nervous system, sometimes extending into the gray matter. Typically, the symptoms of lesions of the white matter are weakness, incoordination, paresthesias, speech disturbances, and visual complaints. The course of the disease is usually prolonged, so that the term multiple also refers to remissions and relapses that occur over a period of many years. The etiology is unknown. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D009103
Multiple System Atrophy
AN = olivopontocerebellar atrophy + Shy-Drager syndrome + striatonigral degen + a form of parkinsonism
MS = A name grouping together the four cerebral degenerative diseases of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHY, SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME, striatonigral degeneration, and one form of PARKINSON DISEASE, considering them different forms of the same disease process. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019578
Multiple Trauma
AN = coord IM with specific inj term or organ/inj IM or NIM if pertinent
MS = Physical insults or injuries occurring simultaneously in several parts of the body.
UI = D009104
Multiple Personality Disorder
MS = A dissociative disorder in which the individual adopts two or more distinct personalities. Each personality is a fully integrated and complex unit with memories, behavior patterns and social friendships. Transition from one personality to another is sudden.
UI = D009105
Multivariate Analysis
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif
MS = A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.
UI = D015999
Mummies
AN = do not routinely check tags HISTORICAL ARTICLE + ANCIENT: check only when the hist & ancient med aspects are particularly discussed; /pathol: do not bother to coord with PALEOPATHOLOGY
MS = Bodies preserved either by the ancient Egyptian technique or due to chance under favorable climatic conditions.
UI = D009106
Mumps
AN = caused by the mumps virus, a rubulavirus
MS = An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D009107
Mumps Vaccine
MS = A live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had mumps or been immunized with live mumps vaccine. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combinatiom vaccine. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D009108
Mumps Virus
AN = a species of Rubulavirus; infection = MUMPS
MS = The type species of RUBULAVIRUS that causes an acute infectious disease in humans, affecting mainly children. Transmission occurs by droplet infection.
UI = D009109
Munchausen Syndrome
AN = dis symptoms fabricated by a person seeking hospitalization repeatedly; MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROME BY PROXY is available
MS = A factitious disorder characterized by habitual presentation for hospital treatment of an apparent acute illness, the patient giving a plausible and dramatic history, all of which is false.
UI = D009110
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy
AN = dis symptoms fabricated by person other than patient, usually a parent for a child
MS = A phenomenon in which symptoms of a disease are fabricated by an individual other than the patient causing unnecessary, and often painful, physical examinations and treatments. This syndrome is considered a form of CHILD ABUSE, since another individual, usually a parent, is the source of the fabrication of symptoms and presents the child for medical care.
UI = D016735
Muntjacs
AN = species of deer;IM; qualif permitted
MS = A genus, Muntiacus, of the deer family (Cervidae) comprising six species living in China, Tibet, Nepal, India, the Malay Peninsula, and neighboring island countries. They are usually found in forests and areas of dense vegetation, usually not far from water. They emit a deep barklike sound which gives them the name "barking deer." If they sense a predator they will "bark" for an hour or more. They are hunted for their meat and skins; they thrive in captivity and are found in many zoos. The Indian muntjac is believed to have the lowest chromosome number in mammals and cell lines derived from them figure widely in chromosome and DNA studies. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed., p1366)
UI = D018668
Mupirocin
AN = an antibiotic; do not use /biosyn unless by living matter
MS = A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.
UI = D016712
Muramic Acids
MS = Compounds consisting of glucosamine and lactate joined by an ether linkage. They occur naturally as N-acetyl derivatives in peptidoglycan, the characteristic polysaccharide composing bacterial cell walls. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D009112
Muramidase
AN = an anti-infective glycoside hydrolase
MS = A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.
UI = D009113
Muramoylpentapeptide Carboxypeptidase
MS = Enzyme produced by Streptomyces strain R61 which catalyzes the peptide cross-linking of nascent cell-wall peptidoglycan. EC 3.4.17.8.
UI = D002267
Murexide
AN = an indicator; D25-26 qualif
MS = 5,5'-Nitrilodibarbituric acid ammonium derivative. Used as an indicator for complexometric titrations.
UI = D009114
Muridae
AN = a family of rodents including both Old World & New World mice & rats; see note on MICE & RATS; IM; qualif permitted; do not confuse X ref BANDICOOT RATS with bandicoot ( = MARSUPIALIA); do not check tags MICE or RATS for MURIDAE or any X ref below
MS = A family of the order Rodentia containing 250 genera including the two genera Mus and Rattus, from which the laboratory inbred strains are developed. The fifteen subfamilies are HESPEROMYINAE (New World mice and rats), Cricetinae, Spalacinae, Myospalacinae, Lophiomyinae, Platacanthomyinae, Nesomyinae, Otomyinae, Rhizomyinae, MICROTINAE (Arvicolinae), GERBILLINAE, Dendromurinae, Cricetomyinae, Murinae (Old World mice and rats), and Hydromyinae.
UI = D009115
Murine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
AN = caused by a retrovirus; don't forget also MICE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: note short X ref
MS = Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs in mice infected with mouse leukemia viruses (MuLV). The syndrome shows striking similarities with human AIDS and is characterized by lymphadenopathy, profound immunosuppression, enhanced susceptibility to opportunistic infections, and B-cell lymphomas.
UI = D016183
Murine Leukemia Viruses (see:Leukemia Viruses, Murine)
Murine Sarcoma Viruses (see:Sarcoma Viruses, Murine)
Murine Tumor Viruses (see:Tumor Viruses, Murine)
Muromegalovirus
AN = a genus of the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae; from Latin mur-, mouse; infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, causing infection involving several organs in mice and other animals. Murid (beta) Herpesvirus 1 is the type species. Possible other species affected include the pig, horse, rat, and guinea pig.
UI = D018146
Muromonab-CD3
AN = a monoclonal antibody & immunosuppressant; do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for biosyn; /ther use: coord disease with /ther, not /drug ther; DF: OKT3
MS = Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody that exerts immunosuppressive effects by inducing peripheral T-cell depletion and modulation of the T-cell receptor complex (CD3/Ti). This biochemically purified IgG immunoglobulin is obtained through the fusion of mouse myeloma cells to lymphocytes from immunized animals to produce hybridomas that secrete specific antibodies to the T3 (CD3) antigens of human T-lymphocytes. It is often used as an immunosuppressive agent in transplantation.
UI = D016853
Muscarine
AN = an alkaloid from Amanita muscaria, a mushroom; the first parasympathomimetic ever studied; do not confuse with the dye muscarine; /biosyn permitted if by plant
MS = 2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-5-(aminomethyl)tetrahydrofuran, trimethylammonium salt. A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.
UI = D009116
Muscarinic Agonists
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: MUSCARINIC AGON or MUSCARINIC AG
MS = Drugs that bind to and activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, MUSCARINIC). Muscarinic agonists are most commonly used when it is desirable to increase smooth muscle tone, especially in the GI tract, urinary bladder and the eye. They may also be used to reduce heart rate.
UI = D018721
Muscarinic Antagonists
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: MUSCARINIC ANTAG
MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, MUSCARINIC), thereby blocking the actions of endogenous acetycholine or exogenous agonists. Muscarinic antagonists have widespread effects including actions on the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye, the heart and blood vessels, secretions of the respiratory tract, GI system, and salivary glands, GI motility, urinary bladder tone, and the central nervous system. Antagonists that discriminate among the various muscarinic receptor subtypes and might allow better control of peripheral and central actions are under development.
UI = D018727
Muscidae
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111; note MUSCA DOMESTICA see HOUSEFLIES
MS = A family of the order DIPTERA with over 700 species. Important species that may be mechanical vectors of disease include Musca domesticus (HOUSEFLIES), Musca autumnalis (face fly), Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly), Haematobia irritans (horn fly) and Fannia spp.
UI = D009117
Muscimol
AN = a mycotoxin from Amanita
MS = 5-(Aminomethyl)-3-isoxazolol. Neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from Amanita muscaria and A. phalloides and also obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. It is a potent agonist at GABA-A receptors and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.
UI = D009118
Muscle Contraction
AN = do not use for HEART or MYOCARDIUM ( = MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION) or UTERUS ( = UTERINE CONTRACTION)
MS = A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.
UI = D009119
Muscle Cramp
UI = D009120
Muscle Denervation
AN = coord with specific muscle /innerv; NIM when a study technique; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = The resection or removal of the innervation of a muscle or muscle tissue.
UI = D009121
Muscle Fatigue
AN = note category
MS = A state arrived at through prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle. Studies in athletes during prolonged submaximal exercise have shown that muscle fatigue increases in almost direct proportion to the rate of muscle glycogen depletion. Muscle fatigue in short-term maximal exercise is associated with oxygen lack and an increased level of blood and muscle lactic acid, and an accompanying increase in hydrogen-ion concentration in the exercised muscle.
UI = D018763
Muscle Fibers
AN = skeletal or myocardial; MUSCLE FIBERS, FAST-TWITCH & MUSCLE FIBERS, SLOW-TWITCH are also available
MS = Any of the cells of skeletal or cardiac muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle fibers are cylindrical multinucleate cells containing contracting MYOFIBRILS, across which run transverse striations, enclosed in a SARCOLEMMA. Cardiac muscle fibers contain one or sometimes two nuclei and myofibrils and are separated from one another by an intercalated disk; although striated, cardiac fibers branch to form an interlacing network. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D018485
Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch
MS = Skeletal muscle fibers having high myofibrillar ATPase activity, high glycolytic enzyme activities, and an intermediate glycogen content which produce a fast twitch. There are two types. Fast fatigable fibers, also called white fibers, have a low myoglobin content, and a small mitochondrial content, and fatigue rapidly due to their limited glycogen content and low capacity for oxidative metabolism. Fast fatigue-resistant fibers, also called red fibers, have a large mitochondrial content and a high myoglobin content, related to their resistance to fatigue. (From Best, Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p100)
UI = D018656
Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch
MS = Skeletal muscle fibers having low myofibrillar ATPase activity, low glycogen content, and high myoglobin content, high mitochondrial oxidative enzyme activities, and an intermediate mitochondrial content which produce a slow twitch and are fatigue-resistant. (From Best, Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p101)
UI = D018657
Muscle Hypertonia
AN = note category: not physiological
MS = Abnormal increase in muscle tone.
UI = D009122
Muscle Hypotonia
AN = note category: not physiological
MS = A diminution of the skeletal muscle tone with a diminished resistance to passive stretching.
UI = D009123
Muscle Neoplasms
AN = neopl located in muscles: do not confuse with NEOPLASMS, MUSCLE TISSUE, neopl composed of muscle tissue; /blood supply /chem /secret /second /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with specific muscle (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); DF: MUSCLE NEOPL
MS = Neoplasms located in muscle tissue or specific muscles. They are differentiated from NEOPLASMS, MUSCLE TISSUE which are neoplasms composed of skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscle tissue, such as MYOSARCOMA or LEIOMYOMA.
UI = D019042
Muscle Proteins
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted; for contractile proteins in muscle, index only under MUSCLE PROTEINS or specifics & not also under CONTRACTILE PROTEINS
MS = The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSIN. More than a dozen accessary proteins exist including TROPONIN, TROPOMYOSIN, and DYSTROPHIN.
UI = D009124
Muscle Relaxants, Central
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; refers to skeletal muscle relaxants only: smooth muscle relaxants = PARASYMPATHOLYTICS
MS = A heterogeneous group of drugs used to produce muscle relaxation, excepting the neuromuscular blocking agents. They have their primary clinical and therapeutic uses in the treatment of muscle spasm and immobility associated with strains, sprains, and injuries of the back and, to a lesser degree, injuries to the neck. They have been used also for the treatment of a variety of clinical conditions that have in common only the presence of skeletal muscle hyperactivity, for example, the muscle spasms that can occur in multiple sclerosis. (From Smith and Reynard, Texbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p358)
UI = D009125
Muscle Relaxation
AN = do not use as coord for relaxation of cardiac muscle ( = MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION)
MS = That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.
UI = D009126
Muscle Rigidity
AN = note category
MS = Continuous tonic contraction of skeletal muscle.
UI = D009127
Muscle, Skeletal
MS = Striated muscles having fibers connected at either or both extremities with the bony framework of the body. These are found in appendicular and axial muscles. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D018482
Muscle Spasticity
AN = skeletal muscle only; note category: not physiological; spastic paralysis: coord NIM with PARALYSIS (IM); spasticity in cerebral palsy: coord NIM with CEREBRAL PALSY only if musc spasticity is especially discussed
MS = A combination of the symptoms of increased resistance to lengthening, hyperactive tendon reflexes, and clonus. Muscle spasticity occurs in hemiplegia.
UI = D009128
Muscle Spindles
MS = Mechanoreceptors found between skeletal muscle fibers. Muscle spindles are arranged in parallel with muscle fibers and respond to the passive stretch of the muscle, but cease to discharge if the muscle contracts isotonically, thus signaling muscle length. The muscle spindles are the receptors responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex (REFLEX, STRETCH).
UI = D009470
Muscle Tonus
MS = The state of activity or tension of a muscle beyond that related to its physical properties, that is, its active resistance to stretch. In skeletal muscle, tonus is dependent upon efferent innervation. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D009129
Muscle, Smooth
AN = coord IM with specific organ (NIM & then only if pertinent)
MS = Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D009130
Muscle, Smooth, Vascular
AN = coord IM with specific vein or artery (NIM & then only if pertinent)
MS = The nonstriated, involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.
UI = D009131
Muscle Weakness
AN = GEN or unspecified as a clin state or clin manifest: specific musc or neuromusc dis of which this is a manifest are also available; do not confuse "myasthenia" (my-, muscle + asthenia, weakness) in foreign titles with "muscle weakness": it is more likely to refer to MYASTHENIA GRAVIS; do not confuse with MUSCLE HYPOTONIA or MUSCLE FATIGUE
MS = A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)
UI = D018908
Muscles
AN = IM; Manual 21.8; as tissue: Manual 21.9, 21.52; unspecified as smooth or striated, voluntary or involuntary or skeletal; specified as skeletal, striated or voluntary = MUSCLES, SKELETAL; involuntary or smooth = MUSCLE, SMOOTH; /innerv: consider also NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION & MUSCLE DENERVATION; /surg: consider also SURGICAL FLAPS but see note there; inflammation = MYOSITIS
UI = D009132
Muscular Atrophy
AN = MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL is also available
MS = Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.
UI = D009133
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal
AN = MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL, INFANTILE see WERDNIG-HOFFMANN DISEASE is also available
MS = Progressive degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem, and motor cortex, manifested clinically by muscular weakness, atrophy, and corticospinal tract signs in varying combinations.
UI = D009134
Muscular Diseases
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; inflamm dis = MYOSITIS
UI = D009135
Muscular Dystrophy
AN = do not confuse with MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY see MYOTONIA ATROPHICA
MS = A group of genetic degenerative myopathies characterized by weakness and muscle atrophy without nervous system involvement. The three main types are pseudohypertrophic (Duchenne, Becker), limb-girdle, and facioscapulohumeral.
UI = D009136
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal
AN = exper or vet but do not use /vet; don't forget to check tag ANIMAL
UI = D009137
Musculocutaneous Nerve
AN = a major nerve of the arm from the brachial plexus; dis: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = A major nerve of the upper extremity. The fibers of the musculocutaneous nerve originate in the lower cervical spinal cord (usually C5 to C7), travel via the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to the upper arm, elbow, and forearm.
UI = D009138
Musculoskeletal Abnormalities
AN = for congen struct abnorm only; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics or specific organ /abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: MUSCULOSKELETAL ABNORM CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Congenital structural abnormalities and deformities of the musculoskeletal system.
UI = D009139
Musculoskeletal Diseases
AN = GEN: prefer MUSCULAR DISEASES & BONE DISEASES or specifics
MS = Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.
UI = D009140
Musculoskeletal System
AN = GEN; must be both musculo + skeletal, otherwise prefer BONE AND BONES or MUSCLES; avoid qualif: try to use qualif with specific bone or muscle term
MS = All the muscles, bones, and cartilages of the body collectively. (From Dorland, 28th ed & Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D009141
Musculoskeletal Physiology
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM /physiol, MUSCLES /physiol & BONE AND BONES /physiol or /physiol with specific muscle & bone terms; DF: MUSCULOSKELETAL PHYSIOL
MS = Functions and activities of the bones and muscles as a musculoskeletal unit or individually.
UI = D009142
Musculoskeletal, Neural, and Ocular Physiology
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
MS = Activities and functions of the musculoskeletal system, the nervous system, and the eye and their parts.
UI = D009143
Museums
AN = medical museums: do not coord with MEDICINE CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D009144
Mushroom Poisoning
AN = = pois by mushroom toxins; TN 133: relation to food pois from canned mushrooms
MS = Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.
UI = D009145
Music
AN = music as ther = MUSIC THERAPY
UI = D009146
Music Therapy
AN = a psychother technique; DF: MUSIC THER
MS = The use of music as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of neurological, mental, or behavioral disorders.
UI = D009147
Mussels
AN = as animal & food; IM; as food, coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM); /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
MS = Marine bivalve mollusks especially of the genus Mytilus or freshwater bivalve mollusks, especially the genera Unio and Anodonta. The edible mussel is Mytilus edulis.
UI = D009148
Mustard
AN = as plant & ther agent; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2
MS = Any of several Brassica species of the Crucifer family. Brassica alba is white mustard, B. juncia is brown or Chinese mustard, and B. nigra is black, brown, or red mustard. The plant is grown both for mustard seed from which oil is extracted and for foliage or animal feed. It was formerly used as an emetic, counter-irritant, and carminative.
UI = D009149
Mustard Compounds
AN = DF: MUSTARD CPDS
MS = Strong alkylating and immunosuppressive agents whose biological activity is based on the presence of bis(2-chloroethyl)- groups. Although otherwise structurally diverse, the compounds have in common the capacity to contribute alkyl groups to DNA. They are generally highly toxic but include among their number many widely used and effective antineoplastic agents.
UI = D009150
Mustard Gas
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = 1,1'-Thiobis(2-chloroethane). Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).
UI = D009151
Mutagenesis
AN = /drug eff: consider also MUTAGENS & ANTIMUTAGENIC AGENTS
MS = Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens.
UI = D016296
Mutagenesis, Insertional
AN = selected qualif from Cat G & Cat E
MS = Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA can be inserted into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene. Insertion of the provirus can cause mutations by interrupting coding sequences or regulatory elements, or cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.
UI = D016254
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
AN = selected qualif from Cat G & Cat E
MS = Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by in vitro induction directed at a specific site in a DNA molecule. The most common method involves use of a chemically synthesized oligonucleotide mutant which can hybridize with the DNA target molecule. The resulting mismatch-carrying DNA duplex may then be transfected into a bacterial cell line and the mutant strands recovered.
UI = D016297
Mutagenicity Tests
AN = NIM
MS = Tests of chemical substances and physical agents for mutagenic potential. They include microbial, insect, mammalian cell, and whole animal tests.
UI = D009152
Mutagens
AN = consider also MUTATION
MS = Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.
UI = D009153
Mutation
AN = drug-induced mutation = MUTATION (IM) + specific drug with pertinent qualif (IM); radiation-induced mutation = MUTATION (IM) + RADIATION EFFECTS or specific rad term (IM); /drug eff & /rad eff permitted only for eff of drugs or eff of rad on an already mutated organism or after mutation but read text carefully
MS = Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material not caused by genetic segregation or recombination, which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations, providing it is not a dominant lethal factor.
UI = D009154
Mutation, Missense
MS = A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)
UI = D020125
Mutism
AN = inability or refusal to speak
MS = An inhibition, voluntary or involuntary, of speech. Selective mutism is a mental disorder of childhood characterized by continuous refusal to speak in social situations by a child who is able and willing to speak to selected persons. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009155
Muzolimine
AN = a diuretic
MS = 3-Amino-1-(3,4-dichloro-alpha-methylbenzyl)- 2-pyrazolin-5-one. A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.
UI = D009156
Myanmar
AN = capital Rangoon became Yangon when Burma became Myanmar in 1989.
MS = A republic of southeast Asia, northwest of Thailand, long familiar as Burma. Its capital is Yangon, formerly Rangoon. Inhabited by people of Mongolian stock and probably of Tibetan origin, by the 3d century A.D. it was settled by Hindus. The modern Burmese state was founded in the 18th century but was in conflict with the British during the 19th century. Made a crown colony of Great Britain in 1937, it was granted independence in 1947. In 1989 it became Myanmar. The name comes from myanma, meaning the strong, as applied to the Burmese people themselves. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p192 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p367)
UI = D002052
Myasthenia Gravis
AN = an autoimmune neuromusc dis; "myasthenia" unqualified in foreign titles is more often MYASTHENIA GRAVIS than MUSCLE WEAKNESS but check text
MS = A disorder of neuromuscular function due to the presence of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. Clinically there is fatigue and exhaustion of the muscular system with a tendency to fluctuate in severity and without sensory disturbance or atrophy. The disorder may be restricted to a muscle group or become generalized with severe weakness and, in some cases, ventilatory insufficiency. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009157
Mycobacillin
AN = an antifungal peptide antibiotic
MS = A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic isolated from culture filtrates of Bacillus subtilis that acts as an antifungal agent.
UI = D009158
Mycobacteriaceae
MS = A family of gram-positive bacteria found in soil and dairy products and as parasites on animals and man. Several are important pathogens.
UI = D009159
Mycobacteriophages
AN = IM; specify species of Mycobacterium if possible (IM or NIM)
MS = Viruses whose host is one or more Mycobacterium species. They include both temperate and virulent types.
UI = D009160
Mycobacterium
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; infection = MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS; M. paratuberc = MYCOBACTERIUM (IM) + PARATUBERCULOSIS (IM); DF: MYCOBACT
MS = A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts.
UI = D009161
Mycobacterium avium
AN = infection in birds = TUBERCULOSIS, AVIAN; infection in other animals = TUBERCULOSIS /vet (IM) + MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM (IM); DF: MYCOBACT AVIUM
MS = A bacterium causing tuberculosis in domestic fowl and other birds. In pigs, it may cause localized and sometimes disseminated disease. The organism occurs occasionally in sheep and cattle. It should be distinguished from the M. avium complex, which infects primarily humans.
UI = D009162
Mycobacterium avium Complex
AN = infection = MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM INTRACELLULARE INFECTION; index also appropriate TUBERCULOSIS term for tuberculosis in animals caused by this organism; DF: MYCOBACT AVIUM COMPLEX or short X ref
MS = A complex that includes several strains of M. avium. M. intracellulare is not easily distinguished from M. avium and therefore is included in the complex. These organisms are most frequently found in pulmonary secretions from persons with a tuberculous-like mycobacteriosis. Strains of this complex have also been associated with childhood lymphadenitis and AIDS. M. avium alone causes tuberculosis in a variety of birds and other animals, including pigs.
UI = D015269
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
AN = DF: MAI INFECT
MS = A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.
UI = D015270
Mycobacterium bovis
AN = = M. tuberc. bovis; infection = TUBERCULOSIS, BOVINE if in cattle, TUBERCULOSIS /vet (IM) + MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS (IM) if in other animals; DF: MYCOBACT BOVIS or short X ref
MS = The bovine variety of the tubercle bacillus. It is called also Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis.
UI = D009163
Mycobacterium chelonae
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS, ATYPICAL (IM); DF: MYCOBACT CHELONAE
MS = A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria commonly found in soil and occasionally isolated from sputum. It causes postoperative wound infections as well as gluteal abscesses.
UI = D016926
Mycobacterium fortuitum
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS, ATYPICAL (IM); DF: MYCOBACT FORTUITUM
MS = A rapid-growing, nonphotochromogenic species that is potentially pathogenic, producing lesions of lung, bone, or soft tissue following trauma. It has been found in soil and in injection sites of humans, cattle, and cold-blooded animals. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019907
Mycobacterium haemophilum
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS (IM); DF: MYCOBACT HAEMOPHILUM
MS = A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that causes granulomatous or ulcerating skin lesions in immunosuppressed persons. This organism owes its name to its requirement for growth of high levels of iron, conveniently supplied as blood, heme, or ferric ammonium citrate.
UI = D018393
Mycobacterium Infections
AN = gram-pos bact infect; GEN; consider also TUBERCULOSIS; DF: MYCOBACT INFECT
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.
UI = D009164
Mycobacterium Infections, Atypical
AN = see MYCOBACTERIUM, ATYPICAL for a list of atypical Mycobact or MeSH definition here; DF: MYCOBACT INFECT ATYPICAL
MS = Infections with so called atypical mycobacteria (tuberculoid bacilli): M. kansasii (Kansas), M. marinum, M. SCROFULACEUM, M. flavescens, M. gordonae, M. obuense, M. gilvum, M. duvali, M. szulgai, M. intracellulare (see MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX), M. xenopi (littorale), M. ulcerans, M. buruli, M. terrae, M. fortuitum (minetti, giae), M. CHELONAE.
UI = D009165
Mycobacterium kansasii
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS, ATYPICAL (IM); DF: MYCOBACT KANSASII
MS = A slow-growing, photochromogenic species that is the etiologic agent of a tuberculosis-like disease in humans and is frequently isolated from human pulmonary secretions or tubercles. The incidence of infection is sharply increased among immunocompromised individuals. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019909
Mycobacterium leprae
AN = infection = LEPROSY; /drug eff: consider also LEPROSTATIC AGENTS; DF: MYCOBACT LEPRAE
MS = A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that causes LEPROSY in man. Its organisms are generally arranged in clumps, rounded masses, or in groups of bacilli side by side.
UI = D009166
Mycobacterium lepraemurium
AN = rat leprosy bacillus; infection: coord IM with MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS (IM); DF: MYCOBACT LEPRAEMURIUM
MS = The etiologic agent of rat leprosy, also known as murine leprosy.
UI = D009167
Mycobacterium marinum
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS, ATYPICAL (IM); DF: MYCOBACT MARINUM
MS = A moderate-growing, photochromogenic species found in aquariums, diseased fish, and swimming pools. It is the cause of cutaneous lesions and granulomas (swimming pool granuloma) in humans. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019910
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
AN = non-pathogenic for humans; infection = PARATUBERCULOSIS; DF: MYCOBACT PARATUBERC
MS = A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria non-pathogenic for humans. It is the etiologic agent of Johne's disease (see PARATUBERCULOSIS).
UI = D016927
Mycobacterium phlei
AN = in soil, dust & plants; DF: MYCOBACT PHLEI
MS = A saprophytic bacterium widely distributed in soil and dust and on plants.
UI = D009168
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS, ATYPICAL (IM); DF: MYCOBACT SCROFULACEUM
MS = A non-tuberculous mycobacterium causing cervical lymphadenitis in children. It very rarely causes pulmonary disease, and is believed to be non-pathogenic in animals.
UI = D015359
Mycobacterium smegmatis
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS, ATYPICAL (IM); DF: MYCOBACT SMEGMATIS
MS = A rapid-growing, nonphotochromogenic species of MYCOBACTERIUM originally isolated from human smegma and found also in soil and water. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D020102
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
AN = infection = TUBERCULOSIS; /drug eff: consider also ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS; DF: M TUBERC
MS = A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces tuberculosis in man, other primates, dogs, and some animals which have contact with man. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation.
UI = D009169
Mycobacterium ulcerans
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS, ATYPICAL (IM); DF: MYCOBACT ULCERANS
MS = A slow-growing, nonphotochromogenic species that causes chronic skin lesions in humans (Buruli ulcer). (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019911
Mycobacterium xenopi
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS, ATYPICAL (IM); DF: MYCOBACT XENOPI
MS = A slow-growing, scotochromogenic species occurring usually harmlessly in human secretions but occasionally associated with chronic pulmonary disease. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019912
Mycobacteria, Atypical
AN = note X refs and specific indentions; infection = MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS, ATYPICAL; DF: MYCOBACT ATYPICAL
MS = So-called atypical species of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM. They are also called tuberculoid bacilli, i.e.: M. buruli (see M. ULCERANS), M. CHELONAE, M. duvalii, M. flavescens, M. FORTUITUM, M. gilvum, M. gordonae, M. intracellulare (see MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX), M. KANSASII, M. MARINUM, M. obuense, M. SCROFULACEUM, M. szulgai, M. terrae, M. ULCERANS, M. XENOPI.
UI = D009170
Mycolic Acids
UI = D009171
Mycological Typing Techniques
AN = NIM; coord with fungus /class (IM); DF: MYCOL TYPING TECHNIQUES
MS = Procedures for identifying types and strains of fungi.
UI = D016533
Mycology
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: MYCOL
UI = D009172
Mycology, 4th ed, pp159-60)
UI = D020092
Mycophenolic Acid
MS = An antibiotic substance derived from Penicillium stoloniferum, and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. Mycophenolic acid is important because of its selective effects on the immune system. It prevents the proliferation of T-cells, lymphocytes, and the formation of antibodies from B-cells. It also may inhibit recruitment of leukocytes to inflammatory sites. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1301)
UI = D009173
Mycoplasma
AN = infection = MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS
MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds.
UI = D009174
Mycoplasma fermentans
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of the genus MYCOPLASMA, originally isolated infrequently from the lower genital tract of humans, and possessing uncertain pathogenicity. The incognitus strain of M. fermentans has been identified in necrotizing lesions of multiple organs from AIDS and non-AIDS patients dying of an acute influenza-like disease.
UI = D016858
Mycoplasma hominis
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A common inhabitant of the vagina and cervix and a potential human pathogen, causing infections of the male and female reproductive tracts. It has also been associated with respiratory disease and pharyngitis. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019535
Mycoplasma Infections
AN = gram-neg bact infect
MS = Infections with species of the genus MYCOPLASMA.
UI = D009175
Mycoplasma mycoides
AN = causes pleuropneumonia in cattle & goats; infection: coord IM with PLEUROPNEUMONIA, CONTAGIOUS (IM)
MS = The etiological agent of contagious pleuropneumonia (PLEUROPNEUMONIA, CONTAGIOUS) of cattle and goats.
UI = D009176
Mycoplasma penetrans
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria. This organism shows remarkable pathobiologic properties: it adheres to cell surfaces, deeply penetrates into the cell, and strongly adsorbs human red blood cells and human CD4+ lymphocytes and monocytes. M. penetrans was first isolated from the urogenital tract of patients with AIDS and high frequencies of antibodies to it are seen in HIV-infected patients.
UI = D018661
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
AN = do not confuse with MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIA, the dis; infection = PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA
MS = Short filamentous organism of the genus Mycoplasma, which binds firmly to the cells of the respiratory epithelium. It is one of the etiologic agents of non-viral primary atypical pneumonia in man.
UI = D009177
Mycoplasmataceae
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMATALES INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A family of gram-negative, non-motile bacteria from human and animal sources. One saprophytic species is known.
UI = D009178
Mycoplasmatales
AN = infection = MYCOPLASMATALES INFECTIONS
MS = An order of highly pleomorphic, gram-negative bacteria including both pathogenic and saprophytic species.
UI = D009179
Mycoplasmatales Infections
AN = gram-neg bact infect
MS = Infections with bacteria of the order MYCOPLASMATALES.
UI = D009180
Mycoses
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; of skin = DERMATOMYCOSES; /drug ther: consider also ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS
UI = D009181
Mycosis Fungoides
AN = a type of malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = A chronic malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages the lymph nodes and viscera are affected.
UI = D009182
Mycotoxicosis
AN = "caused by ingestion of mycotoxins (toxins of fungal origin)"
MS = Poisoning caused by the ingestion of mycotoxins (toxins of fungal origin).
UI = D015651
Mycotoxins
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS
UI = D009183
Mydriasis
AN = pathol dilation of the pupils; do not use for state after admin of mydriatics ( = PUPIL /drug eff) but MYDRIATICS is available
MS = Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in Adie's syndrome.
UI = D015878
Mydriatics
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also PUPIL /drug eff; for CYCLOPLEGICS consider also CILIARY BODY /drug eff
MS = Agents that dilate the pupil. They may be either sympathomimetics or parasympatholytics. The latter cause cycloplegia or paralysis of accommodation at high doses and may precipitate glaucoma. Mydriatics are used in eye diseases and to facilitate eye examination.
UI = D009184
Myelin Basic Proteins
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; note X ref: do not index under ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ALLERGIC unless the disease is discussed; DF: ENCEPH BASIC PROTEINS
MS = A group of 7 proteins produced from a single gene by alternate splicing found in central and peripheral nervous system myelin. The major basic protein (MBP) has long been of interest because it is the antigen, that, when injected into an animal, elicits a cellular immune response that produces the CNS autoimmune disease called experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ALLERGIC). In the peripheral nervous system, myelin basic protein 18.5 kD is often referred to as the P1 protein. (From Siegel et al., Basic Neurochemistry, 5th ed, p130, 133)
UI = D004676
Myelin P2 Protein
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A positively charged protein found in peripheral nervous system myelin. Sensitive immunological techniques have demonstrated that P2 is expressed in small amounts of central nervous system myelin sheaths of some species. It is an antigen for experimental allergic neuritis (NEURITIS, EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC), the peripheral nervous system counterpart of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. (From Siegel et al., Basic Neurochemistry, 5th ed, p133)
UI = D018996
Myelin P0 Protein
AN = 0 in P0 is the digit, not the letter O; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A protein that accounts for more than half of the peripheral nervous system myelin protein. The extracellular domain of this protein is believed to engage in adhesive interactions and thus hold the myelin membrane compact. It can behave as a homophilic adhesion molecule through interactions with its extracellular domains. (From J Cell Biol 1994;126(4):1089-97)
UI = D018993
Myelin Proteins
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; not a synonym for MYELIN see MYELIN SHEATH; do not routinely coord with MYELIN SHEATH unless this is particularly discussed; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Proteins found in the myelin sheath. The major proteins of central nervous system myelin include: MYELIN PROTEOLIPID PROTEIN, MYELIN BASIC PROTEINS, and MYELIN-ASSOCIATED GLYCOPROTEIN. The major proteins of peripheral nervous system myelin include: MYELIN BASIC PROTEINS (myelin P1 protein and MYELIN P2 PROTEIN), MYELIN P0 PROTEIN, and MYELIN-ASSOCIATED GLYCOPROTEIN.
UI = D009185
Myelin Proteolipid Protein
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
MS = A myelin protein that is the major component of the organic solvent extractable lipoprotein complexes of whole brain. It has been the subject of much study because of its unusual physical properties. It remains soluble in chloroform even after essentially all of its bound lipids have been removed. (From Siegel et al., Basic Neurochemistry, 4th ed, p122)
UI = D018991
Myelin Sheath
AN = an insulating covering of nerve fibers; X ref MYELIN is the substance of the myelin sheath: do not confuse with MYELIN BASIC PROTEINS; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; myelination: index under MYELIN SHEATH /physiol
MS = The lipid-rich sheath investing many axons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. The myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (SCHWANN CELLS in the peripheral and OLIGODENDROGLIA in the central nervous system). Deterioration of the sheath in DEMYELINATING DISEASES is a serious clinical problem.
UI = D009186
Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A myelin protein found in the periaxonal membrane of both the central and peripheral nervous systems myelin sheaths. It has a structure that is similar to members of the Ig superfamily that participate in cell adhesion. (From Siegel et al., Basic Neurochemistry, 5th ed, p132)
UI = D018992
Myelinolysis, Central Pontine
AN = massive demyelination of pons
MS = A form of massive demyelination of the pons occurring in malnutrition and alcoholism. The remarkable unsystematic dissolution of the sheaths of medullated fibers is its most certain feature. The lesion varies from only a few millimeters in diameter to almost the entire pons. The basic pathology is the destruction of the medullated sheaths throughout the lesions with relative sparing of the axis cylinders and intactness of the nerve cells of the pontine nuclei. Pathologically it is easily differentiated from infarction and the inflammatory demyelinations of multiple sclerosis and postinfectious encephalomyelitis. There does not appear to be a genetic, sex, or age factor. It is often, however, associated with some other serious disease, particularly chronic alcoholism. (Adams & Victor, Principles of Neurology, 2d ed, p720)
UI = D017590
Myelitis
AN = inflammation of the spinal cord: do not confuse with inflamm of the bone marrow ( = OSTEOMYELITIS); SMON (subacute-myelo-optico-neuropathy) is indexed here + OPTIC NEURITIS + SYNDROME
UI = D009187
Myelitis, Transverse
AN = inflamm across the spinal cord
MS = Myelitis in which the functional effect of the lesions spans the width of the entire cord at a given level. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D009188
Myeloablative Agonists
AN = "agents that destroy bone marrow activity" in prep for bone marrow or stem cell transpl; DF: MYELOABLATIVE AG
MS = Agents that destroy bone marrow activity. They are used to prepare patients for bone marrow or stem cell transplantation.
UI = D019653
Myeloblastosis Virus, Avian
AN = a species of the genus Retroviruses Type C, Avian; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + AVIAN LEUKOSIS (IM)
MS = A species of avian type C retroviruses (RETROVIRUSES TYPE C, AVIAN) causing anemia in fowl.
UI = D009189
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
AN = myelo- here = bone marrow, not spinal cord
MS = Conditions in which the bone marrow shows qualitative and quantitative changes suggestive of a preleukemic process, but having a chronic course that does not necessarily terminate as acute leukemia.
UI = D009190
Myelofibrosis
AN = myelo- here = bone marrow, not spinal cord: note X refs
MS = Replacement of the bone marrow by fibrous tissue, occurring in association with a myeloproliferative disorder or secondary to another, unrelated condition. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009191
Myelography
AN = myelo- here = spinal cord, not bone marrow; NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: MYELOGR
MS = X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space.
UI = D009192
Myeloid Metaplasia
AN = myeloid here = bone marrow, not spinal cord
MS = The occurrence of myeloid tissue in extramedullary sites. Specifically it is a syndrome characterized by splenomegaly, anemia, the presence of nucleated erythrocytes and immature granulocytes in the circulating blood, and extramedullary hemoatopoiesis in the liver and spleen. The primary form is also known as agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, myelosclerosis, and myelofibrosis. The secondary or symptomatic form may be associated with various diseases, including carcinomatosis, tuberculosis, leukemia, and polycythemia vera. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009193
Myelolipoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with ADRENAL GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = A rare benign tumor of the adrenal gland, several centimeters in diameter, composed in varying proportions of adipose tissue, lymphocytes, and primitive myeloid cells, probably a developmental abnormality. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D018209
Myeloma Proteins
AN = paraproteins
UI = D009194
Myeloproliferative Disorders
AN = myelo- here = bone marrow, not spinal cord; GEN; prefer specifics
MS = Disorders in which one or more stimuli cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential.
UI = D009196
Myenteric Plexus
AN = a neural network in the enteric nerv syst
MS = One of two ganglionated neural networks which together form the ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gut. Its neurons project to the circular muscle, to other myenteric ganglia, to submucosal ganglia, or directly to the epithelium, and play an important role in regulating and patterning gut motility. (From FASEB J 1989;3:127-38)
UI = D009197
Myiasis
AN = infestation by fly maggots
MS = The invasion of living tissues of man and other mammals by dipterous larvae.
UI = D009198
Myocardial Contraction
AN = inotropic action of drugs = MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION /drug eff (IM) + drug with /pharmacol (IM) + STIMULATION, CHEMICAL (NIM) for positive inotropic action & DEPRESSION, CHEMICAL (NIM) for negative but note that INOTROPIC AGENTS, POSITIVE CARDIAC see CARDIOTONIC AGENTS is available; for chronotropic action see note on HEART RATE; relaxation of cardiac muscle: do not add MUSCLE RELAXATION
MS = Contractile activity of the heart.
UI = D009200
Myocardial Depressant Factor
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; do not confuse with MYOCARDIAL DEPRESSANTS (see ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS)
MS = A low molecular weight peptide of about 800-1000 having a negative inotropic effect. It is released into the circulation during experimental hemorrhagic pancreatitis, severe ischemia, and postoligemic shock.
UI = D009201
Myocardial Diseases
AN = disease of myocardial tissue: differentiate from HEART DISEASES, diseases of function; for bact, parasitic & other infections of the myocardium, coord here (IM), not HEART DISEASES + infection (IM); CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY is available but see note there for coords; CARDIOMYOPATHY, CONGESTIVE is also available
MS = Diseases of the myocardium.
UI = D009202
Myocardial Infarction
AN = do not coord with ACUTE DISEASE for "acute infarct"; DF: MYOCARDIAL INFARCT
MS = Gross necrosis of the myocardium, as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009203
Myocardial Ischemia
AN = = defic of myocard blood supply; may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
MS = A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERIOSCLEROSIS), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).
UI = D017202
Myocardial Reperfusion
AN = note category: a technique; /adv eff permitted but consider also MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY
MS = Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.
UI = D015425
Myocardial Reperfusion Injury
AN = myocardial changes after reperfusion
MS = Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from REPERFUSION to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion.
UI = D015428
Myocardial Revascularization
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = The restoration of blood supply to the myocardium. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D009204
Myocardial Stunning
AN = a type of myocardial ischemia, often caused by myocardial reperfusion
MS = Prolonged dysfunction of the myocardium after a brief episode of severe ischemia, with gradual return of contractile activity. It occurs frequently, both in the experimental laboratory and in clinical medicine. Since stunned myocardium occurs adjacent to necrotic tissue after prolonged coronary occlusion, many myocardial infarcts may be a mixture of necrotic and stunned tissue. (Braunwald, Heart Disease, 1992, p1176)
UI = D017682
Myocarditis
AN = inflamm of walls of heart
MS = Inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D009205
Myocardium
AN = the heart as tissue, differentiated from the heart as a pump ( = HEART); qualif permitted: /chem /cytol /enzymol /immunol /metab /pathol /ultrastruct permitted; Manual 21.48; ischemia = MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; inflammation = MYOCARDITIS; myocardial perfusion imaging, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, myocardial imaging = HEART /radionuclide, not MYOCARDIUM /radionuclide
MS = The middle and thickest layer of the heart wall consisting of cardiac muscle.
UI = D009206
Myoclonus
AN = a musc dis & movement disord; for "myoclonic seizure" (formerly = HYPSARRHYTHMIA) consider MYOCLONUS or EPILEPSY, MYOCLONIC or SPASMS, INFANTILE
MS = Shocklike contractions of a portion of a muscle, an entire muscle, or a group of muscles, restricted to one area of the body or appearing synchronously or asynchronously in several areas. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009207
MyoD Protein
AN = a myogenic regulatory factor controlling myogenesis
MS = A myogenic regulatory factor that controls myogenesis. Though it is not clear how its function differs from the other myogenic regulatory factors, MyoD appears to be related to fusion and terminal differentiation of the muscle cell.
UI = D017570
Myoelectric Complex, Migrating
MS = Bursts of depolarization that move from the stomach to the ileocecal valve at regular frequency during the interdigestive period. The complex and its accompanying motor activity periodically cleanse the bowel of interdigestive secretion and debris in preparation for the next meal.
UI = D016065
Myoepithelioma
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A benign tumor composed predominantly of myoepithelial cells. A pure myoepithelial neoplasm is rare. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009208
Myofascial Pain Syndromes
AN = do not confuse with MYOFASCIAL PAIN DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME, TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT see TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME
MS = Muscular pain in numerous body regions that can be reproduced by pressure on trigger points, localized hardenings in skeletal muscle tissue. Pain is referred to a location distant from the trigger points. A prime example is the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME.
UI = D009209
Myofibrils
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; does not include muscle fibers ( = MUSCLE FIBERS or specific)
MS = Slender threads which can be rendered visible in a muscle fiber by maceration in certain acids. They run parallel with the long axis of the fiber, and are composed of numerous myofilaments ( = MICROFILAMENTS). (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009210
Myofibromatosis
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; coord IM with organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A condition characterized by multiple formations of myofibromas (LEIOMYOMA).
UI = D018224
Myofunctional Therapy
MS = Training of the orofacial musculature, including modification of habits, in edentulous conditions, malocclusion, or temporomandibular joint disorders. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D020247
Myogenic Regulatory Factors
AN = muscle-specific transcription factors; DF: MYOGENIC REG FACTORS
MS = A family of muscle-specific transcription factors which bind to DNA in control regions and thus regulate myogenesis. All members of this family contain a conserved helix-loop-helix motif which is homologous to the myc family proteins. These factors are only found in skeletal muscle. Members include the myoD protein (MYOD PROTEIN), MYOGENIN, myf-5, and myf-6 (also called MRF4 or herculin).
UI = D018006
Myogenin
AN = a myogenic regulatory factor controlling myogenesis
MS = A myogenic regulatory factor that controls myogenesis. Myogenin is induced during differentiation of every skeletal muscle cell line that has been investigated, in contrast to the other myogenic regulatory factors that only appear in certain cell types.
UI = D018008
Myoglobin
AN = a hemeprotein & muscle protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group.
UI = D009211
Myoglobinuria
AN = myoglobinuria in rhabdomyolysis: index under RHABDOMYOLYSIS (IM) + MYOGLOBINURIA (NIM) only if myoglobinuria is particularly discussed
UI = D009212
Myography
AN = NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: MYOGR
MS = The recording of muscular movements. The apparatus is called a myograph, the record or tracing, a myogram. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D009213
myo-Inositol-1-Phosphate Synthase
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of myo-inositol-1-phosphate from glucose-6-phosphate in the presence of NAD. EC 5.5.1.4.
UI = D007296
Myoma
AN = uterine = LEIOMYOMA + UTERINE NEOPLASMS; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A benign neoplasm of muscular tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D009214
Myometrium
AN = smooth muscle coat of uterus
MS = The smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ.
UI = D009215
Myopia
AN = refractive error: note X ref
MS = A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009216
Myosarcoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A general term for a malignant neoplasm derived from muscular tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D009217
Myosin
AN = a muscle protein; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles.
UI = D009218
Myosin ATPase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of myosin ATP in the presence of actin to form myosin ADP and orthophosphate. This reaction is the immediate source of free energy that drives muscle contraction. In the absence of actin, myosin ATPase activity is low and requires calcium ions. EC 3.6.1.32.
UI = D015372
Myosin Light Chains
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; MYOSIN HEAVY CHAINS is also available
MS = The light chains of the muscle protein MYOSIN. Each molecule of myosin is composed of two heavy chains and two pairs of light chains. The light chains have a molecular weight of about 20 kD and there is one dissimilar pair of light chains associated with each heavy chain. The light chains are "calmodulin-like" proteins that bind calcium. Two of them can be removed easily, and two with difficulty. The light chains bind the heavy chains in the vicinity of the head groups of the myosin. (Devlin, Textbook of Biochemistry: with clinical correlations, 3rd ed, p957)
UI = D018994
Myosin Heavy Chains
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS is also available
MS = The heavy chains of the muscle protein MYOSIN. Each molecule of myosin is composed of two heavy chains and two pairs of light chains. The heavy chains have a molecular weight of about 230 kD and each heavy chain is associated with a dissimilar pair of light chains. (Devlin, Textbook of Biochemistry: with clinical correlations, 3rd ed, p957)
UI = D018995
Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase
AN = DF: MLCK
MS = An enzyme that phosphorylates myosin light chains in the presence of ATP to yield myosin-light chain phosphate and ADP, and requires calcium and calmodulin. The 20-kD light chain is phosphorylated more rapidly than any other acceptor, but light chains from other myosins and myosin itself can act as acceptors. The enzyme plays a central role in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction. EC 2.7.1.117.
UI = D009219
Myosin Subfragments
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Parts of the myosin molecule resulting from cleavage by proteolytic enzymes (papain, trypsin, or chymotrypsin) at well-localized regions. Study of these isolated fragments helps to delineate the functional roles of different parts of myosin. Two of the most common subfragments are myosin S-1 and myosin S-2. S-1 contains the heads of the heavy chains plus the light chains and S-2 contains part of the double-stranded, alpha-helical, heavy chain tail (myosin rod).
UI = D015879
Myositis
AN = inflamm of voluntary muscle; DERMATOMYOSITIS & POLYMYOSITIS are also available
MS = An inflammation of voluntary muscle.
UI = D009220
Myositis, Inclusion Body
AN = do not coord with INCLUSION BODIES but coord with INCLUSION BODIES, VIRAL if relevant (IM or NIM)
MS = A progressive inflammatory myopathy primarily involving muscles of the pelvic region and legs, usually seen in older people. The muscles are infiltrated by mononuclear inflammatory cells, sarcoplasmic vacuoles, masses of filaments and filamentous microtubules, and sometimes eosinophilic bodies. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D018979
Myositis Ossificans
AN = myositis with bony deposits or muscle ossification
MS = A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.
UI = D009221
Myotonia
AN = increased musc contraction with decreased relaxation
MS = Increased muscular irritability and contractility with decreased power of relaxation; toxic spasm of muscle. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009222
Myotonia Atrophica
AN = a neuromusc dis; do not confuse X ref MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY with MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
MS = A rare, slowly progressive, hereditary disease transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by myotonia followed by atrophy of the muscles, cataracts, hypogonadism, balding, and cardiac abnormalities. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009223
Myotonia Congenita
AN = a neuromusc dis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A congenital genetic disease characterized by tonic spasm and rigidity of certain muscles when an attempt is made to move them after a period of rest or when mechanically stimulated. The stiffness disappears as the muscles are moved. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009224
Myoviridae
AN = a family of Caudovirales bacteriophages
MS = A family of bacteriophages which are characterized by complex contractile tails.
UI = D017900
Myringoplasty
AN = for repair of tympanic membrane perf; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Surgical restoration of a perforated tympanic membrane by grafting. (Dorland, 28th ed.)
UI = D009225
Myristates
MS = Salts and esters of the 14-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--myristic acid.
UI = D009226
Myristic Acid
MS = A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occuring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019814
Myristic Acids
MS = 14-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.
UI = D009227
Mysticism
AN = IM; specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = A philosophy based upon spiritual intuition that is believed to transcend ordinary sensory experiences or understanding.
UI = D009228
Mythology
AN = classical or modern; includes legends & folk tales; med mythology: do not coord with MEDICINE; DF: MYTHOL
MS = A body of stories, the origins of which may be unknown or forgotten, that serve to explain practices, beliefs, institutions or natural phenomena. Mythology includes legends and folk tales. It may refer to classical mythology or to a body of modern thought and modern life. (From Webster's 1st ed)
UI = D009229
Myxedema
AN = caused by hypothyroidism; pretibial = MYXEDEMA (IM) + LEG DERMATOSES (IM)
MS = A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling with abnormal deposits of mucin in the skin and other tissues. It is produced by a functional insufficiency of the thyroid gland, resulting in deficiency of thyroid hormone. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks and the face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips. The congenital form of the disease is CRETINISM.
UI = D009230
Myxococcaceae
AN = a family of gliding bacteria found in soil
MS = A family of MYXOCOCCALES found in soils. The cells are slender rods that are straight to slightly tapered.
UI = D016939
Myxococcales
AN = an order of gliding bacteria found in soil, water & decaying matter
MS = An order of rod-shaped, gram-negative gliding bacteria found in soil, water, and decomposing matter.
UI = D009231
Myxococcus
AN = a genus of gliding bacteria found on "tree bark & decomposing vegetation"
MS = A genus of gliding bacteria that are common inhabitants on tree bark and decomposing vegetation. The cells are slender rods with tapering ends.
UI = D016940
Myxococcus xanthus
AN = a species of gliding bacteria found in soil & fresh & sea water
MS = A species of gliding bacteria found on soil as well as in surface fresh water and coastal seawater.
UI = D016941
Myxoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A benign neoplasm derived from connective tissue, consisting chiefly of polyhedral and stellate cells that are loosely embedded in a soft mucoid matrix, thereby resembling primitive mesenchymal tissue. It occurs frequently intramuscularly where it may be mistaken for a sarcoma. It appears also in the jaws and the skin. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D009232
Myxoma Virus
AN = a species of Leporipoxvirus causing infectious myxomatosis in rabbits; infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) or index if pertinent under MYXOMATOSIS, INFECTIOUS instead
MS = The type species of LEPORIPOXVIRUS causing infectious myxomatosis, a severe generalized disease, in rabbits. Tumors are not always present.
UI = D009233
Myxomatosis, Infectious
AN = caused by a poxvirus; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL
UI = D009234
Myxomycetes
AN = protozoa, formerly considered fungi
MS = A division of organisms that exist vegetatively as complex mobile plasmodia, reproduce by means of spores, and have complex life cycles. They are now classed as protozoa but formerly were considered fungi.
UI = D009235
Myxosarcoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); myxosarcoma of breast = PHYLLODES TUMOR
MS = A sarcoma, usually a liposarcoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma, with an abundant component of myxoid tissue resembling primitive mesenchyme containing connective tissue mucin. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D009236