Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms
N
RETURN TO INDEX NAD
AN = a coenzyme; NAD or NADP probably correct for indexing of pyridine nucleotides
MS = A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009243
NAD+ ADP-Ribosyltransferase
AN = do not confuse with NAD(P)(+)-ARGININE ADP-RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE which is often discussed in articles on bact toxins
MS = An enzyme isolated from the nuclei of a variety of cells. It catalyzes the incorporation of ADP-ribose groups of NAD+ into a homopolymer of repeating ADP-ribose units. EC 2.4.2.30.
UI = D011065
NAD+ Nucleosidase
AN = DF: note short X refs
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of NAD to nicotinamide and ADPribose. EC 3.2.2.5.
UI = D009244
NADH Dehydrogenase
AN = do not confuse with NADPH DEHYDROGENASE; do not confuse X ref NADH CYTOCHROME C REDUCTASE with NADPH CYTOCHROME C REDUCTASE
MS = A flavoprotein containing iron. Cytochrome c may act as receptor. The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of NADH to NAD and reduced acceptor. EC 1.6.99.3
UI = D009245
NADH Tetrazolium Reductase
MS = Catalyzes the reduction of tetrazolium compounds in the presence of NADH.
UI = D009246
NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases
MS = A group of oxidoreductases that act on NADH or NADPH. In general, enzymes using NADH or NADPH to reduce a substrate are classified according to the reverse reaction, in which NAD+ or NADP+ is formally regarded as an acceptor. This subclass includes only those enzymes in which some other redox carrier is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p100) EC 1.6.
UI = D009247
Nadolol
AN = an antihypertensive & anti-arrhythmic
MS = 5(3-((1,1-Dimethylethyl)amino)-2-hydroxypropoxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,3-naphthaenediol. A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for migraine and for tremor.
UI = D009248
NADP
AN = a coenzyme; NADP or NAD probably correct for indexing of pyridine nucleotides
MS = Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009249
NAD(P)(+)-Arginine ADP-Ribosyltransferase
AN = its metab often discussed in articles on bact toxins; do not confuse with NAD+ ADP-RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; DF: NAD ADPRTASE
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the ADP-ribose moiety from NAD to specific protein substrates with agmatine, arginine-type compounds, or guanidine as acceptors. This reaction can be catalyzed by prokaryotic and eukaryotic enzyme systems. Mono-ADP-ribosylation is a mechanism of action common to several bacterial toxins. It effects profound changes in cellular metabolism, such as activation of adenylate cyclase, regulation of protein synthesis at the level of elongation factor 2, and ion transport across biological membranes. EC 2.4.2.31.
UI = D015369
NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone)
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = A flavoprotein that reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of NADH or NADPH by various quinones and oxidation-reduction dyes. Since the enzyme is a part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, defects or deficiencies of this enzyme are an important cause of neurological diseases such as Parkinsonism. It may have a protective effect against cancer caused by quinones or their metabolic precursors. The enzyme is inhibited by dicoumarol, capsaicin, and caffeine. EC 1.6.99.2.
UI = D016660
NADP Transhydrogenase
MS = An enzyme present in the mitochondrial membrane of animals and in microorganisms. In the presence of energy (ATP) it catalyzes reversibly the reduction of NAD by NADPH to yield NADP and NADH. This reaction permits the utilization of the reducing properties of NADPH by the respiratory chain and in the reverse direction it allows the reduction of NADP for biosynthetic purposes. EC 1.6.1.1.
UI = D009250
NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase
MS = A flavoprotein that catalyzes the reduction of heme-thiolate-dependent monooxygenases and is part of the microsomal hydroxylating system. Its physiological acceptor is probably cytochrome P-450. EC 1.6.2.4.
UI = D009251
NADPH Dehydrogenase
AN = do not confuse with NADH DEHYDROGENASE
MS = A flavoprotein that reversibly oxidizes NADPH to NADP and a reduced acceptor. EC 1.6.99.1.
UI = D009252
NADPH Oxidase
MS = A plasma membrane-associated enzyme complex that catalyzes the univalent reduction of oxygen using NADPH as an electron donor. The superoxide anion formed acts as an oxidant in the phagocyte microbicidal system, proceeding through a series of electron transfer reactions that form the respiratory burst. Various genetic defects in the system result in chronic granulomatous disease (GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, CHRONIC). (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 1.6.-.
UI = D019255
Nadroparin
AN = a low-molec weight heparin fraction
MS = A heparin fraction with a mean molecular weight of 4500 daltons. It is isolated from porcine mucosal heparin and used as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D017762
Nafarelin
AN = a gonadorelin
MS = 6-(3-(2-Naphthalenyl)-D-alanine)luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (pig). A GONADORELIN analog agonist. It has been used in the treatment of central precocious puberty and endometriosis.
UI = D017274
Naegleria
AN = pathogenic ameba in soil, water & sewage; infection: coord IM with AMEBIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A free-living soil amoeba pathogenic to humans and animals. It occurs also in water and sewage. The most commonly found species in man is NAEGLERI FOWLERI which is the pathogen for primary amebic meningoencephalitis in primates.
UI = D009253
Naegleria fowleri
AN = pathogenic ameba causing meningoencephalitis; infection: coord IM with AMEBIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A species of parasitic protozoa having both an ameboid and flagellate stage in its life cycle. Infection with this pathogen produces primary amebic meningoencephalitis.
UI = D016848
Na(+)-K(+)-Exchanging ATPase
AN = DF: NA K ATPASE
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the active transport system of sodium and potassium ions across the cell wall. Sodium and potassium ions are closely coupled with membrane ATPase which undergoes phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, thereby providing energy for transport of these ions against concentration gradients. EC 3.6.1.37.
UI = D000254
Nafcillin
AN = a penicillin
MS = A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.
UI = D009254
Nafenopin
MS = A peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.
UI = D009255
Nafoxidine
AN = an estrogen antag
MS = 1-(2-(4-(3,4-Dihydro-6-methoxy-2-phenyl-1-naphthyl)phenoxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine. An estrogen antagonist that has been used in the treatment of breast cancer.
UI = D009256
Nafronyl
AN = a vasodilator
MS = 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl tetrahydro-alpha-(1-naphthylmethyl)-2-furanpropionate oxalate. A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enchance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.
UI = D009257
Nail Biting
MS = Common form of habitual body manipulation which is an expression of tension.
UI = D009259
Nail Diseases
AN = primates only; neopl: coord IM with NEOPLASMS (NIM) or histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.
UI = D009260
Nail-Patella Syndrome
AN = nail, patella & other abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A syndrome of multiple abnormalities characterized by the absence or hypoplasia of the patella and congenital nail dystrophy. It is a genetically determined autosomal dominant trait.
UI = D009261
Nails
AN = primates only: use HOOF AND CLAW for other vertebrates: TN 117; /abnorm permitted but consider NAILS, MALFORMED
UI = D009262
Nails, Ingrown
MS = Excessive lateral nail growth into the nail fold. Because the lateral margin of the nail acts as a foreign body, inflammation and granulation may result. It is caused by improperly fitting shoes and by improper trimming of the nail.
UI = D009263
Nails, Malformed
AN = consider also NAILS /abnorm
MS = Deformities in nail structure or appearance, including hypertrophy, splitting, clubbing, furrowing, etc.
UI = D009264
Nairobi Sheep Disease
AN = caused by a nairovirus; don't forget also SHEEP (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL
MS = An arbovirus infection of sheep and goats transmitted by ticks. It is characterized by high fever and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis.
UI = D009265
Nairobi Sheep Disease Viruses
AN = a group of viruses of the genus Nairovirus; infection = NAIROBI SHEEP DISEASE; DF: note short X ref
MS = A group of viruses of the genus NAIROVIRUS, transmitted by the ixodid ticks and producing a lethal gastroenteritis in sheep and goats, especially in Africa. Though major veterinary pathogens, their effect on humans has not been firmly established.
UI = D018064
Nairovirus
AN = a genus of the family Bunyaviridae; from NAIRObi sheep dis; infection = NAIROBI SHEEP DISEASE or if not so specified, coord IM with BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE named after NAIROBI SHEEP DISEASE, an acute, hemorrhagic, tick-borne, gastroenteritis affecting sheep and goats. Some viruses in this genus are capable of causing severe and fatal disease in humans.
UI = D016855
Nalbuphine
AN = a narcotic analgesic
MS = A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at kappa opioid receptors and an antagonist or partial agonist at mu opioid receptors.
UI = D009266
Naled
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
MS = An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.
UI = D009267
Nalidixic Acid
AN = a urinary anti-infective
MS = 1-Ethyl-1-1,4-dihydro-7-methyl-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid. Synthetic antimicrobial agent used in urinary tract infections. It is active against Gram-negative bacteria but has little activity against Gram-positive organisms or Pseudomonas.
UI = D009268
Nalorphine
AN = a narcotic antag
MS = (5 alpha,6 alpha)-7,8-Didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-(2-propenyl)morphinan-3,6-diol. A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.
UI = D009269
Naloxone
AN = a narcotic antag
MS = (5 alpha)-4,5-Epoxy-3,14-dihydroxy-17-(2-propenyl)morphinan-6-one. A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.
UI = D009270
Naltrexone
AN = a narcotic antag
MS = Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.
UI = D009271
Names
AN = for articles & books on personal given or surnames; history of names & name changes of agencies, societies, organizations, universities, medical schools, hospitals & other corporate bodies go here (NIM) + specific body if in MeSH as main heading (IM) or GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, SOCIETIES, UNIVERSITIES, HOSPITALS or other generic heading if specific corporate body is not in MeSH (IM); no qualif CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Personal names, given or surname, as cultural characteristics, as ethnological or religious patterns, as indications of the geographic distribution of families and inbreeding, etc. Analysis of isonymy, the quality of having the same or similar names, is useful in the study of population genetics. NAMES is used also for the history of names or name changes of corporate bodies, such as medical societies, universities, hospitals, government agencies, etc.
UI = D009275
Namibia
AN = a republic in southern Africa
MS = A republic in southern Africa, south of ANGOLA and west of BOTSWANA. Its capital is Windhoek. It was a region not much visited before the middle of the 19th century although the Portuguese landed at one of its harbors in 1486. Namibia was annexed by Germany in 1885. As the former German colony of South West Africa, it was mandated to South Africa 1920-1966, and made a direct dependent of the United Nations 1966. Its name was changed from South West Africa to Namibia in 1968. The name is from Nama, the Hottentot people who inhabit it; its origin is unknown. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1144 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p369)
UI = D009276
Nandrolone
AN = an anabolic steroid
MS = A steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1189)
UI = D009277
Naphazoline
AN = a nasal vasoconstrictor
MS = 4,5-Dihydro-2-(1-naphthalenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole. An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.
UI = D009278
Naphthacenes
AN = aromatic hydrocarbons
MS = Polycyclic four-ring hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar and found as contaminants in commercial anthracene preparations.
UI = D009279
Naphthaleneacetic Acids
MS = Naphthalene derivatives containing the -CH2CCO2H radical at the 1-position, the 2-position, or both. Compounds are used as plant growth regulators to delay sprouting, exert weed control, thin fruit, etc.
UI = D009280
Naphthalenes
AN = aromatic hydrocarbons
MS = Two-ring crystalline hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar. They are used as intermediates in chemical synthesis, as insect repellents, fungicides, lubricants, preservatives, and, formerly, as topical antiseptics.
UI = D009281
Naphthalenesulfonates
MS = A class of organic compounds that contains a naphthalene moiety linked to a sulfonic acid salt or ester.
UI = D009282
beta-Naphthoflavone
MS = A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308)
UI = D019324
Naphthol AS D Esterase
MS = Hydrolytic enzyme activity used as a histocytochemical test for the presence of esterases in tissue. Substrate used is 3-hydroxy-4'-nitro-2-naphthanilide chloroacetate (naphthol AS-D).
UI = D009283
Naphthols
MS = Naphthalene derivatives carrying one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups at any ring position. They are often used in dyes and pigments, as antioxidants for rubber, fats, and oils, as insecticides, in pharmaceuticals, and in numerous other applications.
UI = D009284
Naphthoquinones
MS = Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.
UI = D009285
1-Naphthylamine
AN = a carcinogen; D25-26 qualif
MS = A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.
UI = D015057
2-Naphthylamine
AN = a carcinogen; D25-26 qualif
MS = A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.
UI = D015081
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate
AN = used in liver funct tests
MS = 1-Isothiocyanatonaphthalene. A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.
UI = D015058
Naphthylvinylpyridine
AN = a cholinesterase inhib
MS = 4(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine hydrochloride. Cholinesterase inhibitor. Synonym: YuB 25.
UI = D009286
Naphthyridines
UI = D009287
Naproxen
AN = a cyclooxygenase inhib & non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent
MS = 2-(6-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)propionic acid. An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.
UI = D009288
Narcissism
AN = no qualif
MS = A psychoanalytic term meaning self-love.
UI = D009289
Narcolepsy
AN = recurrent uncontrollable episodes of sleep
MS = Sleep disorder consisting of attacks of imperative drowsiness and sleep.
UI = D009290
Narcotherapy
AN = a psychother technique using adjuvant sodium amytal or pentothal; DF: NARCOTHER
MS = Intravenous injections of sodium amytal or sodium pentothal to induce a state in which the patient is more relaxed and communicative. Narcosuggestion, narcosynthesis, and narcoanalysis are therapeutic processes using these drug adjuncts.
UI = D009291
Narcotic Antagonists
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: NARCOTIC ANTAG
MS = Agents inhibiting the effect of narcotics on the central nervous system.
UI = D009292
Narcotics
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; addiction to NARCOTICS = OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS; addiction to all narcotics indented under NARCOTICS = specific narcotic (IM) + OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS or specifics
MS = Originally, agents that caused somnolence or induced sleep; now, any derivative, natural or synthetic, of opium or morphine or any substance that has their effects. Narcotics have potent analgesic effects associated with significant changes in mood and behavior, and with the potential for dependence and tolerance following repeated administration. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D009294
Nasal Bone
AN = /abnorm permitted for congen deform but acquired deform = NOSE DEFORMITIES, ACQUIRED; /surg: consider also RHINOPLASTY; fractures: coord NASAL BONE /inj (IM) + SKULL FRACTURES (IM); neopl: coord IM + NOSE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = Either of two small elongated rectangular bones that together form the bridge of the nose.
UI = D009295
Nasal Cavity
AN = /abnorm permitted for congen deform but acquired deform = NOSE DEFORMITIES, ACQUIRED; neopl: coord IM + NOSE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); inflammation = RHINITIS; /secret = NASAL MUCOSA /secret
MS = The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx.
UI = D009296
Nasal Decongestants
MS = Drugs designed to treat inflammation of the nasal passages, generally the result of an infection (more often than not the common cold) or an allergy related condition, e.g., hay fever. The inflammation involves swelling of the mucous membrane that lines the nasal passages and results in inordinate mucus production. The primary class of nasal decongestants are vasoconstrictor agents. (From PharmAssist, The Family Guide to Health and Medicine, 1993)
UI = D014663
Nasal Lavage Fluid
AN = /chem /cytol /immunol /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
MS = Fluid obtained by irrigation or washout of the nasal cavity and nasal mucosa. The resulting fluid is used in cytologic and immunologic assays of the nasal mucosa such as with the NASAL PROVOCATION TEST in the diagnosis of nasal hypersensitivity.
UI = D017817
Nasal Mucosa
AN = /secret here, not NOSE; inflammation = RHINITIS
MS = The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity.
UI = D009297
Nasal Obstruction
AN = may be anywhere in the nasal passages or cavity
MS = Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be in the nasal vestibule, fossae, or other areas of the nasal cavity.
UI = D015508
Nasal Polyps
AN = neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Focal accumulations of edema fluid in the nasal mucosa accompanied by hyperplasia of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be neoplasms, foci of inflammation, degenerative lesions, or malformations.
UI = D009298
Nasal Provocation Tests
AN = diag of nasal allergy; DF: NP TESTS
MS = Application of allergens to the nasal mucosa. Interpretation includes observation of nasal symptoms, rhinoscopy, and rhinomanometry. Nasal provocaton tests are used in the diagnosis of nasal hypersensitivity, including hay fever.
UI = D009299
Nasal Septum
MS = The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts.
UI = D009300
Nasolacrimal Duct
UI = D009301
Nasopharyngeal Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = NASOPHARYNGITIS
MS = General or unspecified diseases of the nasopharynx.
UI = D009302
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D009303
Nasopharyngitis
AN = inflamm of nasopharynx, not nose & pharynx
MS = Inflammation of the nasopharynx.
UI = D009304
Nasopharynx
AN = inflammation = NASOPHARYNGITIS
MS = The nasal part of the pharynx, lying above the level of the soft palate.
UI = D009305
Natal Teeth
AN = "predeciduous teeth present at birth"
MS = Predeciduous teeth present at birth. They may be well formed and normal or may represent hornified epithelial structures without roots. They are found on the gingivae over the crest of the ridge and arise from accessory buds of the dental lamina ahead of the deciduous buds or from buds of the accessory dental lamina. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
UI = D009306
Natamycin
AN = an antifungal macrolide antibiotic; do not use /biosyn unless by living matter
MS = Amphoteric macrolide antifungal antibiotic from Streptomyces natalensis or S. chattanoogensis. It is used for a variety of fungal infections, mainly topically.
UI = D010866
National Academy of Sciences (U.S.)
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as NON-US GOVT SUP; DF: NAS NRC CATALOG: use NAF entry
MS = A United States organization of distinguished scientists and engineers established for the purpose of investigating and reporting upon any subject of art or science as requested by any department of government. The National Research Council organized by NAS serves as the principal operating agency to stimulate and support research.
UI = D009307
National Center for Health Care Technology
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as NIH/PHS SUP; DF: NCHCT CATALOG: use NAF entry
MS = A center in the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE which coordinates and administers a program of research, demonstrations, and evaluations of medical technologies and assessments of health care technology.
UI = D009308
National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.)
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as NIH/PHS SUP; DF: NCHS CATALOG: use NAF entry
MS = A center in the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE which is primarily concerned with the collection, analysis, and dissemination of health statistics on vital events and health activities to reflect the health status of people, health needs, and health resources.
UI = D009309
National Health Insurance, United States
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: NATL HEALTH INSUR US
UI = D009310
National Health Planning Information Center
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as NIH/PHS SUP; DF: note short X ref CATALOG: use NAF entry
MS = A center in the HEALTH RESOURCES ADMINISTRATION Division of Planning Methods and Technology which provides access to current information on health planning and resources development.
UI = D009312
National Health Programs
AN = specify country CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Components of a national health care system which administer specific services, e.g., national health insurance.
UI = D009313
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as NIH/PHS SUP; DF: NIOSH CATALOG: use NAF entry
MS = An institute of the CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION which is responsible for assuring safe and healthful working conditions and for developing standards of safety and health. Research activities are carried out pertinent to these goals.
UI = D009314
National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.)
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as NIH/PHS SUP; DF: NIMH CATALOG: use NAF entry
MS = A component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH concerned with research, overall planning, promoting, and administering mental health programs and research.
UI = D009315
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCES, NIH is available: see note there; research support by this agency is checked as NIH/PHS SUP; DF: NIH CATALOG: use NAF entry
MS = An agency of the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE concerned with the overall planning, promoting, and administering of programs pertaining to health and medical research.
UI = D009316
National Library of Medicine (U.S.)
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as NIH/PHS SUP; DF: NLM CATALOG: use NAF entry
MS = An agency of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH concerned with overall planning, promoting, and administering programs pertaining to various aspects of documentation and library services in the field of medicine.
UI = D009317
National Practitioner Data Bank
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM) CATALOG: use NAF entry
MS = A databank established by the Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986 authorizing the Department of Health and Human Services to collect and release information on the professional competence and conduct of physicians, dentists, nurses, and other health care practitioners. The data include adverse actions on physicians' malpractice, licensure, hospital privileges, concealing of pertinent information, and the like.
UI = D016749
Natriuresis
AN = differentiate from SODIUM /urine in that in natriuresis emphasis is on the physiol process of urinary excretion of sodium; NATRIURETIC HORMONE is available
UI = D009318
Natriuretic Hormone
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A low-molecular weight substance, possibly from the hypothalamus, which is released due to plasma volume expansion. It causes natriuresis in part by inhibiting sodium potassium ATPase. The development of hypertension may be the consequence of an abnormality in volume regulation induced by a defect in the renal response to the natriuretic effect of the natriuretic hormone. Do not confuse with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR or cardionatrin which is a different, well characterized hormone.
UI = D009319
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain
MS = A natriuretic peptide that is stored mainly in cardiac ventricular myocardium and may be responsive to changes in ventricular filling pressures. It has been shown to cause natriuresis and vasodilation. (Heart Disease: a Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 5th ed, p414)
UI = D020097
Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type
MS = A 22-amino acid peptide that is a member of the natriuretic peptide family. It is from endothelial and renal cell origin with selective cardiovascular actions. (Hypertension 1997;30(2 Pt 1):184)
UI = D020098
Natronobacterium
AN = a genus of Halobacteriaceae; natrono- refers to its presence in soda lakes & soda soils; DF: NATRONOBACT
MS = A genus of rod-shaped, extremely halophilic HALOBACTERIACEAE which grows in alkaline conditions. They are strictly aerobic and some strains are motile. Natronobacterium is found in soda lakes, alkaline salterns, and soda soils.
UI = D019633
Natronococcus
AN = a genus of Halobacteriaceae; natrono- refers to its presence in soda lakes & soda soils
MS = A genus of coccoid, extremely halophilic HALOBACTERIACEAE which grows in alkaline conditions. They are nonmotile and strictly aerobic and are found in soda lakes, alkaline salterns, and soda soils.
UI = D019634
Natural Childbirth
AN = check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY CATALOG: do not use /pop wks
MS = Psychophysical relaxation techniques that are used to facilitate childbirth.
UI = D009321
Natural Disasters
MS = Sudden calamitous events producing great material damage, loss, and distress. They are the result of natural phenomena such as earthquakes, floods, etc.
UI = D009322
Natural History
AN = restrict to the hist science: not for the "natural history" or natural course or develop of a dis; DF: NATURAL HIST
MS = A former branch of knowledge embracing the study, description, and classification of natural objects (as animals, plants, and minerals) and thus including the modern sciences of zoology, botany, and mineralogy insofar as they existed at that time. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries it was much used for the generalized pursuit of certain areas of science. (Webster, 3d ed; from Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)
UI = D019021
Natural Language Processing
AN = IM; no qualif
MS = Computer processing of a language with rules that reflect and describe current usage rather than prescribed usage.
UI = D009323
Nature
AN = restrict to Nature as an abstract or philosophical concept, as "von Humboldt's Views of Nature" or "the laws of nature"; not for "the nature of science" or "the nature of psychoanalytic theory"; no qualif
MS = The system of all phenomena in space and time; the totality of physical reality. It is both a scientific and philosophic concept appearing in all historic eras. (Webster 2d; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)
UI = D019368
Naturopathy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = A drugless system of therapy, making use of physical forces such as air, light, water, heat, massage, etc. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009324
Nausea
AN = /chem ind: consider also EMETICS; /drug ther: consider also ANTIEMETICS
MS = An unpleasant sensation, vaguely referred to the epigastrium and abdomen, and often culminating in VOMITING. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009325
Naval Medicine
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; Manual 28.8 & 34.15; use as coord for physiol, psychol & dis of nautical personnel whether of national navy, merchant marine or liner: read MeSH definition; DF: NAVAL MED
MS = The practice of medicine concerned with conditions affecting the health of individuals associated with the marine environment.
UI = D009326
NBD Chloride
AN = NBD stands for NitroBenzoxaDiazole; a reagent
MS = 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofuran. A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.
UI = D009327
NCAM
AN = NCAM: note X ref NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULE but do not confuse this X ref with NEURONAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES see CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, NEURONAL
MS = Cell adhesion molecule involved in a diverse range of contact-mediated interactions among neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and myotubes. It is widely but transiently expressed in many tissues early in embryogenesis. Four main isoforms exist, including CD56 (ANTIGENS, CD56), but there are many other variants resulting from alternative splicing and post-translational modifications. (From Pigott & Power, The Adhesion Molecule FactsBook, 1993, pp115-119)
UI = D019006
Near Drowning
AN = only Cat C qualif if pertinent
MS = Non-fatal immersion or submersion in water. The subject is resuscitable.
UI = D015701
Nebramycin
AN = an aminoglycoside antibiotic
MS = A complex of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius.
UI = D009328
Nebraska
UI = D009329
Nebulizers and Vaporizers
MS = Devices that cause a liquid or solid to be converted into an aerosol (spray) or a vapor. It is used in drug administration by inhalation, humidification of ambient air, and in certain analytical instruments.
UI = D009330
Necator
AN = a genus of intestinal hookworm found in man & pig; infection = NECATORIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
MS = A genus of intestinal parasite worms which includes one of the most important hookworms of man, NECATOR AMERICANUS. The only other known species, N. suillus, has been recovered from pigs.
UI = D009331
Necator americanus
AN = a species of intestinal hookworm; coord IM with NECATORIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
MS = A common parasite of humans in the moist tropics and subtropics. These organisms attach to villi in the small intestine and suck blood causing diarrhea, anorexia, and anemia.
UI = D017221
Necatoriasis
AN = hookworm infect; human & animal
MS = Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus NECATOR. The resulting anemia from this condition is less severe than that from ANCYLOSTOMIASIS.
UI = D009332
Neck
AN = as a region & for soft parts but note that NECK MUSCLES is also available; bones = CERVICAL VERTEBRAE; "cervical lymph nodes" = LYMPH NODES (IM) + NECK (NIM); "pterygium colli": index under NECK /abnorm; "neck dissection" probably refers to dissection of lymph nodes in cancer: index under LYMPH NODE EXCISION (IM) + NECK (NIM) for general or unspecified or RADICAL NECK DISSECTION if so specified
UI = D009333
Neck Injuries
AN = GEN or unspecified; restrict to inj of soft tissue; inj of cervical vertebrae = CERVICAL VERTEBRAE /inj; coord IM with specific inj (IM); DF: NECK INJ
MS = General or unspecified injuries to the neck. It includes injuries to the skin, muscles, and other soft tissues of the neck.
UI = D019838
Neck Muscles
AN = restrict to muscles of the neck as specified by MeSH definition: do not use for or include muscles of organs located in the neck, as the larynx (LARYNGEAL MUSCLES) or pharynx (PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES)
MS = The neck muscles consist of the platysma, splenius cervicis, sternocleidomastoid(eus), longus colli, the anterior, medius, and posterior scalenes, digastric(us), stylohyoid(eus), mylohyoid(eus), geniohyoid(eus), sternohyoid(eus), omohyoid(eus), sternothyroid(eus), and thyrohyoid(eus).
UI = D009334
Neck Pain
MS = A more or less localized sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the neck, resulting from the stimulation of specialized nerve endings. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019547
Necrobiosis Lipoidica
AN = a skin dis; also called "necrosis lipoidica diabeticorum" so do not index also under DIABETES MELLITUS unless particularly discussed
MS = A degenerative disease of the dermal connective tissue characterized by the development of erythematous papules or nodules in the pretibial area. The papules form plaques covered with telangiectatic vessels. More than half of the affected patients have diabetes.
UI = D009335
Necrobiotic Disorders
AN = a group of collagen dis affecting the "collagen bundles in the dermis"; NECROBIOSIS LIPOIDICA with or without diabetes mellitus is also available
MS = A group of disorders characterized by swelling, basophilia, and distortion of collagen bundles in the dermis.
UI = D017441
Necrosis
AN = IM for general or for necrotic process; NIM as coord for /pathol, with no qualif; bone necrosis = OSTEONECROSIS or OSTEORADIONECROSIS; DENTAL PULP NECROSIS, FEMUR HEAD NECROSIS, KIDNEY CORTEX NECROSIS, KIDNEY PAPILLARY NECROSIS & KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS, ACUTE are also available; radionecrosis: coord NIM with RADIATION INJURIES (IM) + organ /pathol (IM)
MS = One of the two mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (the other being the physiological process of APOPTOSIS). Necrosis is caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes and is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, and uncontrolled cell lysis.
UI = D009336
Necturus
AN = NIM as exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
MS = A genus of the Proteidae family with five recognized species, which inhabit the Atlantic and Gulf drainages.
UI = D009337
Necturus maculosus
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
MS = A neotenic aquatic species of mudpuppy (Necturus) occurring from Manitoba to Louisiana and Texas.
UI = D009338
Nedocromil
AN = an anti-inflamm agent
MS = A pyranoquinolone derivative that prevents asthma attacks. It affects the function and inhibits the release of inflammatory mediators from tissue mast cells, inhibits recruitment of other inflammatory cells (such as eosinophils and neutrophils) into the airway epithelium, inhibits both immediate and late bronchoconstriction, and decreases bronchial hyperresponsiveness. It is not a bronchodilator and is not useful in the treatment of acute asthma. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p508, p537)
UI = D017835
Needle Sharing
AN = by intravenous drug users
MS = Usage of a single needle among two or more people for injecting drugs. Needle sharing is a high-risk behavior for contracting infectious disease.
UI = D016485
Needles
AN = disinfection of needles by Clorox (a household bleach) as by intravenous drug users is indexed under NEEDLES + DISINFECTION + SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
MS = Sharp instruments used for puncturing or suturing.
UI = D009339
Needlestick Injuries
AN = IM; coord with organ/inj or precoord inj term (IM)
MS = Penetrating stab wounds caused by needles. They are of special concern to health care workers since such injuries put them at risk for developing infectious disease.
UI = D016602
Needle-Exchange Programs
AN = to prevent spread of infect among drug users
MS = Organized services for exchange of sterile needles and syringes used for injections as a potential means of reducing the transmission of infectious diseases.
UI = D018671
Needs Assessment
MS = Systematic identification of a population's needs or the assessment of individuals to determine the proper level of services needed.
UI = D020380
Nefopam
AN = a non-narcotic analgesic
MS = 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-5-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine hydrochloride. Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26)
UI = D009340
Negative Staining
MS = The technique of washing tissue specimens with a concentrated solution of a heavy metal salt and letting it dry. The specimen will be covered with a very thin layer of the metal salt, being excluded in areas where an adsorbed macromolecule is present. The macromolecules allow electrons from the beam of an electron microscope to pass much more readily than the heavy metal; thus, a reversed or negative image of the molecule is created.
UI = D016624
Negativism
AN = no qualif
MS = State of mind or behavior characterized by extreme skepticism and persistent opposition or resistance to outside suggestions or advice. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
UI = D009341
Negotiating
AN = not restricted to labor unions: used also for interpersonal communications, personnel management, business transactions, etc.
MS = The process of bargaining in order to arrive at an agreement or compromise on a matter of importance to the parties involved. It also applies to the hearing and determination of a case by a third party chosen by the parties in controversy, as well as the interposing of a third party to reconcile the parties in controversy.
UI = D017008
Negroid Race
AN = for genetic, physical & physiol aspects of race; differentiate from BLACKS, cultural, social, sociol, psychol, etc.; IM; specify geog if pertinent; includes Andamanese, Afr Bushmen, Half-Hamites, Hottentots, Melanesians, Negrillos, Negritos, Papuans, Pygmies, Semangs; policy on race: Manual 30.6.4-30.6.7 CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = A major racial group distinguished by classification according to physical features. This group is found largely as African Negroes in the western, central, and southern parts of Africa; as Melanesians and Papuans in New Guinea; as Negrillos in the African Congo; and as Negritos in the African Congo, Malay peninsula, New Guinea, and Andaman Islands. (Winick: Dictionary of Anthropology, 1972)
UI = D009342
Neisseria
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, coccoid bacteria whose organisms are part of the normal flora of the oropharynx, nasopharynx, and genitourinary tract. Some species are primary pathogens for humans.
UI = D009343
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
AN = infection = GONORRHEA
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria primarily found in purulent venereal discharges. It is the causative agent of GONORRHEA.
UI = D009344
Neisseria meningitidis
AN = infection: probably MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL or, if not meningitis, MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria found in cerebrospinal fluid as the causative agent of cerebrospinal meningitis (MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL) as well as in venereal discharges and blood.
UI = D009345
Neisseriaceae
MS = A family of gram-negative, parasitic bacteria including several important pathogens of man.
UI = D009346
Neisseriaceae Infections
AN = gram-neg bact infect; GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; DF: NEISSERIACEAE INFECT
MS = Infections with bacteria of the family NEISSERIACEAE.
UI = D016870
Nelfinavir
MS = A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.
UI = D019888
Nelson Syndrome
AN = pituitary adenoma & deep pigmentation; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
MS = A syndrome characterized by deep pigmentation and the presence of an ACTH-MSH secreting adenoma of the pituitary gland developing after adrenalectomy for CUSHING'S SYNDROME. At present it is not known whether the adenoma occurs de novo or represents enlargement of a previously undetected tumor.
UI = D009347
Nemaline Myopathy
AN = neuromusc dis; nemaline refers to threadlike (Greek nema, thread) myofibrils in muscle fibers; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A congenital myofibrillar abnormality in which small threadlike or rod-shaped bodies are scattered through the muscle fibers. It is marked by hypotonia and proximal muscle weakness. It is also called rod myopathy with reference to the threadlike (Greek nema, thread) rods or myofibrils (Latin fibrilla, a little fiber or threadlike structure).
UI = D017696
Nematoda
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; infection = NEMATODE INFECTIONS; /drug eff: consider also ANTINEMATODAL AGENTS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
MS = A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites.
UI = D009348
Nematode Infections
AN = GEN only: prefer specifics; /drug ther: consider also ANTINEMATODAL AGENTS
MS = Infections by nematodes, general or unspecified.
UI = D009349
Nematospiroides
AN = a genus of nematode found in mice; infection: coord IM with STRONGYLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
MS = A genus of nematodes found mainly in mice. Its organisms are used in biomedical research.
UI = D017184
Nematospiroides dubius
AN = a species of nematode; infection: coord IM with STRONGYLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
MS = A species of intestinal nematode parasites which occur most commonly in mice. Infection is by ingesting larvae. This particular species is used extensively in immunological research.
UI = D009351
Neoadjuvant Therapy
MS = Preliminary cancer therapy (chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone/endocrine therapy, immunotherapy, hyperthermia, etc.) that precedes a necessary second modality of treatment.
UI = D020360
Neocallimasticales
MS = An order of fungi in the phylum CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA comprising anaerobic chytrids that inhabit the rumen and cecum of herbivorous animals. Genera (all in the lone family Neocallimasticaceae) include NEOCALLIMASTIX, Orpinomyces, Piromonas, PIROMYCES, and Sphaeromonas.
UI = D020085
Neocallimastix
MS = A genus of fungi in the family Neocallimasticaceae, order NEOCALLIMASTICALES. They contain polyflagellate zoospores and grow on a range of simple and complex carbohydrates in the rumen of sheep and cattle.
UI = D020088
Neocortex
AN = a 6-layered tissue of the cerebral cortex
MS = A six-layered tissue of the CEREBRAL CORTEX, showing stratification and organization characteristic of the most highly developed type of cerebral tissue. It develops primarily through the elaboration of nonolfactory functions and, in man, makes up the major portion of the cerebral cortex. (From Dorland, 28th ed & Lockard, Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2d ed)
UI = D019579
Neodymium
AN = a rare earth element; Nd-142; Nd-143, 145, 146, 148, 150 = NEODYMIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Nd-138-141, 144, 147, 149, 151 = NEODYMIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = Neodymium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.
UI = D009354
Neomycin
AN = an aminoglycoside antibiotic
MS = Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed of neomycins A, B, and C. It acts by inhibiting translation during protein synthesis.
UI = D009355
Neon
AN = a rare gas; Ne-20; Ne-21, 22 = NEON (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Ne-17-19, 23, 24 = NEON (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = Neon. A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps.
UI = D009356
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
AN = substance-withdrawal symptoms in inf born of an addicted mother; do not use /congen; coord IM with specific substance /adv eff (IM) + check tag INFANT, NEWBORN CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Fetal and neonatal addiction and withdrawal as a result of the mother's dependence on drugs during pregnancy. Withdrawal or abstinence symptoms develop shortly after birth. Symptoms exhibited are loud, high-pitched crying, sweating, yawning and gastrointestinal disturbances.
UI = D009357
Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities
AN = not used for indexing; DF: NEONATAL DIS ABNORM CATALOG: do not use
MS = Diseases existing at birth and often before birth, regardless of causation. Of these congenital diseases, those characterized by structural deformities are termed ABNORMALITIES.
UI = D009358
Neonatal Nursing
AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; check also tag INFANT, NEWBORN
MS = The nursing specialty that deals with the care of newborn infants during the first four weeks after birth.
UI = D017283
Neonatal Screening
AN = IM; do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN: check tag INFANT, NEWBORN
MS = The identification of selected parameters in newborn infants by various tests, examinations, or other procedures. Screening may be performed by clinical or laboratory measures. A screening test is designed to sort out healthy neonates from those not well, but the screening test is not intended as a diagnostic device, rather instead as epidemiologic.
UI = D015997
Neonatology
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; differentiate from INFANT, NEWBORN, the physiol, psychol or social entity; differentiate from PERINATOLOGY: NEONATOLOGY is newborn inf only, PERINATOLOGY covers fetus & infant; DF: NEONATOL
MS = A subspecialty of Pediatrics concerned with the newborn infant.
UI = D009359
Neoplasm Circulating Cells
AN = IM; qualif permitted; DF: NEOPL CIRC CELLS
MS = Exfoliate neoplastic cells circulating in the blood and associated with metastasizing tumors.
UI = D009360
Neoplasm Invasiveness
AN = IM for GEN only or for invasive process; when IM for GEN only, qualif permitted; NIM with no qualif + neopl terms /pathol (IM); do not use for specific histologically invasive tumors (e.g., invasive fibroma = FIBROMATOSIS, AGGRESSIVE in Tumor Key & not also NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS); DF: NEOPL INVASIVENESS
MS = Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.
UI = D009361
Neoplasm Metastasis
AN = GEN only for metastatic process or neoplasm metast in general; when IM for GEN only, qualif permitted; unlikely as NIM coord: prefer /second with organ/neopl & histol type for metastatic neopl; policy on metastasis & /second: Manual 19.8.65, 24.3.1, 24.4.1.3+; do not confuse with NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS (Manual 24.4.1.1+), LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION (Manual 24.4.1.2), NEOPLASMS, SECOND PRIMARY (Manual 24.4.1.7) or NEOPLASM, RESIDUAL; DF: NEOPL METASTASIS
MS = The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.
UI = D009362
Neoplasm Proteins
AN = IM & coord with specific protein (IM) + specific histol type (IM) + specific organ/neoplasms term (IM); Manual 24.4.4.4
UI = D009363
Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
AN = IM; differentiate from NEOPLASMS, MULTIPLE PRIMARY (Manual 24.4.1.5 - 24.4.1.6) and NEOPLASMS, SECOND PRIMARY (Manual 24.4.1.7); do not confuse with NEOPLASM, RESIDUAL; DF: NEOPL RECURRENCE LOCAL
MS = The local recurrence of a neoplasm following treatment. It arises from microscopic cells of the original neoplasm that have escaped therapeutic intervention and later become clinically visible at the original site.
UI = D009364
Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous
AN = IM; must be spontaneous: for regression or remission after ther, use REMISSION INDUCTION; Manual 24.4.1.9; DF: NEOPL REGRESSION SPONTANEOUS
MS = Disappearance of a neoplasm or neoplastic state without the intervention of therapy.
UI = D009365
Neoplasm, Residual
AN = IM for GEN only; when IM for GEN only, qualif permitted; as NIM coord, no qualif; DF: NEOPL RESIDUAL
MS = Remnant of a tumor or cancer after primary, potentially curative therapy. (Dr. Daniel Masys, written communication)
UI = D018365
Neoplasm Seeding
AN = includes seeding by surg, biopsy, palpation, etc.; IM; no qualif; Manual 24.4.1.11; DF: NEOPL SEEDING
MS = The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.
UI = D009366
Neoplasm Staging
AN = = degree of spread of neopl (do not confuse with "grading" which = degree of malignancy); staging is given in roman numerals, grading in arabic; Manual 24.4.1.12+; usually NIM with no qualif + neopl terms /pathol (IM); IM as technique & general only & when IM, qualif permitted; relation to /pathol & differentiation from classification: TN 214; DF: NEOPL STAGING
MS = Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.
UI = D009367
Neoplasm Transplantation
AN = NIM; Manual 24.5.4; DF: NEOPL TRANSPL
MS = Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.
UI = D009368
Neoplasms
AN = avoid: too general; prefer specifics; policy: Manual section 24; /chem ind permitted but consider also CARCINOGENS; /class: consider also NEOPLASM STAGING (see note there) but "grading" = /pathol; /etiol: consider also ONCOGENIC VIRUSES; /vet: Manual 24.6+ or TN 136; TN 135: MeSH terms for neoplasms classed by tissue; /drug ther: consider also ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS & its specifics; /genet: consider also GENES, SUPPRESSOR, TUMOR; /immunol: consider also TUMOR ESCAPE; consider also ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM & ANTIBODIES, NEOPLASM; /microbiol: consider also ONCOGENIC VIRUSES; /nurs = the patient, ONCOLOGIC NURSING = the oncologic specialty; /prev: consider also ANTICARCINOGENIC AGENTS; /radiother = the patient, RADIATION ONCOLOGY = the specialty; consider also BRACHYTHERAPY; /second = NEOPLASM METASTASIS but do not confuse with NEOPLASMS, SECOND PRIMARY; familial: consider also NEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES, HEREDITARY; metastatic cancer of unknown origin: index under NEOPLASM METASTASIS; Tumor Key: TN Suppl CATALOG: form qualif permitted
MS = New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
UI = D009369
Neoplasms, Adipose Tissue
AN = neoplasms composed of adipose or soft tissue, NOT neoplasms located in adipose or soft tissue: TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5; DF: NEOPL ADIPOSE TISSUE
MS = Neoplasms composed of fatty tissue or connective tissue made up of fat cells in a meshwork of areolar tissue. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in adipose tissue.
UI = D018205
Neoplasms, Adnexal and Skin Appendage
AN = neopl composed of sebaceous or sweat gland tissue or tissue of skin appendages, NOT neopl located in these sites; indexing policy: Manual section 24; also TN Suppl: Tumor Key for human & corresponding vet tumors (does not contain exper tumors); TN 135: correct use of tissue type terms; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); DF: NEOPL ADNEXAL SKIN APPENDAGE
MS = Neoplasms composed of sebaceous or sweat gland tissue or tissue of other skin appendages. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the sebaceous or sweat glands or in the other skin appendages.
UI = D018294
Neoplasms, Basal Cell
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); DF: NEOPL BASAL CELL
MS = Neoplasms composed of cells from the deepest layer of the epidermis. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the stratum basale.
UI = D018295
Neoplasms, Bone Tissue
AN = neoplasms composed of bone tissue, NOT neoplasms located in bones ( = BONE NEOPLASMS): TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5; DF: NEOPL BONE TISSUE
MS = Neoplasms composed of bony tissue, whether normal or of a soft tissue which has become ossified. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in bones.
UI = D018213
Neoplasms by Histologic Type
AN = to collect neopl by histol type; not used for indexing; policy: Manual section 24; also TN Suppl: Tumor Key for human & corresponding vet tumors (does not contain exper tumors); TN 135: correct use of tissue type terms; restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5; DF: NEOPL HISTOL TYPE CATALOG: do not use
MS = A collective term for the various histological types of NEOPLASMS. It is more likely to be used by searchers than by indexers and catalogers.
UI = D009370
Neoplasms by Site
AN = to collect neopl located by organ; not used for indexing; policy: Manual section 24; DF: NEOPL SITE CATALOG: do not use
MS = A collective term for precoordinated organ/neoplasm headings locating neoplasms by organ, as BRAIN NEOPLASMS, DUODENAL NEOPLASMS, LIVER NEOPLASMS, etc.
UI = D009371
Neoplasms, Complex and Mixed
AN = neopl composed of more than one type of neopl tissue; indexing policy: Manual section 24; also TN Suppl: Tumor Key for human & corresponding vet tumors (does not contain exper tumors); TN 135: correct use of tissue type terms; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); DF: NEOPL COMPLEX MIXED
MS = Neoplasms composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue.
UI = D018193
Neoplasms, Connective and Soft Tissue
AN = neopl composed of connective or soft tissue, NOT neopl located in these sites; indexing policy: Manual section 24; also TN Suppl: Tumor Key for human & corresponding vet tumors (does not contain exper tumors); TN 135: correct use of tissue type terms; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); NEOPLASMS, CONNECTIVE TISSUE is available for neopl composed of connective tissue but SOFT TISSUE NEOPLASMS is available for neopl located in soft tissue (see note there); DF: NEOPL CONNECTIVE SOFT TISSUE
MS = Neoplasms developing from some structure of the connective and subcutaneous tissue. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in connective or soft tissue.
UI = D018204
Neoplasms, Connective Tissue
AN = neoplasms composed of connective tissue, NOT neoplasms located in connective tissue: TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); DF: NEOPL CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MS = Neoplasms composed of connective tissue, including elastic, mucous, reticular, osseous, and cartilaginous tissue. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in connective tissue.
UI = D009372
Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous
AN = neopl containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum; indexing policy: Manual section 24; also TN Suppl: Tumor Key for human & corresponding vet tumors (does not contain exper tumors); TN 135: correct use of tissue type terms; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); DF: NEOPL CYSTIC MUCINOUS SEROUS
MS = Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.
UI = D018297
Neoplasms, Ductal, Lobular, and Medullary
AN = name refers to anatomical site within organ; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; indexing policy: Manual section 24; also TN Suppl: Tumor Key for human & corresponding vet tumors (does not contain exper tumors); TN 135: correct use of tissue type terms; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); DF: NEOPL DUCTAL LOBULAR MEDULLARY
MS = Neoplasms, usually carcinoma, located within the center of an organ or within small lobes, and in the case of the breast, intraductally. The emphasis of the name is on the location of the neoplastic tissue rather than on its histological type. Most cancers of this type are located in the breast.
UI = D018299
Neoplasms, Fibroepithelial
AN = neoplasms composed of fibrous & epithelial elements, NOT neoplasms located in fibrous or epithelial tissue: TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5; DF: NEOPL FIBROEPITHELIAL
MS = Neoplasms composed of fibrous and epithelial tissue. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in fibrous tissue or epithelium.
UI = D018225
Neoplasms, Fibrous Tissue
AN = neoplasms composed of fibrous tissue, NOT neoplasms located in fibrous tissue: TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5; DF: NEOPL FIBROUS TISSUE
MS = Neoplasms composed of fibrous tissue, the ordinary connective tissue of the body, made up largely of yellow or white fibers. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in fibrous tissue.
UI = D018218
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal
AN = neoplasms composed of germ cells or embryonic tissue, NOT neoplasms located in germ cells or embryonic tissue: TN 135; do not confuse with GERM CELL TUMOR see GERMINOMA; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); DF: NEOPL GERM CELL
MS = Neoplasms composed of primordial germ cells of embryonic gonads or of elements of the germ layers of the embryo. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or fetus.
UI = D009373
Neoplasms, Gonadal Tissue
AN = neoplasms composed of gonadal tissue, NOT neoplasms located in the ovaries or testes: TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5; DF: NEOPL GONADAL TISSUE
MS = Neoplasms composed of ovarian or testicular tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the ovaries or testes.
UI = D018309
Neoplasms, Experimental
AN = IM GEN only; do not use as coord for cancer in animals; policy: Manual 24.5+; /chem ind: Manual 24.5.6+; "spontaneous": Manual 24.5.5; DF: NEOPL EXPER
UI = D009374
Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial
AN = neoplasms composed of glandular & epithelial tissue, NOT neoplasms located in various glands or epithelium: TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = Neoplasms composed of glandular tissue, an aggregation of epithelial cells that elaborate secretions, and of any type of epithelium itself. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the various glands or in epithelial tissue.
UI = D009375
Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; /drug ther: consider also ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM) + histol type (IM) + specific hormone (IM)
MS = Certain tumors that 1) arise in organs that are normally dependent on specific hormones and 2) are stimulated or caused to regress by manipulation of the endocrine environment.
UI = D009376
Neoplasms, Mesothelial
AN = neoplasms composed of mesothelium, NOT neoplasms located in the mesothelium: TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5; DF: NEOPL MESOTHELIAL
MS = Neoplasms composed of tissue of the mesothelium, the layer of flat cells, derived from the mesoderm, which lines the body cavity of the embryo. In the adult it forms the simple squamous epithelium which covers all true serous membranes (peritoneum, pericardium, pleura). The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in these organs. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D018301
Neoplasia, Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (see:Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia)
Neoplasms, Multiple Primary
AN = 2 or more neopl, histologically different, at same or different sites occurring simultaneously: do not confuse with NEOPLASMS, SECOND PRIMARY (a neopl following an earlier neopl but not its metastasis); coord with each specific histol type (IM) & each precoord organ/neopl term (IM); do not use /compl with specific multiple neopl terms to show multiplicity; differentiate from NEOPLASM METASTASIS & NEOPLASM RECURRENCE, LOCAL: Manual 24.4.1.5, 24.4.1.6; MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA & its specifics are also available; DF: NEOPL MULTIPLE PRIMARY
MS = Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously. The neoplasms are histologically different and may be found in the same or different sites.
UI = D009378
Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue
AN = neoplasms composed of muscle tissue, NOT neoplasms located in muscles: TN 135; /blood supply /chem /secret /second /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5; DF: NEOPL MUSCLE TISSUE
MS = Neoplasms composed of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, or smooth. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in muscles.
UI = D009379
Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue
AN = neoplasms composed of nerve tissue, NOT neoplasms located in the nervous system or nerves ( = NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOPLASMS): TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = Neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves.
UI = D009380
Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced
AN = IM; coord with specific histol type (IM) + organ/neopl term (IM); /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; Manual 24.4.3.2+; DF: NEOPL RAD IND
UI = D009381
Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial
AN = neoplasms composed of neural epithelium, NOT neoplasms located in the neural epithelium or neuroepithelium: TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5; DF: NEOPL NEUROEPITHELIAL
MS = Neoplasms composed of epithelial cells of the nervous system. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system, nerves, or neural tissue.
UI = D018302
Neoplasms, Post-Traumatic
AN = IM; coord with specific histol type (IM) + organ/neopl term (IM); /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; Manual 24.4.3.3; neopl after radiation inj = NEOPLASMS, RADIATION-INDUCED; DF: NEOPL POST TRAUMATIC
MS = Cancers, tumors, or other neoplasms caused by or resulting from trauma or other non-radiation injuries.
UI = D017169
Neoplasms, Second Primary
AN = a 2d or more neopl of same or different histol type at same or different sites: do not confuse with NEOPLASMS, MULTIPLE PRIMARY (see note there); often follows ther (note X refs); IM; coord with each specific histol type (IM) & each precoord organ/neopl term (IM); do not use /compl with specific multiple neopl terms to show multiplicity; Manual 24.4.1.7; differentiate from NEOPLASM METASTASIS (Manual 24.4.1.3+) & NEOPLASM RECURRENCE, LOCAL: Manual 24.4.1.5
MS = Abnormal growths of tissue that follow a previous neoplasm but are not metastases of the latter. The second neoplasm may have the same or different histological type and can occur in the same or different organs as the previous neoplasm but in all cases arises from an independent oncogenic event. The development of the second neoplasm may or may not be related to the treatment for the previous neoplasm since genetic risk or predisposing factors may actually be the cause.
UI = D016609
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell
AN = neoplasms composed of squamous cells, flat scalelike epithelial cells; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); DF: NEOPL SQUAMOUS CELL
MS = Neoplasms composed of squamous cells of the epithelium. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.
UI = D018307
Neoplasms, Unknown Primary
AN = IM; do not use /second; coord IM with organ/neopl term with /second (IM) + histol type /second (IM); Manual 24.4.1.8
MS = Metastases in which the tissue of origin is unknown.
UI = D009382
Neoplasms, Vascular Tissue
AN = neoplasms composed of vascular tissue, NOT neoplasms located in vascular tissue ( = VASCULAR NEOPLASMS): TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5
MS = Neoplasms composed of vascular tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in blood vessels.
UI = D009383
Neoplastic Endocrine-Like Syndromes
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term with /secret (IM) + histol type of neopl /secret (IM) + specific hormone /secret (IM) but ACTH SYNDROME, ECTOPIC is available
MS = Endocrine syndromes due to hormone production by neoplasms of non-endocrine tissue, or by other than the usual endocrine tissues. They are often the first indication of a previously undetected neoplasm.
UI = D009384
Neoplastic Processes
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; for neopl process in general, coord NIM when precoord organ/neopl (with /pathol) or histol type (with /pathol) is IM; DF: NEOPL PROCESSES
MS = The pathological mechanisms and forms taken by tissue during degeneration into a neoplasm and its subsequent activity.
UI = D009385
Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; coord IM with specific hereditary organ/neopl term (IM) or specific hereditary histol type (IM) CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = The condition of a pattern of malignancies within a family, but not every individual's necessarily having the same neoplasm. Characteristically the tumor tends to occur at an earlier than average age, individuals may have more than one primary tumor, the tumors may be multicentric, usually more than 25 percent of the individuals in direct lineal descent from the proband are affected, and the cancer predisposition in these families behaves as an autosomal dominant trait with about 60 percent penetrance.
UI = D009386
Neoprene
AN = a synthetic rubber; D25-26 qualif
MS = Poly(2-chloro-1,3-butadiene). An oil-resistant synthetic rubber made by polymerization of chloroprene which is toxic to most body systems and may be carcinogenic. Synonym: Duprene.
UI = D009387
Neopterin
MS = A pteridine derivative present in body fluids; elevated levels result from immune system activation, malignant disease, allograft rejection, and viral infections. (From Stedman, 26th ed) Neopterin also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin.
UI = D019798
Neospora
AN = a protozoon: do not confuse with NEUROSPORA, a fungus; infection: coord IM with COCCIDIOSIS (IM); /drug eff: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A genus of protozoan parasites of the subclass COCCIDIA. Its species are parasitic in dogs, cattle, goats, and sheep, among others. N. caninum, a species that mainly infects dogs, is intracellular in neural and other cells of the body, multiplies by endodyogeny, has no parasitophorous vacuole, and has numerous rhoptries. It is known to cause lesions in many tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord as well as abortion in the expectant mother.
UI = D018688
Neostigmine
AN = a cholinesterase inhib
MS = A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.
UI = D009388
Neostriatum
AN = the newer part of the corpus striatum, hence neo-; also called "striatum"
MS = The phylogenetically newer part of the CORPUS STRIATUM consisting of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and PUTAMEN. It is often called simply the striatum.
UI = D017072
Neovascularization, Pathologic
AN = note category: a pathol process; do not confuse with NEOVASCULARIZATION, PHYSIOLOGIC, a physiol phenomenon; coord IM or NIM with organ /blood supply (IM); DF: NEOVASC PATHOL
MS = Proliferation of blood vessels in tissue not normally containing them, or proliferation of blood vessels of a different kind than usual in tissue. It includes angiogenesis in tumor growth, diabetic retinopathy, hemangiomas, arthritis, and psoriasis. (Stedman, 25th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
UI = D009389
Neovascularization, Physiologic
AN = do not confuse with NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; coord IM or NIM with organ /blood supply (IM); do not confuse with COLLATERAL CIRCULATION: physiol neovasc is formation of new blood vessels in tissue, collat circ is circ through secondary channels after obstruct of principal vessel supplying a part; DF: NEOVASC PHYSIOL
MS = The development of new blood vessels, especially in tissues where circulation has been impaired by trauma or disease; in healthy tissue transplants to restore circulation between a transplant and surrounding tissue; and across anastomotic sites.
UI = D018919
Nepal
UI = D009390
Nephelometry and Turbidimetry
AN = NIM; DF: NEPHELOMETRY
MS = Chemical analysis based on the phenomenon whereby light, passing through a medium with dispersed particles of a different refractive index from that of the medium, is attenuated in intensity by scattering. In turbidimetry, the intensity of light transmitted through the medium, the unscattered light, is measured. In nephelometry, the intensity of the scattered light is measured, usually, but not necessarily, at right angles to the incident light beam.
UI = D009391
Nephrectomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Excision of a kidney. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D009392
Nephritis
AN = inflamm of kidney; familial: consider also NEPHRITIS, HEREDITARY
MS = Inflammation of the kidney. It is a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009393
Nephritis, Hereditary
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Hereditary disease characterized initially by hematuria and slowly progressing to renal insufficiency. It is sometimes associated with perceptual deafness and/or congenital ocular defects.
UI = D009394
Nephritis, Interstitial
MS = Primary or secondary disease of the renal interstitial tissue resulting from arterial, arteriolar, glomerular, or tubular disease which destroys individual nephrons, or from toxic involvement of interstitital cells and tubules due to systemic diseases such as gout, to drug exposure, or to mercury poisoning. Clinically it may be manifested primarily by loss of concentrating capacity, mineral wasting, proteinuria, and abnormal urine sediment. It may be seen in an acute form, particularly after specific bacterial infection, and may result in acute papillary necrosis. More commonly, the process is a chronic one with progressive renal atrophy and diminution of renal function. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009395
Nephroblastoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with KIDNEY NEOPLASMS (IM); /genet: consider also GENES, WILMS' TUMOR
MS = A malignant kidney tumor made up of three cell types: blastemal, stromal, and epithelial, but not all present in every case. One child in 10,000 will develop this tumor and 350 new cases are diagnosed yearly in the United States. The median age at diagnosis is 39 months for unilateral and 26 months for bilateral tumors. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1537; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed)
UI = D009396
Nephrocalcinosis
AN = calcium phosphate deposition in kidney tubules
MS = A condition characterized by precipitation of calcium phosphate in the tubules of the kidney, with resultant renal insufficiency. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009397
Nephrology
AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; DF: NEPHROL
MS = A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidney.
UI = D009398
Nephroma, Mesoblastic
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with KIDNEY NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = A malignant tumor of the kidney characterized by spindled myofibroblastic cells arranged in sheets or bundles with a tendency to infiltrate into the adjoining normal kidney and through the capsule into the perirenal tissues. While it appears on gross examination to be circumscribed, partial excision is usually unsuccessful and total removal is recommended. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2208)
UI = D018201
Nephrons
MS = The functional units of the kidney, consisting of the glomerulus and the attached tubule.
UI = D009399
Nephrosclerosis
AN = hardening of the kidney
MS = Hardening of the kidney due to overgrowth and contraction of interstitial connective tissue. It is due to renovascular disease. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D009400
Nephrosis
AN = in this kidney dis, emphasis is on degen of tubules; do not diagnose: use term of text; LOWER NEPHRON NEPHROSIS see KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS, ACUTE is also available
MS = Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component.
UI = D009401
Nephrosis, Lipoid
MS = Glomerular disease causing heavy proteinuria characterized by absence of obvious histologic glomerular changes on light microscopy. It is also called minimal change glomerular disease and minimal lesion glomerulonephritis.
UI = D009402
Nephrostomy, Percutaneous
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; X ref NEPHROLITHOTOMY, PERCUTANEOUS is not a substitute for LITHOTRIPSY: coord NEPHROSTOMY, PERCUTANEOUS + LITHOTRIPSY for lithotripsy of urinary calculi by percutaneous nephrolithotomy
MS = The insertion of a catheter through the skin and body wall into the kidney pelvis, mainly to provide urine drainage where the ureter is not functional. It is used also to remove or dissolve renal calculi and to diagnose ureteral obstruction.
UI = D009403
Nephrotic Syndrome
AN = proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia & generalized edema
MS = Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema.
UI = D009404
Nepovirus
AN = a genus of plant viruses; from NEmatode POlyhedral virus; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)
MS = A genus of polyhedral plant viruses of the family COMOVIRIDAE causing ringspots and spotting on leaves or sometimes symptomless infection. Transmission occurs by seeds, soil nematodes, or experimentally by mechanical inoculation. Tobacco ringspot virus is the type species.
UI = D017860
Neptune
AN = 8th planet from sun with 2 moons; no qualif
MS = The eighth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its two natural satellites are Nereid and Triton.
UI = D018541
Neprilysin
AN = identical to Common Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Antigen (CALLA); DF: note CALLA as X ref
MS = Enzyme that is a major constituent of kidney brush-border membranes and is also present to a lesser degree in the brain and other tissues. It preferentially catalyzes cleavage at the amino group of hydrophobic residues of the B-chain of insulin as well as opioid peptides and other biologically active peptides. The enzyme is inhibited primarily by EDTA, phosphoramidon, and thiorphan and is reactivated by zinc. Neprilysin is identical to common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA), an important marker in the diagnosis of human acute lymphocytic leukemia. EC 3.4.24.11.
UI = D015260
Neptunium
AN = naturally radioactive; IM
MS = Neptunium. A radioactive element of the actinide metals family. It has the atomic symbol Np, atomic number 93, and atomic weight 237.
UI = D009405
Nerve Block
AN = a form of denervation & conduction anesthesia; differentiate from NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKADE: see note there; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not use /pharmacol or /ther use with substance to induce block; don't forget AUTONOMIC NERVE BLOCK exists; coord with substance (with no qualif) used to induce the block if particularly discussed
MS = Interruption of the conduction of impulses in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic solution. (Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D009407
Nerve Compression Syndromes
AN = coord IM with specific nerve (IM); "cauda equina syndrome": coord IM with CAUDA EQUINA (IM)
MS = Repeated or prolonged pressure on a nerve root or peripheral nerve leading to ischemia, the response to which is edema above and below the source of pressure. If the pressure is not relieved, fibrosis tends to develop. Types of nerve compression syndromes are the neuropathy caused by intervertebral disk herniation, compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel, compression of the ulnar nerve in the elbow, and compression of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh in meralgia paresthetica. This is also called pressure neuropathy. (From Brain and Bannister's Clinical Neurology, 7th ed., p422-3)
UI = D009408
Nerve Crush
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D009409
Nerve Degeneration
AN = IM as a pathol process; coord with specific neurol dis /pathol (IM) or specific nerve /pathol (IM or NIM) if pertinent
MS = Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.
UI = D009410
Nerve Endings
AN = do not confuse with MOTOR ENDPLATE
MS = Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include NEUROEFFECTOR JUNCTION(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors (see RECEPTORS, SENSORY) which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.
UI = D009411
Nerve Fibers
AN = do not confuse X ref MOSSY FIBERS, CEREBELLAR with MOSSY FIBERS, HIPPOCAMPAL; A 11 qualif except /cytol
MS = Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses.
UI = D009412
Nerve Fibers, Myelinated
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol
MS = Grayish white nerve fibers whose axons are encased in a myelin sheath which may in turn be enclosed by a neurilemma (a thin membrane spirally enwrapping the myelin layers). (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009413
Nerve Growth Factors
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.
UI = D009414
Nerve Net
AN = do not confuse X ref on anat neural networks with NEURAL NETWORKS (COMPUTER)
MS = A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.
UI = D009415
Nerve Regeneration
AN = coord IM with specific nerve /physiol (IM or NIM)
MS = Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.
UI = D009416
Nerve Sheath Tumors
AN = neoplasms composed of myelin sheaths, NOT neoplasms located in myelin sheaths: TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = Tumors arising in the sheath surrounding the axon of some nerve cells and formed by the plasma membrane of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous sytem and by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Neurofibromas and neurilemmomas are the most commonly occurring tumors of this type.
UI = D018317
Nerve Tissue
AN = nerve as tissue: not for specific nerves (see Cat 8) or unspecified nerves ( = NERVOUS SYSTEM); inflammation = NEURITIS
UI = D009417
Nerve Tissue Protein S 100
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Highly acidic calcium-binding protein found in large concentration in the brain and believed to be glial in origin; also found in other organs in the body.
UI = D009418
Nerve Tissue Proteins
AN = IM & coord with specific protein (IM) + specific nerve or nerve tissue (IM); /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D009419
Nerve Transfer
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with specific nerve /surg (IM or NIM)
MS = Surgical reinnervation of a denervated peripheral target using a healthy donor nerve and/or its proximal stump. The direct connection is usually made to a healthy postlesional distal portion of a non-functioning nerve or implanted directly into denervated muscle or insensitive skin. Nerve sprouts will grow from the transferred nerve into the denervated elements and establish contact between them and the neurons that formerly controlled another area.
UI = D016067
Nervous System
AN = GEN only; /innerv is available for organs: Manual 19.8.39, 21.7+; for "nerves" but not for a specific nerve nor NERVE TISSUE; NERVOUS SYSTEM /anat as a SPEC = NEUROANATOMY, NERVOUS SYSTEM /chem as a SPEC = NEUROCHEMISTRY, NERVOUS SYSTEM /physiol as a SPEC = NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, NERVOUS SYSTEM /radiogr as a SPEC = NEURORADIOGRAPHY, NERVOUS SYSTEM /surg as a SPEC = NEUROSURGERY; CATALOG: form qualif permitted
MS = The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D009420
Nervous System Abnormalities
AN = for congen struct abnorm only; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics or specific organ /abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: NERVOUS SYSTEM ABNORM CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Congenital structural abnormalities of the nervous system.
UI = D009421
Nervous System Diseases
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /diag: consider also DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, NEUROLOGICAL; inflamm dis = NEURITIS; "diabetic neuropathy" & "diabetic peripheral neuropathy": index only under DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; ulcero-mutilating acropathy: diabetic = DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES, alcoholic = ALCOHOLISM + PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES, hereditary = NEUROPATHY, HEREDITARY SENSORY CATALOG: form qualif permitted
UI = D009422
Nervous System Neoplasms
AN = GEN: prefer specific precoord; do not confuse with NEOPLASMS, NERVOUS TISSUE (neopl composed of nerve tissue; TN 135); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D009423
Nervous System Physiology
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: NERVOUS SYSTEM PHYSIOL
MS = Functions and activities of the nervous system as a whole or with reference to the peripheral or the central nervous system.
UI = D009424
Nesting Behavior
AN = animal only
MS = Animal behavior associated with the nest; includes construction, effects of size and material; behavior of the adult during the nesting period and the effect of the nest on the behavior of the young.
UI = D009425
Netherlands
UI = D009426
Netherlands Antilles
AN = a Netherlands overseas territory in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies
MS = A Netherlands overseas territory in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies. It includes the islands of Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, St. Eustatius, and the southern part of St. Martin. Its capital is Willemstad. Its former names are Curacao, Netherlands West Indies, and Dutch West Indies. Its colonial status was abolished by the Netherlands government in 1954 but it is considered an integral part of the Dutch realm. There is no positive evidence for the name Antilles. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, 1993 & Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p823)
UI = D009427
Netilmicin
AN = an aminoglycoside antibiotic
MS = O-3-Deoxy-4-C-methyl-3-(methylamino)-beta-L- arabinopyranosyl-(1-6)-O-(2,6-diamino-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy- alpha-D-glycero-hex-4-enopyranosyl-(1-4)-2-deoxy-N(1)- ethyl-D-streptamine. Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.
UI = D009428
Netropsin
AN = an anti-infective
MS = 4-((((Aminoiminomethyl)amino)acetyl)amino)-N-(5-(((3-amino-3-iminopropyl)amino)carbonyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide. A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It has antibacterial and antiviral properties, and is used as a tool in the study of nucleic acids due to its strong, specific binding to the A-T areas of DNA.
UI = D009429
Neural Analyzers
AN = DF: NEURAL ANAL
UI = D009430
Neural Conduction
AN = along a single nerve; differentiate from NEURAL TRANSMISSION (between nerves)
UI = D009431
Neural Crest
MS = A strip of specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonal neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms a column of isolated cells along the dorsal aspect of the neural tube. Most of the cranial and all of the spinal sensory ganglion cells arise by differentiation of neural crest cells.
UI = D009432
Neural Inhibition
UI = D009433
Neural Networks (Computer)
AN = no qualif; do not confuse with NEURAL NETWORKS (ANATOMIC) see NERVE NET
MS = A computer architecture, implementable in either hardware or software, modeled after biological neural networks. Like the biological system in which the processing capability is a result of the interconnection strengths between arrays of nonlinear processing nodes, computerized neural networks, often called perceptrons or multilayer connectionist models, consist of neuron-like units. A homogeneous group of units makes up a layer. These networks are good at pattern recognition. They are adaptive, performing tasks by example, and thus are better for decision-making than are linear learning machines or cluster analysis. They do not require explicit programming.
UI = D016571
Neural Pathways
AN = = "neural tracts"; coord NIM with origin (IM) + termination (IM)
MS = Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.
UI = D009434
Neural Tube Defects
AN = congen NS abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; do not confuse X ref MYELODYSPLASIA with MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES, a defect of bone marrow formation CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Congenital malformations of the nervous system due to closure failures of the neural tube.
UI = D009436
Neuralgia
AN = IM; GEN; coord IM with specific nerve (IM) if pertinent
MS = Paroxysmal pain which extends along the course of one or more nerves. Many varieties of neuralgia are distinguished according to the part affected or to the cause, as brachial, facial, etc., or anemic, diabetic, gouty, etc. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009437
Neuraminic Acids
UI = D009438
Neuraminidase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.2.1.18.
UI = D009439
Neurasthenia
AN = remember also NEUROCIRCULATORY ASTHENIA exists
MS = A mental disorder characterized by chronic fatigue and concomitant physiologic symptoms.
UI = D009440
Neurilemma
AN = outermost part of the myelin sheath; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
MS = The outermost part of the ectodermal sheath of myelinated nerve fibers, including the sheath cell nucleus and its cytoplasm but not the concentric myelin-containing lamellae. Multiple nonmyelinated fibers may be contained within a single neurolemma sheath. (Lockard, Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2d ed)
UI = D009441
Neurilemmoma
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); ameloblastic neurilemmoma goes under ODONTOGENIC TUMORS
MS = An encapsulated neoplasm in which the fundamental component is structurally identical to a syncytium of Schwann cells. It is thought to arise from the neural crest. By convention the "benign" schwannoma is preferably known as neurilemmoma and the "true" or malignant schwannoma is designated simply as schwannoma. Although it is the most common malignancy of peripheral nerves, it is poorly understood. With neurofibromas, neurilemmomas make up at least 65% of all neurogenic tumors. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p721)
UI = D009442
Neurites
AN = do not confuse with the French "nevrite" or other vernac "nevrit-" which means "neuritis"
MS = In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.
UI = D016501
Neuritis
AN = GEN (IM) but coord with specific nerve if needed (IM); do not confuse with NEURITES, a hairlike projection of a neuron & in French & other foreign titles do not confuse "neurite" referring to a neurite (i.e., NEURITES) with "nevrite" meaning neuritis; neuritis of optic nerve = OPTIC NEURITIS; retrobulbar neuritis = OPTIC NEURITIS; SMON (subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy) is indexed OPTIC NEURITIS (IM) + MYELITIS (IM) + SYNDROME (NIM)
UI = D009443
Neuritis, Experimental Allergic
AN = an autoimmune demyelinatimg dis; DF: NEURITIS EXPER ALLERGIC
MS = An autoimmune demyelinating disorder of peripheral nerves produced by injection of peripheral nerve tissue protein.
UI = D009444
Neuroanatomy
AN = SPEC only, SPEC qualif; not for NERVOUS SYSTEM /anat
MS = Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline.
UI = D009445
Neuroaxonal Dystrophies
MS = Encephalopathies characterized by swelling in distal portions of axons (speroids) often with axonal degeneration. Neuroaxonal dystrophy is seen in various genetic diseases, vitamin deficiencies, and aging. Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (Seitelberger's Disease) is an autosomal recessive trait characterized by arrested psychomotor development at 6 months to 2 years followed by ataxia, brain stem signs, optic atrophy, and quadriparesis. HALLERVORDEN-SPATZ SYNDROME, which usually first appears at 7 to 12 years of age, may be genetically related to the infantile syndrome.
UI = D019150
Neurobiology
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: NEUROBIOL
UI = D009446
Neuroblastoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); retinal neuroblastoma = RETINOBLASTOMA, not NEUROBLASTOMA
MS = A malignant neoplasm characterized by immature, only slightly differentiated nerve cells of embryonic type, i.e., neuroblasts. Typical cells are relatively small (10 to 15 micrometers in diameter) with disproportionately large, darkly staining, vesicular nuclei and scant palely acidophilic cytoplasm. It is the second most common neoplasm of children, after leukemia and other lymphoproliferative disease. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
UI = D009447
Neurochemistry
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; not for NERVE TISSUE /chem
UI = D009448
Neurocirculatory Asthenia
AN = remember NEURASTHENIA also exists
MS = A clinical syndrome characterized by palpitation, shortness of breath, labored breathing, subjective complaints of effort and discomfort, all following slight exertion. Other symptoms may be dizziness, tremulousness, sweating, and insomnia. Neurocirculatory asthenia is most typically seen as a form of anxiety disorder.
UI = D009449
Neurocysticercosis
MS = Infection of the central nervous system with the larval forms of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). Manifestations are highly variable and include seizures, hydrocephalus, and a variety of other neurological dysfunctions, often accompanied by distinctive lesions. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D020019
Neurocytoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BRAIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + specific site in brain (IM)
MS = A benign brain tumor consisting of undifferentiated cells of nervous origin, i.e., cells resembling medullary neural epithelium. (From Dorland, 27th)
UI = D018306
Neurodegenerative Diseases
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = A varied assortment of central nervous system disorders characterized by gradual and progressive loss of neural tissue. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 20th ed, p2050)
UI = D019636
Neurodermatitis
AN = eczematous skin dis with intense itching
MS = An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. It varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. Neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. The circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus.
UI = D009450
Neuroectodermal Tumor, Melanotic
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A benign, rapidly growing, deeply pigmented tumor of the jaw and occasionally of other sites, consisting of an infiltrating mass of cells arranged in an alveolar pattern, and occurring almost exclusively in infants. Its source of origin is in dispute, the various theories giving rise to its several names. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D017600
Neuroectodermal Tumor, Peripheral
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A heterogeneous group of malignant neoplasms arising in either supportive structures or neuronal tissue. They occur in adolescents and young adults. This tumor shares a number of characteristics with Ewing's sarcoma: it is highly cellular and consists of a monotonous pattern of primitive-appearing round cells. The chest wall is the most common site but the trunk, abdomen, and pelvis are other primary sites. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1660)
UI = D018241
Neuroectodermal Tumor, Primitive
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BRAIN NEOPLASMS (IM) or specific precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A malignant brain tumor sharing common features and biologic properties with medulloblastoma. Some pathologists and clinicians use the terms interchangeably: they both can disseminate throughout the nervous system and, in some cases, systemically. Most lesions arise from the posterior fossa in children under five years of age. The tumor often produces hydrocephalus and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. Papilledema is often present. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp1106-7)
UI = D018242
Neuroectodermal Tumors
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = Malignant neoplasms arising in the neuroectoderm, the portion of the ectoderm of the early embryo that gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems, including some glial cells.
UI = D017599
Neuroeffector Junction
AN = a synapse between a neuron & an effector cell
MS = The synapse between a neuron (presynaptic) and an effector cell other than another neuron (postsynaptic). Neuroeffector junctions include synapses onto muscles and onto secretory cells.
UI = D009451
Neuroendocrine Tumors
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via apud cells), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.
UI = D018358
Neuroendocrinology
AN = SPEC only, SPEC qualif; not for coord of NERVOUS SYSTEM + ENDOCRINE GLANDS nor for ENDOCRINE GLANDS /innerv; DF: NEUROENDOCRINOL
MS = The study of the anatomical and functional relationships between the nervous system and the endocrine system.
UI = D009452
Neuroepithelioma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D009453
Neurofibrillary Tangles
AN = "one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer disease"; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
MS = Abnormal structures located in various parts of the brain and composed of dense arrays of paired helical filaments (neurofilaments and microtubules). These double helical stacks of transverse subunits are twisted into left-handed ribbon-like filaments that likely incorporate the following proteins: 1) the intermediate filaments: medium- and high-molecular-weight neurofilaments; 2) the microtubule-associated proteins map-2 and tau; 3) actin; and 4) ubiquitin. As one of the hallmarks of ALZHEIMER DISEASE, the neurofibrillary tangles eventually occupy the whole of the cytoplasm in certain classes of cell in the neocortex, hippocampus, brain stem, and diencephalon. The number of these tangles, as seen in post mortem histology, correlates with the degree of dementia during life. Some studies suggest that tangle antigens leak into the systemic circulation both in the course of normal aging and in cases of Alzheimer disease.
UI = D016874
Neurofibrils
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; do not confuse with NERVE FIBERS
MS = The delicate interlacing threads, formed by aggregations of neurofilaments and neurotubules, coursing through the cytoplasm of the body of a neuron and extending from one dendrite into another or into the axon.
UI = D009454
Neurofibroma
AN = solitary; multiple = NEUROFIBROMATOSIS but see MeSH definition; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of Schwann cells in a disorderly pattern that includes portions of nerve fibers. With neurilemmomas, neurofibromas make up at least 65% of all neurogenic tumors, and about 66% to 75% will be found in the upper half of the chest. They will also be found on the right side 65% to 75% of the time. (Stedman, 25th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p721)
UI = D009455
Neurofibroma, Plexiform
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A type of neurofibroma representing an anomaly rather than a true neoplasm, in which the proliferation of Schwann cells occurs from the inner aspect of the nerve sheath, thereby resulting in an irregularly thickened, distorted, tortuous structure. In some instances the process extends along the course of the nerve and may eventually involve the spinal roots and the spinal cord. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D018318
Neurofibromatosis
AN = multiple neurofibromas; specifics are available; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A disorder that has been classed into at least two autosomal dominant disorders chiefly characterized by the presence of multiple neurofibromas. As many as six additional types have been proposed to characterize what appear to be clinically distinct entities within this group.
UI = D017253
Neurofibromatosis 1
AN = multiple neurofibromas; do not confuse with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM) if relevant CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A congenital autosomal dominant disorder characterized by developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin especially in those derived from the embryonic neural crest. There are multiple cutaneous tumors and tumors of the peripheral and central nervous system. The disease has been linked to mutations of the nf1 gene on chromosome 17.
UI = D009456
Neurofibromatosis 2
AN = multiple neurofibromas; do not confuse with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM) if relevant CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Severe autosomal dominant disorder characterized especially by bilateral acoustic neuromas as well as other multiple tumors including meningiomas, ependymomas, spinal neurofibromas, and gliomas. The disease has been linked to mutations of the nf2 gene on chromosome 22.
UI = D016518
Neurofibrosarcoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A malignant tumor of neural sheath origin. Although superficially similar in appearance to fibrosarcoma, it is more aggressive and its cells are more variable in size and shape. The most common primary sites are the extremities, retroperitoneum, and trunk. It accounts for 5-10% of all non-rhabdomyosarcomatous soft tissue sarcomas in children. Neurofibrosarcoma often occurs in association with Von Recklinghausen's disease. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1662)
UI = D018319
Neurofilament Proteins
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Type III intermediate filament proteins that assemble into neurofilaments, the major cytoskeletal element in nerve axons and dendrites. They consist of three distinct polypeptides, the neurofilament triplet. Types I, II, and IV intermediate filament proteins form other cytoskeletal elements such as keratins and lamins. It appears that the metabolism of neurofilaments is disturbed in Alzheimer's disease, as indicated by the presence of neurofilament epitopes in the neurofibrillary tangles, as well as by the severe reduction of the expression of the gene for the light neurofilament subunit of the neurofilament triplet in brains of Alzheimer's patients. (Can J Neurol Sci 1990 Aug;17(3):302)
UI = D016900
Neurogenic Inflammation
MS = Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.
UI = D020078
Neuroglia
AN = non-neuronal nerv syst cells; A 11 qualif
MS = The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They are divided into macroglia (ASTROCYTES, OLIGODENDROGLIA, and SCHWANN CELLS) and MICROGLIA. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the blood-brain and blood-retina barriers, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
UI = D009457
Neuroimmunomodulation
AN = eff of nervous system on immune system; DF: NEUROIMMUNOMOD
MS = Influences of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, autonomic and peripheral nervous systems) upon the immune system, principally by biochemical (i.e., neurotransmitters, receptors, etc.) and by direct neural routes. This is a two-way information transfer system.
UI = D015213
Neurokinin A
AN = a neurotransmitter tachykinin; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A mammalian decapeptide tachykinin found in the central nervous system. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ K. The compound has bronchoconstrictor, smooth muscle constrictor, and hypotensive effects and also activates the micturition reflex.
UI = D015288
Neurokinin K
AN = a neurotransmitter tachykinin; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A mammalian decapeptide tachykinin found in the central nervous system. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and substance K (NEUROKININ A). The compound has bronchoconstrictor, smooth muscle constrictor, and hypotensive effects and also activates the micturition reflex.
UI = D015287
Neuroleptanalgesia
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = A form of analgesia accompanied by general quiescence and psychic indifference to environmental stimuli, without loss of consciousness, and produced by the combined administration of a major tranquilizer (neuroleptic) and a narcotic.
UI = D009458
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
AN = caused by tranquilizing agents so do not use /chem ind
MS = A rare potentially fatal syndrome which develops in patients on major tranquilizers. The dominant features are fever, autonomic symptoms, muscle rigidity, and other extrapyramidal symptoms.
UI = D009459
Neuroleukin
AN = a growth substance; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /rad eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Neuronal growth factor and lymphokine product of lectin-stimulated T-cells which induces immunoglobulin secretion. Its amino acid sequence is partially homologous to the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120, which may explain, in part, the pathogenesis of AIDS dementia complex.
UI = D015782
Neurologic Examination
AN = NIM; DF: NEUROL EXAM
UI = D009460
Neurologic Manifestations
AN = not used for indexing since 1989; prior to 1989 used for neurol manifest of non-neural diseases
MS = Neurologic disorders attendant upon non-neurologic disease or injury.
UI = D009461
Neurology
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: NEUROL
MS = A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system.
UI = D009462
Neuroma
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009463
Neuroma, Acoustic
AN = a neuroma of acoustic (8th) nerve; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted
MS = A progressively enlarging tumor within the auditory canal arising from the eighth cranial nerve. This solitary form is usually unilateral, tends to develop later in life, and is not inherited as compared to the acoustic neuromas arising in NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2.
UI = D009464
Neuromuscular Agents
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION /drug eff & MUSCLES, SKELETAL /drug eff
MS = Drugs used for their actions on skeletal muscle. Included are agents that act directly on skeletal muscle, those that alter neuromuscular transmission (NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS), and drugs that act centrally as skeletal muscle relaxants (MUSCLE RELAXANTS, CENTRAL). Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders are ANTI-DYSKINESIA AGENTS.
UI = D009465
Neuromuscular Blockade
AN = to produce muscle relaxation during surg & in various exper procedures; differentiate from NERVE BLOCK: read MeSH definitions
MS = The intentional interruption of transmission at the neuromuscular junction by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from nerve block in which nerve conduction is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce muscle relaxation as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.
UI = D019148
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION /drug eff
MS = Drugs that interrupt transmission of nerve impulses at the skeletal neuromuscular junction. They can be of two types, competitive, stabilizing blockers (NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS) or noncompetitive, depolarizing agents (NEUROMUSCULAR DEPOLARIZING AGENTS). Both prevent acetylcholine from triggering the muscle contraction and they are used as anesthesia adjuvants, as relaxants during electroshock, in convulsive states, etc.
UI = D009466
Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION /drug eff
MS = Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction by causing sustained depolarization of the motor end plate. These agents are primarily used as adjuvants in surgical anesthesia to cause skeletal muscle relaxation.
UI = D009467
Neuromuscular Diseases
AN = GEN
UI = D009468
Neuromuscular Junction
AN = /drug eff: consider also NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS or NEUROMUSCULAR DEPOLARIZING AGENTS; neuromusc transm = NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION /physiol + NEURAL TRANSMISSION
MS = The synapse between a neuron and a muscle.
UI = D009469
Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; note X ref CURARE-LIKE AGENTS: consider also CURARE; DF: note short X ref
MS = Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction without causing depolarization of the motor end plate. They prevent acetylcholine from triggering muscle contraction and are used as muscle relaxants during electroshock treatments, in convulsive states, and as anesthesia adjuvants.
UI = D003473
Neuromyelitis Optica
AN = a demyelinating form of optic neuritis
MS = A demyelinating disease of the optic nerve chiasma, optic tract, and spinal cord characterized by acute bilateral optic neuritis and acute myelitis.
UI = D009471
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinosis
AN = a lipoidosis with ment retard; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A heritable lipidosis with cytoplasmic inclusions staining for ceroid and lipofuscin. Clinically the patient has progressive dementia, retinal degeneration, seizures, and myoclonic jerks. It was formerly thought to be related to Tay-Sachs disease but the biochemical defect is as yet undetermined. Named according to age of onset: Jansky-Bielschowsky disease, 2-4 years; Batten-Spielmeyer-Vogt disease, 5-11 years; and Kufs disease, adult.
UI = D009472
Neuronal Plasticity
MS = The capacity of the nervous system to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.
UI = D009473
Neurons
AN = A 11 qualif; do not use as a substitute or synonym for BRAIN /cytol
MS = Any of the conducting cells of the nervous system. A typical neuron consists of a cell body, containing the nucleus and the surrounding cytoplasm (perikaryon); several short radiating processes (DENDRITES); and one long process (the axon), which terminates in twiglike branches (telodendrons) and may have branches (collaterals) projecting along its course. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D009474
Neurons, Afferent
AN = note X ref: do not confuse with NEURONS, EFFERENT which activate muscle & secretory cells; A 11 qualif
MS = Neurons which convey sensory information centrally from the periphery.
UI = D009475
Neurons, Efferent
AN = activate musc & secretory cells: do not confuse with NEURONS, AFFERENT which are sensory neurons; A 11 qualif
MS = Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.
UI = D009476
Neuropathies, Hereditary Motor and Sensory
AN = do not confuse with NEUROPATHIES, HEREDITARY SENSORY AND AUTONOMIC; note short forms as X refs; DF: NEUROPATHIES HEREDITARY MOTOR SENSORY CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A group of slowly progressive inherited disorders in which the predominant involvement is the peripheral motor neurons with lesser involvement of the peripheral sensory neurons. Neuronal degeneration and atrophy are characteristic of these disorders. Some of the associated characteristics are phytanic acid excess, optic atrophy, and retinitis pigmentosa.
UI = D015417
Neuropathies, Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic
AN = do not confuse with NEUROPATHIES, HEREDITARY MOTOR AND SENSORY; for X refs to HSAN types: HSAN TYPE III is see DYSAUTONOMIA, FAMILIAL; DF: note short X refs CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A group of inherited disorders in which there is selective involvement of the peripheral sensory and autonomic neurons and degeneration of fibers by axonal atrophy and degeneration. Five types of disorders have been described and classified Type I through Type V.
UI = D009477
Neuropeptide Y
AN = a neurotransmitter; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.
UI = D009478
Neuropeptides
AN = neurotransmitters; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.
UI = D009479
Neuropharmacology
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif: not for NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff; DF: NEUROPHARMACOL
MS = The branch of pharmacology dealing especially with the action of drugs upon various parts of the nervous system.
UI = D009480
Neurophysins
AN = neurotransmitter proteins secreted by the hypothalamus; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A group of small, soluble proteins secreted by the hypothalamus. They serve as binding proteins for oxytocin and vasopressin during their transport to the posterior pituitary. They are secreted with the hormones but have no known functions other than serving as a carrier.
UI = D009481
Neurophysiology
AN = SPEC only: not for NERVOUS SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY;DF: NEUROPHYSIOL
MS = The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system.
UI = D009482
Neuropil
AN = a dense "felt" of interwoven neuronal components & neuroglia in the CNS; do not confuse with NEUROPIL THREADS, abnormal neuronal structures: read MeSH definitions; A 11 qualif
MS = A dense intricate feltwork of interwoven fine glial processes, fibrils, synaptic terminals, axons, and dendrites interspersed among the nerve cells in the gray matter of the central nervous system.
UI = D019581
Neuropil Threads
AN = abnormal neuronal structures: do not confuse with NEUROPIL, a "felt" of interwoven neuronal components & neuroglia: read MeSH definitions; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
MS = Abnormal structures located chiefly in distal dendrites and, along with NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES and SENILE PLAQUES, constitute the three morphological hallmarks of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. Neuropil threads are made up of straight and paired helical filaments which consist of abnormally phosphorylated microtubule-associated tau proteins. It has been suggested that the threads have a major role in the cognitive impairment seen in Alzheimer disease.
UI = D019600
Neuroprotective Agents
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; prevent brain & spinal cord damage in neurol dis
MS = Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.
UI = D018696
Neuropsychological Tests
AN = DF: NEUROPSYCHOL TESTS
MS = Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.
UI = D009483
Neuropsychology
AN = SPEC: not for coord of NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES /psychol; IM, SPEC qualif; NIM coord, no qualif; DF: NEUROPSYCHOL
MS = A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology.
UI = D009484
Neuroradiography
AN = GEN or technical only: not coord for specific nerve /radiogr; NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: NEURORADIOGR
MS = Radiography of the central nervous system.
UI = D009485
Neurosurgical Procedures
MS = Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.
UI = D019635
Neurothekeoma
AN = a nerve sheath tumor: Greek neuro-, nerve + theke, sheath; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A benign myxoma of cutaneous nerve sheath origin. Theke is from the Greek theke, sheath. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D018321
Neurotransmitter Agents
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals; consider also SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION /drug eff
MS = Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
UI = D018377
Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; coord IM with specific neurotransmitters /physiol (IM); DF: NEUROTRANSM UPTAKE INHIB
MS = Drugs that inhibit the transport of neurotransmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. For many transmitters, uptake determines the time course of transmitter action so inhibiting uptake prolongs the activity of the transmitter. Blocking uptake may also deplete available transmitter stores. Many clinically important drugs are uptake inhibitors although the indirect reactions of the brain rather than the acute block of uptake itself is often responsible for the therapeutic effects.
UI = D014179
Neurotransmitters
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: NEUROTRANSM
MS = Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses.
UI = D009487
Neurotransmitters and Neurotransmitter Agents
AN = not used for indexing; NEUROTRANSMITTERS & NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS are available CATALOG: do not use
MS = A collective grouping for neurotransmitters and substances that act on the neurotransmitter system.
UI = D018371
Neurosciences
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; SPEC: SPEC qualif
MS = The scientific disciplines concerned with the embryology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, etc., of the nervous sytem.
UI = D009488
Neurosecretion
UI = D009489
Neurosecretory Systems
AN = /secret = probably /physiol or NEUROSECRETION
MS = A system of neurons that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an endocrine organ or system.
UI = D009490
Neurospora
AN = an ascomycete much used in genetic & enzyme research; do not confuse with NEOSPORA, a protozoon
MS = A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Sordariaceae, order SORDARIALES, comprising bread molds. They are capable of converting tryptophan to nicotinic acid and are used extensively in genetic and enzyme research. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009491
Neurospora crassa
AN = do not confuse with NEOSPORA, a protozoan; DF: N CRASSA
MS = A species of ascomycetous fungi of the family Sordariaceae, order SORDIRIALES, much used in biochemical, genetic, and physiologic studies.
UI = D009492
Neurosurgery
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
MS = A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system.
UI = D009493
Neurosyphilis
AN = CNS manifest of syphilis
MS = Central nervous system manifestations of syphilis. This condition exists in two forms: asymptomatic and symptomatic. The diagnosis of asymptomatic neurosyphilis has traditionally been made in patients who no longer have manifestations of primary or secondary syphilis, lack neurologic signs and symptoms, and have certain CSF abnormalities. Symptomatic neurosyphilis includes meningovascular (widespread cerebrovascular damage) and parenchymatous (widespread parenchymal damage) syphilis.
UI = D009494
Neurotensin
AN = a neurotransmitter isolated from the hypothalamus; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A biologically active tridecapeptide isolated from the hypothalamus. It has been shown to induce hypotension in the rat, to stimulate contraction of guinea pig ileum and rat uterus, and to cause relaxation of rat duodenum. There is also evidence that it acts as both a peripheral and a central nervous system neurotransmitter.
UI = D009496
Neurotic Disorders
MS = Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.
UI = D009497
Neurotoxins
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; coord IM with toxin or venom heading which is the source of the neurotoxin (e.g., SEA SNAKE VENOMS) (IM or NIM) but note that COBRA NEUROTOXINS is available; do not use for neurotoxicity of various chemicals & drugs ( = NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff or specific nerv syst term /drug eff or nervous system dis heading /chem ind + Cat D term /adv eff-pois-tox)
MS = Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.
UI = D009498
Neutral Glycosphingolipids
MS = A subclass of GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS containing one or more sugars within their head group connected directly to a ceramide moiety. They consist of monoglycosyl-, and oligoglycosylsphingoids and monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylceramides.
UI = D020383
Neutral Red
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = 3-Amino-7-dimethylamino-2-methylphenazine hydrochloride. A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.
UI = D009499
Neutralization Tests
AN = a titrimetric technique used in serodiag; NIM
MS = Titration of an antiserum by testing a series of dilutions of virus or immune serum to a given end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).
UI = D009500
Neutron Activation Analysis
AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANAL
MS = Activation analysis in which the specimen is bombarded with neutrons. Identification is made by measuring the resulting radioisotopes. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
UI = D009501
Neutron Capture Therapy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with disease /radiother (IM); DF: NCT
MS = A technique for the treatment of neoplasms in which an isotope is introduced into target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons.
UI = D017247
Neutrons
AN = elementary particles; IM; FAST NEUTRONS is available
MS = Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay.
UI = D009502
Neutropenia
AN = decrease in no. of neutrophils
MS = A decrease in the number of neutrophilic leukocytes in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009503
Neutrophil Activation
MS = The process in which the neutrophil is stimulated by diverse substances, resulting in degranulation and/or generation of reactive oxygen products, and culminating in the destruction of invading pathogens. The stimulatory substances, including opsonized particles, immune complexes, and chemotactic factors, bind to specific cell-surface receptors on the neutrophil.
UI = D018375
Neutrophils
AN = A 11 qualif; decrease in no. = NEUTROPENIA; neutrophil chemotaxis: coord NIM with CHEMOTAXIS, LEUKOCYTE (IM); note X ref LE CELLS: do not coord with LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC unless disease is particularly discussed (see note there)
MS = Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.
UI = D009504
Nevada
UI = D009505
Nevi and Melanomas
AN = not used for indexing; policy: Manual section 24; also TN Suppl:Tumor Key for human & corresponding vet tumors (does not contain exper tumors); DF: NEVI MELANOMAS
MS = A collective term for the various types of nevi and melanomas.
UI = D018326
Nevirapine
AN = a reverse transcriptase inhib & anti-HIV agent
MS = A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV infection and AIDS.
UI = D019829
Nevus
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM or NIM) if relevant; BASAL CELL NEVUS SYNDROME & DYSPLASTIC NEVUS SYNDROME are also available
MS = A circumscribed stable malformation of the skin and occasionally of the oral mucosa, which is not due to external causes and therefore presumed to be of hereditary origin. The excess (or deficiency) of tissue may involve epidermal, connective tissue, adnexal, nervous, or vascular elements. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009506
Nevus, Blue
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM or NIM) if relevant
MS = A benign nevus, usually solitary, representing a localized proliferation of dermal melanocytes, which is manifested by a dark blue to black, moderately firm, rounded, sharply defined nodular tumor composed of spindle-shaped melanocytes with slender cytoplasmic processes, occurring often in association with melanin-laden macrophages in a sclerotic dermis. It is also called dermal melanocytoma and Jadassohn-Tieche nevus. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D018329
Nevus, Epithelioid and Spindle Cell
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM or NIM) if relevant
MS = A benign compound nevus occurring most often in children before puberty, composed of spindle and epithelioid cells located mainly in the dermis, sometimes in association with large atypical cells and multinucleate cells, and having a close histopathological resemblance to malignant melanoma. The tumor presents as a smooth to slightly scaly, round to oval, raised, firm papule or nodule, ranging in color from pink-tan to purplish red, often with surface telangiectasia. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D018332
Nevus, Intradermal
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM or NIM) if permitted
MS = A nevus in which nests of melanocytes are found in the dermis, but not at the epidermal-dermal junction. Benign pigmented nevi in adults are most commonly intradermal. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D018330
Nevus of Ota
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM or NIM) if relevant
MS = A macular lesion on the side of the face, involving the conjunctiva and lids, as well as the adjacent facial skin, sclera, ocular muscles, and periosteum. Histological features vary from those of a mongolian spot to those of a blue nevus.
UI = D009507
Nevus, Pigmented
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM or NIM) if relevant
MS = A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009508
Nevus, Spindle Cell
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM or NIM) if relevant
MS = A form of pigmented nevus showing intense melanocytic activity around the dermo-epidermal junction. Large numbers of spindle-shaped melanocytes proliferate downward toward the dermis and usually a large amount of pigment is present. It was first described in 1976 and the bulk of patients reported have been young females with the lesions presenting on the thighs. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, 1992, p185)
UI = D018331
New Brunswick
AN = a province of eastern Canada
MS = A province of eastern Canada, one of the Maritime Provinces with NOVA SCOTIA, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, and sometimes NEWFOUNDLAND. Its capital is Fredericton. It was named in honor of King George III, of the House of Hanover, also called Brunswick. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p828 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p375)
UI = D009509
New Caledonia
AN = an island group in Melanesia
MS = A group of islands in Melanesia constituting a French overseas territory. The group includes New Caledonia (the main island), Ile des Pins, Loyalty Island, and several other islet groups. The capital is Noumea. It was discovered by Captain Cook in 1774 and visited by various navigators, explorers, and traders from 1792 to 1840. Occupied by the French in 1853, it was set up as a penal colony 1864-94. In 1946 it was made a French overseas territory. It was named by Captain Cook with the 5th and 6th century A.D. Latin name for Scotland, Caledonia. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p830 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p375)
UI = D009510
New England
AN = includes Conn, Maine, Mass, NH, RI, & Vt; specify as needed but use NEW ENGLAND when text uses the term CATALOG: use for 4 or more states
MS = The geographic area of New England in general and when the specific state or states are not indicated. States usually included in this region are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.
UI = D009511
New Guinea
AN = East New Guinea is a part of Papua New Guinea & West New Guinea is part of Indonesia
MS = Originally an island of the Malay Archipelago, the second largest island in the world. It divided, West New Guinea becoming part of Indonesia and East New Guinea becoming Papua New Guinea.
UI = D009512
New Hampshire
UI = D009513
New Jersey
UI = D009515
New Mexico
UI = D009516
New South Wales
AN = a state of Australia
MS = A state in southeastern Australia. Its capital is Sydney. It was discovered by Captain Cook in 1770 and first settled at Botany Bay by marines and convicts in 1788. It was named by Captain Cook who thought its coastline resembled that of South Wales. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p840 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p377)
UI = D009517
New York
AN = = state; NEW YORK CITY is also available
UI = D009518
New York City
UI = D009519
New Zealand
AN = Maori are Polynesians (Caucasoid race) native to New Zealand; Australasia refers to Australia, New Zealand or both: check text
MS = A group of islands in the southwest Pacific. Its capital is Wellington. It was discovered by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1642 and cirumnavigated by Cook in 1769. Colonized in 1840 by the New Zealand Company, it became a British crown colony in 1840 until 1907 when colonial status was terminated. New Zealand is a partly anglicized form of the original Dutch name Nieuw Zeeland, new sea land, possibly with reference to the Dutch province of Zeeland. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p842 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p378)
UI = D009520
Newcastle Disease
AN = caused by a paramyxovirus of the genus Rubulavirus; don't forget also BIRDS or POULTRY (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; specific bird or fowl (IM)
MS = An influenza-like viral disease of birds, including domestic fowl, characterized by respiratory and gastrointestinal or pneumonic and encephalitic symptoms. First seen near Newcastle, England, the infection is also transmissible to humans by contact with infected birds. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009521
Newcastle Disease Virus
AN = a species of Rubulavirus; infection = NEWCASTLE DISEASE: see note there
MS = The most well known avian paramyxovirus in the genus RUBULAVIRUS and the cause of a highly infectious pneumoencephalitis in fowl. It is also reported to cause conjunctivitis in humans. Transmission is by droplet inhalation or ingestion of contaminated water or food.
UI = D009522
Newfoundland
AN = a province of Canada
MS = An island in the Atlantic Ocean, off the east coast of Canada, constituting with Labrador on the mainland, a province of Canada. The name describing a land just discovered was recorded by John Cabot in 1497. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p831 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p376)
UI = D009523
News [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; for news items indexed from journals; appears in titles within brackets & in translations within parentheses; Manual 14.5.1.9; do not confuse with the Publication Type NEWSPAPER ARTICLE for news indexed from newspapers
MS = An announcement or statement of recent or current events of new data and matters of interest in the field of medicine or science. In some publications, such as "Nature" or "Science," the news reports are substantively written and herald medical and scientific data of vital or controversial importance to the populace.
UI = D016433
Newspaper Article [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; for items indexed from newspapers: do not confuse with the Publication Type NEWS used for news items indexed from journals
MS = A news item printed in a general-interest newspaper or other news periodical, containing information of current and timely interest in the field of medicine or science. This publication type should not be confused with NEWS [PUBLICATION TYPE] which is reserved for news reports published in various medical or other scientific journals, such as "Nature".
UI = D018431
Newspapers
AN = med newspapers: do not coord with MEDICINE; do not confuse with NEWSLETTERS see PERIODICALS; do not confuse with Publication Types NEWS or NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
MS = Publications printed and distributed daily, weekly, or at some other regular and usually short interval, containing news, articles of opinion (as editorials and letters), features, advertising, and announcements of current interest. (Webster's 3d ed)
UI = D009524
NF-kappa B
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: NFKB
MS = Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in lymphoid cells. In B-lymphocytes NF-kappa B binds to the immunoglobulin kappa light chain enhancer and in T-lymphocytes it has been shown to bind to the enhancers in virally infected cells including HIV.
UI = D016328
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester
AN = a nitric oxide synthase inhib; DF: note short X ref
MS = A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.
UI = D019331
Niacin
AN = a nicotinic acid; /biosyn /physiol permitted; /defic = PELLAGRA; /ther use: coord disease with /drug ther, not /diet ther
MS = Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.
UI = D009525
Nialamide
AN = an MAO inhib & antidepressant
MS = An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.
UI = D009526
Nicaragua
UI = D009527
Nicarbazin
AN = a coccidiostat
MS = An equimolar complex of 4,4'-Dinitrocarbanilide and 2-Hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine. A coccidiostat for poultry.
UI = D009528
Nicardipine
AN = a calcium channel blocker & antihypertensive
MS = 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl) methyl 2-(methyl(phenylmethyl)amino)-3,5-pyridinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester. A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.
UI = D009529
Nicergoline
AN = a nootropic & vasodilator ergot alkaloid
MS = An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It has been suggested to ameliorate cognitive deficits in cerebrovascular disease.
UI = D009530
Niceritrol
AN = an antilipemic
MS = 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 2,2-bis((3-pyridinecarbonyl)oxy)methyl)-1,3-propanediyl ester. An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.
UI = D009531
Nickel
AN = a trace element; Ni-58; Ni-60-62, 64 = NICKEL (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Ni-56, 57, 59, 63, 65-67 = NICKEL (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = Nickel. A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease.
UI = D009532
Niclofolan
AN = a proposed fasciolacide
MS = 5,5'-Dichloro-3,3'-dinitrobiphenyl-2,2'-diol. Proposed fasciolacide. Synonyms: Dertil; Bilevon; Bay 9015.
UI = D009533
Niclosamide
AN = an antihelmintic
MS = An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48)
UI = D009534
Nicorandil
MS = A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.
UI = D020108
Nicotinamidase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of nicotinamide to nicotinate and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.19.
UI = D009535
Niacinamide
AN = a B vitamin; /defic = PELLAGRA; /ther use: coord disease with /drug ther, not /diet ther
MS = An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake.
UI = D009536
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: NMN
MS = 3-Carbamoyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl pyridinium hydroxide-5'phosphate, inner salt. A nucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-N-glycosidic linkage with the C-1 position of D-ribose. Synonyms: Nicotinamide Ribonucleotide; NMN.
UI = D009537
Nicotinamide-Nucleotide Adenylyltransferase
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the transfer of the adenylyl moiety of ATP to the phosphoryl group of NMN to form NAD+ and pyrophosphate. The enzyme is found predominantly in the nuclei and catalyzes the final reaction in the major pathway for the biosynthesis of NAD in mammals. EC 2.7.7.1.
UI = D009612
Nicotine
AN = an alkaloid from Nicotiana, tobacco plant; a ganglionic stimulant; /biosyn permitted if by plant
MS = An alkaloid. Nicotine is highly toxic. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke.
UI = D009538
Nicotinic Acids
AN = B vitamins; /biosyn /physiol permitted; /defic = PELLAGRA; /ther use: coord disease with /drug ther, not /diet ther
MS = 2-, 3-, or 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acids. Pyridine derivatives substituted with a carboxy group at the 2-, 3-, or 4-position. The 3-carboxy derivative (NIACIN) is active as a vitamin.
UI = D009539
Nicotinic Agonists
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: NICOTINIC AGON or NICOTINIC AG
MS = Drugs that bind to and activate nicotinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC). Nicotinic agonists act at postganglionic nicotinic receptors, at neuroeffector junctions in the peripheral nervous system, and at nicotinic receptors in the central nervous system. Agents that function as neuromuscular depolarizing blocking agents are included here because they activate nicotinic receptors, although they are used clinically to block nicotinic transmission.
UI = D018722
Nicotinyl Alcohol
AN = a vasodilator
MS = 3-Pyridinemethanol. A direct-acting peripheral vasodilator that causes flushing and may decrease blood pressure. It is used in vasospasm and threatened gangrene.
UI = D009540
Nicotinic Antagonists
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: NICOTINIC ANTAG
MS = Drugs that bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC) and block the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists. Nicotinic antagonists block synaptic transmission at autonomic ganglia, the skeletal neuromuscular junction, and at central nervous system nicotinic synapses.
UI = D018733
Nictitating Membrane
AN = NIM; ptosis of X ref THIRD EYELID: coord IM with EYELID DISEASES /vet (IM), not BLEPHAROPTOSIS
MS = A transparent fold of skin lying deep to the other eyelids at the mesial side, which may be drawn over the front of the eyeball. It is the so-called third eyelid, found in reptiles and birds generally and in many mammals. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D009541
Niemann-Pick Disease
AN = a disord of phospholipid metab with ment retard; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = An autosomal recessive disorder of phospholipid metabolism with abnormal intracellular accumulation of sphingomyelin and characterized by mental deterioration, blindness, cherry red spot in the retina, hepatosplenomegaly, etc.
UI = D009542
Nifedipine
AN = a calcium channel blocker & tocolytic
MS = A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated.
UI = D009543
Niflumic Acid
AN = a cyclooxygenase inhib & non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent
MS = 2-(3-Trifluoromethylanilino)nicotinic acid. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
UI = D009544
Nifuratel
AN = an antifungal & antitrichomonal
MS = Local antiprotozoal and antifungal agent that may also be given orally. It is used for vaginal candidiasis and trichomoniasis.
UI = D009545
Nifurtimox
AN = an antiparasitic
MS = 4-(5-Nitrofurfurylidenamino)-3-methylthiomorpholine-1,1-dioxide. Possibly effective against parasites. Synonyms: Lampit; Bayer 2502.
UI = D009547
Niger
AN = a republic in western Africa; do not confuse with NIGERIA, another western Africa republic to its south
MS = A republic in western Africa, north of NIGERIA and west of CHAD. Its capital is Niamey. It was first explored by the Europeans in the late 18th century. It became part of the French sphere of influence in the latter part of the 19th century and was formally constituted as part of French West Africa in 1904. Nigeria gained independence in 1960. The country took its name from the river Niger flowing through it. The river's name came from the Tuareg egereou n-igereouen, river of rivers, the second part of the name giving the modern European form Niger. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p847 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p379)
UI = D009548
Nigeria
AN = a republic in western Africa; do not confuse with NIGER, another western Africa republic to its north; Biafra goes here
MS = A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER between BENIN and CAMEROON. Its capital is Lagos. From the time it was visited in the 18th and 19th centuries by many European explorers, figuring in its administrative history were Great Britain, the native king, Sierra Leone, and the Gold Coast colony. Nigeria gained independence in 1960, becoming a republic in 1961. Nigeria derives its name from the Niger River which flows through it. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p848 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p379)
UI = D009549
Nigericin
AN = an antibiotic
MS = A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D009550
Night Care
MS = Institutional night care of patients.
UI = D009551
Nikethamide
AN = a CNS stimulant
MS = A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)
UI = D009552
Nimodipine
MS = A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects, lowers blood pressure, and is effective in the therapy and/or prevention of cerebral vasospasm caused by stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, aneurysm, severe head injury, or cerebral ischemia.
UI = D009553
Nimorazole
AN = an antitrichomonal
MS = 1-[2-(5-Nitroimidazole-1-yl)ethyl]morpholine. An antitrichomonal agent which is effective either topically or orally and whose urinary metabolites are also trichomonicidal.
UI = D009554
Nimustine
AN = an antineoplastic
MS = N'-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea. Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.
UI = D015376
Ninhydrin
AN = a reagent; D25-26 qualif
MS = 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.
UI = D009555
Niobium
AN = Nb-93; synonym: Columbium (Cb); Nb-88-92, 94-101 = NIOBIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = Niobium. A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D009556
Nipecotic Acids
UI = D009557
Nipples
AN = human & animal, male & female; for cow use UDDER; teat use UDDER; diseases: coord IM with BREAST DISEASES (NIM)
MS = The conic organs which usually give outlet to milk from the mammary glands.
UI = D009558
Nippostrongylus
AN = a genus of nematodes; infection: coord IM with STRONGYLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
MS = A genus of intestinal nematode parasites belonging to the superfamily HELIGMOSOMATOIDEA, which commonly occurs in rats but has been experimentally transmitted to other rodents and rabbits. Infection is usually through the skin.
UI = D009559
Niridazole
AN = a schistosomicide
MS = An antischistosomal also used in the treatment of intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis and in dracunculiasis, administered orally. (Dorland, 28th ed.)
UI = D009560
Nisin
AN = a peptide antibiotic
MS = A 34-amino acid polypeptide antibiotic produced by Streptococcus lactis. It has been used as a food preservative in canned fruits and vegetables, and cheese.
UI = D009561
Nisoldipine
AN = a calcium channel blocker & antihypertensive
MS = 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4 (2-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid methyl 2-methylpropyl ester. Nisoldipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.
UI = D015737
Nissl Bodies
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
MS = Large granular basophilic bodies found in the cytoplasm of neurons, composed of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free polyribosomes. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009562
Nitracrine
AN = an antineoplastic
MS = Acridine antineoplastic agent used in mammary and ovarian tumors. It inhibits RNA synthesis.
UI = D009564
Nitrate Reductases
AN = do not confuse with NITRITE REDUCTASES
UI = D009565
Nitrates
AN = /physiol permitted for micro-organisms only
MS = Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.
UI = D009566
Nitrazepam
AN = an anti-anxiety agent & anticonvulsant
MS = 1,3-Dihydro-7-nitro-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.
UI = D009567
Nitrendipine
AN = a calcium channel blocker & antihypertensive
MS = Ethyl methyl 2,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4- (3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate. A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.
UI = D009568
Nitric Acid
AN = do not confuse with NITROUS ACID
MS = Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D017942
Nitric Oxide
MS = A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide mediates a variety of important biological processes including neurotransmission, and signal transduction. Exogenously administered nitric oxide can produce selective pulmonary vasodilation. Significant evidence suggests that nitric oxide may be the same compound as ENDOTHELIUM-DERIVED RELAXING FACTOR.
UI = D009569
Nitric Oxide Donors
MS = A diverse group of agents, with unique chemical structures and biochemical requirements, which generate NITRIC OXIDE. These compounds have been used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and the management of acute myocardial infarction, acute and chronic congestive heart failure, and surgical control of blood pressure. (Adv Pharmacol 1995;34:361-81)
UI = D020030
Nitric-Oxide Synthase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-arginine, NADPH, and oxygen to citrulline, nitric oxide, and NADP+. The enzyme found in brain, but not that induced in lung or liver by endotoxin, requires calcium. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.14.13.39.
UI = D019001
Nitriles
AN = organic cpds having -CN radical: differentiate from CYANIDES which are inorganic with -CN
MS = Organic compounds containing the -CN radical. The concept is distinguished from CYANIDES, which denotes inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE.
UI = D009570
Nitrilotriacetic Acid
MS = A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)
UI = D009571
Nitrite Reductases
AN = do not confuse with NITRATE REDUCTASES
MS = A group of enzymes that oxidize diverse nitrogenous substances to yield nitrite. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.
UI = D009572
Nitrites
MS = Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
UI = D009573
Nitro Compounds
AN = DF: NITRO CPDS
UI = D009574
Nitroanisole O-Demethylase
MS = Oxidative enzyme which transforms p-nitroanisole into p-nitrophenol.
UI = D009575
Nitroarginine
AN = an enzyme inhib
MS = An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6)
UI = D019335
Nitrobacter
AN = in soil, fresh & sea water
MS = A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that oxidizes nitrites to nitrates. Its organisms occur in aerobic environments where organic matter is being mineralized.
UI = D009576
Nitrobacteraceae
AN = in soil
MS = A family of gram-negative bacteria which derive energy from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite or nitrite to nitrate. Its organisms are commonly found in soil and fresh water.
UI = D009577
Nitrobenzenes
UI = D009578
Nitrobenzoates
MS = Benzoic acid or benzoic acid esters substituted with one or more nitro groups.
UI = D009579
Nitroblue Tetrazolium
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: NITRO BT
MS = 3,3'-(3,3'-Dimethoxy-4,4'-biphenylene)bis (2-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazolium. Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.
UI = D009580
Nitrofurans
AN = urinary anti-infectives
UI = D009581
Nitrofurantoin
AN = a urinary anti-infective
MS = A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.
UI = D009582
Nitrofurazone
AN = an anti-infective
MS = 2-((5-Nitro-2-furanyl)methylene)hydrazinecarboxamide. A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial wounds, burns, ulcers, and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of trypanosomiasis.
UI = D009583
Nitrogen
AN = N-14; /physiol permitted
MS = An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.
UI = D009584
Nitrogen Compounds
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: NITROGEN CPDS
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen as an integral part of the molecule.
UI = D017672
Nitrogen Dioxide
AN = a highly poisonous gas
MS = Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.
UI = D009585
Nitrogen Fixation
AN = by bacteria, fungi & blue-green algae
MS = Ability of certain bacteria, fungi, and blue-green algae to convert free atmospheric nitrogen to biologically usable forms (ammonia, nitrates, amino groups, etc.)
UI = D009586
Nitrogen Isotopes
AN = N-15; NIM; no qualif
MS = Stable nitrogen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element nitrogen, but differ in atomic weight. N-15 is a stable nitrogen isotope.
UI = D009587
Nitrogen Mustard Compounds
AN = alkyating antineoplastics; do not confuse with NITROGEN MUSTARD, a specific chemical; DF: NITROGEN MUSTARD CPDS
MS = A group of alkylating agents derived from mustard gas, with the sulfur replaced by nitrogen. They were formerly used as toxicants and vesicants, but now function as antineoplastic agents. These compounds are also powerful mutagens, teratogens, immunosuppressants, and carcinogens.
UI = D009588
Nitrogen Oxides
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NO = NITRIC OXIDE, N2O = NITROUS OXIDE, NO2 = NITROGEN DIOXIDE
MS = Inorganic oxides that contain nitrogen.
UI = D009589
Nitrogen Radioisotopes
AN = N-12, 13, 16, 17, 18; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)
MS = Unstable isotopes of nitrogen that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. N atoms with atomic weights 12, 13, 16, 17, and 18 are radioactive nitrogen isotopes.
UI = D009590
Nitrogenase
MS = An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.
UI = D009591
Nitrogenous Group Transferases
AN = DF: N GROUP TRANSFERASES
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of nitrogenous groups, primarily amino groups, from a donor, generally an amino acid, to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxoacid. EC 2.6.
UI = D019884
Nitroglycerin
AN = a vasodilator
MS = 1,2,3-Propanetriol trinitrate. A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected.
UI = D005996
Nitrohydroxyiodophenylacetate
AN = used in immunogenic specificity exper; D25-26 qualif; DF: note short X ref
MS = 3-Nitro-4-hydroxy-5-iodophenylacetate. Also called 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetate. A haptenic determinant that can be radiolabeled and used as salts and derivatives for investigations of immunogenic specificity studies.
UI = D009592
Nitroimidazoles
UI = D009593
Nitromifene
AN = an estrogen antag
MS = 1-(2-(4-(1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-nitro-2-phenylethenyl)phenoxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine. A non-steroidal estrogen antagonist (as the 1:1 citrate) most commonly used as a research tool in animal studies.
UI = D009594
Nitroparaffins
UI = D009595
Nitrophenols
UI = D009596
4-Nitrophenylphosphatase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of nitrophenyl phosphates to nitrophenols. At acid pH it is probably ACID PHOSPHATASE (EC 3.1.3.2); at alkaline pH it is probably ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (EC 3.1.3.1). EC 3.1.3.41.
UI = D009597
Nitrophenylgalactosides
MS = Includes ortho-, meta-, and para-nitrophenylgalactosides.
UI = D009598
Nitroprusside
AN = an antihypertensive & vasodilator; D25-26 qualif
MS = (OC-6-22)-Pentakis(cyano-C)nitrosoferrate(2-). A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins.
UI = D009599
4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide
AN = a carcinogen & mutagen; D25-26 qualif
MS = 4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide. A potent mutagen and carcinogen. This compound and its metabolite 4-HYDROXYAMINOQUINOLINE-1-OXIDE bind to nucleic acids. It inactivates bacteria but not bacteriophage.
UI = D015112
Nitroquinolines
MS = Quinolines substituted in any position by one or more nitro groups.
UI = D009600
Nitroreductases
MS = Enzymes which reduce nitro groups. A variety of compounds can act as acceptors. If NADH or NADPH are the acceptors, the enzymes are classified as EC 1.6.6.- .
UI = D009601
Nitrosamines
AN = carcinogens
MS = A class of compounds that contain a -NH2 and a -NO radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties.
UI = D009602
Nitrosation
AN = almost never IM; enzymatic nitrosation: coord NIM with NITRATES (IM) + substrate (NIM)
MS = Conversion into nitroso compounds. An example is the reaction of nitrites with amino compounds to form carcinogenic N-nitrosamines.
UI = D015538
Nitroso Compounds
AN = DF: NITROSO CPDS
UI = D009603
Nitrosoguanidines
UI = D009604
Nitrosomethylurethane
AN = a carcinogen; D26-26 qualif
MS = N-Methyl-N-nitrosourethane. An alkylating carcinogen that produces gastrointestinal and probably lung and nervous system tumors.
UI = D009605
Nitrosomonas
AN = in soil
MS = A genus of gram-negative, ellipsoidal or rod-shaped bacteria whose major source of energy and reducing power is from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite. Its species occur in soils, oceans, lakes, rivers, and sewage disposal systems.
UI = D009606
Nitrosourea Compounds
AN = DF: NITROSOUREA CPDS
UI = D009607
Nitrous Acid
AN = do not confuse with NITRIC ACID
MS = Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D009608
Nitrous Oxide
AN = an inhalation anesthetic & nonnarcotic analgesic
MS = Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.
UI = D009609
Nitrovin
MS = [(3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1-(2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)vinyl)allylidene)amino]guanidine monohydrochloride.
UI = D009610
Nitroxinil
AN = an anthelmintic
MS = 4-Hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrobenzonitrile. Proposed anthelmintic for fasciola and liver fluke infestations.
UI = D009611
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine
AN = a carcinogen; D25-26 qualif
MS = 1-Nitrosopyrrolidine. Carcinogenic nitrosamine that may be formed from preservatives in meats during their preparation or in the liver during metabolism.
UI = D009242
Nizatidine
AN = a histamine H2 antag & anti-ulcer agent
MS = A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.
UI = D016567
Noble Gases
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Gases which are members of the zero group of the periodic system. These gases generally do not react chemically.
UI = D005741
Nobel Prize
AN = no qualif; a single prize is given for medicine & physiol but do not coord with either MEDICINE or PHYSIOLOGY
UI = D009613
Nobelium
AN = man-made radioactive element; IM
MS = Nobelium. A man-made radioactive element of the actinide metal series. It has the atomic symbol No, atomic number 102, and atomic weight 259.
UI = D009614
Nocardia
AN = infection = NOCARDIA INFECTIONS
MS = A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria whose species are widely distributed and are abundant in soil. Some strains are pathogenic opportunists for man and animals.
UI = D009615
Nocardia asteroides
AN = infection: coord IM with NOCARDIA INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of bacterium of the family NOCARDIACEAE, producing pulmonary infections in man.
UI = D009616
Nocardia Infections
AN = gram-pos bact infect
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus NOCARDIA.
UI = D009617
Nocardiaceae
AN = in soil, animals & man
MS = A family of gram-positive, aerobic actinomycetes found in soil and animal tissue. Some species are the cause of infection in man and animals.
UI = D009618
Nocardioform Group
AN = a group of actinomycetes
MS = A group of actinomycetes that forms mycelia that break up into rod-shaped or coccoid elements. Certain genera in this group are pathogenic to man.
UI = D016928
Nociceptors
AN = sensory receptors for pain; DF: NOCICEPT
MS = Peripheral receptors for pain. Nociceptors include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. All nociceptors are free nerve endings.
UI = D009619
Nocodazole
AN = an antineoplastic
MS = (5-(2-Thienylcarbonyl) 1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)carbamic acid methyl ester. Nocodazole is an antineoplastic agent which exerts its effect by depolymerizing microtubules.
UI = D015739
Nodose Ganglion
AN = a ganglion of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve; neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = The inferior (caudal) ganglion of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. The unipolar nodose ganglion cells are sensory cells with central projections to the medulla and peripheral processes traveling in various branches of the vagus nerve.
UI = D009620
Nogalamycin
AN = a proposed antineoplastic antibiotic
MS = An antineoplastic agent from a Streptomyces nogalater variant. It is a cytolytic antibiotic that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by binding to DNA and has some antibacterial action.
UI = D009621
Noise
AN = restrict to noise as a type of sound: do not use for "noise" as artifacts or interference with data in various techniques or electrical interference ( = ELECTRICITY); /adv eff: consider also HEARING LOSS, NOISE-INDUCED/
UI = D009622
Noise, Occupational
AN = coord IM with specific occupation (IM) if pertinent; consider also HEARING LOSS, NOISE-INDUCED; DF: NOISE OCCUP
MS = Noise present in occupational, industrial, and factory situations.
UI = D009623
Noise, Transportation
AN = coord IM with specific mode of transport (AIRCRAFT, AUTOMOBILES, RAILROADS, etc.) (IM); consider also HEARING LOSS, NOISE-INDUCED
MS = Noise associated with transportation, particularly aircraft and automobiles.
UI = D009624
Noma
AN = severe gangrene of gingiva often spreading to face
MS = A severe gangrenous process occurring predominantly in debilitated and malnourished children, especially in underdeveloped countries. It typically begins as a small vesicle or ulcer on the gingiva that rapidly becomes necrotic and spreads to produce extensive destruction of the buccal and labial mucosa and tissues of the face, which may result in severe disfigurement and even death. Various bacteria have been implicated in the etiology. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009625
Nomifensine
AN = a dopamine uptake inhib
MS = 8-Amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-phenylisoquinoline. An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266)
UI = D009627
Nonachlazine
AN = a vasodilator
MS = 2-Chloro-10-(3-(hexahydropyrrolo(1,2-a) pyrazin-2-(1H)-oxopropyl-10H-phenothiazine. Coronary vasodilator with a novel mechanism of action; proposed as antianginal agent.
UI = D009628
Nondirective Therapy
AN = a psychother technique; DF: NONDIRECTIVE THER
MS = A procedure in which the therapist refrains from directing the client, but instead reflects back to the client what the latter has said, sometimes restating the client's remark.
UI = D009629
Nondisjunction, Genetic
AN = a chromosome aberration; no qualif
MS = The failure of homologous chromosomes or chromatids to segregate during mitotic or meiotic cell division with the result that one daughter cell has two chromosomes or two chromatids and the other has none.
UI = D009630
Nonheme Iron Proteins
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Proteins, usually acting in oxidation-reduction reactions, containing iron but no porphyrin groups. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1993, pG-10)
UI = D019159
Nonlinear Dynamics
AN = a math principle applied to theoret models
MS = The study of systems which respond disproportionately (nonlinearly) to initial conditions or perturbing stimuli. Nonlinear systems may exhibit "chaos" which is classically characterized as sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Chaotic systems, while distinguished from more ordered periodic systems, are not random. When their behavior over time is appropriately displayed (in "phase space"), constraints are evident which are described by "strange attractors". Phase space representations of chaotic systems, or strange attractors, usually reveal fractal (FRACTALS) self-similarity across time scales. Natural, including biological, systems often display nonlinear dynamics and chaos.
UI = D017711
Nonodontogenic Cysts
AN = non-neoplastic; of jaw; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/dis term (IM)
MS = Cysts formed from epithelial inclusions in the lines of fusion of the embryonic processes which form the jaws. They include nasopalatine or incisive canal cyst, incisive papilla cyst, globulomaxillary cyst, median palatal cyst, median alveolar cyst, median mandibular cyst, and nasoalveolar cyst.
UI = D009631
Nonoxynol
AN = a surfactant; D25-26 qualif
MS = alpha-(4-Nonylphenyl)-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl). Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams.
UI = D017137
Nonsuppressible Insulin-Like Activity
AN = note category; a blood protein mimicking blood insulin
MS = A blood protein (NSILA) which mimics the biological activity of insulin in serum, but is not suppressed by insulin antibodies. During acid-ethanol extraction of Cohn fraction III, 10% of the activity is found in the supernatant (NSILA-S) and the remaining activity in the precipitate (NSILA-P). The latter is a large molecular compound, much less stable than the soluble fraction. NSILA-S is a more potent growth factor than insulin and exhibits sulfation activity.
UI = D009632
Nonverbal Communication
AN = human only; for animals use ANIMAL COMMUNICATION or VOCALIZATION, ANIMAL; consider also MANUAL COMMUNICATION & SIGN LANGUAGE
MS = Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language.
UI = D009633
No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level
AN = NIM; coord with specific drug /tox (IM); DF: note short X refs
MS = The highest dosage administered that does not produce toxic effects. The NOAEL will depend on how closely dosages are spaced (lowest-observed-adverse-effect level and no-observed-effect level) and the number of animals examined. The ultimate objective is usually to determine not the "safe" dosage in laboratory animals but the "safe" dosage for humans. Therefore, the extrapolation most often required of toxicologists is from high-dosage studies in laboratory animals to low doses in humans. (Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 4th ed)
UI = D019055
Noonan Syndrome
AN = a syndrome of multiple abnorm; connective tissue dis; in males & females; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A multifaceted disorder due to a basic defect of connective tissue. It is characterized by short stature, webbed neck, ptosis, skeletal malformations, hypertelorism, hormonal imbalance, cryptorchidism, multiple cardiac abnormalities (most commonly including pulmonary valve stenosis), and some degree of mental retardation. The phenotype resembles that of Turner's syndrome; however, Noonan syndrome occurs in both males and females, and no chromosomal abnormality has been found. Nevertheless, familial studies suggest that the trait is inherited as an autosomal dominant.
UI = D009634
Nootropic Agents
AN = CNS agents; from Greek nous, mind; GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics
MS = Drugs used to specifically facilitate learning or memory, particularly to prevent the cognitive deficits associated with dementias. These drugs act by a variety of mechanisms. While no potent nootropic drugs have yet been accepted for general use, several are being actively investigated.
UI = D018697
Norandrostanes
MS = Androstanes in which ring contractions have occurred or which are lacking carbon-18. Compounds with any degree of unsaturation are included. Androstanes which are lacking carbon-19 are ESTRANES.
UI = D009635
Norbornanes
AN = includes norbornenes
UI = D009636
Nordazepam
AN = an anti-anxiety agent & central muscle relaxant
MS = An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.
UI = D003708
Nordefrin
AN = a vasoconstrictor
MS = A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.
UI = D008771
Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid
AN = a lipoxygenase inhib; DF: NDGA
MS = A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.
UI = D009637
Norepinephrine
AN = secreted by the adrenal medulla; a neurotransmitter
MS = Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.
UI = D009638
Norethandrolone
AN = an anabolic steroid
MS = 17-Hydroxy-19-norpregn-4-en-3-one. A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.
UI = D009639
Norethindrone
AN = a synthetic progestational hormone
MS = (l7 alpha)-17 Hydroxy-19-norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for contraception.
UI = D009640
Norethynodrel
AN = a synthetic progestational hormone
MS = (17 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-19-norpregn-5(10)-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and endometriosis. As a contraceptive, it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.
UI = D009641
Norfenfluramine
AN = a serotonin uptake inhib & appetite depressant
MS = A FENFLURAMINE analog that inhibits serotonin uptake and may provoke release of serotonin. It is used as an appetite depressant and an experimental tool in animal studies.
UI = D009642
Norfloxacin
AN = an anti-infective
MS = 1-Ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid. Quinoline-derived synthetic antibacterial agent with a very broad spectrum of action. Oral administration yields highly bactericidal plasma, tissue, and urine levels. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA-gyrase and is used in gastrointestinal, eye, and urinary infections.
UI = D009643
Norgestrel
AN = a synthetic progestational hormone
MS = (+-)-13-Ethyl-17-hydroxy-18,19-dinorpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A progestational agent with actions similar to those of progesterone. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive and ovulation inhibitor and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.
UI = D009644
Norgestrienone
AN = a synthetic progestational hormone
MS = 17-Hydroxy-19-nor-17 alpha-pregna-4,9,11-trien-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid with progestational and contraceptive activities.
UI = D009645
Norleucine
UI = D009646
Normal Distribution
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
MS = Continuous frequency distribution of infinite range. Its properties are as follows: 1) continuous, symmetrical distribution with both tails extending to infinity; 2) arithmetic mean, mode, and median identical; and 3) shape completely determined by the mean and standard deviation.
UI = D016011
Normetanephrine
MS = A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.
UI = D009647
Norpregnadienes
MS = Pregnadienes which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19.
UI = D009649
Norpregnanes
AN = do not confuse with NORPREGNENES
MS = Pregnanes which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19. Unsaturation in the steroid ring system is not included.
UI = D009650
Norpregnatrienes
MS = Pregnatrienes which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19.
UI = D009651
Norpregnenes
AN = do not confuse with NORPREGNANES
MS = Pregnenes with one double bond or more than three double bonds which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19..
UI = D009652
Norprogesterones
MS = Progesterones which have undergone ring contraction or which are lacking carbon 18 or 19.
UI = D009653
Norsteroids
MS = Steroids which have undergone contraction in ring size or reduction in side chains.
UI = D009654
North America
AN = includes Mexico
UI = D009656
North Carolina
UI = D009657
North Dakota
UI = D009658
North Sea
AN = no qualif
UI = D009659
Northern Ireland
AN = capital, Belfast; differentiate from IRELAND (Irish Free State, Eire)
UI = D009660
Northern Territory
AN = a territory of Australia; do not confuse with NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, a division of Canada
MS = A territory in north central Australia, east of the state of Queensland. Its capital is Darwin. Originally a part of New South Wales, it was annexed to South Australia in 1863, entered the Commonwealth as part of it in 190l, transferred to the Commonwealth in 1911, divided in 1927, but was reestablished in 1931. It was granted self government within the Commonwealth of Australia in 1978. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p864)
UI = D015876
Northwest Territories
AN = a division of northwestern Canada; do not confuse with NORTHERN TERRITORY in Australia
MS = A federally administered division of Canada, consisting of the mainland between the Yukon Territory in the west and Hudson Bay on the east, the islands in the Hudson, James, and Ungava Bays, and all islands north of the mainland. Its capital is Yellowknife. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p867)
UI = D015873
Northwestern United States
AN = includes Idaho, Mont, Ore, Wash, Wyo; specify as needed but use NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES when text uses the term; do not confuse with PACIFIC STATES: see note there; DF: note short X ref CATALOG: use for 4 or more states
MS = The geographic area of the northwestern region of the United States. The states usually included in this region are Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming.
UI = D015205
Nortriptyline
AN = an antidepressant
MS = A metabolite of AMITRYPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.
UI = D009661
Nortropanes
UI = D009662
Norwalk Virus
AN = a species of Calicivirus; isolated from cases of gastroenteritis in Norwalk, Ohio; infection: coord IM with CALICIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + probably GASTROENTERITIS (IM)
MS = An RNA virus species in the genus CALICIVIRUS, isolated from the stools of school children in Norwalk, Ohio, who were suffering from gastroenteritis in 1968. The virions are non-enveloped spherical particles containing a single protein.
UI = D009663
Norway
UI = D009664
Noscapine
AN = an antitussive
MS = A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.
UI = D009665
Nose
AN = "nose" unspecified as NASAL BONE or NASAL CAVITY; /abnorm permitted for congen deform but acquired deform = NOSE DEFORMITIES, ACQUIRED; /secret = NASAL MUCOSA /secret; /surg: consider also RHINOPLASTY
MS = A specialized structure that serves as an organ of the sense of smell as well as part of the respiratory system; the term includes both the external nose and the nasal cavity.
UI = D009666
Nose Deformities, Acquired
AN = = deformities acquired from inj or dis; congenital deformities = NOSE /abnorm & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
MS = Deformities of the nose acquired after birth from injury or disease.
UI = D009667
Nose Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = RHINITIS
MS = Disorders of the nose, general or unspecified.
UI = D009668
Nose Neoplasms
AN = soft or bony tissue but see note under NOSE; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with specific site in nose (NIM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D009669
Nosema
AN = a genus of protozoa; note NOSEMA CUNICULI see ENCEPHALITOZOON CUNICULI; infection: coord IM with MICROSPORA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A genus of parasitic protozoa. Some species are pathogenic for invertebrates of economic importance while others are being researched for possible roles in controlling pest insects.
UI = D016818
Nostrums
AN = a quack or secret remedy; D25-26 qualif; do not confuse with PATENT MEDICINES or DRUGS, NON-PRESCRIPTION
UI = D009671
Notochord
AN = read MeSH definition
MS = The rod-shaped body, composed of cells derived from the mesoblast and defining the primitive axis of the embryo. In lower vertebrates, it persists throughout life as the main axial support of the body, but in higher vertebrates it is replaced by the vertebral column.
UI = D009672
Notophthalmus
AN = a genus of newts
MS = A genus of newts of the Salamandridae family found in North America in areas east of the 100th meridian. A common species is NOTOPHTHALMUS VIRIDESCENS.
UI = D019185
Notophthalmus viridescens
AN = a species of newt; NIM as exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
MS = A species of newt in the Salamandridae family in which the larvae transform into terrestrial eft stage and later into an aquatic adult. They occur from Canada to southern United States. Viridescens refers to the greenish color often found in this species.
UI = D009673
Nova Scotia
AN = a province of eastern Canada
MS = A province of eastern Canada, one of the Maritime Provinces with NEW BRUNSWICK, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, and sometimes NEWFOUNDLAND. Its capital is Halifax. The territory was granted in 1621 by James I to the Scotsman Sir William Alexander and was called Nova Scotia, the Latin for New Scotland. The territory had earlier belonged to the French, under the name of Acadia. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p871 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p384)
UI = D009674
Novobiocin
MS = An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. It has a spectrum of action against gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, and some gram-negative organisms including Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria spp. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189)
UI = D009675
Noxae
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Agents capable of exerting a harmful effect on the body.
UI = D009676
Noxythiolin
AN = an anti-infective
MS = 1-(Hydroxymethyl)-3-methyl-2-thiourea. Local antibacterial that probably acts by releasing formaldehyde in aqueous solutions. It is used for irrigation of infected body cavities - bladder, peritoneum, etc. and as a spray for burns.
UI = D009677
Nuclear Energy
AN = nuclear power plants: see note & X ref at POWER PLANTS
MS = Energy released by nuclear fission or nuclear fusion.
UI = D009678
Nuclear Family
AN = parents & children: does not include grandparents
MS = A family composed of spouses and their children.
UI = D009679
Nuclear Fission
AN = no qualif; do not confuse with NUCLEAR FUSION
MS = Nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of a heavy atom such as uranium or plutonium is split into two approximately equal parts by a neutron, charged particle, or photon.
UI = D009680
Nuclear Fusion
AN = no qualif; do not confuse with NUCLEAR FISSION
MS = Thermonuclear reaction in which the nuclei of an element of low atomic weight unite under extremely high temperature and pressure to form a nucleus of a heavier atom.
UI = D009681
Nuclear Localization Signal
MS = Short, predominantly basic amino acid sequences identified as nuclear import signals for some proteins. These sequences are believed to interact with specific receptors at nuclear pores.
UI = D019913
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
AN = a type of spectrum anal; NIM; index under element or isotope used in performing the NMR only if pertinent (probably NIM); NMR of organs: coord with organ /anat or /pathol as pertinent; in biochem or metab studies in dis, coord NMR /diag use with disease /diag (not /radiogr nor /radionuclide) or disease /metab + organ /metab; DF: NMR
MS = Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of atomic nuclei in a covalent bond. Clinical application is in biochemical, metabolic, and physiologic studies of living tissue. It includes proton and electron spin-echo and spin-relaxation times.
UI = D009682
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular
MS = NMR spectroscopy on small- to medium-size biological macromolecules. This is often used for structural investigation of proteins and nucleic acids, and often involves more than one isotope.
UI = D019906
Nuclear Matrix
AN = NIM; IM only if point of article irrespective of identity of cell (NIM); A 11 qualif except /cytol /transpl; /genet permitted
MS = The fibrogranular network of residual structural elements within which are immersed both chromatin and ribonucleoproteins. It extends throughout the nuclear interior from the nucleolus to the nuclear pore complexes along the nuclear periphery.
UI = D015530
Nuclear Medicine
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: NUCLEAR MED
MS = A specialty field of radiology concerned with diagnostic, therapeutic, and investigative use of radioactive compounds in a pharmaceutical form.
UI = D009683
Nuclear Medicine Department, Hospital
AN = restrict to radioisotope diag & ther serv: do not confuse with RADIOLOGY DEPARTMENT, HOSPITAL (x-ray & radiocobalt only); DF: NUCLEAR MED DEP
MS = Hospital department responsible for the administration and management of nuclear medicine services.
UI = D009684
Nuclear Membrane
AN = NIM; IM only if point of article irrespective of identity of cell (NIM); A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
MS = An intracellular structure, consisting of two concentric membranes, enclosing the nucleoplasm and separating it from the cytoplasm. The areas where these two membranes fuse are called nuclear pore complexes.
UI = D009685
Nuclear Physics
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D009686
Nuclear Proteins
AN = proteins in the cell nucleus: do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS (proteins conjugated with nucleic acids)
MS = Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.
UI = D009687
Nuclear Reactors
AN = RADIONUCLIDE GENERATORS is also available; nuclear power plants does not go here: see note & X ref at POWER PLANTS
MS = Devices containing fissionable material in sufficient quantity and so arranged as to be capable of maintaining a controlled, self-sustaining nuclear fission chain reaction. They are also known as atomic piles, atomic reactors, fission reactors, and nuclear piles, although such names are deprecated. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
UI = D009688
Nuclear Warfare
MS = Warfare involving the use of nuclear weapons.
UI = D009689
Nucleic Acid Conformation
AN = coord with DNA or RNA or specific
MS = The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.
UI = D009690
Nucleic Acid Denaturation
AN = IM general only; coord NIM with DNA or RNA or specific (IM)
MS = Disorganization of secondary structures of nucleic acids through cleavage of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic linkages. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.
UI = D009691
Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes
AN = coord with specific DNA or RNA or both (IM)
MS = Double-stranded nucleic acid molecules (DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA) which contain regions of nucleotide mismatches (non-complementary). In vivo, these heteroduplexes can result from mutation or genetic recombination; in vitro, they are formed by nucleic acid hybridization. Electron microscopic analysis of the resulting heteroduplexes facilitates the mapping of regions of base sequence homology of nucleic acids.
UI = D009692
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
AN = IM general only; coord NIM with DNA or RNA or specific (IM); IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION & IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION, FLUORESCENCE are available
MS = Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503; Dorlands, 28th ed, p781)
UI = D009693
Nucleic Acid Precursors
AN = IM; coord with DNA or RNA or specific (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Use for nucleic acid precursors in general or for which there is no specific heading.
UI = D009694
Nucleic Acid Probes
AN = GEN: prefer specific DNA & RNA probes; usually no qualif
MS = Nucleic acid which complements a specific mRNA or DNA molecule, or fragment thereof; used for hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms and for genetic studies.
UI = D015341
Nucleic Acid Renaturation
AN = IM general only; coord NIM with DNA or RNA or specific (IM)
MS = The reformation of all, or part of, the native conformation of a nucleic acid molecule after the molecule has undergone denaturation.
UI = D009695
Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
AN = despite X refs, coord IM with DNA /biosyn (IM) or RNA /biosyn (IM) or specific nucleic acid /biosyn (IM); DF: NUCLEIC ACID SYN INHIB
MS = Compounds that inhibit cell production of DNA or RNA.
UI = D019384
Nucleic Acids
AN = GEN: prefer RNA & DNA whether Priority 1, 2 or 3 article; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Highly complex portions of nucleoproteins that yield a mixture of purines and pyrimidines, a ribose or deoxyribose component, and phosphoric acid on complete hydrolysis. The two general types are ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (Claudio & Lagua, Nutrition and Diet Therapy Dictionary, 3d ed)
UI = D009696
Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides
AN = not used for indexing; NUCLEIC ACIDS, NUCLEOTIDES, & NUCLEOSIDES are available CATALOG: do not use
MS = Complex compounds of high molecular weight occurring in living cells. These are basically of two types, ribonucleic (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic (DNA) acids, both of which consist of nucleotides (nucleoside phosphates linked together by phosphate bridges).
UI = D009706
Nucleocapsid
AN = a protein-nucleic acid complex of a virion
MS = A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a CAPSID plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope.
UI = D019251
Nucleocapsid Proteins
MS = Viral proteins found in either the NUCLEOCAPSID or the viral core (VIRAL CORE PROTEINS).
UI = D019590
Nucleolus Organizer Region
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol /transpl; /genet permitted
MS = The chromosome region which is active in nucleolus formation and which functions in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA.
UI = D009697
Nucleopolyhedrovirus
AN = a genus of insect viruses of the family Baculoviridae; coord IM with specific insect /virol (IM)
MS = A genus of the family BACULOVIRIDAE, subfamily Eubaculovirinae, characterized by the formation of crystalline, polyhedral occlusion bodies in the host cell nucleus. The type species is Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus.
UI = D017924
Nucleoproteins
AN = proteins conjugated with nucleic acids: do not confuse with NUCLEAR PROTEINS (proteins in the cell nucleus)
MS = Proteins conjugated with nucleic acids.
UI = D009698
Nucleosidases
UI = D009699
Nucleoside Deaminases
AN = do not confuse with NUCLEOTIDE DEAMINASES
MS = Catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleosides with the elimination of ammonia.
UI = D009700
Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase
MS = An enzyme that is found in mitochondria and in the soluble cytoplasm of cells. It catalyzes reversible reactions of a nucleoside triphosphate, e.g., ATP, with a nucleoside diphosphate, e.g., UDP, to form ADP and UTP. Many nucleoside diphosphates can act as acceptor, while many ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates can act as donor. EC 2.7.4.6.
UI = D009701
Nucleoside Diphosphate Sugars
UI = D009702
Nucleoside-Phosphate Kinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversible reactions of a nucleoside triphosphate, e.g., ATP, with a nucleoside monophosphate, e.g., UMP, to form ADP and UDP. Many nucleoside monophosphates can act as acceptor while many ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates can act as donor. EC 2.7.4.4.
UI = D009703
Nucleoside Q
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = (1S-(1 alpha,4 beta,5 beta))-2-Amino-5-(((4,5-dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)amino)methyl)-1,7-dihydro-7-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-4H-pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidin-4-one. A modified nucleoside which is present in the first position of the anticodon of tRNA-tyrosine, tRNA-histidine, tRNA-asparagine and tRNA-aspartic acid of many organisms. It is believed to play a role in the regulatory function of tRNA. Nucleoside Q can be further modified to nucleoside Q*, which has a mannose or galactose moiety linked to position 4 of its cyclopentenediol moiety.
UI = D009704
Nucleosides
AN = nucleoside phosphates = NUCLEOTIDES
MS = Purine or pyrimidine bases attached to a ribose or deoxyribose. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
UI = D009705
5'-Nucleotidase
MS = A glycoprotein enzyme present in various organs and in many cells. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of a 5'-ribonucleotide to a ribonucleoside and orthophosphate in the presence of water. It is cation-dependent and exists in a membrane-bound and soluble form. EC 3.1.3.5.
UI = D015720
Nucleosomes
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
MS = The repeating structural units of chromatin, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound around a protein core. This core is composed of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.
UI = D009707
Nucleotidases
MS = A class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.-.
UI = D009708
Nucleotide Deaminases
AN = do not confuse with NUCLEOSIDE DEAMINASES
MS = Catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleotides with the elimination of ammonia.
UI = D009709
Nucleotide Mapping
AN = 2-dimensional separation & anal of nucleotides
MS = Two-dimensional separation and analysis of nucleotides.
UI = D009710
Nucleotides
AN = pyridine nucleotides are probably NAD or NADP; /anal: consider also NUCLEOTIDE MAPPING
MS = The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
UI = D009711
Nucleotides, Cyclic
UI = D009712
Nucleotidyltransferases
MS = A class of enzymes that transfers nucleotidyl residues. EC 2.7.7.
UI = D009713
Nucleus Accumbens
MS = The largest neuronal nucleus in the septal region of the diencephalon.
UI = D009714
Nudism
MS = The cult or practice of living unclothed for reasons of health. In psychology it may refer to a morbid tendency of an individual to remove his or her clothing. (Webster, 3d ed; from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
UI = D009715
Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted
AN = IM
MS = Computer-assisted study of methods for obtaining useful quantitative solutions to problems that have been expressed mathematically.
UI = D009716
Numismatics
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; note X ref MEDALS: do not confuse a medal as a piece of metal (usually in the form of a coin) with a medal awarded for an accomplishment ( = AWARDS AND PRIZES); coin collecting as a hobby: coord IM with HOBBIES (IM); indexing policy: TN 245
MS = Study of coins, tokens, medals, etc. However, it usually refers to medals pertaining to the history of medicine.
UI = D009717
Nurse Administrators
AN = do not confuse with HEAD NURSES see NURSING, SUPERVISORY; in British jrnls "matron" goes here but nursing "sisters" go under NURSING, SUPERVISORY
MS = Nurses professionally qualified in administration.
UI = D009718
Nurse Anesthetists
MS = Professional nurses who have completed postgraduate training in the administration of anesthetics and who function under the responsibility of the operating surgeon.
UI = D009719
Nurse Clinicians
MS = Registered nurses who hold Master's degrees in nursing with an emphasis in clinical nursing and who function independently in coordinating plans for patient care.
UI = D009720
Nurse Midwives
AN = check also tag PREGNANCY
MS = Professional nurses who have received postgraduate training in midwifery.
UI = D009721
Nurse Practitioners
MS = Nurses who are specially trained to assume an expanded role in providing medical care under the supervision of a physician.
UI = D009722
Nurse-Patient Relations
AN = no qualif; DF: NURSE PATIENT RELAT
MS = Interaction between the patient and nurse.
UI = D009723
Nurseries
AN = in hosp = NURSERIES, HOSPITAL; check also tag INFANT
MS = Facilities which provide care for infants.
UI = D009724
Nurseries, Hospital
AN = check also tag INFANT, NEWBORN
MS = Hospital facilities which provide care for newborn infants.
UI = D009725
Nurses
AN = relation to nurs specialties: Manual 34.11.3 CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Professionals qualified by education at an accredited school of nursing and licensed by state law to practice nursing. They provide services to patients requiring assistance in recovering or maintaining their physical or mental health.
UI = D009726
Nurses, Male
AN = relation to nurs specialties: Manual 34.11.3; use of check tags: Manual 34.6
MS = Nurses of the male sex.
UI = D009727
Nurses' Aides
MS = Allied health personnel who assist the professional nurse in routine duties.
UI = D009728
Nurses' Instruction [Publication Type]
MS = Materials developed for a nursing audience.
UI = D020488
Nursing
AN = the nursing profession only: NURSING CARE is for patients; /legislation & jurisprudence = LEGISLATION, NURSING or NURSING (IM) + JURISPRUDENCE (IM); available is /nurs: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.48; DF: NURS CATALOG: do not use /in inf ( = PEDIATRIC NURSING) /in old age ( = GERIATRIC NURSING)
MS = The field of nursing care concerned with the promotion, maintenance, and restoration of health.
UI = D009729
Nursing Administration Research
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: NURS ADMIN RESEARCH CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Research concerned with establishing costs of nursing care, examining the relationships between nursing services and quality patient care, and viewing problems of nursing service delivery within the broader context of policy analysis and delivery of health services (from a national study, presented at the 1985 Council on Graduate Education for Administration in Nursing (CGEAN) meeting).
UI = D015401
Nursing Assessment
AN = to evaluate nature & extent of nurs problems of patient to plan patient care; do not confuse with NURSING AUDIT (to evaluate quality of nurs care); DF: NURS ASSESS
MS = Evaluation of the nature and extent of nursing problems presented by a patient for the purpose of patient care planning.
UI = D009730
Nursing Audit
AN = to evaluate quality of nurs care; do not confuse with NURSING ASSESSMENT (to evaluate nurs problems of patient to plan care); DF: NURS AUDIT
MS = A detailed review and evaluation of selected clinical records by qualified professional personnel for evaluating quality of nursing care.
UI = D009731
Nursing Care
AN = GEN & for patients only: NURSING is for the nursing profession; /legislation & jurisprudence = LEGISLATION, NURSING or NURSING (IM) + JURISPRUDENCE (IM); prefer /nursing: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.48; DF: NURS CARE CATALOG: form qualif permitted
MS = Care given to patients by nursing service personnel.
UI = D009732
Nursing Diagnosis
AN = based on nurs assessment: see MeSH definition; DF: NURS DIAG
MS = Conclusions derived from the nursing assessment that establish a health status profile for the patient and from which nursing interventions may be ordered.
UI = D009733
Nursing Education Research
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: NURS EDUC RESEARCH CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Investigations into the problems of integrating research findings into nursing curricula, developing problem solving skills, finding approaches to clinical teaching, determining the level of practice by graduates from different basic preparations, etc.
UI = D015402
Nursing Evaluation Research
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: NURS EVALUATION RESEARCH CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Research carried out by nurses that uses interviews, data collection, observation, surveys, etc., to evaluate nursing, health, clinical, and nursing education programs and curricula, and which also demonstrates the value of such evaluation.
UI = D015403
Nursing Faculty Practice
AN = clin practice by nurs faculty to maintain balanced professional activities; DF: NURS FACULTY PRACTICE
MS = Clinical practice by members of the nursing faculty in order to maintain a balance in their nursing activities--clinical, education, and research.
UI = D009734
Nursing Homes
AN = nursing homes for the aged: coord IM with HOMES FOR THE AGED (IM); DF: NURS HOMES CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Facilities which provide nursing supervision and limited medical care to persons who do not require hospitalization.
UI = D009735
Nursing Methodology Research
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: NURS METHODOL RESEARCH CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Research carried out by nurses concerning techniques and methods to implement projects and to document information, including methods of interviewing patients, collecting data, and forming inferences. The concept includes exploration of methodological issues such as human subjectivity and human experience.
UI = D015404
Nursing Process
AN = "total of nursing care activities"; do not confuse with NURSING (the profession), NURSING CARE (the patient), NURSING SERVICES; DF: NURS PROCESS
MS = The sum total of nursing activities which includes assessment (identifying needs), intervention (ministering to needs), and evaluation (validating the effectiveness of the help given).
UI = D009736
Nursing Records
AN = FORMS AND RECORDS CONTROL, also available, is probably NIM when coord; DF: NURS RECORDS
MS = Data recorded by nurses concerning the nursing care given to the patient, including judgment of the patient's progress.
UI = D009737
Nursing Research
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: NURS RESEARCH CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Research carried out by nurses, generally in clinical settings, in the areas of clinical practice, evaluation, nursing education, nursing administration, and methodology.
UI = D015399
Nursing Service, Hospital
AN = hosp only: non-hosp nurs serv = NURSING SERVICES; DF: NURS SERV HOSP
MS = The hospital department which is responsible for the organization and administration of nursing activities.
UI = D009738
Nursing Services
AN = GEN or unspecified as hosp nurs services ( = NURSING SERVICES, HOSPITAL); IM; DF: NURS SERV CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = A general concept referring to the organization and administration of nursing activities.
UI = D009739
Nursing Staff
AN = other than in hosp; in hosp = NURSING STAFF, HOSPITAL; coord IM with nurs or med milieu (IM); DF: NURS STAFF
MS = Personnel who provide nursing service to patients in an organized facility, institution, or agency.
UI = D009740
Nursing Staff, Hospital
AN = hosp only: non-hosp nurs staff = NURSING STAFF; DF: NURS STAFF HOSP
MS = Personnel who provide nursing service to patients in a hospital.
UI = D009741
Nursing Theory
AN = no qualif; DF: NURS THEORY
MS = Concepts, definitions, and propositions applied to the study of various phenomena which pertain to nursing and nursing research.
UI = D009742
Nursing, Practical
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: NURS PRACTICAL
MS = The practice of nursing by licensed, non-registered persons qualified to provide routine care to the sick.
UI = D009743
Nursing, Private Duty
AN = IM; coord with specific nurs specialty (IM); DF: NURS PRIVATE DUTY
MS = The practice of nursing by a registered or licensed nurse to care for a specific patient in a health facility or in the home.
UI = D009744
Nursing, Supervisory
AN = IM; in British jnls nursing "sisters" go here but "matron" goes under NURSE ADMINISTRATORS; DF: NURS SUPERVISORY
MS = Administration of nursing services for one or more clinical units.
UI = D009745
Nursing, Team
AN = IM; consider also PATIENT CARE TEAM; DF: NURS TEAM CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Coordination of nursing services by various nursing care personnel under the leadership of a professional nurse. The team may consist of a professional nurse, nurses' aides, and the practical nurse.
UI = D009746
Nutrition
AN = = why you eat & what happens to food after you eat it; FOOD = substance eaten; DIET = what you eat, when, how much, etc.; don't forget ADOLESCENT NUTRITION, CHILD NUTRITION & INFANT NUTRITION also available; nutrition of animals = ANIMAL NUTRITION; clinical nutrition as a specialty goes here CATALOG: do not use /in inf ( = CHILD NUTRITION or INFANT NUTRITION) /in adolesc ( = ADOLESCENT NUTRITION)
MS = The science of food, the nutrients and other substances contained therein, their action, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease.
UI = D009747
Nutrition Assessment
AN = no qualif; do not confuse with NUTRITION SURVEYS: survey refers to a population in a given geog area, assessment refers to an individual; DF: NUTRITION ASSESS
MS = Evaluation and measurement of nutritional variables in order to assess the level of nutrition or the nutritional status of the individual. Nutrition surveys may be used in making the assessment.
UI = D015596
Nutrition Disorders
AN = differentiate from DEFICIENCY DISEASES (results from deficient intake) & METABOLIC DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf ( = CHILD NUTRITION DISORDERS or INFANT NUTRITION DISORDERS)
UI = D009748
Nutrition Policy
AN = govt guidelines on public food supply & nutrition CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Governmental guidelines and objectives pertaining to public food supply and nutrition including recommendations for healthy diet and changes in food habits to ensure healthy diet.
UI = D018673
Nutrition Surveys
AN = no qualif; TN 97: caution against word "survey"; do not confuse with NUTRITION ASSESSMENT: survey refers to a population in a given geog area, assessment refers to an individual CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to the nutritional status of a human population within a given geographic area. Data from these surveys are used in preparing NUTRITION ASSESSMENTs.
UI = D009749
Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases
AN = not used for indexing; CATALOG: do not use
MS = A collective term for nutritional disorders (result of poor assimilation or utilization of food) and metabolic disorders (result of poor metabolism or inherited enzyme abnormality).
UI = D009750
Nutritional Requirements
AN = no qualif; NIM when specific nutrient is IM; not for nutritional requirements of bacteria, etc. ( = microorganism /growth or /metab or /physiol)
UI = D009751
Nutritional Status
AN = restrict to humans & Cat B2
MS = State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients.
UI = D009752
Nutritional Support
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include FLUID THERAPY which normalizes body fluids to restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
UI = D018529
Nutritive Value
AN = NIM; coord with specific food (IM); no qualif
MS = An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing.
UI = D009753
Nuts
AN = as seed & as tasty edible; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2
MS = Dry fruit consisting of an edible kernel or meat enclosed in a woody or leathery shell.
UI = D009754
Night Blindness
MS = Failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009755
Nylidrin
AN = a vasodilator & tocolytic
MS = A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.
UI = D009756
Nylons
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = Polymers where the main polymer chain comprises recurring amide groups. These compounds are generally formed from combinations of diamines, diacids, and amino acids and yield fibers, sheeting, or extruded forms used in textiles, gels, filters, sutures, contact lenses, and other biomaterials.
UI = D009757
Nymph
AN = NIM; for metamorphosing arthropods only; do not use /embryol with ref to nymph
MS = The immature stage in the life cycle of those orders of insects characterized by gradual metamorphosis, in which the young resemble the imago in general form of body, including compound eyes and external wings; also the 8-legged stage of mites and ticks that follows the first moult.
UI = D009758
Nystagmus
AN = disord of ocular motility: do not confuse with NYSTAGMUS, PHYSIOLOGIC nor with nystagmography, the recording of EYE MOVEMENTS or ELECTRONYSTAGMOGRAPHY
MS = An involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement of the eyeball, which may be horizontal, vertical, rotatory, or mixed. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009759
Nystagmus, Optokinetic
AN = a type of physiol nystagmus
MS = The normal or physiological nystagmus induced by the attempt to fixate objects moving rapidly across the field of vision. It occurs, for example, when viewing objects from a moving railroad car or automobile. It is also called railroad nystagmus. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed; Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D017120
Nystagmus, Physiologic
AN = note category: do not confuse with the disease NYSTAGMUS
MS = Involuntary rhythmical movements of the eyes in the normal person. These can be naturally occurring as in end-position (end-point, end-stage, or deviational) nystagmus or induced by the optokinetic drum (NYSTAGMUS, OPTOKINETIC), caloric test, or a rotating chair.
UI = D009760
Nystatin
AN = a macrolide antifungal antibiotic
MS = Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.
UI = D009761