Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms
P
RETURN TO INDEX P Blood-Group System
AN = IM; coord with disease /blood (IM), not /immunol nor /genet; TN 230
MS = A blood group related to the ABO, Lewis and I systems. At least five different erythrocyte antigens are possible, some very rare, others almost universal. Multiple alleles are involved in this blood group.
UI = D010127
Pacemaker, Artificial
AN = may be temporary (external) or permanent (internal or internal-external); coord dis with /ther, not /surg for treatment with pacemaker
MS = A device designed to stimulate, by electric impulses, contraction of the heart muscles. It may be temporary (external) or permanent (internal or internal-external).
UI = D010138
Pacific Islands
AN = includes MELANESIA, MICRONESIA & POLYNESIA: see notes under each & indentions in trees
MS = The islands of the Pacific Ocean divided into MICRONESIA, MELANESIA, and POLYNESIA (including NEW ZEALAND). The collective name Oceania includes the aforenamed islands, adding AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND, and the Malay Archipelago (INDONESIA). (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p910, 880)
UI = D010139
Pacific Ocean
AN = no qualif
UI = D010140
Pacific States
AN = includes Alaska, Calif, Hawaii, Ore, Wash; specify as needed but use PACIFIC STATES when the text uses the term; do not confuse with PACIFIC NORTHWEST see NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES CATALOG: use for 4 or more states
MS = The geographic designation for states bordering on or located in the Pacific Ocean. The states so designated are Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. (U.S. Geologic Survey telephone communication)
UI = D019601
Pacinian Corpuscles
AN = mechanoreceptors
MS = Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors found in subcutaneous tissue beneath both hairy and glabrous skin. Pacinian corpuscles contain an afferent nerve fiber surrounded by a capsule with multiple concentric layers. They have large receptive fields and are most sensitive to high-frequency stimuli, such as vibration.
UI = D010141
Paclitaxel
AN = an antineoplastic agent from Pacific yew (Taxus) bark
MS = Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-MOS.
UI = D017239
Pactamycin
MS = Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis.
UI = D010142
Paecilomyces
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOSES (IM) or specific mycosis (IM)
MS = A mitosporic fungal genus occasionally causing human diseases such as pulmonary infections, mycotic keratitis, endocarditis, and opportunistic infections. Its teleomorph is Byssochlamys.
UI = D010143
Paget's Disease, Mammary
AN = neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BREAST NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = An intraductal carcinoma of the breast extending to involve the nipple and areola, characterized clinically by eczema-like inflammatory skin changes and histologically by infiltration of the dermis by malignant cells (Paget's cells). (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010144
Paget's Disease, Extramammary
AN = neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A rare cutaneous neoplasm that occurs in the elderly. It develops more frequently in women and predominantly involves apocrine gland-bearing areas, especially the vulva, scrotum, and perianal areas. The lesions develop as erythematous scaly patches that progress to crusted, pruritic, erythematous plaques. The clinical differential diagnosis includes squamous cell carcinoma in situ and superficial fungal infection. It is generally thought to be an adenocarcinoma of the epidermis, from which it extends into the contiguous epithelium of hair follicles and eccrine sweat ducts. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1478)
UI = D010145
Pain
AN = IM, GEN only; prefer precoord locational pain terms, like ABDOMINAL PAIN, CHEST PAIN, etc.; avoid for pain in various dis unless specifically discussed as the physiol or physiopathol of PAIN; use only Cat C qualif; /diag: consider also PAIN MEASUREMENT but PAIN /diag is probably PAIN /etiol; /ther: consider also PALLIATIVE CARE ( = pain relief without cure); /physiopathol: PAIN THRESHOLD is also available; chronic pain = PAIN (IM) + CHRONIC DISEASE (NIM): do not equate with PAIN, INTRACTABLE; congen absence of pain = PAIN INSENSITIVITY, CONGENITAL; excessive sensitivity to pain = HYPERALGESIA; policy: Manual 23.17+
MS = A more or less localized sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony, resulting from the stimulation of specialized nerve endings. It serves as a protective mechanism insofar as it induces the sufferer to remove or withdraw from the source. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010146
Pain Clinics
AN = for diag & ther; coord IM with specific dis (IM) if pertinent
MS = Facilities providing diagnostic, therapeutic, and palliative services for patients with severe chronic pain. These may be free-standing clinics or hospital-based and serve ambulatory or inpatient populations. The approach is usually multidisciplinary. These clinics are often referred to as "acute pain services". (From Br Med Bull 1991 Jul;47(3):762-85)
UI = D018710
Pain Insensitivity, Congenital
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: PAIN INSENSITIVITY CONGEN CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Absence of sensibility to pain or inability to feel pain. The condition is present at birth.
UI = D000699
Pain Measurement
AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted
MS = Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
UI = D010147
Pain, Intractable
AN = IM; usually chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE but chronic pain = PAIN (IM) + CHRONIC DISEASE (NIM)
MS = Pain which is difficult to control.
UI = D010148
Pain, Postoperative
AN = IM; DF: PAIN POSTOP or POSTOP PAIN
MS = Pain during the period after surgery.
UI = D010149
Pain Threshold
MS = Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.
UI = D017288
Paint
UI = D010150
Paintings
UI = D010151
Pair Bond
AN = animal only; no qualif
MS = In animals, the social relationship established between a male and female for reproduction. It may include raising of young.
UI = D010152
Paired-Associate Learning
MS = Learning in which the subject must respond with one word or syllable when presented with another word or syllable.
UI = D010153
Pakistan
UI = D010154
Palatal Expansion Technique
AN = CATALOG: do not use /laboratory manuals
MS = An orthodontic method used for correcting narrow or collapsed maxillary arches and functional cross-bite. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry),
UI = D010155
Palatal Muscles
MS = The muscles of the palate are the glossopalatine, palatoglossus, levator palati(ni), musculus uvulae, palatopharyngeus, and tensor palati(ni).
UI = D010156
Palatal Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D010157
Palatal Obturators
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Appliances that close a cleft or fissure of the palate.
UI = D010158
Palate
AN = X ref INCISIVE PAPILLA, a projection on the palate posterior to the central incisors: do not add INCISOR; PALATE, SOFT is also available
MS = The partition separating the nasal or oral cavities, consisting anteriorly of a hard bony part and posteriorly of a soft fleshy part (PALATE, SOFT). (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010159
Palate, Soft
MS = A movable fold suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate. The uvula hangs from the middle of the lower border.
UI = D010160
Palau
MS = A republic consisting of a group of about 100 islands and islets in the western Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Koror. Under Spain it was administered as a part of the Caroline Islands but was sold to Germany in 1899. Seized by Japan in 1914, it was taken by the Allies in World War II in 1944. In 1947 it became part of the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, became internally self-governing in 1980, obtained independent control over its foreign policy (except defense) in 1986, and achieved total independence October 1, 1994. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p915; telephone communication with Randy Flynn, Board on Geographic Names, 17 January 1995)
UI = D019029
Paleodontology
AN = IM; SPEC: SPEC qualif; as NIM coord, no qualif; check tags HISTORICAL ARTICLE & ANCIENT or MEDIEVAL; for prehist, ANCIENT tag is all right; paleodontology is for pre-Columbian, nothing later; DF: PALEODONTOL
MS = The study of the teeth of early forms of life through fossil remains.
UI = D010161
Paleography
AN = study of manuscripts & inscriptions; IM; med paleography: do not coord with MEDICINE; DF: PALEOGR
MS = The study of ancient inscriptions and modes of writing. It includes the deciphering of manuscripts and other forms to determine their date, provenance, etc. (Webster's 1st ed)
UI = D010162
Paleontology
AN = IM; SPEC: SPEC qualif; as NIM coord, no qualif; do not routinely check tags HISTORICAL ARTICLE & ANCIENT or MEDIEVAL: check only when the hist & ancient or medieval med aspects are particularly discussed; for prehist, ANCIENT tag is all right; paleontology is for pre-Columbian, nothing later; DF: PALEONTOL
MS = The study of early forms of life through fossil remains.
UI = D010163
Paleopathology
AN = IM; SPEC: SPEC qualif; as NIM coord, no qualif; check tags HISTORICAL ARTICLE & ANCIENT or MEDIEVAL; for prehist, ANCIENT tag is all right; paleopathol is for pre-Columbian, nothing later; consider also MUMMIES /pathol & do not coord with PALEOPATHOLOGY; DF: PALEOPATHOL
MS = The study of disease in prehistoric times as revealed in bones, mummies, and archaeologic artifacts.
UI = D010164
Palladium
AN = Pd-106; Pd-102, 104, 105, 108, 110 = PALLADIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Pd-98-101, 103, 107, 109, 111-115 = PALLADIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.
UI = D010165
Palliative Care
AN = = relief without cure; coord IM with disease /ther or /surg or /drug ther or other specific qualif (IM); consider also PAIN /ther
MS = Care alleviating symptoms without curing the underlying disease. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D010166
Pallor
UI = D010167
Palmitates
MS = Salts and esters of the 16-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--palmitic acid.
UI = D010168
Palmitic Acid
AN = "one of the most prevalent saturated fatty acids"; do not confuse with PALMITIC ACIDS
MS = One of the most prevalent saturated fatty acids found in body lipids, palm oil, and other fats. Within the body, it is generally the first fatty acid synthesized and through its modification allows other fatty acids to be derived. It is used in the manufacture of metallic palmitates, soaps, lube oils, waterproofing, and food-grade additives. (Dorland, 28th ed & Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
UI = D019308
Palmitic Acids
AN = a group of fatty acids; do not confuse with PALMITIC ACID
MS = A group of 16-carbon fatty acids that contain no double bonds.
UI = D010169
Palmitoyl-CoA Hydrolase
MS = Enzyme catalyzing reversibly the hydrolysis of palmitoyl-CoA or other long-chain acyl coenzyme A compounds to yield CoA and palmitate or other acyl esters. The enzyme is involved in the esterification of fatty acids to form triglycerides. EC 3.1.2.2.
UI = D010170
Palmitoyl Coenzyme A
MS = A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.
UI = D010171
Palmitoylcarnitine
AN = a B vitamin; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = 3-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)-1- propanaminium hydroxide, inner salt. A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.
UI = D010172
Palpation
AN = do not confuse with "palpitation" ( = HEART RATE, ARRHYTHMIA or specific arrhythmia)
MS = Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs.
UI = D010173
Pamphlets
MS = Printed publications usually having a format with no binding and no cover and having fewer than some set number of pages. They are often devoted to a single subject.
UI = D010174
Pan American Health Organization
AN = IM CATALOG: use NAF entry
MS = WHO regional office for the Americas acting as a coordinating agency for the improvement of health conditions in the hemisphere. The four main functions are: control or eradication of communicable diseases, strengthening of national and local health services, education and training, and research.
UI = D010175
Pan paniscus
AN = an ape, not a monkey; IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with APE DISEASES (IM) + specific dis /vet (IM)
MS = The pygmy chimpanzee, a species of the genus Pan, family PONGIDAE. Its common name is Bonobo, which was once considered a separate genus by some; others considered it a subspecies of PAN TROGLODYTES. Its range is confined to the forests of the central Zaire basin. Despite its name, it is often of equal size to P. troglodytes.
UI = D019974
Pan troglodytes
AN = an ape, not a monkey; IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with APE DISEASES (IM) + specific dis /vet (IM)
MS = The common chimpanzee, a species of the genus Pan, family PONGIDAE. It lives in Africa, primarily in the tropical rainforests. There are a number of recognized subspecies.
UI = D002679
Panama
AN = do not confuse with PANAMA CANAL ZONE
UI = D010176
Panama Canal Zone
AN = do not confuse with PANAMA
UI = D010177
Pancoast's Syndrome
AN = an apicocostovertebral syndrome
MS = Destructive lesions of the thoracic inlet with involvement of the brachial and sympathetic plexus or carcinoma of the lung apex. It is characterized by pain in the shoulder region radiating toward the axilla and scapula, sensory and motor disorders and wasting of the muscles of the hand, the Bernard-Horner syndrome, and compression of the blood vessels with edema. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes and Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)
UI = D010178
Pancreas
AN = /enzymol: consider also PANCREATIN for "pancreatic enzymes" particularly in ther; /surg: consider also PANCREATECTOMY; /transpl = PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION: do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed; note that ISLETS OF LANGERHANS TRANSPLANTATION is also available; inflammation = PANCREATITIS; pancreatic A, B, C cells: index under ISLETS OF LANGERHANS; D cells = D CELLS
MS = A large, elongated, racemose gland situated transversely behind the stomach, between the spleen and the duodenum. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010179
Pancreas, Artificial
AN = device simulating pancreas activity
MS = Devices for simulating the activity of the pancreas. They can be either electromechanical, consisting of a glucose sensor, computer, and insulin pump or bioartificial, consisting of isolated islets of Langerhans in an artificial membrane.
UI = D019397
Pancreas Transplantation
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed; in ther of diabetes mellitus, ISLETS OF LANGERHANS TRANSPLANTATION is probably the correct term: see note there
MS = The transference of a pancreas from one human or animal to another.
UI = D016035
Pancreatectomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Surgical removal of the pancreas. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010180
Pancreatic Cyst
AN = non-neoplastic; pancreatic pseudocyst = PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted
MS = A true cyst of the pancreas to be distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a mucous epithelial lining. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of pancreatic ducts secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)
UI = D010181
Pancreatic Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = PANCREATITIS
UI = D010182
Pancreatic Ducts
AN = note X ref DUODENAL PAPILLA, MINOR: do not confuse with DUODENAL PAPILLA, MAJOR see VATER'S AMPULLA; "duodenal papilla" unspecified is probably DUODENAL PAPILLA, MAJOR
UI = D010183
Pancreatic Extracts
AN = extracts of pancreas or pancreatic fractions containing uncharacterized factors; do not confuse with chemical substances "extracted" from the pancreas, as "peptides extracted from the mouse pancreas" ( = PEPTIDES /anal + PANCREAS /anal); PANCREATIN, a pancreatic extract, is also available
MS = Extracts prepared from pancreatic tissue that may contain the pancreatic enzymes or other specific uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific activities. PANCREATIN is a specific extract containing digestive enzymes and used to treat pancreatic insufficiency.
UI = D010184
Pancreatic Fistula
AN = abnorm passage in pancreas or between pancreas & another organ; fistula policy: Manual 23.19+
MS = Abnormal passage communicating with the pancreas.
UI = D010185
Pancreatic Function Tests
MS = Tests based on the biochemistry and physiology of the exocrine pancreas and involving analysis of blood, duodenal contents, feces, or urine for products of pancreatic secretion.
UI = D010186
Pancreatic Hormones
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS of the pancreas. The alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete somatostatin; and the PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.
UI = D010187
Pancreatic Insufficiency
MS = Absence of or reduced pancreatic exocrine secretion into the duodenum and resultant poor digestion of lipids, vitamins, nitrogen, and carbohydrates.
UI = D010188
Pancreatic Juice
AN = /secret permitted but consider PANCREAS /secret if pertinent
MS = The liquid secretion of the pancreas, which is discharged into the duodenum. (Dorland, 27th ed, p1603)
UI = D010189
Pancreatic Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); available are ALPHA-CELL TUMOR see GLUCAGONOMA, BETA-CELL TUMOR see INSULINOMA but delta-cell tumor = SOMATOSTATINOMA or VIPOMA
UI = D010190
Pancreatic Polypeptide
AN = a neurotransmitter pancreatic hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A 36-amino acid polypeptide with physiological regulatory functions. It is secreted by pancreatic tissue. Plasma pancreatic polypeptide increases after ingestion of food, with age, and in disease states. A lack of pancreatic polypeptide in the islets of Langerhans has been associated with the obese syndrome in rats and mice.
UI = D010191
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
MS = Cyst-like space not lined by epithelium and contained within the pancreas.
UI = D010192
Pancreaticoduodenectomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = The excision of the head of the pancreas and the encircling loop of the duodenum to which it is connected.
UI = D016577
Pancreaticojejunostomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Surgical anastomosis of the pancreatic duct, or the divided end of the transected pancreas, with the jejunum. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010193
Pancreatin
AN = a hydrolase; a gastrointestinal agent; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Pancreatic extract, dried, containing trypsin amylase and a lipase in specified activities. It is used as a digestant in pancreatic malfunction.
UI = D010194
Pancreatitis
AN = try to specify ACUTE DISEASE (NIM) for acute pancreatitis or CHRONIC DISEASE (NIM) for chronic pancreatitis
UI = D010195
Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing
MS = Acute inflammation of the pancreas with areas of devitalized pancreatic and/or peripancreatic tissue. These necrotic areas may involve large areas of the pancreas or may be small. When a CT scan is performed with contrast media using a bolus technique, necrotic areas do not perfuse with media and are not enhanced. The lack of enhancement distinguishes necrotic tissue from the adjacent well-perfused viable pancreatic parenchyma. (From Liang et al., Pancreas: Biology, Pathobiology, & Disease, 2d ed, p597)
UI = D019283
Pancreatitis, Alcoholic
AN = usually chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE
MS = An acute or chronic degenerative and inflammatory lesion of the pancreas in the alcoholic which is potentially progressive or possibly reversible.
UI = D019512
Pancreatopeptidase
MS = A protease of broad specificity, obtained from dried pancreas. Molecular weight is approximately 25,000. The enzyme breaks down elastin, the specific protein of elastic fibers, and digests other proteins such as fibrin, hemoglobin, albumin, etc. EC 3.4.21.36.
UI = D010196
Pancuronium
AN = a neuromusc nondepolarizing agent
MS = A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.
UI = D010197
Pancytopenia
AN = combined defic of erythrocytes, leukocytes & platelets
MS = Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.
UI = D010198
Paneth Cells
MS = Epithelial cells found in the basal part of the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn). Paneth cells synthesize and secrete lysozyme and cryptidins.
UI = D019879
Panic
AN = note category: do not confuse with PANIC DISORDER (Cat F3)
MS = A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function.
UI = D010200
Panic Disorder
AN = note category: do not confuse with PANIC (Cat F1)
MS = A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
UI = D016584
Panniculitis
AN = inflamm of adipose tissue; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = General term for inflammation of adipose tissue, usually of the skin, characterized by reddened subcutaneous nodules.
UI = D015434
Panniculitis, Lupus Erythematosus
AN = DF: PANNICULITIS LE
MS = A type of lupus erythematosus characterized by deep dermal or subcutaneous nodules, most often on the head, face, or upper arms. It is generally chronic and occurs most often in women between the ages of 20 and 45.
UI = D015435
Panniculitis, Nodular Nonsuppurative
MS = A form of panniculitis characterized by recurrent episodes of fever accompanied by the eruption of single or multiple erythematous subcutaneous nodules on the lower extremities. They normally resolve, but tend to leave depressions in the skin. The condition is most often seen in women, alone or in association with other disorders.
UI = D010201
Panniculitis, Peritoneal
AN = of mesentery or omentum
MS = Condition of the peritoneum, most commonly of the mesentery, but also of the omentum, characterized by tissue thickening, alteration of fat cells, infiltration of lipid-laden macrophages, and fibrosis.
UI = D015436
Panophthalmitis
AN = inflamm of all struct of eye: a clin entity; do not use as a coord for inflamm of specific parts of eye: these are available as -ITIS headings in C11
MS = Acute suppurative inflammation of the inner eye with necrosis of the sclera (and sometimes the cornea) and extension of the inflammation into the orbit. Pain may be severe and the globe may rupture. In endophthalmitis the globe does not rupture.
UI = D010202
Panstrongylus
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
MS = A genus of cone-nosed bugs of the subfamily TRIATOMINAE. Its species are vectors of TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI.
UI = D010203
Pantetheine
AN = do not confuse with pantethine
MS = 2,4-Dihydroxy-N-[2-[(2-merceptoethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl]-3,3-dimethylbutyramide. An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.
UI = D010204
Pantothenic Acid
AN = a B vitamin; /ther use: coord disease with /drug ther, not /diet ther
UI = D010205
Panuveitis
AN = inflamm of anterior & posterior uvea
MS = Inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. It is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. Causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. The intermediate segment of the eye is not involved.
UI = D015864
Papain
UI = D010206
Papaver
AN = yields opium & poppy seeds
MS = A genus of Eurasian herbaceous plants, the poppies (family Papaveraceae of the dicotyledon class Magnoliopsida), that yield OPIUM from the latex of the unripe seed pods. Opium contains a great number of medically important alkaloids. Poppy seeds (nontoxic) are used in cookery and for poppy seed oils.
UI = D010207
Papaverine
AN = a parasympatholytic from opium
MS = An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.
UI = D010208
Paper
UI = D010209
Papillary Muscles
AN = Manual 21.52 as test tissue; for dis of papillary muscles coord IM with MYOCARDIAL DISEASES
MS = Conical muscular projections from the walls of the cardiac ventricles, attached to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by the chordae tendineae.
UI = D010210
Papilledema
AN = edema of the optic papilla (optic disk)
MS = Edema of the optic disk (papilla), most commonly due to increased intracranial pressure, malignant hypertension, or thrombosis of the central retinal vein. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010211
Papilloma
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); "laryngeal papilloma" = PAPILLOMA (IM) + LARYNGEAL NEOPLASMS (IM); "choroid plexus papilloma" = GLIOMA (IM) + CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D010212
Papilloma, Intraductal
AN = intraductal refers to mammary ducts only; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BREAST NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = A small, often impalpable benign papilloma arising in a lactiferous duct and frequently causing bleeding from the nipple. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D018300
Papilloma, Inverted
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A mucosal tumor of the urinary bladder or nasal cavity in which proliferating epithelium is invaginated beneath the surface and is more smoothly rounded than in other papillomas. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D018308
Papillomavirus
AN = a genus of the family Papovaviridae; infection: coord IM with PAPOVAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of PAPOVAVIRIDAE causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses.
UI = D010213
Papillomavirus, Bovine
AN = a species of Papillomavirus; infection: coord IM with PAPOVAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: note short X ref
MS = A species of PAPILLOMAVIRUS producing large numbers of warts on calves. Connective tissue proliferation is an important component of the warts.
UI = D001910
Papillomavirus, Cottontail Rabbit
AN = a species of Papillomavirus described by Shope in 1933; affects rabbits: from Greco-Latin sylva, woods + lagos, rabbit; do not confuse X ref SHOPE PAPILLOMA VIRUS with SHOPE FIBROMA VIRUS; infection: coord IM with PAPOVAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = The type species of PAPILLOMAVIRUS. It is reported to occur naturally in cottontail rabbits in North America.
UI = D012777
Papillomavirus, Human
AN = a species of Papillomavirus; infection: coord IM with PAPOVAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of PAPILLOMAVIRUS causing warts in humans. These benign, squamous epithelial tumors can sometimes progress to malignancy.
UI = D018145
Papovaviridae Infections
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Virus diseases caused by the PAPOVAVIRIDAE. This includes both papillomavirus infections and polyomavirus infections.
UI = D018348
Papillon-Lefevre Disease
AN = palmoplantar keratoderma with periodontitis
MS = Rare, autosomal recessive disorder occurring between the first and fifth years of life. It is characterized by palmoplantar keratoderma with periodontitis followed by the premature shedding of both deciduous and permanent teeth.
UI = D010214
Papio
AN = baboon (Old World monkey); NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)
MS = A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of seven named species: P. ursinus (chacma baboon), P. cynocephalus (yellow baboon), P. papio (western or Guinea baboon), P. anubis (anubis or olive baboon), P. hamadryas (hamadryas or sacred baboon), P. sphinx (mandrill), and P. leucophaeus (drill). Some authors have recognized a separate genus for the drill and mandrill: Mandrillus. The Papio genus is geographically distributed throughout east and west Africa, Arabia, Egypt, and the Sudan.
UI = D010215
Papovaviridae
AN = a family of DNA tumor viruses; from PApilloma-POlyoma-VAcuolating agent; do not confuse with PARVOVIRIDAE; infection = PAPOVAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; if discussed as tumor viruses, add TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses affecting mostly mammals. Most members can induce tumors in hosts. There are two genera: PAPILLOMAVIRUS and POLYOMAVIRUS.
UI = D010216
Papua New Guinea
AN = read MeSH definition for hist & geog scope; Papuans are of NEGROID RACE unless otherwise specified
MS = A country consisting of the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and adjacent islands, including New Britain, New Ireland, the Admiralty Islands, and New Hanover in the Bismarck Archipelago; Bougainville and Buka in the northern Solomon Islands; the D'Entrecasteaux and Trobriand Islands; Woodlark (Murua) Island; and the Louisiade Archipelago. It became independent on September 16, 1975. Formerly, the southern part was the Australian Territory of Papua, and the northern part was the UN Trust Territory of New Guinea, administered by Australia. They were administratively merged in 1949 and named Papua and New Guinea, and renamed Papua New Guinea in 1971.
UI = D010219
Para-Aortic Bodies
AN = do not confuse with AORTIC BODIES
MS = Small masses of chromaffin cells found near the sympathetic ganglia along the abdominal aorta. They serve as chemoreceptors responsive to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion concentration, and help to control respiration.
UI = D010220
Paracentesis
AN = surg puncture for diag or ther aspiration of fluid; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Surgical puncture of a cavity with a needle or other hollow instrument for diagnostic or therapeutic aspiration of fluid. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019152
Paracrine Communication
MS = Cellular signaling in which a factor secreted by a cell affects other cells in the local environment. This term is often used to denote the action of hormones on surrounding cells.
UI = D019899
Paraffin Embedding
MS = The infiltrating of tissue specimens with paraffin, as a supporting substance, to prepare for sectioning with a microtome.
UI = D016612
Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human
AN = a species of Paramyxovirus; do not confuse with PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 2, HUMAN or PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 3, HUMAN; infection: coord IM with PARAMYXOVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: note short X ref
MS = The type species of PARAMYXOVIRUS also called hemadsorption virus 2 (HA2), which causes laryngotracheitis in humans, especially children.
UI = D010222
Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human
AN = a species of Rubulavirus; do not confuse with PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 1, HUMAN or PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 3, HUMAN; infection: coord IM with CROUP (IM) if text confirms or RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) if not specified as CROUP or "acute laryngotracheobronchitis"
MS = A species of RUBULAVIRUS associated particularly with acute laryngotracheitis (CROUP) in children aged 6 months to 3 years.
UI = D010223
Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human
AN = a species of Paramyxovirus; do not confuse with PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 1, HUMAN or PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 2, HUMAN; infection: coord IM with PARAMYXOVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of PARAMYXOVIRUS frequently isolated from small children with pharyngitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia.
UI = D010224
Parabens
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = Proprietary name for the methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)
UI = D010226
Parabiosis
MS = The experimental joining of two individuals for the purpose of studying the effects of one on the other.
UI = D010227
Paracoccidioides
AN = infection = PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
MS = A mitosporic fungal genus. P. brasiliensis (previously Blastomyces brasiliensis) is the etiologic agent of PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS.
UI = D010228
Paracoccidioidomycosis
AN = fungus dis of skin caused by Paracoccidioides; do not confuse X ref BLASTOMYCOSIS, SOUTH AMERICAN with BLASTOMYCOSIS, NORTH AMERICAN see BLASTOMYCOSIS
MS = A mycosis affecting the skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and internal organs. It is caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. It is also called paracoccidioidal granuloma. Superficial resemblance of P. brasiliensis to Blastomyces brasiliensis (BLASTOMYCES) may cause misdiagnosis.
UI = D010229
Paracoccus
AN = in soil & brine
MS = Gram-negative non-motile bacteria found in soil or brines.
UI = D010230
Paracoccus denitrificans
AN = in soil
MS = A species of bacteria isolated from soil.
UI = D010231
Paraffin
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.
UI = D010232
Paraganglia, Chromaffin
MS = Small bodies containing chromaffin cells occurring outside of the adrenal medulla, most commonly near the sympathetic ganglia and in organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads.
UI = D010233
Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin
AN = chemoreceptors
MS = Several clusters of chemoreceptive and supporting cells associated with blood vessels and nerves (especially the glossopharyngeal and vagus). The nonchromaffin paraganglia sense pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and participate in respiratory, and perhaps circulatory, control. They include the carotid and aortic bodies, the glomus jugulare, and the glomus tympanicum.
UI = D010234
Paraganglioma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl heading (IM)
MS = A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
UI = D010235
Paraganglioma, Extra-Adrenal
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A relatively rare, usually benign neoplasm originating in the chemoreceptor tissue of the carotid body, glomus jugulare, and aortic bodies. It consists histologically of rounded or ovoid hyperchromatic cells that tend to be grouped in an alveolus-like pattern within a scant to moderate amount of fibrous stroma and a few large thin-walled vascular channels. They are uncommon before the age of 20, with a female predominance in some series. (Stedman, 25th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p570-1)
UI = D010236
Paragonimiasis
AN = trematode infect
MS = Infection with trematodes of the genus PARAGONIMUS. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010237
Paragonimus
AN = infection = PARAGONIMIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
MS = A genus of lung flukes of the family Troglotrematidae. This genus consists of several species one of which is P. westermani, a common lung fluke in man. Members of this and other species also occur in other mammals.
UI = D010238
Paraguay
UI = D010239
Parakeets
AN = IM; qualif permitted
UI = D010240
Parakeratosis
AN = do not confuse with POROKERATOSIS
MS = Persistence of the nuclei of the keratinocytes into the stratum corneum of the skin. This is a normal state only in the epithelium of true mucous membranes in the mouth and vagina. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010241
Paraldehyde
AN = an anticonvulsant & sedative
MS = A hypnotic and sedative with anticonvulsant effects. However, because of the hazards associated with its administration, its tendency to react with plastic, and the risks associated with its deterioration, it has largely been superseded by other agents. It is still occasionally used to control status epilepticus resistant to conventional treatment. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p608-9)
UI = D010242
Paralysis
AN = severe loss of motor function as compared with PARESIS, a slight loss; GENERAL PARALYSIS see NEUROSYPHILIS does not mean "generalized paralysis" ( = PARALYSIS); spastic paralysis = PARALYSIS (IM) + MUSCLE SPASTICITY (NIM); flaccid paralysis = PARALYSIS (IM) + MUSCLE FLACCIDITY (NIM)
MS = Loss or impairment of motor function in a part due to a lesion of the neural or muscular mechanism. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010243
Paralysis, Bulbar
AN = from changes in motor centers of medulla oblongata
MS = A paralysis resulting from changes in the motor centers of the medulla oblongata. It is chronic, usually fatal, and most commonly occurring in persons over 50 years old.
UI = D010244
Paralysis, Familial Periodic
AN = a specific disease entity: see MeSH definition; not for "a periodic paralysis of..."
MS = An autosomal dominant trait marked by recurring attacks of rapidly progressive flaccid paralysis. There are three types: I, associated with a fall in serum potassium levels (hypokalemic periodic paralysis); II, associated with a rise therein (hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, called also adynamia episodica hereditaria); and III, with normal levels (normokalemic periodic paralysis). (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010245
Paralysis, Obstetric
AN = refers to neonate; coord IM with specific paralysis or birth inj (IM); do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Paralysis of an infant resulting from injury received at birth. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010246
Paramecium
AN = research protozoon often large enough to be seen by naked eye
MS = A genus of ciliate protozoa that is often large enough to be seen by the naked eye. Paramecia are commonly used in genetic, cytological, and other research.
UI = D010247
Paramecium tetraurelia
AN = used as a research tool
MS = A species of ciliate protozoa. It is used in biomedical research.
UI = D016805
Polymenophorea
AN = a class of ciliate protozoa
MS = A class of ciliate protozoa characterized by a well-developed, conspicuous adoral zone of numerous buccal or peristomial organelles, often extending out onto the body surface.
UI = D016809
Paramethasone
AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent
MS = A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)
UI = D010248
Parametritis
AN = inflamm of a fibrous coat of the uterus; "pelvic" in X ref refers to pelvic floor
MS = Inflammation of the parametrium, the extension of the subserous coat of the supracervical portion of the uterus laterally between the layers of the broad ligament. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010249
Paramphistomatidae
AN = a family of trematodes; infection: coord IM with TREMATODE INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
MS = A family of flukes of the class Trematoda found in the intestinal tract and liver of animals and man. Some of the genera are Homalagaster, Gastrodiscus, Paramphistomum, Watsonius, Nilocotyle, Gigantocotyle, Gastrothylax, Macropotrema, Ceylonocotyle, Zygocotyle, Cotylophoron, and Calicophoron.
UI = D010250
Paramyxoviridae
AN = a family of the order Mononegavirales; infection = PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS
MS = A family of spherical viruses, of the order MONONEGAVIRALES, somewhat larger than the orthomyxoviruses, and containing single-stranded RNA. Subfamilies include PARAMYXOVIRINAE and PNEUMOVIRINAE.
UI = D010252
Paramyxoviridae Infections
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS, PARAMYXOVIRUS INFECTIONS, PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS, and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.
UI = D018184
Paramyxovirinae
AN = a subfamily of the family Paramyxoviridae; infection: coord IM with PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A subfamily of PARAMYXOVIRIDAE containing two genera: PARAMYXOVIRUS and MORBILLIVIRUS.
UI = D018098
Paramyxovirus
AN = a genus of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae; infection = PARAMYXOVIRUS INFECTIONS; note X ref SHIPPING FEVER VIRUS: do not confuse with causative agent of SHIPPING FEVER see PASTEURELLOSIS, PNEUMONIC but see note there
MS = A genus of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE (subfamily PARAMYXOVIRINAE) where all the virions have both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities and encode a C protein. PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 1, HUMAN is the type species.
UI = D018108
Paramyxoviruses, Avian
AN = a group of viruses of the genus Rubulavirus; affects domestic fowl; infection: coord IM with RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A group of viruses in the genus RUBULAVIRUS causing disease in domestic fowl. There are many species, the most well-known being avian paramyxovirus 1 (NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS).
UI = D018109
Paramyxovirus Infections
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Infections with viruses of the genus PARAMYXOVIRUS, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. Host cell infection occurs by adsorption, via hemagglutinin, to the cell surface.
UI = D010253
Paranasal Sinus Diseases
MS = Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.
UI = D010254
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms
AN = coord IM with specific sinus (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; note that MAXILLARY SINUS NEOPLASMS is also available
MS = Neoplasms or tumors of the paranasal sinuses. Malignant neoplasms are rare, comprising 3% of all head and neck neoplasms. The majority arise in the maxillary sinus with malignancies of the ethmoid sinus constituting virtually all the remaining tumors.
UI = D010255
Paranasal Sinuses
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; inflammation = SINUSITIS but do not add PARANASAL SINUSES for "paranasal" or "nasal" sinusitis
MS = Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity.
UI = D010256
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct
MS = In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.
UI = D010257
Paranoid Behavior
MS = Behavior exhibited by individuals who are overly suspicious, but without the constellation of symptoms characteristic of paranoid personality disorder or paranoid type of schizophrenia.
UI = D010258
Paranoid Disorders
MS = Chronic mental disorders in which there has been an insidious development of a permanent and unshakeable delusional system (persecutory delusions or delusions of jealousy), accompanied by preservation of clear and orderly thinking. Emotional responses and behavior are consistent with the delusional state.
UI = D010259
Paranoid Personality Disorder
MS = A personality disorder characterized by the avoidance of accepting deserved blame and an unwarranted view of others as malevolent. The latter is expressed as suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, and mistrust.
UI = D010260
Paraoxon
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
MS = An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a pesticide.
UI = D010261
Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic
AN = caused by HTLV-I; do not coordinate with TROPICAL CLIMATE: specify geog only if relevant
MS = Subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Colombia, India, and Africa, as well as in the southwestern region of Japan; associated with infection by type I human lymphotropic retrovirus (HTLV-I). Toxic nutritional factors have largely been ruled out as the cause of this syndrome, the primary clinical feature of which is progressive weakness of the legs and lower body.
UI = D015493
Paraphilias
MS = Disorders that include recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors generally involving nonhuman objects, suffering of oneself or partners, or children or other nonconsenting partners. (from DSM-IV, 1994)
UI = D010262
Paraphimosis
AN = a penile dis
MS = Retraction of phimotic foreskin, causing a painful swelling of the glans that, if severe, may cause dry gangrene unless corrected. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010263
Paraplegia
AN = paralysis of legs & lower part of body; also available is QUADRIPLEGIA; note X ref SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA: SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA, HEREDITARY is also available
MS = Paralysis of the legs and lower part of the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010264
Parapoxvirus
AN = a genus of the family Poxviridae; infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of the family POXVIRIDAE, subfamily CHORDOPOXVIRINAE, which infect ungulates and may infect humans. ORF VIRUS is the type species.
UI = D018157
Paraproteinemias
AN = blood protein disord
MS = A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.
UI = D010265
Paraproteins
AN = abnormal immunoglobulins
MS = Abnormal immunoglobulins synthesized by atypical cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Paraproteins containing only light chains lead to Bence Jones paraproteinemia, while the presence of only atypical heavy chains leads to heavy chain disease. Most of the paraproteins show themselves as an M-component (monoclonal gammopathy) in electrophoresis. Diclonal and polyclonal paraproteins are much less frequently encountered.
UI = D010266
Parapsoriasis
AN = a papulosquamous skin dis
MS = The term applied to a group of relatively uncommon inflammatory, maculopapular, scaly eruptions of unknown etiology and resistant to conventional treatment. Eruptions are both psoriatic and lichenoid in appearance, but the diseases are distinct from psoriasis, lichen planus, or other recognized dermatoses. Proposed nomenclature divides parapsoriasis into two distinct subgroups, PITYRIASIS LICHENOIDES and parapsoriasis en plaques (small- and large-plaque parapsoriasis).
UI = D010267
Parapsychology
AN = DF: PARAPSYCHOL
MS = Branch of psychology that deals with paranormal behavior and events such as telepathy, precognition, and clairvoyance, which are not explicable by present day "natural laws".
UI = D010268
Paraquat
AN = an herbicide
MS = A poisonous dipyridilium compound whose dichloride and dimethylsulfate salts are used as contact herbicides. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010269
Parasite Egg Count
AN = coord with specific parasite (IM) or parasitic dis (IM)
UI = D010270
Parasitemia
AN = coord with specific parasitic disease or specific parasite if specific parasite dis is not in MeSH (do not use /blood to indicate -emia)
MS = The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D018512
Parasites
AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer specifics; for parasiticides, consider ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, ANTHELMINTICS, ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS & their specifics; in lower animals: Manual 22.20; relation to parasitic diseases: Manual 22.12-.20; parasites in food or parasitic contamination of food is indexed under FOOD PARASITOLOGY (IM) + specific parasite (IM) + specific food item (IM or NIM) CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D010271
Parasitic Diseases
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; relation to parasites: Manual 22.12-.20; parasitic dis not in MeSH: Manual 22.17, 22.18; parasitic dis of heart = PARASITIC DISEASES or specific parasitic dis (IM) + MYOCARDIAL DISEASES (IM), not HEART DISEASES; DF: PARASITIC DIS
MS = Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure.
UI = D010272
Parasitic Diseases, Animal
AN = exper or vet; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific indentions or specific parasitic dis /vet; indexing policy: Manual 22.12-.20; don't forget to check tag ANIMAL; DF: PARASITIC DIS ANIMAL
MS = Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.
UI = D010273
Parasitology
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; prefer /parasitol with organs, higher animals & diseases: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.50; DF: PARASITOL
UI = D010274
Parasympathectomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with specific nerve /surg or plexus /surg (IM or NIM)
MS = The removal or interruption of some part of the parasympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes.
UI = D017764
Parasympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic
AN = do not confuse with SYMPATHETIC FIBERS, POSTGANGLIONIC
MS = Nerve fibers which project from parasympathetic ganglia to synapses on target organs. Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers use acetylcholine as transmitter. They may also release peptide cotransmitters.
UI = D017777
Parasympathetic Nervous System
AN = /drug eff: consider also PARASYMPATHOMIMETICS & PARASYMPATHOLYTICS
MS = The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system.
UI = D010275
Parasympatholytics
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff
MS = Agents that inhibit the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS.
UI = D010276
Parasympathomimetics
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff
MS = Drugs that mimic the effects of parasympathetic nervous system activity. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate muscarinic receptors and drugs that potentiate cholinergic activity, usually by slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine (CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS). Drugs that stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (GANGLIONIC STIMULANTS) are not included here.
UI = D010277
Parasystole
AN = a type of arrhythmia; IM; coord with HEART ATRIUM, HEART VENTRICLE or other site in heart (NIM) if pertinent; sinus parasystole: coord IM with ARRHYTHMIA, SINUS (IM)
MS = A cardiac arrhythmia caused by the interaction of two foci independently initiating cardiac impulses at different rates. Generally one of the foci is the sinoatrial node (the normal pacemaker) and the ectopic focus is usually in the ventricle, but can occur in the sinus and AV nodes, atrium and ventricle, and AV junction. Each focus - and thus each rhythm - is protected from the influence of the other.
UI = D017574
Parathion
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
MS = A highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.
UI = D010278
Parathyroid Diseases
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D010279
Parathyroid Glands
AN = /surg: consider also PARATHYROIDECTOMY
MS = Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus.
UI = D010280
Parathyroid Hormones
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /defic: consider also HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
MS = Polypeptide hormones (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the parathyroid glands, which promote release of calcium from bone to extracellular fluid by activating osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclasts, indirectly promote increased intestinal absorption of calcium, and promote renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and increased renal excretion of phosphates. It is a major regulator of bone metabolism. Secretion of parathyroid hormone increases when the level of calcium in the extracellular fluid is low. Its action is opposed by calcitonin. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010281
Parathyroid Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D010282
Parathyroidectomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Excision of one or both of the parathyroid glands.
UI = D016105
Paratuberculosis
AN = caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL
MS = An infectious disease caused by MYCOBACTERIUM PARATUBERCULOSIS. Characteristics include chronic debilitation and weight loss.
UI = D010283
Paratyphoid Fever
AN = specify Salmonella paratyphi species if possible (IM)
MS = A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by serotypes of Salmonella paratyphi. It is similar to typhoid fever but less severe.
UI = D010284
Parental Leave
AN = prenatal & postnatal leave, leave for illness of a child or leave for adoption procedures; do not confuse with FAMILY LEAVE: see MeSH definition
MS = The authorized absence from work of either parent prior to and after the birth of their child. It includes also absence because of the illness of a child or at the time of the adoption of a child. It does not include leave for care of siblings, parents, or other family members: for this FAMILY LEAVE is available.
UI = D016524
Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus
AN = in the anterior hypothalamus
MS = Nucleus in the anterior part of the hypothalamus.
UI = D010286
Parent-Child Relations
AN = human only; DF: PARENT CHILD RELAT
MS = The interactions between parent and child.
UI = D010287
Parenteral Nutrition
AN = for nourishment: differentiate from FLUID THERAPY (to replace fluids) or ENTERAL NUTRITION (see note there) or INFUSIONS, PARENTERAL (merely a method of admin drugs & chemicals); do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with dis /ther (IM), not dis /diet ther
MS = The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously).
UI = D010288
Parenteral Nutrition, Home
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: HPN
MS = The at-home administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered via a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously).
UI = D016331
Parenteral Nutrition, Home Total
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with dis /ther (IM), not dis /diet ther; DF: HOME TPN or HTPN
MS = The at-home administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient whose sole source of nutrients is via solutions administered intravenously, subcutaneously or by some other non-alimentary route.
UI = D016562
Parenteral Nutrition, Total
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with dis /ther (IM), not dis /diet ther; DF: TPN
MS = The delivery of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient whose sole source of nutrients is via solutions administered intravenously, subcutaneously, or by some other non-alimentary route. The basic components of TPN solutions are protein hydrolysates or free amino acid mixtures, monosaccharides, and electrolytes. Components are selected for their ability to reverse catabolism, promote anabolism, and build structural proteins.
UI = D010289
Parenting
AN = differentiate from CHILD REARING which emphasizes the upbringing while PARENTING emphasizes the role of the parent: read MeSH definitions but if in doubt use term of author
MS = Performing the role of a parent by care-giving, nurturance, and protection of the child by a natural or substitute parent. The parent supports the child by exercising authority and through consistent, empathic, appropriate behavior in response to the child's needs. PARENTING differs from CHILD REARING in that in child rearing the emphasis is on the act of training or bringing up the children and the interaction between the parent and child, while parenting emphasizes the responsibility and qualities of exemplary behavior of the parent.
UI = D016487
Parents
AN = /psychol: consider also PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; "unwed parent": coord IM with ILLEGITIMACY (IM)
MS = Persons functioning as natural, adoptive, or substitute parents. The heading includes the concept of parenthood as well as preparation for becoming a parent.
UI = D010290
Paresis
AN = "a slight loss of motor function as contrasted with PARALYSIS which is severe loss"; remember that "paresis" is sometimes just "paralysis" in foreign lit; spastic paraparesis = SPASTIC PARAPARESIS see PARAPARESIS, TROPICAL SPASTIC if caused by HTLV-I
MS = A slight loss of motor function, as contrasted with PARALYSIS which is a severe loss. In older literature paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis (see NEUROSYPHILIS) and "general paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation.
UI = D010291
Paresthesia
AN = burning, tingling, prickling sensations go here
MS = A condition in which abnormal sensations, such as prickling, burning, tingling, etc., are experienced.
UI = D010292
Pargyline
AN = an MAO inhib & antihypertensive
MS = A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.
UI = D010293
Parietal Bone
AN = fractures: coord PARIETAL BONE /inj (IM) + SKULL FRACTURES (IM); neopl: coord IM with SKULL NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D010294
Parietal Cells, Gastric
AN = A 11 qualif
MS = Cells of the gastric glands which secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.
UI = D010295
Parietal Lobe
AN = dis: coord IM with BRAIN DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with BRAIN NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere.
UI = D010296
Paris
UI = D010297
Parity
AN = human & animal; relation to PREGNANCY: Manual 28.17.4
MS = The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.
UI = D010298
Parking Facilities
MS = Indoor or outdoor areas designated for the parking of vehicles.
UI = D010299
Parkinson Disease
AN = a basal ganglia dis; /drug ther: consider also ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS; /chem ind = PARKINSON DISEASE, SYMPTOMATIC /chem ind; X ref on Ramsay Hunt: named for Amer neurologist James Ramsay Hunt: spell without hyphen in titles & translations
MS = Progressive, degenerative disease of unknown etiology characterized by rhythmic tremor of the limbs, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and masklike facial expression. Pathologically there is nerve cell loss in the melanin-containing cells in the brainstem and a corresponding reduction in dopamine levels in the corpus striatum. Lewy bodies are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus.
UI = D010300
Parkinson Disease, Postencephalitic
AN = DF: PARKINSON DIS POSTENCEPH
MS = A form of PARKINSON DISEASE due to degeneration of the corpus striatum or substantia nigra, frequently occurring as a sequel of lethargic encephalitis. The early age of onset, the rapid progression of symptoms and signs of stabilization, and the presence of a variety of other neurological disorders (sociopathic behavior, tics, spasms, oculogyric crises and other restricted motor disorders, breathing arrhythmias, hyperphagia, and bizarre movements, postures, and gaits) distinguish this disease from the one described by Parkinson. (From Adams and Victor, Principles of Neurology, 5th ed, p978)
UI = D010301
Parkinson Disease, Symptomatic
AN = parkinson symptoms caused by drugs or brain dis; /chem ind permitted: coord IM with drug /adv eff-pois-tox (IM); coord IM with other cause (IM)
MS = Symptoms of PARKINSON DISEASE induced by drugs, or following cerebral arteriosclerosis, brain tumor, or other central nervous system disorders except encephalitis, which is PARKINSON DISEASE, POSTENCEPHALITIC.
UI = D010302
Paromomycin
AN = an amebicide & aminoglycoside antibiotic
MS = O-2-Amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-(O-2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl-(1-3)-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-(1-5))-2-deoxy-D-streptamine. An oligosaccharide antibiotic produced by various Streptomyces.
UI = D010303
Paronychia
AN = infect dis of skin surrounding nail; coord IM with specific infect (IM)
MS = An inflammatory reaction involving the folds of the skin surrounding the fingernail. It is characterized by acute or chronic purulent, tender, and painful swellings of the tissues around the nail, caused by an abscess of the nail fold. The pathogenic yeast causing paronychia is most frequently Candida albicans. Saprophytic fungi may also be involved. The causative bacteria are usually Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Streptococcus. (Andrews' Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p271)
UI = D010304
Parotid Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = PAROTITIS
UI = D010305
Parotid Gland
AN = inflammation = PAROTITIS
UI = D010306
Parotid Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D010307
Parotin
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D010308
Parotitis
AN = inflamm of parotid gland; in translations use "parotitis", not "parotiditis" despite form of vernac
MS = Inflammation of the parotid gland.
UI = D010309
Parovarian Cyst
AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted
MS = A cyst of the epoophoron or parovarium, a vestigial structure associated with the ovary, consisting of a more cranial group of mesonephric tubules and a corresponding portion of the mesonephric duct. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010310
Paroxetine
AN = a serotonin uptake inhib & antidepressant
MS = trans-(-)-3-((1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperidine. A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.
UI = D017374
Parrots
AN = IM; qualif permitted
MS = Birds widely distributed in tropical regions and having a distinctive stout curved cered hooked bill whose upper mandible is movably hinged to the skull. Parrots are often crested and highly variegated and are excellent mimics. They often readily learn to simulate laughter and crying and to enunciate words and phrases. (Webster, 3d ed)
UI = D010311
Pars Planitis
AN = a type of uveitis
MS = Form of granulomatous uveitis occurring in the region of the pars plana. This disorder is a common condition with no detectable focal pathology. It causes fibrovascular proliferation at the inferior ora serrata.
UI = D015868
Parthenogenesis
UI = D010312
Partial Pressure
AN = NIM; no qualif
UI = D010313
Partial Thromboplastin Time
AN = NIM; DF: PTT
MS = Test of the intrinsic (factors VIII, IX, XI, and XII) and common (fibrinogen, prothrombin, factors V and X) pathways of coagulation in which a mixture of plasma and phospholipid platelet substitute (e.g., crude cephalins, soybean phosphatides) is recalcified and the time required for the appearance of fibrin strands measured. Activation may be provided by contact with the glass tube or exposure to activators (e.g., ellagic acid, particulate silicates such as diatomaceous earth or kaolin) before addition of the calcium chloride. It is used as a screening test and to monitor heparin therapy.
UI = D010314
Particle Accelerators
AN = CYCLOTRONS & SYNCHROTRONS are also available
MS = Devices which accelerate electrically charged atomic or subatomic particles, such as electrons, protons or ions, to high velocities so they have high kinetic energy.
UI = D010315
Particle Size
AN = NIM; no qualif
UI = D010316
Partnership Practice
AN = coord IM with med or other specialty (IM); do not confuse with GROUP PRACTICE but do not interpret: use word of text
MS = A voluntary contract between two or more doctors who may or may not share responsibility for the care of patients, with proportional sharing of profits and losses.
UI = D010317
Partnership Practice, Dental
AN = coord IM with specific dent specialty (IM); do not confuse with GROUP PRACTICE, DENTAL but do not interpret: use word of text; DF: PARTNERSHIP PRACTICE DENT
MS = A voluntary contract between two or more dentists who may or may not share responsibility for the care of patients, with proportional sharing of profits and losses.
UI = D010318
Parturient Paresis
AN = animal only, exper or vet; in cows & ewes: check tags ANIMAL + FEMALE + PREGNANCY & don't forget CATTLE DISEASES (IM) + CATTLE (NIM) or SHEEP DISEASES (IM) + SHEEP (NIM)
MS = A disease of pregnant and lactating cows and ewes leading to generalized paresis and death. The disease, which is characterized by hypocalcemia, occurs at or shortly after parturition in cows and within weeks before or after parturition in ewes.
UI = D010319
Parvalbumins
AN = muscle proteins; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Low molecular weight, calcium binding muscle proteins. Their physiological function is possibly related to the contractile process.
UI = D010320
Parvoviridae
AN = a family of very small (parvo- & pico-) DNA vertebrate & invertebrate viruses; do not confuse with PAPOVAVIRIDAE; infection = PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS
MS = A family of very small DNA viruses containing a single linear molecule of single-stranded DNA and consisting of two subfamilies: PARVOVIRINAE and DENSOVIRINAE. They infect both vertebrates and invertebrates.
UI = D010321
Parvoviridae Infections
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Virus infections caused by the PARVOVIRIDAE.
UI = D010322
Parvovirinae
AN = a subfamily of the family Parvoviridae; infection: coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A subfamily of DNA vertebrate viruses, in the family PARVOVIRIDAE. There are three genera: PARVOVIRUS, ERYTHROVIRUS, and DEPENDOVIRUS.
UI = D019219
Parvovirus
AN = a genus of the family Parvoviridae; infection: coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. Parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. The type species is MICE MINUTE VIRUS.
UI = D017992
Parvovirus, Canine
AN = a dog parvovirus, a subspecies of Parvovirus, Feline; infection: coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species host range variant (subspecies) of feline parvovirus (PARVOVIRUS, FELINE) of the genus PARVOVIRUS. It causes a highly infectious fulminating enteritis in dogs producing high mortality. It is distinct from minute virus of canines, another parvovirus which is sometimes also called canine parvovirus.
UI = D017993
Parvovirus B19, Human
AN = sole species of Erythrovirus; infection = probably ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM but if not so specified, coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = The sole species of ERYTHROVIRUS and the etiological agent of ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM, a disease most commonly seen in school-age children.
UI = D016732
Parvovirus, Feline
AN = infects cats & other felines, minks & raccoons; infection = FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA but see note there; DF: note short X ref
MS = A species of PARVOVIRUS chiefly affecting young cats in endemic areas, but all felines are susceptible, even lions and tigers. It also affects mink and raccoons. Host range variants (called subspecies by some authors) include feline panleukopenia virus, mink enteritis virus, canine parvovirus (PARVOVIRUS, CANINE), and raccoon parvovirus.
UI = D005255
Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis
MS = An evanescent cutaneous reaction occurring when antibody is injected into a local area on the skin and antigen is subsequently injected intravenously along with a dye. The dye makes the rapidly occurring capillary dilatation and increased vascular permeability readily visible by leakage into the reaction site. PCA is a sensitive reaction for detecting very small quantities of antibodies and is also a method for studying the mechanisms of immediate hypersensitivity.
UI = D010323
Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder
MS = A personality disorder characterized by an indirect resistance to demands for adequate social and occupational performance; anger and opposition to authority and the expectations of others that is expressed covertly by obstructionism, procrastination, stubbornness, dawdling, forgetfulness, and intentional inefficiency. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010324
Pasteurella
AN = infection = PASTEURELLA INFECTIONS or its specifics
MS = The oldest recognized genus of the family PASTEURELLACEAE. It consists of several species. Its organisms occur most frequently as coccobacillus or rod-shaped and are gram-negative, nonmotile, facultative anaerobes. Species of this genus are found in both animals and humans.
UI = D010325
Pasteurella haemolytica
AN = infection: coord IM with PASTEURELLA INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria normally found in the flora of cattle and sheep. It causes mastitis in sheep and shipping fever (see PASTEURELLOSIS, PNEUMONIC) in cattle.
UI = D016978
Pasteurella Infections
AN = gram-neg bact infect; GEN; prefer specifics
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus PASTEURELLA.
UI = D010326
Pasteurella multocida
AN = in animal & bird mouth & resp tract, transm to man through bite or scratch; infection: coord IM with PASTEURELLA INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria normally found in the flora of the mouth and respiratory tract of animals and birds. It causes shipping fever (see PASTEURELLOSIS, PNEUMONIC), HEMORRHAGIC BACTEREMIA, and intestinal disease in animals. In humans, disease usually arises from a wound infection following a bite or scratch from domesticated animals.
UI = D016979
Pasteurellaceae
AN = a family of gram-negative anaerobic bacteria consisting of 3 genera: ACTINOBACILLUS, HAEMOPHILUS & PASTEURELLA
MS = A family of coccoid to rod-shaped nonsporeforming, gram-negative, nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that consists of three genera - ACTINOBACILLUS, HAEMOPHILUS, and PASTEURELLA.
UI = D015661
Pasteurellaceae Infections
AN = gram-neg bact infect; GEN: avoid, prefer specifics; DF: PASTEURELLACEAE INFECT
MS = Infections with bacteria of the family PASTEURELLACEAE.
UI = D016871
Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic
AN = usually in cattle; caused by bovine parainfluenza virus 3 followed by Pasteurella multocida or P. haemolytica infect: coord with PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA (IM) or PASTEURELLA HAEMOLYTICA (IM) only if particularly discussed; check tag ANIMAL; if in cow, coord IM with CATTLE (NIM) but not CATTLE DISEASES; if in animal other than cow, coord IM with precoord animal/dis term (IM) + animal (NIM) or animal (IM) in absence of precoord
MS = Bovine respiratory disease found in animals that have been shipped or exposed to cattle recently transported. It is thought to be caused by infection with the bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (see PARAMYXOVIRUS) or one of several other respiratory viruses, followed by infection with either PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA or PASTEURELLA HAEMOLYTICA.
UI = D012766
Pastoral Care
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
MS = Counseling or comfort given by ministers, priests, rabbis, etc., to those in need of help with emotional problems or stressful situations.
UI = D010327
Patch Tests
AN = a type of skin test
MS = Skin tests in which the sensitizer is applied to a patch of cotton cloth or gauze held in place for approximately 48-72 hours. It is used for the elicitation of a contact hypersensitivity reaction.
UI = D010328
Patch-Clamp Techniques
AN = a cytol technique for removing a tiny patch of plasma membrane; NIM
MS = An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
UI = D018408
Patella
AN = /inj permitted: do not convert to KNEE INJURIES
MS = A triangular sesamoid bone, about 5 cm. in diameter, situated at the front of the knee in the tendon of insertion of the quadriceps extensor femoris muscle. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010329
Patellar Ligament
AN = an artic ligament between patella & tibia: do not confuse with MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT, KNEE, between tibia & femur
MS = The continuation of the central portion of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle distal to the patella. It extends from the patella to the tuberosity of the tibia. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D017847
Patents
AN = IM CATALOG: form qualif /patents is available
MS = Exclusive legal rights or privileges applied to inventions, plants, etc.
UI = D010330
Patents [Publication Type]
MS = Documents granted by a government giving exclusive rights to an inventor or assignee to manufacture, use, or sell an invention for a certain number of years.
UI = D020490
Paternal Age
AN = no qualif
MS = Age of the father.
UI = D010331
Paternal Behavior
AN = human & animal
MS = The behavior patterns associated with or characteristic of a father.
UI = D010332
Paternal Deprivation
AN = human & animal
MS = Prolonged separation of the offspring from the father.
UI = D010333
Paternal Exposure
AN = restrict to exposure to environ or environ factors
MS = Exposure of the male parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring.
UI = D018812
Paternity
AN = no qualif
MS = Establishing the father relationship of a man and a child.
UI = D010334
Pathologic Processes
AN = not used for indexing; DF: PATHOL PROCESSES CATALOG: do not use
MS = The mechanisms and forms involved in the structural and functional changes in tissue and organs which cause or are caused by disease. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1244)
UI = D010335
Pathology
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; prefer /pathol with organs & diseases: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.52; definition of /pathol applicable to PATHOLOGY: Manual 21.22+, 23.15; "postmortem pathol": consider AUTOPSY or CADAVER or merely /pathol; DF: PATHOL
MS = A specialty concerned with the nature and cause of disease as expressed by changes in cellular or tissue structure and function caused by the disease process.
UI = D010336
Pathology Department, Hospital
AN = DF: PATHOL DEP
MS = Hospital department which administers and provides pathology services.
UI = D010337
Pathology, Clinical
AN = SPEC only: do not use as NIM coord: use /pathol with organs & diseases: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.52; DF: PATHOL CLIN
MS = A subspecialty of pathology applied to the solution of clinical problems, especially the use of laboratory methods in clinical diagnosis. (Dorland, 28th ed.)
UI = D010338
Pathology, Oral
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; not for MOUTH /pathol nor MOUTH DISEASES; DF: PATHOL ORAL
MS = A dental specialty concerned with pathology of the oral cavity.
UI = D010339
Pathology, Surgical
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; DF: PATHOL SURG
MS = A field of anatomical pathology in which living tissue is surgically removed for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment.
UI = D010340
Pathology, Veterinary
AN = SPEC only; SPEC qualif; not a substitute for /pathol of organs or dis in vet animals nor for ANIMAL DISEASES or specific animal dis; DF: PATHOL VET
MS = The field of veterinary medicine concerned with the causes of and changes produced in the body by disease.
UI = D010341
Patient Acceptance of Health Care
AN = DF: PATIENT ACCEPT
MS = The seeking and acceptance by patients of health service.
UI = D010342
Patient Admission
MS = The process of accepting patients. The concept includes patients accepted for medical and nursing care in a hospital or other health care institution.
UI = D010343
Patient Advocacy
MS = Promotion and protection of the rights of patients, frequently through a legal process.
UI = D010344
Patient Care
AN = by professional & non-professional; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; not a synonym for NURSING CARE: nursing care is only one type of patient care CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The services rendered by members of the health profession and non-professionals under their supervision for the benefit of the patient. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p269)
UI = D005791
Patient Care Management
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Generating, planning, organizing, and administering medical and nursing care and services for patients.
UI = D010346
Patient Care Planning
AN = for individual patient: do not confuse with PATIENT-CENTERED CARE which is institutional & admin management CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Usually a written medical and nursing care program designed for a particular patient.
UI = D010347
Patient Care Team
AN = consider also NURSING, TEAM CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Care of patients by a multidisciplinary team usually organized under the leadership of a physician; each member of the team has specific responsibilities and the whole team contributes to the care of the patient.
UI = D010348
Patient Compliance
AN = voluntary cooperation of patient in following a prescribed regimen; for non-compliance, note PATIENT NONCOMPLIANCE see TREATMENT REFUSAL
MS = Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.
UI = D010349
Patient Credit and Collection
AN = DF: PATIENT CREDIT
MS = Accounting procedures for determining credit status and methods of obtaining payment.
UI = D010350
Patient Discharge
MS = The administrative process of discharging the patient, live or dead, from hospitals or other health facilities.
UI = D010351
Patient Dropouts
UI = D010352
Patient Education
AN = IM; DF: PATIENT EDUC CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs.
UI = D010353
Patient Escort Service
AN = DF: PATIENT ESCORT SERV
MS = A special service provided by volunteers to accompany patients who need help in moving about the health facility.
UI = D010354
Patient Freedom of Choice Laws
AN = CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Laws requiring patients under managed care programs to receive services from the physician or other provider of their choice. Any willing provider laws take many different forms, but they typically prohibit managed-care organizations from having a closed panel of physicians, hospitals, or other providers.
UI = D020403
Patient Identification Systems
AN = DF: PATIENT ID SYSTEMS
MS = Organized procedures for establishing patient identity, including use of bracelets, etc.
UI = D010355
Patient Isolation
AN = do not confuse with PATIENT ISOLATORS; DF: PATIENT ISOL
MS = The segregation of patients with communicable or other diseases for a specified time. Isolation may be strict, in which movement and social contacts are limited; modified, where an effort to control specified aspects of care is made in order to prevent cross infection; or reverse, where the patient is secluded in a controlled or germ-free environment in order to protect him or her from cross infection.
UI = D010356
Patient Isolators
AN = DF: do NOT shorten: short form can be confused with PATIENT ISOL for PATIENT ISOLATION
MS = Equipment used to prevent contamination of and by patients, especially those with bacterial infections. This includes plastic surgical isolators and isolators used to protect immunocompromised patients.
UI = D010357
Patient Participation
AN = "patient involvement in the decision-making process in matters pertaining to health"; do not confuse with PATIENT COMPLIANCE (see note there)
MS = Patient involvement in the decision-making process in matters pertaining to health.
UI = D010358
Patient Readmission
MS = Subsequent admissions of a patient to a hospital or other health care institution for treatment.
UI = D010359
Patient Satisfaction
MS = The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial.
UI = D017060
Patient Selection
AN = selection for ther, transpl, clin trials, research, etc.
MS = Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols.
UI = D018579
Patient Self-Determination Act
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM) CATALOG: use NAF entry
MS = The purpose of this 1990 federal act is to assure that individuals receiving health care services will be given an opportunity to participate in and direct health care decisions affecting themselves. Under this act, hospitals, health care agencies, and health maintenance organizations are responsible for developing patient information for distribution. The information must include patients' rights, advance directives, living wills, ethics committees' consultation and education functions, limited medical treatment (support/comfort care only), mental health treatment, resuscitation, restraints, surrogate decision making and transfer of care. (from JCAHO, Lexicon, 1994)
UI = D019726
Patient Transfer
AN = "interfacility or intrahospital transfer": read MeSH definition & do not confuse with TRANSPORTATION OF PATIENTS ( = bed to bed or outside hosp or elsewhere)
MS = Interfacility or intrahospital transfer of patients. Intrahospital transfer is usually to obtain a specific kind of care and interfacility transfer is usually for economic reasons as well as type of care provided.
UI = D010360
Patient Simulation
AN = actual persons (sometimes actors) "coached to feign symptoms or conditions of real diseases" as a technique in med educ; no qualif
MS = The use of persons coached to feign symptoms or conditions of real diseases in a life-like manner in order to teach or evaluate medical personnel.
UI = D016544
Patient-Centered Care
AN = institutional & admin management: do not confuse with PATIENT CARE PLANNING involving individual patient CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Design of patient care wherein institutional resources and personnel are organized around patients rather than around specialized departments. (From Hospitals 1993 Feb 5;67(3):14)
UI = D018802
Patients
AN = GEN only, irrespective of disease; patients as people or as a social, sociol, psychol, etc., group; do not confuse the patient with the disease: the "tuberculotic patient" = TUBERCULOSIS & not also PATIENTS; Manual 34.13
MS = People who are ill or who are undergoing treatment for a disease. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010361
Patients' Rooms
AN = note X ref WARDS, GENERAL but special care wards = HOSPITAL UNITS or specific
MS = Rooms occupied by one or more individuals during a stay in a health facility. The concept includes aspects of environment, design, care, or economics.
UI = D010362
Pattern Recognition
AN = in information sci; not physiological: physiol pattern recognition is PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; no qualif
MS = In information retrieval, machine-sensing or identification of visible patterns (shapes, forms, and configurations). (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed)
UI = D010363
Pattern Recognition, Visual
MS = Visually perceived characters, shapes, displays, or designs.
UI = D010364
Patulin
AN = a carcinogenic mycotoxin
MS = 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.
UI = D010365
PC12 Cells
AN = PC stands for PheochromoCytoma; do not confuse X ref with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA /pathol; almost never IM; no qualif when NIM; A 11 qualif when IM; check ANIMAL & RATS but do not add ADRENAL GLAND NEOPLASMS
MS = A cell line derived from a pheochromocytoma of the rat adrenal medulla. PC12 cells stop dividing and undergo terminal differentiation when treated with nerve growth factor, making the line a useful model system for neuronal differentiation.
UI = D016716
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
AN = NIM; do not confuse with MAXIMAL EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE (MEFR); DF: PEFR
MS = Measurement of the maximum rate of airflow attained during a forced vital capacity determination. Common abbreviations are PEFR and PFR.
UI = D010366
Peanut Agglutinin
MS = Lectin purified from peanuts (Arachis hypogaea). It binds to poorly differentiated cells and terminally differentiated cells and is used in cell separation techniques.
UI = D019887
Peanuts
AN = as plant & food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2
MS = A leguminous annual herb, Arachis hypogaea, that yields edible seeds containing high quality proteins, several lectins, and oils.
UI = D010367
Peas
AN = as plant & food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2
MS = A variable annual leguminous vine (Pisum sativum) that is cultivated for its rounded smooth or wrinkled edible protein-rich seeds, the seed of the pea, and the immature pods with their included seeds. (From Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1973)
UI = D018532
Pectins
AN = antidiarrheals & plasma substitutes
MS = High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therpeutic uses including as antidiarreals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
UI = D010368
Pectoralis Muscles
MS = These are musculus pectoralis major and musculus pectoralis minor. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010369
Pediatric Assistants
AN = check also tag CHILD or specific
MS = Persons academically trained to provide medical care, under the supervision of a physician, to infants and children.
UI = D010370
Pediatric Nursing
AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; check also tag CHILD or specific
MS = The nursing care of children from birth to adolescence. It includes the clinical and psychological aspects of nursing care.
UI = D010371
Pediatrics
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; when permitted for "pediatric dis": Manual 28.10.1
MS = A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence.
UI = D010372
Pediculus
AN = infestation: coord IM with PEDICULOSIS see LICE INFESTATIONS (IM); do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
MS = Lice of the genus Pediculus, family Pediculidae. Pediculus humanus corporus is the human body louse and Pediculus humanus capitis is the human head louse.
UI = D010374
Pedigree
AN = human & animal; NIM; no qualif
MS = A table, chart, diagram, or list of an individual's ancestors, used in genetics in the analysis of inheritance. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010375
Pediococcus
MS = A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria whose growth is dependent on the presence of a fermentable carbohydrate. No endospores are produced. Its organisms are found in fermenting plant products and are nonpathogenic to plants and animals, including humans.
UI = D010376
Pediatric Dentistry
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PEDIATRIC DENT
MS = The practice of dentistry concerned with the dental problems of children, proper maintenance, and treatment. The dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists.
UI = D010377
Pedophilia
MS = A sexual disorder occuring in a person 16 years or older and that is recurrent with intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child (generally age 13 or younger). (from APA, DSM-IV, 1994).
UI = D010378
Peer Group
AN = no qualif
MS = Group composed of associates of same species, approximately the same age, and usually of similar rank or social status.
UI = D010379
Peer Review
AN = professionals evaluating professionals
MS = An organized procedure carried out by a select committee of professionals in evaluating the performance of other professionals in meeting the standards of their specialty. Review by peers is used by editors in the evaluation of articles and other papers submitted for publication. Peer review is used also in the evaluation of grant applications. It is applied also in evaluating the quality of health care provided to patients.
UI = D010380
Peer Review, Health Care
MS = The concurrent or retrospective review by practicing physicians or other health professionals of the quality and efficiency of patient care practices or services ordered or performed by other physicians or other health professionals (From The Facts On File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988).
UI = D018024
Peer Review, Research
AN = professionals evaluating professionals in research, publishing, granting agencies; DF: PEER REV RESEARCH
MS = The evaluation by experts of the quality and pertinence of research or research proposals of other experts in the same field. Peer review is used by editors in deciding which submissions warrant publication, by granting agencies to determine which proposals should be funded, and by academic institutions in tenure decisions.
UI = D017712
Pefloxacin
AN = an anti-infective
MS = An orally administered broad spectrum quinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is effective against urinary tract infections as well as against many other systemic infections. The drug is well tolerated in adults, but should not be given to children and pregnant women.
UI = D015366
Pelger-Huet Anomaly
AN = a neutrophil abnorm; in titles & translations, use diacrit: Huèet
MS = An inherited defect interfering with normal nuclear lobulation of neutrophils and eosinophils. The nuclei appear rodlike, spherical, or dumbbell-shaped and their structure is coarse and lumpy. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010381
Peliosis Hepatis
MS = A condition in which microscopic pools of blood are present throughout the liver parenchyma, which may lead to congestion and necrosis.
UI = D010382
Pellagra
AN = consider also VITAMIN B DEFICIENCY
UI = D010383
Pelvic Bones
AN = /anat: CEPHALOPELVIC PROPORTION see PELVIMETRY is also available
UI = D010384
Pelvic Exenteration
AN = surg removal of pelvic organs; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Removal of all of the organs and adjacent structures of the pelvis. It is usually performed to surgically remove cancer involving the bladder, uterine cervix, or rectum. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D010385
Pelvic Floor
AN = NIM when merely locational
MS = Soft floor composed mainly of two muscles. These are the levators of the anus and a pair of sacrosciatic ligaments. (Black's Medical Dictionary, 36th ed)
UI = D017773
Pelvic Neoplasms
AN = internal pelvic organs & region, not bones; if referring to pelvic region as an external site (as in skin lesions) ignore; GEN: prefer specific precoord; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl if possible (IM)
UI = D010386
Pelvic Pain
AN = refers to region, not pelvic bones
MS = Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin and of organic or psychogenic etiology. Frequent causes of pain are distension or contraction of hollow viscera, rapid stretching of the capsule of a solid organ, chemical irritation, tissue ischemia, and neuritis secondary to inflammatory, neoplastic, or fibrotic processes in adjacent organs. (Kase, Weingold & Gershenson: Principles and Practice of Clinical Gynecology, 2d ed, pp479-508)
UI = D017699
Pelvimetry
AN = NIM
MS = Measurement of the dimensions and capacity of the pelvis. It includes cephalopelvimetry (measurement of fetal head size in relation to maternal pelvic capacity), a prognostic guide to the management of labor associated with disproportion.
UI = D010387
Pelvis
AN = internal pelvic region, not PELVIC BONES; if referring to pelvic region as an external site (as in skin lesions) ignore; /surg: consider also PELVIC EXENTERATION; pelvic disease is prob ADNEXITIS
UI = D010388
Pemoline
AN = a CNS stimulant
MS = 2-Imino-5-phenyl-4-oxazolidinone. A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.
UI = D010389
Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane
MS = A chronic blistering disease with predilection for mucous membranes and less frequently the skin, and with a tendency to scarring. It is sometimes called ocular pemphigoid because of conjunctival mucous membrane involvement.
UI = D010390
Pemphigoid, Bullous
MS = A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.
UI = D010391
Pemphigus
AN = do not confuse with "pemphigoid"; /genet: consider also PEMPHIGUS, BENIGN FAMILIAL
MS = Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis.
UI = D010392
Pemphigus, Benign Familial
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
MS = Rare hereditary disease characterized by recurrent eruptions of vesicles and bullae mainly on the neck, axillae, and groin. It exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance and is unrelated to pemphigus vulgaris though it closely resembles that disease.
UI = D016506
Pempidine
AN = a nicotinic antag & ganglionic blocker
MS = A nicotinic antagonist most commonly used as an experimental tool. It has been used as a ganglionic blocker in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been supplanted for that purpose by more specific drugs.
UI = D010393
Penbutolol
AN = an antihypertensive & anti-anginal agent
MS = A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.
UI = D010394
Penetrance
AN = frequency a gene or gene combination is manifested in the phenotype
MS = The percent frequency with which a dominant or homozygous recessive gene or gene combination manifests itself in the phenotype of the carriers. (From Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed)
UI = D019683
Penfluridol
AN = an antipsychotic agent
MS = A long-acting antipsychotic used for maintenance or long-term therapy of schizophrenia and other psychoses.
UI = D010395
Penicillamine
AN = degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics
MS = 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.
UI = D010396
Penicillanic Acid
AN = do not confuse with PENICILLIC ACID
MS = 3,3-Dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid. A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D010397
Penicillic Acid
AN = an antibiotic & carcinogen; do not confuse with PENICILLANIC ACID
MS = 3-Methoxy-5-methyl-4-oxo-2,5-hexadienoic acid (in tautomeric equilibrium with its lactone). A mycotoxin with antibiotic and carcinogenic activity produced by various strains of Penicillium, by Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus melleus. Has been found in tobacco, sausages, and corn.
UI = D010398
Penicillin Amidase
MS = An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of penicillin to penicin and a carboxylic acid anion. EC 3.5.1.11.
UI = D010399
Penicillin G
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = (2S-(2 alpha,5 alpha,6 beta))-3,3-Dimethyl-7-oxo-6-((phenylacetyl)amino)-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid. A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GABA mediated synaptic transmission.
UI = D010400
Penicillin G, Benzathine
MS = Semisynthetic antibiotic prepared by combining the sodium salt of penicillin G with N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine.
UI = D010401
Penicillin G, Procaine
MS = (2S-(2 alpha,5 alpha,6 beta))-3,3-Dimethyl-7-oxo-6-((phenylacetyl)amino)-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid compound with 2-(diethylamino)ethyl) 4-aminobenzoate (1:1) monohydrate. Semisynthetic antibiotic prepared by combining penicillin G with procaine.
UI = D010402
Penicillin Resistance
MS = Nonsusceptibility of an organism to the action of penicillins.
UI = D010403
Penicillin V
MS = (2S-(2 alpha,5 alpha,6 beta)-3,3-Dimethyl-7-oxo-6-((phenoxyacetyl)amino)-4-thia-1- azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid. A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.
UI = D010404
Penicillinase
MS = A beta-lactamase preferentially cleaving penicillins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 3.5.2.-.
UI = D010405
Penicillins
AN = check text for a specific if possible
MS = A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)
UI = D010406
Penicillium
MS = A mitosporic Trichocomaceae fungal genus that develops fruiting organs resembling a broom. When identified, teleomorphs include Eupenicillium and Talaromyces. Several species (but especially PENICILLIUM CHRYSOGENUM) are sources of the antibiotic penicillin.
UI = D010407
Penicillium chrysogenum
MS = A mitosporic fungal species used in the production of penicillin.
UI = D010408
Peniculina
AN = a suborder of ciliate protozoa
MS = A suborder of protozoa characterized by peniculi, which are often situated deep in the buccal cavity, and by fusiform trichocysts.
UI = D016804
Penile Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = BALANITIS; penile fract: index under PENIS /inj (IM) + RUPTURE (NIM)
UI = D010409
Penile Erection
MS = The state of the penis when the erectile tissue becomes filled with blood and causes the penis to become rigid and elevated.
UI = D010410
Penile Implantation
MS = Surgical insertion of cylindric hydraulic devices for the treatment of organic impotence.
UI = D019935
Penile Induration
AN = hardening of the corpora cavernosa
MS = A disease of unknown etiology in which there are plaques or strands of dense fibrous tissue causing induration of the corpora cavernosa of the penis. The condition produces a painful deformity and is sometimes seen in cases of DUPUYTREN'S CONTRACTURE.
UI = D010411
Penile Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = Cancers or tumors of the penis or of its component tissues.
UI = D010412
Penile Prosthesis
MS = Rigid, semi-rigid, or inflatable cylindric hydraulic devices, with either combined or separate reservoir and pumping systems, implanted for the surgical treatment of organic impotence.
UI = D015917
Penis
AN = inflammation = BALANITIS; penile fract: index under PENIS /inj (IM) + RUPTURE (NIM)
MS = The male organ of copulation and of urinary excretion, comprising a root, body, and extremity, or glans penis. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010413
Pennsylvania
AN = PHILADELPHIA is also available
UI = D010414
Pensions
MS = Fixed sums paid regularly to individuals.
UI = D010415
Pentachlorophenol
AN = an uncoupling agent & herbicide
MS = An insecticide and herbicide that has also been used as a wood preservative. Pentachlorphenol is a widespread environmental pollutant. Both chronic and acute pentachlorophenol poisoning are medical concerns. The range of its biological actions is still being actively explored, but it is clearly a potent enzyme inhibitor and has been used as such as an experimental tool.
UI = D010416
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate
AN = a vasodilator
MS = A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025)
UI = D010417
Pentagastrin
AN = a synthetic oligopeptide with gastrin-like eff
MS = A synthetic polypeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.
UI = D010418
Pentamidine
AN = an antiprotozoal
MS = 4,4'-(Pentamethylenedioxy)dibenzamidine. Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. May cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.
UI = D010419
Pentanes
AN = CYCLOPENTANES is also available
MS = Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.
UI = D010420
Pentanoic Acids
UI = D010421
Pentanols
MS = Isomeric forms and derivatives of pentanol (C5H11OH).
UI = D000439
Pentanones
AN = an antineoplastic
MS = 5-carbon straight-chain or branched-chain ketones.
UI = D010422
Pentazocine
AN = a narcotic analgesic
MS = The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)
UI = D010423
Pentetic Acid
AN = GADOLINIUM DTPA is also available
MS = An iron chelating agent with properties similar to those of the edetates. (From Dorland, 28th ed) DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.
UI = D004369
Pentobarbital
AN = a sedative
MS = A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)
UI = D010424
Pentolinium Tartrate
AN = an antihypertensive
MS = A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.
UI = D010425
Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester
AN = an anticoagulant polysaccharide
MS = A sulfated pentosyl polysaccharide with heparin-like properties used in treatment of thromboses, inflammation and as an enzyme inhibitor.
UI = D010426
Pentosephosphate Pathway
MS = A pathway of hexose oxidation in which glucose-6-phosphate undergoes two successive oxidations by NADP, the final one being an oxidative decarboxylation to form a pentose phosphate.
UI = D010427
Pentosephosphates
AN = /metab: consider also PENTOSEPHOSPHATE PATHWAY
UI = D010428
Pentoses
AN = monosaccharides; GEN; prefer specifics
MS = A class of carbohydrates that contains five carbon atoms.
UI = D010429
Pentostatin
AN = an enzyme inhib & antineoplastic antibiotic
MS = A potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. The drug is effective in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly hairy-cell leukemia. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.
UI = D015649
Pentosyltransferases
MS = Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a pentose group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.4.2.
UI = D010430
Pentoxifylline
MS = A METHYLXANTHINE derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production.
UI = D010431
Pentoxyl
MS = 5-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity. Synonyms: pentoksil; hydroxymethylmethyluracil.
UI = D010432
Pentylenetetrazole
MS = A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GABA antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.
UI = D010433
Peplomycin
AN = a bleomycin; antineoplastic antibiotic
MS = (S)-N(1)-(3-((1-Phenylethyl)amino)propyl)bleomycinamide. An antineoplastic agent derived from bleomycin and claimed to produce a lower incidence of pulmonary toxicity. The sulfate has been used in the treatment of malignant neoplasms of the prostate and lung. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p646)
UI = D017663
Pepsin A
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice.
UI = D010434
Pepsinogen A
MS = This is one of 2 related pepsinogen systems in humans and is also known as pepsinogen. (The other is PEPSINOGEN C.) This includes isozymogens Pg1-Pg5 (pepsinogens 1-5, group I or products of PGA1-PGA5 genes). This is the main pepsinogen found in urine.
UI = D020116
Pepsinogen C
MS = This is one of the 2 related pepsinogen systems in humans. It is found in prostate and seminal fluid whereas PEPSINOGEN A is not.
UI = D020115
Pepsinogens
AN = do not confuse with PEPSINOGEN see PEPSINOGEN A
MS = Proenzymes secreted by chief cells, mucous neck cells, and pyloric gland cells, which are converted into pepsin in the presence of gastric acid or pepsin itself. (Dorland, 28th ed) In humans there are 2 related pepsinogen systems: PEPSINOGEN A (formerly pepsinogen I or pepsinogen) and PEPSINOGEN C (formerly pepsinogen II or progastricsin). Pepsinogen B is the name of a pepsinogen from pigs.
UI = D010435
Pepstatins
AN = protease inhib
MS = N-acylated oligopeptides isolated from culture filtrates of Actinomycetes, which act specifically to inhibit acid proteases such as pepsin and renin.
UI = D010436
Peptic Ulcer
AN = GEN: prefer STOMACH ULCER or DUODENAL ULCER but note GASTRODUODENAL ULCER = PEPTIC ULCER; stress ulcer: coord with STRESS or STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL (IM or NIM); /drug ther: consider also ANTI-ULCER AGENTS
MS = Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier.
UI = D010437
Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage
AN = IM + coord with STOMACH ULCER /compl or DUODENAL ULCER /compl (IM)
UI = D010438
Peptic Ulcer Perforation
AN = IM + coord with STOMACH ULCER /compl or DUODENAL ULCER /compl (IM)
MS = Penetration of a peptic ulcer through the stomach wall. May be free, i.e., at a point where the stomach wall faces a real or potential space,, or confined, i.e., at a point where the stomach wall is defended by contiguous or adjacent structures, such as the pancreas.
UI = D010439
Peptichemio
AN = an alkylating antineoplastic
MS = A mixture of six synthetic oligopeptides, each containing MELPHALAN. It is used as a broad-spectrum antineoplastic due to its alkylating and antimetabolic actions but, is toxic to bone marrow, gastrointestinal system and vasculature.
UI = D010440
Peptide Chain Elongation
AN = IM; coord with specific peptide (IM)
MS = The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides.
UI = D010441
Peptide Chain Initiation
AN = IM; coord with specific peptide (IM)
MS = The process whereby the formation of a peptide chain is started. This process requires (1) the 30s subunit, (2) the mRNA coding for the polypeptide to be made, (3) Met-tRNAi, (4) initiation factors, and (5) GTP.
UI = D010442
Peptide Chain Termination
AN = IM; coord with specific peptide (IM)
MS = The process whereby the last amino acid is added to a polypeptide. This termination is signaled by one of three termination triplets in the mRNA, immediately following the last amino acid codon.
UI = D010443
Peptide Elongation Factor Tu
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; DF: EFTU
MS = A protein found in bacteria and eukaryotic cells which delivers aminoacyl-tRNA's to the A site of the ribosome. The aminoacyl-tRNA is first bound to a complex of elongation factor Tu containing a molecule of bound GTP. The resulting complex is then bound to the 70S initiation complex. Simultaneously the GTP is hydrolyzed and a Tu-GDP complex is released from the 70S ribosome. The Tu-GTP complex is regenerated from the Tu-GDP complex by the Ts elongation factor and GTP.
UI = D010444
Peptide Elongation Factors
AN = /drug eff /biosyn /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Protein factors uniquely required during the elongation phase of protein synthesis.
UI = D010445
Peptide Fragments
MS = Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins.
UI = D010446
Peptide Hydrolases
AN = /antag = PROTEASE INHIB
UI = D010447
Peptide Initiation Factors
AN = ribosomal proteins; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Protein factors uniquely required during the initiation phase of protein synthesis.
UI = D010448
Peptide Library
AN = "a collection of cloned free peptides"
MS = A collection of cloned free peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.
UI = D019151
Peptide Mapping
AN = 2-dimensional separation & anal of peptides
MS = Two-dimensional separation and analysis of peptides.
UI = D010449
Peptide Nucleic Acids
MS = DNA analogs containing neutral amide backbone linkages composed of aminoethyl glycine units instead of the usual phosphodiester linkage of deoxyribose groups. Peptide nucleic acids have high biological stability and higher affinity for complementary DNA or RNA sequences than analogous DNA oligomers.
UI = D020135
Peptide Peptidohydrolases
AN = /antag = PROTEASE INHIB
MS = A subclass of enzymes of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. These comprise the exopeptidases and endopeptidases, also called peptide hydrolase. (From Dorland, 28th ed) EC 3.4.-.
UI = D010450
Peptide PHI
AN = a neurotransmitter; X ref explains PHI; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.
UI = D010451
Peptide Synthesis
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D010452
Peptide Synthases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the joining of an acid and an amino acid by the formation of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.2.
UI = D010453
Peptide T
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted
MS = N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)-L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor.
UI = D015717
Peptide Termination Factors
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Proteins that are exclusively involved in the termination reactions of protein synthesis on the ribosome.
UI = D010454
Peptide YY
MS = A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.
UI = D019894
Peptides
AN = /anal: consider also PEPTIDE MAPPING; GASTRIC INHIBITORY POLYPEPTIDE & PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE are also available; fewer than 13 amino acids = OLIGOPEPTIDES; FUNGAL PEPTIDES see FUNGAL PROTEINS is available; peptide structure: coord PEPTIDES or specific peptide (IM) with specific structure heading (NIM); "primary structure" = PROTEIN STRUCTURE, PRIMARY see AMINO ACID SEQUENCE, "secondary structure" = PROTEIN STRUCTURE, SECONDARY, "tertiary structure" = PROTEIN STRUCTURE, TERTIARY, "quaternary structure" = PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY see PROTEIN CONFORMATION
MS = Any member of a class of compounds of low molecular weight which yield two or more amino acids on hydrolysis. Formed by loss of water from the NH2 and COOH groups of adjacent amino acids, they are known as di-, tri-, tetra- (etc.) peptides, depending on the number of amino acids in the molecule. Peptides form the constituent parts of proteins. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010455
Peptides, Cyclic
UI = D010456
Peptidoglycan
AN = a bact polysaccharide; coord IM with specific bacterium (IM) & do not coord with POLYSACCHARIDES, BACTERIAL
UI = D010457
Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A
AN = /antag = ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS
MS = A peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, -Xaa-*-Xbb-Xcc, when neither Xaa nor Xbb is Pro. It is a Cl(-)-dependent, zinc glycoprotein that is generally membrane-bound and active at neutral pH. It may also have endopeptidase activity on some substrates. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.15.1.
UI = D007703
Peptidylprolyl Isomerase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of proline residues within proteins. EC 5.2.1.8.
UI = D019696
Peptidyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of aminoacyl-tRNA to formyl-methionine-tRNA or peptidyl-tRNA during peptide chain elongation. It is a part of the 50 S (bacteria) and 60 S (eukaryotes) ribosomal subunits. EC 2.3.2.12.
UI = D010458
Peptococcaceae
AN = in man, animals, soil
MS = A family of bacteria found in the mouth and intestinal and respiratory tracts of man and other animals as well as in the human female urogenital tract. Its organisms are also found in soil and on cereal grains.
UI = D010459
Peptococcus
AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of gram-positive, anaerobic, coccoid bacteria that is part of the normal flora of the mouth, upper respiratory tract, and large intestine in humans. Its organisms cause infections of soft tissues and bacteremias.
UI = D010460
Peptones
AN = proteins
MS = Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010461
Peptostreptococcus
AN = opportunistic; infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of gram-positive, anaerobic, coccoid bacteria that is part of the normal flora of humans. Its organisms are opportunistic pathogens causing bacteremias and soft tissue infections.
UI = D010462
Peracetic Acid
MS = A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.
UI = D010463
Perazine
AN = an antipsychotic agent
MS = A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.
UI = D010464
Perception
MS = The process by which the nature and meaning of sensory stimuli are recognized and interpreted.
UI = D010465
Perceptual Closure
MS = The tendency to perceive an incomplete pattern or object as complete or whole. This includes the Gestalt Law of Closure.
UI = D010466
Perceptual Defense
AN = no qualif
MS = Selective perceiving such that the individual protects himself from becoming aware of something unpleasant or threatening, e.g., obscene words are not heard correctly, or violent acts are not seen accurately.
UI = D010467
Perceptual Disorders
MS = Disturbances in recognizing and interpreting sensory stimuli dependent upon one's previous experience.
UI = D010468
Perceptual Distortion
MS = Lack of correspondence between the way a stimulus is commonly perceived and the way an individual perceives it under given conditions.
UI = D010469
Perceptual Masking
MS = The interference of one perceptual stimulus with another causing a decrease or lessening in perceptual effectiveness.
UI = D010470
Perch
AN = IM; qualif permitted
MS = A common name for fish belonging to the order Perciformes with many genera and species.
UI = D010471
Perchloric Acid
AN = used in anal chem to separate potassium from sodium
MS = An oxidizing agent that is used in analytical chemistry for separation of potassium from sodium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D010472
Perciformes
AN = IM; qualif permitted; BASS and PERCH are also available; do not confuse X ref DOLPHIN FISH with DOLPHINS which are mammals
MS = The most diversified of all fish orders and the largest vertebrate order. It includes many of the commonly known fish such as porgies, croakers, mullets, dolphin fish, etc.
UI = D010473
Percussion
AN = diag from sound obtained by short sharp blows
MS = Act of striking a part with short, sharp blows as an aid in diagnosing the condition beneath the sound obtained.
UI = D010474
Perforant Pathway
AN = in the entorhinal cortex; DF: PERFORANT PATH
MS = A pathway of fibers originating in the lateral part of the entorhinal area, perforating the subiculum of the hippocampus, and running into the stratum moleculare of the hippocampus, where these fibers synapse with others that go to the dentate gyrus. It is also called the perforating fasciculus. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019580
Perfume
AN = IM; coord with specific substance if pertinent (IM); D25-26 qualif
MS = A substance, extract, or preparation for diffusing or imparting an agreeable or attractive smell, especially a fluid containing fragrant natural oils extracted from flowers, woods, etc., or similar synthetic oils. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
UI = D010476
Perfusion
AN = note category; a technique: not for perfusion of blood through a vessel ( = a circulation concept); REPERFUSION is available for restoration of blood supply to tissue & MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION for heart
UI = D010477
Perfusion, Regional
AN = restricted to a special technique in cancer ther; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not confuse with INFUSIONS, INTRA-ARTERIAL which is also used in cancer ther; not for "isolated perfusion" or "perfusion of isolated organs" in physiological studies (index under PERFUSION + organ); Manual 24.4.2.5+
MS = Neoplasm drug therapy involving an extracorporeal circuit with temporary exclusion of the tumor-bearing area from the general circulation during which high concentrations of the drug are perfused to the isolated part.
UI = D010478
Pergolide
AN = an antiparkinson agent
MS = 8-((Methylthio)methyl)-6-propylergoline. A long-acting dopamine agonist which is effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and hyperprolactinemia. It has also been observed to have antihypertensive effects.
UI = D010479
Perhexiline
AN = a vasodilator calcium channel blocker
MS = 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.
UI = D010480
Perianal Glands
AN = animal only
UI = D010481
Periapical Abscess
AN = do not confuse with PERIODONTAL ABSCESS: note X refs below; for coord read note on ABSCESS
MS = Acute or chronic inflammation of tissues surrounding the apical portion of a tooth, associated with the collection of pus, resulting from infection following pulp infection through a carious lesion or as a result of an injury causing pulp necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010482
Periapical Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = PERIAPICAL PERIODONTITIS
MS = Diseases of the periapical tissue.
UI = D010483
Periapical Granuloma
AN = non-neoplastic inflamm of periapical tissue
MS = Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation of periapical tissue resulting from irritation following pulp disease or endodontic treatment.
UI = D010484
Periapical Periodontitis
AN = GEN or unspecified
MS = Inflammation of the periapical tissue. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.
UI = D010485
Periapical Tissue
AN = diseases = PERIAPICAL DISEASES; inflammation = PERIAPICAL PERIODONTITIS
MS = Tissue surrounding the apex of a tooth, including the apical portion of the periodontal membrane and alveolar bone.
UI = D010486
Periaqueductal Gray
MS = Central gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct in the mesencephalon. Physiologically it is probably involved in rage reactions, the lordosis reflex, feeding responses, bladder tonus, and pain.
UI = D010487
Periarthritis
AN = "inflamm of tissues around a joint"
MS = Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010489
Pericardial Effusion
AN = fluid within the pericardium
MS = Presence of fluid within the pericardium.
UI = D010490
Pericardial Window Techniques
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Surgical construction of an opening or window in the pericardium. It is often called subxiphoid pericardial window technique.
UI = D010491
Pericardiectomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Surgical excision (total or partial) of a portion of the pericardium. Pericardiotomy refers to incision of the pericardium.
UI = D010492
Pericarditis
AN = inflamm of pericardium
MS = Inflammation of the pericardium. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010493
Pericarditis, Constrictive
UI = D010494
Pericarditis, Tuberculous
MS = Infection of the pericardium with tubercle bacilli. This condition arises by contiguous extension of tuberculous lesions of the hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes or by pleuropulmonary tuberculosis.
UI = D010495
Pericardium
AN = inflammation = PERICARDITIS or its specifics; simple mediastinal cyst adjacent to pericardium = MEDIASTINAL CYST (do not coord with PERICARDIUM)
MS = The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels.
UI = D010496
Pericoronitis
AN = inflamm of gingiva surrounding crown of tooth
MS = Inflammation of the gingiva surrounding the crown of a tooth.
UI = D010497
Pericytes
MS = Slender, contractile, mesenchymal-like cells found in close association with capillary walls. They are relatively undifferentiated and may become fibroblasts, macrophages, or smooth muscle cells. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D020286
Perilymph
AN = a labyrinthine fluid
MS = The fluid separating the membranous labyrinth from the osseous labyrinth of the ear. It is entirely separate from the ENDOLYMPH which is contained in the membranous labyrinth. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1396, 642)
UI = D010498
Perimetry
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Determination of the extent of the visual field for various types and intensities of stimuli.
UI = D010499
Perinatal Care
AN = from 28th wk of pregn through 28 days after birth; care of fetus & neonate: differentiate from PRENATAL CARE & POSTNATAL CARE which are care of the mother; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY & INFANT, NEWBORN if relevant
MS = The care and management of the fetus and newborn infant in the perinatal period before, during, and after delivery. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D018743
Perinatology
AN = = fetus + newborn inf: differentiate from NEONATOLOGY, the newborn inf only; SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PERINATOL
MS = The branch of medicine dealing with the fetus and infant during the perinatal period. The perinatal period begins with the twenty-eighth week of gestation and ends twenty-eight days after birth. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010500
Perinephritis
AN = inflamm of perinephrium & other tissue around the kidney
MS = Inflammation of the perinephrium. It is marked by fever, local pain, and tenderness on pressure. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010501
Perineum
UI = D010502
Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction
AN = no qualif
MS = A histochemical technique based on periodic acid oxidation of a substance containing the 1,2-glycol grouping. The resulting dialdehyde reacts with Schiff reagent to form a colored product. Substances that can be demonstrated include carbohydrates, mucins, cartilage matrix, collagen, reticulum, basement membranes, fibrin, thyroid colloid, amyloid, glomerular hyaline deposits, and a number of other secretions or tissue constituents.
UI = D010503
Periodic Acid
AN = an iodine cpd and oxidizing agent
MS = Periodic acid (H5IO6). A strong oxidizing agent.
UI = D010504
Periodic Disease
AN = a specific dis entity: see Dorland; not for periodically occurring dis ( = PERIODICITY (IM) + disease (IM))
MS = A condition characterized by regularly recurring and intermittent episodes of fever, edema, arthralgia, and gastric pain and vomiting, continuing for years without further development in otherwise healthy individuals. It is also called familial Mediterranean fever. It does not refer to conditions in which episodes recur at regular intervals. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010505
Periodical Index [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; do not confuse with catalogers' form subhead /indexes or /periodicals - indexes; for annual, quinquennial, decennial, etc. indexes published by a periodical
MS = Useful as a subject approach to the contents of a periodical issuing an annual, biennial, quinquennial, decennial, etc., index. The heading is used for the overall body of articles published by a periodical in the same sense that BIBLIOGRAPHY [PUBLICATION TYPE] is useful when published as a single article.
UI = D016453
Periodicals
AN = IM; med periodicals, med journals, med newsletters: do not coord with MEDICINE; writing for periodicals goes here but see note on WRITING; note X ref NEWSLETTERS: for articles from newsletters, Publication Type NEWSPAPER ARTICLE is available CATALOG: /geog /form; form qualif /periodicals & double forms are available
MS = A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.
UI = D010506
Periodicals [Publication Type]
MS = Publications intended to be issued indefinitely at stated, more or less regular intervals.
UI = D020492
Periodicity
AN = IM + coord with specific dis for periodically occurring dis (IM); no qualif; do not confuse with PERIODIC DISEASE, a specific clin entity: see Dorland
MS = The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).
UI = D010507
Periodontal Abscess
AN = do not confuse with PERIAPICAL ABSCESS: see X refs there; for coord read note on ABSCESS
MS = Localized circumscribed purulent area of inflammation in the periodontal tissue. It is a derivative of marginal periodontitis and commonly associated with suprabony and infrabony pockets and interradicular involvements, in contrast to periapical abscess which is attributable to pulp necrosis.
UI = D010508
Periodontal Attachment Loss
AN = attachment refers to the periodontal ligament
MS = Loss or destruction of periodontal tissue caused by periodontitis or other destructive periodontal diseases or by injury during instrumentation. Attachment refers to the periodontal ligament which attaches to the alveolar bone. It has been hypothesized that treatment of the underlying periodontal disease and the seeding of periodontal ligament cells enable the creating of new attachment.
UI = D017622
Periodontal Cyst
AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/dis term (IM)
MS = An epithelium-lined sac containing fluid; usually found at the apex of a pulp-involved tooth. The lateral type occurs less frequently along the side of the root.
UI = D010509
Periodontal Diseases
AN = X ref PARODONTOSIS is in foreign lit; "periodontosis" also seen in foreign lit, meaning "periodontal disease", should not be confused with PERIODONTOSIS see PERIODONTITIS, JUVENILE; inflamm dis = PERIODONTITIS CATALOG: form qualif permitted
UI = D010510
Periodontal Dressings
AN = after periodontal surg; D25-26 qualif
MS = Surgical dressings, after periodontal surgery, applied to the necks of teeth and the adjacent tissue to cover and protect the surgical wound. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p218)
UI = D010511
Periodontal Index
AN = no qualif; for gingival X refs do not coord with GINGIVA unless particularly discussed
MS = A numerical rating scale for classifying the periodontal status of a person or population with a single figure which takes into consideration prevalence as well as severity of the condition. It is based upon probe measurement of periodontal pockets and on gingival tissue status.
UI = D010512
Periodontal Ligament
AN = intraligamental anesthesia or periodontal ligament injection (PDLI): coord IM with ANESTHESIA, DENTAL (IM)
MS = Fibrous connective tissue surrounding the root of a tooth that separates it from and attaches it to the alveolar bone.
UI = D010513
Periodontal Pocket
AN = do not confuse with GINGIVAL POCKET: read MeSH definition
MS = An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.
UI = D010514
Periodontal Prosthesis
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Any restorative and replacement device that is used as a therapeutic aid in the treatment of periodontal disease. It is an adjunct to other forms of periodontal therapy and does not cure periodontal disease by itself. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 3d ed)
UI = D010515
Periodontal Splints
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D010516
Periodontics
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
MS = A dental specialty concerned with the histology, physiology, and pathology of the tissues that support, attach, and surround the teeth, and of the treatment and prevention of disease affecting these tissues.
UI = D010517
Periodontitis
AN = PERIODONTITIS, JUVENILE is also available with ref to teen-agers & young adults
MS = Inflammatory reaction of the tissues surrounding a tooth (periodontium), usually resulting from the extension of gingival inflammation (gingivitis) into the periodontium. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010518
Periodontium
AN = inflammation = PERIODONTITIS
UI = D010519
Periodontitis, Juvenile
AN = usually in teenagers & young adults: note ages in text & check proper tags; do not confuse X ref PERIODONTOSIS with "periodontosis" seen in foreign lit, meaning "periodontal disease" & indexed under PERIODONTAL DISEASES
MS = Localized periodontitis in teenagers and young adults. The onset is during the circumpubertal period but the diagnosis can be made beyond puberty. Lesions are confined predominantly to the first permanent molars or incisors and the distribution of lesions is usually symmetrical. The gingiva may appear normal. The lesions are highly active immediately following puberty but later destruction may slow or cease spontaneously. The disease is four times more prevalent in females than males and more prevalent in African Americans than in other races or ethnic groups. (From Schluger et al., Periodontal Diseases, 2d ed, p61)
UI = D010520
Perioperative Care
AN = do not confuse with PEROPERATIVE CARE see INTRAOPERATIVE CARE
MS = Interventions to provide care prior to, during, and immediately after surgery.
UI = D019990
Perioperative Nursing
AN = a nurs SPEC; OPERATING ROOM NURSING is also available; DF: PERIOP NURS
MS = Nursing care of the surgical patient before, during, and after surgery.
UI = D013527
Periosteum
AN = inflammation = PERIOSTITIS; dental = PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
UI = D010521
Periostitis
AN = inflamm of the periosteum
MS = Inflammation of the periosteum. The condition is generally chronic, and is marked by tenderness and swelling of the bone and an aching pain. Acute periostitis is due to infection, is characterized by diffuse suppuration, severe pain, and constitutional symptoms, and usually results in necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010522
Peripheral Nervous System
MS = The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors.
UI = D017933
Peripheral Nervous System Agents
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; consider also PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff & PERIPHERAL NERVES /drug eff; DF: PNS AGENTS
MS = Drugs that act principally at one or more sites within the peripheral neuroeffector systems, the autonomic system, and motor nerve-skeletal system. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p75)
UI = D018373
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with specific nerve (IM); "diabetic peripheral neuropathy": index only under DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; DF: PNS DIS
MS = Diseases of the peripheral nervous system, including disorders of the peripheral autonomic system, the cranial nerves, and the spinal nerves and roots, but not including neuromuscular and spinal cord diseases.
UI = D010523
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with specific peripheral nerve (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D010524
Peripheral Nerves
AN = GEN only; do not use as coord for specific nerves indexed with organ /innerv
MS = The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.
UI = D010525
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
AN = coord IM with specific peripheral artery or vein IM; inflamm dis = probably VASCULITIS; vascular compression syndromes: coord IM with CONSTRICTION, PATHOLOGIC (NIM) + specific blood vessel if pertinent (IM)
MS = General or unspecified diseases of the blood vessels outside the heart. It is for diseases of the peripheral as opposed to the cardiac circulation.
UI = D016491
Periplaneta
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
MS = A genus in the family Blattidae containing several species, the most common being P. americana, the American cockroach.
UI = D010526
Periplasm
MS = The space between the membrane and the cell wall of abacterium. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019897
Perissodactyla
AN = includes EQUIDAE (HORSES, asses, donkeys, mules, zebras), tapirs, rhinoceroses; IM; qualif permitted
MS = An order of ungulates having an odd number of toes, including the horse, tapir, and rhinoceros. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010527
Peristalsis
AN = restrict to digestive system, not other organs; esophageal peristalsis = ESOPHAGUS /physiol (IM) + PERISTALSIS (NIM)
UI = D010528
Peritoneal Cavity
AN = "peritoneal cells" = probably PERITONEAL CAVITY /cytol or ASCITIC FLUID /pathol if pertinent but note that PERITONEAL LAVAGE is available; note PERITONEAL FLUID see ASCITIC FLUID; /inj is probably PERITONEUM /inj
MS = The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen.
UI = D010529
Peritoneal Dialysis
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Dialysis through the peritoneum, the dialysis being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure (Dorland, 27th edition).
UI = D010530
Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: note short X ref
MS = Portable peritoneal dialysis using the continuous (24 hours a day, 7 days a week) presence of peritoneal dialysis solution in the peritoneal cavity except for periods of drainage and instillation of fresh solution.
UI = D010531
Peritoneal Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = PERITONITIS CATALOG: form qualif permitted
MS = Conditions or disorders affecting the PERITONEUM.
UI = D010532
Peritoneal Lavage
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Washing out of the peritoneal cavity. The procedure is a diagnostic as well as a therapeutic technique following abdominal trauma or inflammation.
UI = D010533
Peritoneal Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D010534
Peritoneovenous Shunt
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = An operation for the continuous emptying of ascitic fluid into the venous system. Fluid removal is based on intraperitoneal and intrathoracic superior vena cava pressure differentials and is performed via a pressure-sensitive one-way valve connected to a tube traversing the subcutaneous tissue of the chest wall to the neck where it enters the internal jugular vein and terminates in the superior vena cava. It is used in the treatment of intractable ascites.
UI = D010536
Peritoneum
AN = a membrane: do not confuse with PERITONEAL CAVITY; "peritoneal cells" = probably PERITONEAL CAVITY /cytol or ASCITIC FLUID /pathol but not PERITONEUM /cytol; inflammation = PERITONITIS; PERITONEAL LAVAGE is available; note PERITONEAL FLUID see ASCITIC FLUID
MS = Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall.
UI = D010537
Peritonitis
UI = D010538
Peritonsillar Abscess
AN = for coord read note on ABSCESS
MS = An abscess in the peritonsillar tissue extending into the tonsil capsule, resulting from suppuration of the tonsil. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D000039
Permeability
AN = coord NIM with substance /pharmacokin (IM) or /metab (IM) or tissue /metab (IM); for nonbiological material coord with substance /chem (IM); note VASCULAR PERMEABILITY see CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY
MS = Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.
UI = D010539
Permeases
MS = Any of a group of enzymes which mediate the phenomenon of active transport. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
UI = D010540
Permissiveness
AN = no qualif
MS = The attitude that grants freedom of expression and activity to another individual, but not necessarily with sanction or approval.
UI = D010541
Peromyscus
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not check tag MICE
MS = A genus of the subfamily Hesperomyinae consisting of 49 species. Two of these are widely used in medical research. They are P. leucopus, or the white-footed mouse, and P. maniculatus, or the deer mouse.
UI = D010542
Peroneal Nerve
AN = a branch of the sciatic nerve; dis: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = The lateral of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. The peroneal (or fibular) nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to parts of the leg and foot.
UI = D010543
Peroxidase
AN = a hemeprotein synthesized by leukocytes: do not confuse with PEROXIDASES, a subclass of oxidoreductases
MS = A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7.
UI = D009195
Peroxidases
AN = a subclass of oxidoreductases: do not confuse with PEROXIDASE, a peroxiductase synthesized by leukocytes
UI = D010544
Peroxides
MS = A group of compounds that contain a bivalent O-O group, i.e., the oxygen atoms are univalent. They can either be inorganic or organic in nature. Such compounds release atomic (nascent) oxygen readily. Thus they are strong oxidizing agents and fire hazards when in contact with combustible materials, especially under high-temperature conditions. The chief industrial uses of peroxides are as oxidizing agents, bleaching agents, and initiators of polymerization. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
UI = D010545
Peroxisomal Disorders
AN = an inborn error of lipid metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse X ref REFSUM DISEASE, INFANTILE with REFSUM DISEASE, a hered peripheral neuropathy CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A heterogeneous group of inherited metabolic disorders in which peroxisomes are either defective or totally lacking and/or there is a dysfunction of single or multiple peroxisomal enzymes. Patients show metabolic defects in all the major biosynthetic peroxisomal pathways, especially failure to synthesize ether lipids, or to oxidize long-chain fatty acids, and accumulate bile acid precursors. The disorders include ZELLWEGER SYNDROME, infantile Refsum disease, rhizomelic chondrodysplasia (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC), and hyperpipecolic acidemia.
UI = D018901
Peroxisome Proliferators
MS = A class of nongenotoxic carcinogens that induce the production of hepatic peroxisomes and induce hepatic neoplasms after long-term administration.
UI = D020025
Perphenazine
AN = an antipsychotic agent
MS = 4-(3-(2-Chloro-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)propyl)-1-piperazineethanol. An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.
UI = D010546
Persia
AN = the ancient empire: note X ref
MS = An ancient civilization, known as early as 2000 B.C. The Persian Empire was founded by Cyrus the Great (550-529 B.C.) and for 200 years, from 550 to 331 B.C., the Persians ruled the ancient world from India to Egypt. The territory west of India was called Persis by the Greeks who later called the entire empire Persia. In 331 B.C. the Persian wars against the Greeks ended disastrously under the counterattacks by Alexander the Great. The name Persia in modern times for the modern country was changed to Iran in 1935. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p546 & Asimov, Words on the Map, 1962, p176)
UI = D019071
Persian Gulf Syndrome
AN = coord IM with specific dis or manifest (IM)
MS = Unexplained symptoms reported by veterans of the Persian Gulf War with Iraq in 1991. The symptoms reported include fatigue, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, headaches, loss of memory, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, and extreme sensitivity to commonly occurring chemicals. (Nature 1994 May 5;369(6475):8)
UI = D018923
Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome
AN = pulm hypertension in newborn inf; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; check the tags HUMAN & INFANT, NEWBORN; DF: PFC SYNDROME CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A syndrome of persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn infant, without demonstrable cardiac disease. It is characterized by cyanosis and acidosis, severe pulmonary vasoconstriction, hypertrophy of pulmonary arterial muscle, and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, with resultant right-to-left shunting of blood through a patent ductus arteriosus and at times a patent foramen ovale.
UI = D010547
Persistent Vegetative State
AN = a form of prolonged unconsciousness: note category; vegetative not expressed as "persistent" goes here
MS = A persistent loss of upper cortical function that may follow acute (e.g., infections, toxins, trauma or vascular) events or chronic (e.g., degenerative) events. The patient is bedridden and nutritional support is completely passive, either parenteral or via nasogastric tube. The patient does not require respiratory support or circulatory assistance for survival and is in a state of chronic wakefulness without awareness which may be accompanied by spontaneous eye opening, grunts or screams, brief smiles, sporadic movement of facial muscles and limbs. While the eyes blink upon stimulation, they do not do so in response to visual threats. Some patients chew or clamp their teeth. Urinary and fecal incontinence is universal. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
UI = D018458
Personal Construct Theory
AN = no qualif; includes personal construct, personal construct method, personal construct organization, etc.; for personal construct ther, coord IM with PSYCHOTHERAPY (IM)
MS = A psychological theory based on dimensions or categories used by a given person in describing or explaining the personality and behavior of others or of himself. The basic idea is that different people will use consistently different categories. The theory was formulated in the fifties by George Kelly. Two tests devised by him are the role construct repertory test and the repertory grid test. (From Stuart Sutherland, The International Dictionary of Psychology, 1989)
UI = D018187
Personal Health Services
AN = IM; DF: PERSONAL HEALTH SERV CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Health care provided to individuals.
UI = D010548
Personal Narratives [Publication Type]
MS = Accounts of personal experience in relation to a particular field or of participation in related activities or autobiographical accounts.
UI = D020493
Personal Satisfaction
AN = no qualif
MS = A subjective evaluation, judgment, or attitude expressed by an individual with respect to the attainment of certain goals or needs based on his level of aspiration or expectation.
UI = D010549
Personal Space
AN = no qualif
MS = Invisible boundaries surrounding the individual's body which are maintained in relation to others.
UI = D010550
Personality
MS = Behavior-response patterns that characterize the individual.
UI = D010551
Personality Assessment
AN = by a professional; differentiate from PERSONALITY INVENTORY (by the person himself); DF: PERSONALITY ASSESS
MS = The determination and evaluation of personality attributes by interviews, observations, tests, or scales. Articles concerning personality measurement are considered to be within scope of this term.
UI = D010552
Personality Development
AN = no qualif
MS = Growth of habitual patterns of behavior in childhood and adolescence.
UI = D010553
Personality Disorders
MS = A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior.
UI = D010554
Personality Inventory
AN = by the person himself: differentiate from PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT (by professionals)
MS = Check list, usually to be filled out by a person about himself, consisting of many statements about personal characteristics which the subject checks.
UI = D010555
Personality Tests
MS = Standardized objective tests designed to facilitate the evaluation of personality.
UI = D010556
Personnel Administration, Hospital
AN = DF: PERSONNEL ADMIN HOSP
MS = Management activities concerned with hospital employees.
UI = D010557
Personnel Downsizing
MS = Reducing staff to cut costs or to achieve greater efficiency.
UI = D020415
Personnel Loyalty
AN = no qualif
MS = Dedication or commitment shown by employees to organizations or institutions where they work.
UI = D010558
Personnel Management
MS = Planning, organizing, and administering all activities related to personnel.
UI = D010559
Personnel Selection
MS = The process of choosing employees for specific types of employment. The concept includes recruitment.
UI = D010560
Personnel Staffing and Scheduling
AN = med or non-med personnel; DF: PERSONNEL STAFFING
MS = The selection, appointing, and scheduling of personnel.
UI = D010561
Personnel Staffing and Scheduling Information Systems
AN = IM
MS = Computer-based systems for use in personnel management in a facility, e.g., distribution of caregivers with relation to patient needs.
UI = D010562
Personnel Turnover
MS = A change or shift in personnel due to reorganization, resignation, or discharge.
UI = D010563
Personnel, Hospital
AN = /organ = PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION, HOSPITAL but consider also other terms under ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL & ALLIED HEALTH PERSONNEL, etc.; "orderlies" & "ward attendants" unspecified go here except for PSYCHIATRIC AIDES (see note there)
MS = The individuals employed by the hospital.
UI = D010564
Persons
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
MS = Persons as individuals (e.g., ABORTION APPLICANTS) or as members of a group (e.g., HISPANIC AMERICANS). It is not used for members of the various professions (e.g., PHYSICIANS) or occupations (e.g., LIBRARIANS) for which OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS is available.
UI = D009272
Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants Virus
AN = a species of Morbillivirus; for foreign titles, do not translate the disease "peste des petits ruminants" & do not use hyphens; infection: coord IM with MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of MORBILLIVIRUS causing a severe, often fatal enteritis and pneumonia in sheep and goats.
UI = D018107
Pestivirus Infections
AN = caused by a flavivirus; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Infections with viruses of the genus PESTIVIRUS, family FLAVIVIRIDAE.
UI = D018182
Persuasive Communication
AN = no qualif
MS = A mode of communication concerned with inducing or urging the adoption of certain beliefs, theories, or lines of action by others.
UI = D010565
Pertussis Toxins
MS = Any of various biologically active proteins or toxins elaborated by Bordetella pertussis that cause the symptoms of whooping cough. Some activate pancreatic islets, others inhibit the adenylate cyclase cascade and some cause lymphocytosis.
UI = D010566
Pertussis Vaccine
AN = DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS-PERTUSSIS VACCINE is also available
MS = A suspension of killed Bordetella pertussis organisms, used for immunization against pertussis (WHOOPING COUGH). It is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP). There is an acellular pertussis vaccine prepared from the purified antigenic components of Bordetella pertussis, which causes fewer adverse reactions than whole-cell vaccine and, like the whole-cell vaccine, is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010567
Peru
UI = D010568
Perylene
AN = a benzanthracene soil & water pollutant
MS = Dibenz(de, kl)anthracene. Polycyclic hydrocarbon soil and water pollutant; also used as fluorescent lipid probe in cytochemistry of membranes and other lipid structures; derivatives may be carcinogenic. Synonyms: peri-dinaphthalene.
UI = D010569
Pessaries
AN = not restricted to contraception
MS = Instruments placed in the vagina to support the uterus or rectum or to serve as a contraceptive device. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010570
Pest Control
AN = IM; coord with specific pest but note that INSECT CONTROL & MOSQUITO CONTROL are available
MS = The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects or other animals.
UI = D010571
Pest Control, Biological
AN = IM; coord with specific insect or other pest (IM) but not the precoords INSECT CONTROL & MOSQUITO CONTROL
MS = The use of biological mechanisms, usually involving living organisms such as bacteria, for the reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous pests. Environmental concerns have focused attention on natural forms of disease control as potentially safe and effective alternatives to chemical pesticides. This has led to increased efforts to develop control strategies that rely on natural predators and parasites or that involve genetically engineered microbial pest control agents.
UI = D010572
Pesticide Residues
AN = IM; coord with specific pesticide or pesticide group (IM)
MS = Pesticides or their breakdown products remaining in the environment following their normal use or accidental contamination.
UI = D010573
Pesticide Synergists
MS = Chemicals that, while not possessing inherent pesticidal activity, nonetheless promote or enhance the effectiveness of other pesticides when combined.
UI = D010574
Pesticides
AN = very general: prefer specifics or specific types
MS = Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL), INSECTICIDES, RODENTICIDES, etc.
UI = D010575
Pestivirus
AN = a genus of the family Flaviviridae; infection = PESTIVIRUS INFECTIONS
MS = A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE, also known as mucosal disease virus group, which is not arthropod-borne. Transmission is by direct and indirect contact, and by transplacental and congenital transmission. Species include BORDER DISEASE VIRUS, bovine viral diarrhea virus (DIARRHEA VIRUS, BOVINE VIRAL), and HOG CHOLERA VIRUS.
UI = D010576
Petrolatum
AN = an emollient & ointment base; D25-26 qualif
MS = A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from PETROLEUM. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant.
UI = D010577
Petroleum
MS = Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants.
UI = D010578
Petrosal Sinus Sampling
AN = to determ blood ACTH in Cushing & other adrenocortex dis; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Sampling of blood levels of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by withdrawal of blood from the inferior petrosal sinus. The inferior petrosal sinus arises from the cavernous sinus and runs to the internal jugular vein. Sampling of blood at this level is a valuable tool in the differential diagnosis of Cushing disease, Cushing syndrome, and other adrenocortical diseases.
UI = D017591
Petrous Bone
AN = fractures: coord PETROUS BONE /inj (IM) + SKULL FRACTURES (IM); neopl: coord IM with SKULL NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D010579
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
AN = multiple cutaneous & oral pigmented macules with intestinal polyposis; do not use /blood supply /chem /congen /second /secret /ultrastruct CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Multiple pigmented (melanin) macules of the skin and mouth mucosa and multiple polyposis of the small intestine.
UI = D010580
Peyer's Patches
AN = an area of lymphoid tissue on small intestine mucosa
MS = Lymphoid tissue on the mucosa of the small intestine.
UI = D010581
Pfiesteria piscicida
AN = infection: coord IM with PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A dinoflagellate with a life cycle that includes numerous flagellated, amoeboid, and encysted stages. Both the flagellated and amoeboid forms produce toxins which cause open wounds on fish. Pfiesteria piscicida feeds on tissue sloughed from these wounds, as well as on bacteria and algae. It is found in Atlantic estuaries of the United States.
UI = D020045
Phacoemulsification
AN = a type of cataract extraction; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = A procedure for removal of the crystalline lens in cataract surgery in which an anterior capsulectomy is performed by means of a needle inserted through a small incision at the temporal limbus, allowing the lens contents to fall through the dilated pupil into the anterior chamber where they are broken up by the use of ultrasound and aspirated out of the eye through the incision. The small incision allows the surgeon to use very few or even no stitches to close the tiny wound. There is usually no need for hospitalization and patients may resume most activities within days. (Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed & In Focus 1993;1(1):1)
UI = D018918
Phagocyte Bactericidal Dysfunction
AN = immunodefic syndrome where phagocytes cannot kill bacteria
MS = Disorders in which phagocytic cells cannot kill ingested bacteria; characterized by frequent recurring infection with formulation of granulomas.
UI = D010585
Phagocytes
AN = A 11 qualif
UI = D010586
Phagocytosis
MS = The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells.
UI = D010587
Phagosomes
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
MS = Membrane-bound cytoplasmic vesicles formed by invagination of phagocytized material. They fuse with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes in which the hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosome digest the phagocytized material.
UI = D010588
Phalloidine
AN = a mycotoxin from Amanita phalloides
MS = Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from Amanita phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.
UI = D010590
Phanerochaete
MS = A genus of fungi in the family Corticiaceae, order Stereales, that degrades lignin. The white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium is a frequently used species in research.
UI = D020075
Phantom Limb
AN = a sensation that a lost limb is still there
MS = The sensation, after amputation of a limb, that the absent part is still present; there may also be paresthesias, transient aches, and intermittent or continuous pain perceived as originating in the absent limb. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010591
Phantoms, Imaging
AN = IM or NIM; coord with specific technique /instrum (IM)
MS = Devices or objects in various imaging techniques used to visualize or enhance visualization by simulating conditions encountered in the procedure. Phantoms are used very often in procedures employing or measuring x-irradiation or radioactive material to evaluate performance. Phantoms often have properties similar to human tissue. Water demonstrates absorbing properties similar to normal tissue, hence water-filled phantoms are used to map radiation levels. Phantoms are used also as teaching aids to simulate real conditions with x-ray or ultrasonic machines. (From Iturralde, Dictionary and Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Imaging, 1990)
UI = D019047
Pharmaceutical Solutions
AN = IM for general only; NIM when drug in solution is IM; D25-26 qualif; DF: PHARM SOL
MS = Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products.
UI = D019999
Pharmaceutic Aids
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: PHARM AIDS
MS = Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include SOLVENTS, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, ANTIOXIDANTS; PRESERVATIVES, PHARMACEUTICAL; DYES (coloring agents); FLAVORING AGENTS; VEHICLES; EXCIPIENTS; OINTMENT BASES.
UI = D010592
Pharmaceutical Preparations
AN = GEN & unspecified only; /adv eff permitted but consider DRUG THERAPY /adv eff; drug names: use NOMENCLATURE; policy: Manual section 25; metab detoxication of drugs = METABOLIC DETOXICATION, DRUG; CATALOG: do not use /catalogs ( = CATALOGS, DRUG) /dictionaries ( = DICTIONARIES, PHARMACEUTIC) /legislation ( = LEGISLATION, DRUG)
MS = Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form.
UI = D004364
Pharmaceutical Services
AN = IM; DF: PHARM SERV CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Total pharmaceutical services provided by a qualified pharmacist. In addition to the preparation and distribution of medical products, they may include consultative services provided to agencies and institutions which do not have a qualified pharmacist.
UI = D010593
Pharmacies
AN = the place: do not confuse with PHARMACY, the field CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Facilities for the preparation and dispensing of drugs.
UI = D010594
Pharmacists
AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Those persons legally qualified by education and training to engage in the practice of pharmacy.
UI = D010595
Pharmacists' Aides
MS = Persons who perform certain functions under the supervision of the pharmacist.
UI = D010596
Pharmacoepidemiology
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PHARMACOEPIDEMIOL CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The science concerned with the benefit and risk of drugs used in populations and the analysis of the outcomes of drug therapies. Pharmacoepidemiologic data come from both clinical trials and epidemiological studies with emphasis on methods for the detection and evaluation of drug-related adverse effects, assessment of risk vs benefit ratios in drug therapy, patterns of drug utilization, the cost-effectiveness of specific drugs, methodology of postmarketing surveillance, and the relation between pharmacoepidemiology and the formulation and interpretation of regulatory guidelines. (Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1992;1(1); J Pharmacoepidemiol 1990;1(1))
UI = D017891
Pharmacogenetics
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; GEN: prefer specific drug & specific genetic aspect; no qualif when NIM
MS = A branch of genetics which deals with the genetic components of variability in individual responses to drugs.
UI = D010597
Pharmacognosy
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D010598
Pharmacokinetics
AN = GEN or unspecified; no qualif; prefer /pharmacokin with drugs: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.53, 19.10+; DF: PHARMACOKIN
MS = Dynamic and kinetic mechanisms of exogenous chemical and drug absorption, biotransformation, distribution, release, transport, uptake, and elimination as a function of dosage, and extent and rate of metabolic processes. It includes toxicokinetics, the pharmacokinetic mechanism of the toxic effects of a substance.
UI = D010599
Pharmacology
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; the pharmacol of a drug or chem = Cat D term with /pharmacol: Manual 19.8.54; /methods: consider TECHNOLOGY, PHARMACEUTICAL; DF: PHARMACOL
MS = The study of the origin, nature, properties, and actions of drugs and their effects on living organisms.
UI = D010600
Pharmacology, Clinical
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; do not use as NIM coord: the pharmacol of a drug or chem in humans = Cat D term with /pharmacol + HUMAN, not PHARMACOLOGY, CLINICAL; DF: PHARMACOL CLIN
MS = The branch of pharmacology that deals directly with the effectiveness and safety of drugs in humans.
UI = D010601
Pharmacopoeias
AN = IM; do not confuse with FORMULARIES which, usually mere lists, are less complete (see MeSH definitions); do not confuse with Publication Type PHARMACOPOEIAS; specify country CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Authoritative treatises on drugs and preparations, their description, formulation, analytic composition, physical constants, main chemical properties used in identification, standards for strength, purity, and dosage, chemical tests for determining identity and purity, etc. They are usually published under governmental jurisdiction (e.g., USP, the United States Pharmacopoeia; BP, British Pharmacopoeia; P. Helv., the Swiss Pharmacopoeia). They differ from FORMULARIES in that they are far more complete: formularies tend to be mere listings of formulas and prescriptions.
UI = D010602
Pharmacopoeias [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; for pharmacopoeias as a subject, index under main heading PHARMACOPOEIAS
MS = Authoritative works containing lists of drugs and preparations, their description, formulation, analytic composition, main chemical properties, standards for strength, purity, and dosage, chemical tests for determining identity, etc. They have the status of a standard.
UI = D019539
Pharmacopoeias, Homeopathic
AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D010603
Pharmacy
AN = the field: do not confuse with PHARMACIES; SPEC: SPEC qualif; /legislation & jurisprudence = LEGISLATION, PHARMACY or PHARMACY (IM) + JURISPRUDENCE (IM); /methods: consider TECHNOLOGY, PHARMACEUTICAL CATALOG: do not use /dictionaries ( = DICTIONARIES, PHARMACEUTIC)
MS = The practice of compounding and dispensing medicinal preparations.
UI = D010604
Pharmacy Administration
AN = "the business & managerial aspects of pharmacy in its broadest sense"; SPEC; SPEC qualif; DF: PHARM ADMIN
MS = The business and managerial aspects of pharmacy in its broadest sense.
UI = D010605
Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee
AN = a link between hosp med staff & pharm dept; DF: PHARM THER COMM or PHARM COMMITTEE
MS = An advisory group composed primarily of staff physicians and the pharmacist which serves as the communication link between the medical staff and the pharmacy department.
UI = D010606
Pharmacy Service, Hospital
AN = DF: PHARM SERV HOSP
MS = Hospital department responsible for the receiving, storing, and distribution of pharmaceutical supplies.
UI = D010607
Pharyngeal Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = PHARYNGITIS
MS = General or unspecified diseases of the pharynx.
UI = D010608
Pharyngeal Muscles
MS = The muscles of the pharynx are the inferior, middle and superior constrictors, salpingopharyngeus, and stylopharyngeus.
UI = D010609
Pharyngeal Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D010610
Pharyngectomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Surgical removal of a part of the pharynx. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010611
Pharyngitis
AN = inflamm of pharynx: note X ref
MS = Inflammation of the throat.
UI = D010612
Pharyngostomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = External surgical fistulization of the pharynx for feeding.
UI = D010613
Pharynx
AN = inflammation = PHARYNGITIS; /surg: consider also PHARYNGECTOMY & PHARYNGOSTOMY; HYPOPHARYNX, NASOPHARYNX & OROPHARYNX are also available
UI = D010614
Phenacetin
MS = A non-prostaglandin synthase inhibitor. It was utilized extensively in a wide variety of analgesic mixtures, but its causal role in analgesic-abuse nephropathy led to its withdrawal from the market. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology,1991, p431)
UI = D010615
Phenanthrenes
AN = aromatic hydrocarbons
UI = D010616
Phenanthridines
UI = D010617
Phenanthrolines
UI = D010618
Phenazines
UI = D010619
Phenazocine
AN = a narcotic analgesic
MS = An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1095)
UI = D010620
Phenazopyridine
AN = a local anesthetic
MS = A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.
UI = D010621
Phenol
MS = An antiseptic and disinfectant. It is active against a wide range of micro-organisms including some fungi and viruses, but is only slowly effective against spores. It has been used to disinfect skin and to relieve itching. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p801)
UI = D019800
Phencyclidine
MS = A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.
UI = D010622
Phencyclidine Abuse
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = The misuse of phencyclidine with associated psychological symptoms and impairment in social or occupational functioning.
UI = D010623
Phenelzine
AN = an MAO inhib & antidepressant
MS = A drug that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. Some patients refractory to the tricyclic drugs respond to phenelzine, especially those with atypical depression or severe anxiety. It has improved eating behavior in some patients with bulimia; however, its definitive role in this disorder awaits the results of controlled clinical trials. Phenelzine is also effective in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)
UI = D010624
Phenolphthalein
AN = PHENOLPHTHALEINS is also available
MS = An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.
UI = D020113
Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase
MS = A methyltransferase that catalyzes the reaction of S-adenosyl-L-methionine and phenylethanolamine to yield S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and N-methylphenylethanolamine. It can act on various phenylethanolamines and converts norepinephrine into epinephrine. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.1.1.28.
UI = D010625
Phenylethyl Alcohol
AN = an anti-infective
MS = An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.
UI = D010626
Phenethylamines
MS = A group of compounds that are derivatives of beta- aminoethylbenzene which is structurally and pharmacologically related to amphetamine. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D010627
Phenetidine
MS = p-Aminophenyl ethyl ether. Used in the manufacture of acetophenetidin.
UI = D010628
Phenformin
AN = a hypoglycemic
MS = A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290)
UI = D010629
Phenindione
AN = an anticoagulant
MS = An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higer incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)
UI = D010630
Pheniramine
AN = a histamine H1 antag & antipruritic
MS = Histamine H1 antagonist with little sedative action. It is used in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.
UI = D010632
Phenmetrazine
AN = an appetite depressant
MS = A sympathomimetic drug used primarily as an appetite depressant. Its actions and mechanisms are similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.
UI = D010633
Phenobarbital
MS = A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory GABA subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.
UI = D010634
Phenolphthaleins
AN = PHENOLPHTHALEIN is also available
MS = A family of 3,3-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)phthalides. They are used as indicators, cathartics, and dyes.
UI = D010635
Phenols
UI = D010636
Phenolsulfonphthalein
AN = an indicator; D25-26 qualif
MS = 4,4'-(3H-2,1-Benzoxathiol-3-ylidene)bisphenol S,S-dioxide. Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.
UI = D010637
Phenoperidine
AN = a narcotic analgesic
MS = A narcotic analgesic partly metabolized to meperidine in the liver. It is similar to morphine in action and used for neuroleptanalgesia, usually with droperidol.
UI = D010638
Phenothiazine, Antipsychotic Agents (see:Antipsychotic Agents, Phenothiazine)
Phenothiazines
AN = consider also ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS, PHENOTHIAZINE
UI = D010640
Phenotype
AN = NIM; no qualif; Pi phenotype is indexed under ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN /defic + PHENOTYPE; X ref KILLER PHENOTYPE has nothing to do with KILLER CELLS
MS = The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of YEASTS.
UI = D010641
Phenoxyacetates
UI = D010642
Phenoxybenzamine
AN = an antihypertensive & vasodilator
MS = N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N-(1-methyl-2-phenoxyethyl) benzenemethanamine. An alpha-adrenergic anatagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.
UI = D010643
Phenprocoumon
AN = an anticoagulant
MS = 3-(1-Phenylpropyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin. Long acting oral anticoagulant. It may cause diarrhea.
UI = D010644
Phentermine
AN = an appetite depressant
MS = A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.
UI = D010645
Phentolamine
AN = an antihypertensive
MS = A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of Raynaud's disease and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.
UI = D010646
Phenyl Ethers
UI = D010647
Phenylacetates
UI = D010648
Phenylalanine
AN = an essential amino acid; /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted
UI = D010649
Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase
AN = an antineoplastic
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of L-phenylalanine to form trans-cinnamate and ammonia. It may also act on L-tyrosine. Since the enzyme deprives neoplastic tissue of phenylalanine, it has been used experimentally in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The enzyme is obtained from many plants. EC 4.3.1.5.
UI = D010650
Phenylalanine Hydroxylase
AN = /defic: consider also PHENYLKETONURIA
MS = An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction L-phenylalanine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen to yield L-tyrosine, dihydrobiopterin, and water, the reaction synthesizing tyrosine from phenylalanine. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.14.16.1.
UI = D010651
Phenylalanine-tRNA Ligase
MS = An enzyme that activates phenylalanine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.20.
UI = D010652
Phenylbutazone
AN = a non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent
MS = A drug that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It is especially effective in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. It also is useful in rheumatoid arthritis and Reiter's syndrome (investigational indication). Although phenylbutazone is effective in gouty arthritis, risk/benefit considerations indicate that this drug should not be employed for this disease. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p1822)
UI = D010653
Phenylbutyrates
UI = D010654
Phenylenediamines
UI = D010655
Phenylephrine
AN = a nasal vasoconstrictor & mydriatic
MS = An alpha-adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.
UI = D010656
Phenylethylmalonamide
MS = 2-Ethyl-2-phenylmalonamide. A metabolite of primidone.
UI = D010657
Phenylglyoxal
AN = a reagent & enzyme inhib
MS = alpha-Oxo-benzeneacetaldehyde. A reagent that is highly selective for the modification of arginyl residues. It is used to selectively inhibit various enzymes and acts as an energy transfer inhibitor in photophosphorylation.
UI = D010658
Phenylhydrazines
MS = Diazo derivatives of aniline, used as a reagent for sugars, ketones, and aldehydes. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010659
Phenylisopropyladenosine
AN = an antilipemic
MS = N-Isopropyl-N-phenyl-adenosine. Antilipemic agent. Synonym: TH 162.
UI = D010660
Phenylketonuria
AN = an inborn error of amino acid metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: PKU CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = An inborn error of metabolism transmitted as a simple recessive autosomal Mendelian trait and characterized by an inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine resulting in hyperphenylalaninemia. The majority of patients are severely retarded. Attainment of normal or near normal intelligence is possible if dietary treatment is instituted in early infancy.
UI = D010661
Phenylketonuria, Maternal
AN = "phenylketonuria in a pregnant woman"; check tags PREGNANCY & FEMALE; DF: PKU MATERNAL
MS = Phenylketonuria in a pregnant woman. The maternal disease puts the fetus at great risk of mental retardation and other congenital diseases.
UI = D017042
Phenylmercuric Acetate
AN = an antifungal
MS = A phenyl mercury compound used mainly as a fungicide. Has also been used as a herbicide, slimicide, and bacteriocide.
UI = D010662
Phenylmercury Compounds
AN = agric fungicides; DF: PHENYLMERCURY CPDS
MS = Organic mercury compounds in which the mercury is attached to a phenyl group. Often used as fungicides and seed treatment agents.
UI = D010663
Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride
AN = a protease inhib
MS = alpha-Toluenesulfonyl fluoride. An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.
UI = D010664
Phenylpropanolamine
AN = a nasal vasoconstrictor & appetite depressant
MS = A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of norepinephrine but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.
UI = D010665
Phenylpropionates
UI = D010666
Phenylpyruvic Acids
MS = A group of compounds that are derivatives of phenylpyruvic acid which has the general formula C6H5CH2COCOOH, and is a metabolite of phenylalanine. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010667
Phenylthiazolylthiourea
MS = 1-Phenyl-3-(2-thiazolyl)-2-thiourea. A dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. Synonym: U-14,624.
UI = D010668
Phenylthiohydantoin
MS = 3-Phenyl-2-thiohydantoin. Thiohydantoin benzene derivative.
UI = D010669
Phenylthiourea
UI = D010670
Phenylurea Compounds
AN = DF: PHENYLUREA CPDS
UI = D010671
Phenytoin
AN = an anticonvulsant & anti-arrhythmic
MS = An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs.
UI = D010672
Pheochromocytoma
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with usually ADRENAL GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the adrenal medulla or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, is hypertension, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be headache, sweating, palpitation, apprehension, tremor, pallor or flushing of the face, nausea and vomiting, pain in the chest and abdomen, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)
UI = D010673
Pheophytins
AN = chlorophylls without magnesium
MS = Chlorophylls from which the magnesium has been removed by treatment with weak acid.
UI = D010674
Pheromones
AN = human, animal & plant; "sex pheromones": index under SEX ATTRACTANTS
MS = Chemical substances which, when secreted by an individual into the environment, cause specific reactions in other individuals, usually of the same species. The substances relate only to multicellular organisms. This includes kairomones. Allomones are repellent pheromones.
UI = D010675
Phialophora
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOSES or specific mycosis (IM)
MS = A mitosporic fungal genus. Phialophora verrucosa is a cause of chromomycosis (CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS). Ophiobolus is the teleomorph of Phialophora.
UI = D010676
Philadelphia
AN = DF: PHILA
UI = D015143
Philadelphia Chromosome
AN = note category: an aberrant form of human chromosome 22; no qualif
MS = An aberrant form of human chromosome 22 characterized by translocation of genetic material from chromosome 22, usually to the long arms of chromosome 9. It is present in the bone marrow cells of 80 to 90 per cent of patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia.
UI = D010677
Philately
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; stamp collecting as a hobby: coord IM with HOBBIES (IM); indexing policy: TN 245
MS = Study of stamps or postal markings. It usually refers to the design and commemorative aspects of the stamp.
UI = D010678
Philippines
AN = be careful: one -l-, two -pp
UI = D010679
Philology
AN = study of literature or language as used in literature; do not confuse with LITERATURE, literary works; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: PHILOL CATALOG: /form /lang
MS = The study of literature in its widest sense, including grammar, etymology, criticism, literary history, language history, linguistic history, systems of writing, and anything else that is relevant to literature or language viewed as literature. Philology as a discipline has both philosophical and scientific overtones.
UI = D010680
Philology, Classical
AN = IM; DF: PHILOL CLASSICAL CATALOG: /form /lang
MS = The study of ancient Greek and Roman literature, including grammar, etymology, criticism, literary history, and language and linguistic history.
UI = D010681
Philology, Oriental
AN = IM; DF: PHILOL ORIENTAL CATALOG: /form /lang
MS = The study of literature written in languages of Asia and the Far East, including grammar, etymology, criticism, literary history, and language and linguistic history.
UI = D010682
Philology, Romance
AN = IM; DF: PHILOL ROMANCE CATALOG: /form /lang
MS = The study of literature written in the Romance languages (French, Spanish, Italian, and others descended from Latin), including grammar, etymology, criticism, literary history, and language and linguistic history.
UI = D010683
Philosophy
MS = A love or pursuit of wisdom. A search for the underlying causes and principles of reality. (Webster, 3d ed)
UI = D010684
Philosophy, Dental
AN = DF: PHILOSOPHY DENT
UI = D010685
Philosophy, Medical
AN = DF: PHILOSOPHY MED
UI = D010686
Philosophy, Nursing
UI = D010687
Phimosis
AN = constriction of preputial orifice
MS = Constriction of the preputial orifice so that the prepuce cannot be retracted back over the glans. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010688
Phlebitis
AN = inflamm of a vein; assume to be of the legs so do not coord with LEG; THROMBOPHLEBITIS is also available
MS = Inflammation of a vein.
UI = D010689
Phlebography
AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PHLEBOGR
MS = Radiographic visualization or recording of a vein after the injection of contrast medium.
UI = D010690
Phlebotomus
AN = blood-sucking fly, the vector of PAPPATACI FEVER see PHLEBOTOMUS FEVER & other dis; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
MS = A genus of PSYCHODIDAE which functions as the vector of a number of pathogenic organisms, including LEISHMANIA DONOVANI, LEISHMANIA TROPICA, Bartonella bacilliformis, and the Pappataci fever virus (SANDFLY FEVER GROUP VIRUSES).
UI = D010691
Phlebotomy
AN = for modern articles on bloodletting: for hist articles & hist contexts use BLOODLETTING
MS = The letting of blood from a vein. Although it is one of the techniques used in drawing blood to be used in diagnostic procedures, in modern medicine, it is used commonly in the treatment of erythrocytosis, hemochromocytosis, polycythemia vera, and porphyria cutanea tarda. Its historical counterpart is BLOODLETTING. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed & Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology, 9th ed) Venipuncture is not only for the letting of blood from a vein but also for the injecting of a drug into the vein for diagnostic analysis.
UI = D018962
Phlebotomus Fever
AN = caused by a bunyavirus
MS = Influenza-like febrile viral disease caused by several members of the BUNYAVIRIDAE family and transmitted mostly by the bloodsucking sandfly Phlebotomus papatasii.
UI = D010217
Phlebovirus
AN = a genus of the family Bunyaviridae; from PHLEBOtomus vector; do not confuse X ref with SANDFLY FEVER VIRUS see SANDFLY FEVER GROUP VIRUSES; infection = PHLEBOTOMUS FEVER or if not so specified, coord IM with BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE comprising many viruses, most of which are transmitted by Phlebotomus flies and cause PHLEBOTOMUS FEVER. The type species is Sandfly Fever Sicilian Virus, which is not part of the antigenic complex SANDFLY FEVER GROUP VIRUSES.
UI = D016856
Phleomycins
AN = glycopeptide antibiotics
MS = Water-soluble, copper-containing low molecular weight polypeptides obtained from the culture medium of Streptomyces verticillus. They are specific inhibitors of DNA synthesis in bacteria and have been found to act as antitumor agents. They have also been used against rust fungi of plants.
UI = D010692
Phloretin
UI = D010693
Phlorhizin
AN = a glycoside
UI = D010695
Phloroglucinol
AN = an antispasmodic & lab reagent
MS = 1,3,5-Benzenetriol. A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.
UI = D010696
Phobic Disorders
MS = Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.
UI = D010698
Phodopus
AN = NIM; when IM, qualif permitted; don't forget also check tags HAMSTERS and ANIMAL
MS = A genus of hamsters characterized by small size, very short tail, and short, broad feet with hairy soles.
UI = D017111
Phonation
AN = sounds produced by vocal cords
MS = The process of producing vocal sounds by means of vocal cords vibrating in an expiratory blast of air.
UI = D010699
Phonetics
AN = no qualif
MS = The science or study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and reception, and their analysis, classification, and transcription. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
UI = D010700
Phonocardiography
AN = NIM; consider also HEART AUSCULTATION; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PHONOCARDIOGR
MS = Graphic registration of the heart sounds picked up as vibrations and transformed by a piezoelectric crystal microphone into a varying electrical output according to the stresses imposed by the sound waves. The electrical output is amplified by a stethograph amplifier and recorded by a device incorporated into the electrocardiograph or by a multichannel recording machine.
UI = D010701
Phonophoresis
AN = "use of ultrasound to increase percutaneous adsorption of drugs"; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Use of ultrasound to increase the percutaneous adsorption of drugs.
UI = D015612
Phorate
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
MS = A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.
UI = D010702
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate
AN = a carcinogen; D25-26 qualif; DF:PDBU
MS = 1,1a,1b,4,4a,7a,7b,8,9,9a-Decahydro 4a,7b,9,9a-tetrahydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl) 1,1,6,8-tetramethyl-5H-cyclopropa(3,4)benz(1,2-e)azulen-5-one butanoic acid diester. A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promotor, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.
UI = D015240
Phorbol Esters
AN = a group of tumor-promoting cpds; GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; index here only for a specific phorbol ester not in MeSH; D25-26 qualif
MS = Tumor-promoting compounds obtained from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium). Some of these are used in cell biological experiments as activators of protein kinase C.
UI = D010703
Phorbols
AN = carcinogens; D25-26 qualif
MS = The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).
UI = D010704
Phosgene
AN = a chem warfare agent; D25-26 qualif
MS = A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304)
UI = D010705
Phosmet
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
MS = S-((1,3-Dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl)phosphorodithioic acid O,O-dimethyl ester. An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange.
UI = D010706
Phosphamidon
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
MS = An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.
UI = D010707
Phosphate Acetyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of acetylphosphate from acetyl-CoA and inorganic phosphate. Acetylphosphate serves as a high-energy phosphate compound. EC 2.3.1.8.
UI = D010709
Phosphates
AN = note X ref: inorganic phosphates only; PHOSPHATES, ORGANIC see PHOSPHORIC ACID ESTERS; /physiol permitted; /blood & /defic: consider also HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA & HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, FAMILIAL; POLYPHOSPHATES is also available
MS = Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.
UI = D010710
Phosphatidate Phosphatase
MS = A phosphomonoesterase involved in the synthesis of triacylglycerols. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidates with the formation of diacylglycerols and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.4.
UI = D010711
Phosphatidic Acids
MS = Fatty acid derivatives of glycerophosphates. They are composed of glycerol bound in ester linkage with 1 mole of phosphoric acid at the terminal 3-hydroxyl group and with 2 moles of fatty acids at the other two hydroxyl groups.
UI = D010712
Phosphatidylcholines
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.
UI = D010713
Phosphatidylethanolamines
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to an ethanolamine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and ethanolamine and 2 moles of fatty acids.
UI = D010714
Phosphatidylglycerols
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A nitrogen-free class of lipids present in animal and particularly plant tissues and composed of one mole of glycerol and 1 or 2 moles of phosphatidic acid. Members of this group differ from one another in the nature of the fatty acids released on hydrolysis.
UI = D010715
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate
AN = DF: note short X refs
MS = A phosphoinositide present in all eukaryotic cells, particularly in the plasma membrane. It is the major substrate for receptor-stimulated phosphoinositidase C, with the consequent formation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and diacylglycerol, and probably also for receptor-stimulated inositol phospholipid 3-kinase. (Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)
UI = D019269
1-Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. This is the first committed step in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. This pathway is thought to play a critical role in DNA repair, V(D)J recombination and cell cyle checkpoints. EC 2.7.1.137.
UI = D019869
1-Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, the first committed step in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. EC 2.7.1.67.
UI = D019870
Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates
MS = Phosphatidylinositols in which one or more alcohol group of the inositol has been substituted with a phosphate group.
UI = D018129
Phosphatidylinositols
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to the hexahydroxy alcohol, myo-inositol. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid, myo-inositol, and 2 moles of fatty acids.
UI = D010716
Phosphatidylserines
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a serine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and serine and 2 moles of fatty acids.
UI = D010718
Phosphenes
AN = visual sensations of the eyeball; do not confuse with PHOSPHINES
MS = Visual sensations arising from mechanical or electrical stimulation of the eyeball.
UI = D010719
Phosphines
AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHENES
MS = Inorganic or organic compounds derived from phosphine (PH3) by the replacement of H atoms. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
UI = D010720
Phosphinic Acids
AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHONIC ACIDS
MS = Hypophosphorous acids. Inorganic or organic derivatives of phosphinic acid, H2PO(OH). They include phosphinates and phosphinic acid esters.
UI = D010721
Phosphites
MS = Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
UI = D017905
Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate
AN = DF: PAPS
MS = 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. It is formed from sulfate ion and ATP in a two-step process. This compound also is an important step in the process of sulfur fixation in plants and microorganisms.
UI = D010724
Phosphoamino Acids
AN = amino acids containing phosphorus; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Amino acids that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule.
UI = D019606
Phosphocreatine
MS = An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996)
UI = D010725
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
AN = DF: PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIB
MS = Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of phosphodiesterases.
UI = D010726
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP)
AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE (GTP); DF: PEP CARBOXYKINASE ATP
MS = An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and oxaloacetate to ADP, phosphoenolpyruvate, and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in some bacteria, yeast, and Trypanosoma, and is important for the photosynthetic assimilation of carbon dioxide in some plants. EC 4.1.1.49.
UI = D019764
Phosphoenolpyruvate
UI = D010728
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP)
AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE (ATP); DF: PEP CARBOXYKINASE GTP
MS = An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the conversion of GTP and oxaloacetate to GDP, phosphoenolpyruvate, and carbon dioxide. This reaction is part of gluconeogenesis in the liver. The enzyme occurs in both the mitochondria and cytosol of mammalian liver. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 4.1.1.32.
UI = D010729
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase
AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE (ATP) or PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE (GTP)
MS = An enzyme with high affinity for carbon dioxide. It catalyzes irreversibly the formation of oxaloacetate from phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide. This fixation of carbon dioxide in several bacteria and some plants is the first step in the biosynthesis of glucose. EC 4.1.1.31.
UI = D010730
Phosphoenolpyruvate Sugar Phosphotransferase System
AN = DF: PEPPTS
MS = The bacterial sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) that catalyzes the transfer of the phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to its sugar substrates (the PTS sugars) concomitant with the translocation of these sugars across the bacterial membrane. The phosphorylation of a given sugar requires four proteins, two general proteins, Enzyme I and HPr and a pair of sugar-specific proteins designated as the Enzyme II complex. The PTS has also been implicated in the induction of synthesis of some catabolic enzyme systems required for the utilization of sugars that are not substrates of the PTS as well as the regulation of the activity of adenylate cyclase. EC 2.7.1.-.
UI = D010731
6-Phosphofructokinase
AN = /defic: consider also GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE VII
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a nucleotide triphosphate and a sugar phosphate to a nucleotide diphosphate and a sugar diphosphate. D-fructose 6-phosphate, D-tagatose 6-phosphate, and sedoheptulose 7-phosphate can act as acceptors; ATP, UTP, CTP, and ITP can act as donors. A deficiency of this enzyme is the cause of GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE VII. EC 2.7.1.11.
UI = D010732
Phosphoglucomutase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of alpha D-glucose 1-phosphate to alpha D-glucose 6-phosphate. EC 5.4.2.2.
UI = D010733
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase
MS = An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction 6-phospho-D-gluconate and NADP+ to yield D-ribulose 5-phosphate, carbon dioxide, and NADPH. The reaction is a step in the pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.1.1.43.
UI = D010734
Phosphoglycerate Kinase
MS = An enzyme catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from 3-phospho-D-glycerate in the presence of ATP to yield 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate and ADP. EC 2.7.2.3.
UI = D010735
Phosphoglycerate Mutase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phospho-D-glycerate to 3-phospho-D-glycerate. EC 5.4.2.1.
UI = D010736
Phospholipase C
MS = An enzyme found in the alpha-toxin of Clostridium welchii and other strains of clostridia and bacilli. It hydrolyzes glycerophosphatidates with the formation of 1,2-diacylglycerol and a phosphorylated nitrogenous base such as choline. EC 3.1.4.3.
UI = D010738
Phospholipase D
MS = An enzyme found mostly in plant tissue. It hydrolyzes glycerophosphatidates with the formation of a phosphatidic acid and a nitrogenous base such as choline. This enzyme also catalyzes transphosphatidylation reactions. EC 3.1.4.4.
UI = D010739
Phospholipases
MS = A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-.
UI = D010740
Phospholipases A
MS = Phosphatide acylhydrolases. Catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the acyl groups of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. Phospholipase A1 hydrolyzes the acyl group attached to the 1-position (EC 3.1.1.32) and phospholipase A2 hydrolyzes the acyl group attached to the 2-position (EC 3.1.1.4).
UI = D010741
Phospholipid Ethers
MS = Phospholipids which have an alcohol moiety in ethereal linkage with a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol. They are usually derivatives of phosphoglycerols or phosphatidates. The other two alcohol groups of the glycerol backbone are usually in ester linkage. These compounds are widely distributed in animal tissues.
UI = D010742
Phospholipids
MS = Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.
UI = D010743
Phosphonic Acids
AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHINIC ACIDS
MS = Inorganic or organic derivatives of phosphonic acid with the general formula ROP(OH)2. This includes phosphonates and phosphonic acid esters. The tautomeric form of this compound (P(OH)3) = PHOSPHOROUS ACIDS.
UI = D010745
Phosphonoacetic Acid
MS = A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.
UI = D010746
Phosphopeptides
UI = D010748
Phosphoprotein Phosphatase
MS = A group of enzymes removing the serine- or threonine-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes which have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.1.3.16.
UI = D010749
Phosphoproteins
AN = /physiol permitted
UI = D010750
Phosphopyruvate Hydratase
MS = An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvate. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 4.2.1.11.
UI = D010751
Phosphoramide Mustards
AN = nitrogen mustard cpds; alkylating antineoplastics
MS = A group of nitrogen mustard compounds which are substituted with a phosphoramide group or its derivatives. They are usually cytotoxic and used as antineoplastic agents.
UI = D010752
Phosphoranes
MS = Inorganic or organic compounds that contain pentavalent phosphorus and the general formula R5P.
UI = D010753
Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate
AN = a pentosephosphate; DF: PRPP
MS = The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.
UI = D010754
Phosphoric Acid Esters
MS = Organic esters of phosphoric acid.
UI = D010755
Phosphoric Acids
AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHORUS ACIDS or PHOSPHOROUS ACIDS
MS = Inorganic derivatives of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Inorganic salts are known as PHOSPHATES and organic esters are PHOSPHORIC ACID ESTERS.
UI = D010756
Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases
AN = /antag = PHOSPHORIC DIESTER HYDROLASE INHIBITORS (see PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS)
MS = A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the two ester bonds in a phosphodiester compound. EC 3.1.4.
UI = D010727
Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = A group of hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of monophosphoric esters with the production of one mole of orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.
UI = D010744
Phosphorous Acids
AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHORUS ACIDS
MS = Inorganic or organic derivatives of phosphorous acid (P(OH)3). Inorganic salts are known as PHOSPHITES. The tautomeric form of this compound (HPO(OH)2) = PHOSPHONIC ACIDS.
UI = D010757
Phosphorus
AN = P-31; /physiol permitted; /metab: disord = PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM DISORDERS
MS = An element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element in the diet, a major component of the mineral phase of bone, and is abundant in all tissues, being involved in some form in almost all metabolic processes. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010758
Phosphorus Acids
AN = GEN only; prefer specifics; do not confuse with PHOSPHOROUS ACIDS or with PHOSPHORIC ACIDS
MS = Inorganic acids that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule.
UI = D017976
Phosphorus Compounds
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: PHOSPHORUS CPDS
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule.
UI = D017553
Phosphorus, Dietary
AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind; /ther use: coord with disease /diet ther
MS = Phosphorus used in foods or obtained from food. This element is a major intracellular component which plays an important role in many biochemical pathways relating to normal physiological functions. High concentrations of dietary phosphorus can cause nephrocalcinosis which is associated with impaired kidney function. Low concentrations of dietary phosphorus cause an increase in calcitriol in the blood and osteoporosis.
UI = D016226
Phosphorus Isotopes
AN = P-31; NIM; no qualif
MS = Stable phosphorus atoms that have the same atomic number as the element phosphorus, but differ in atomic weight. P-31 is a stable phosphorus isotope.
UI = D010759
Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders
AN = HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA is also available; DF: PHOSPHORUS METAB DIS
MS = Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.
UI = D010760
Phosphorus Radioisotopes
AN = P-28 through 34 except P-31; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)
MS = Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.
UI = D010761
Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases
AN = DF: P O LYASES
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a phosphorus-oxygen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. EC 4.6.
UI = D019761
Phosphorylase
AN = /defic: consider also GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE V for muscle phosphorylase, GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE VI or GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE VIII for hepatic phosphorylase
MS = An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the phosphorylysis of a terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at the non-reducing end of a glycogen molecule, releasing a glucose 1-phosphate residue. Two isozymes exist: the liver isozyme replenishes blood glucose while the muscle isozyme mobilizes glycogen as fuel. (From Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.4.1.1.
UI = D006005
Phosphorylase a
MS = The phosphorylated and more active form of PHOSPHORYLASE that functions as a regulatory enzyme during glycogen breakdown. The phosphate groups are hydrolytically removed by phosphorylase phosphatase to form PHOSPHORYLASE B and orthophosphate. EC 2.4.1.-.
UI = D010762
Phosphorylase b
MS = The relatively inactive form of PHOSPHORYLASE that is reactivated to form PHOSPHORYLASE A by PHOSPHORYLASE KINASE, which catalyzes the enzymatic phosphorylation of the serine residues at the expense of ATP.
UI = D010763
Phosphorylase Kinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and phosphorylase b to ADP and phosphorylase a. EC 2.7.1.38.
UI = D010764
Phosphorylase Phosphatase
MS = An enzyme that deactivates glycogen phosphorylase a by releasing inorganic phosphate and phosphorylase b, the inactive form. EC 3.1.3.17.
UI = D010765
Phosphorylation
AN = almost never IM; enzymatic phosphorylation: coord NIM with PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES (IM) + substrate (NIM) or specific phosphotransferase (particularly KINASES or PROTEIN KINASES) (IM); OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION & PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION are also available
MS = The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.
UI = D010766
Phosphorylcholine
MS = (2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride phosphate. Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.
UI = D010767
Phosphoserine
MS = The phosphoric acid ester of serine.
UI = D010768
Phosphothreonine
MS = The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.
UI = D010769
Phosphotransferases
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific phosphotransferases
MS = A rather large group of enzymes comprising not only those transferring phosphate but also diphosphate, nucleotidyl residues, and others. These have also been subdivided according to the acceptor group. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.
UI = D010770
Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)
AN = DF: PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES ALCOHOL
MS = A group of enzymes that transfers a phosphate group onto an alcohol group acceptor. EC 2.7.1.
UI = D017853
Phosphotransferases (Carboxyl Group Acceptor)
AN = DF: PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES CARBOXYL
MS = A class of enzymes that transfers phosphate groups and has a carboxyl group as an acceptor. EC 2.7.2.
UI = D017851
Phosphotransferases (Nitrogenous Group Acceptor)
AN = DF: PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES NITROGENOUS
MS = A group of enzymes that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group onto a nitrogenous group acceptor. EC 2.7.3.
UI = D017852
Phosphotransferases (Paired Acceptors)
AN = DF: PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES PAIRED
MS = A group of enzymes that transfers two phosphate groups from a donor such as ATP to two different acceptors. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.9.
UI = D017866
Phosphotransferases (Phosphomutases)
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = A group of enzymes that catalyze an intramolecular transfer of a phosphate group. It has been shown in some cases that the enzyme has a functional phosphate group, which can act as the donor. These were previously listed under PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES (EC 2.7.-). (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.4.2.
UI = D017875
Phosphotungstic Acid
MS = Tungsten hydroxide oxide phosphate. A white or slightly yellowish-green, slightly efflorescent crystal or crystalline powder. It is used as a reagent for alkaloids and many other nitrogen bases, for phenols, albumin, peptone, amino acids, uric acid, urea, blood, and carbohydrates. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D010772
Phosphotyrosine
AN = an amino acid; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted
MS = An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.
UI = D019000
Phosvitin
AN = an egg yolk protein
MS = An egg yolk phosphoglycoprotein which contains about 90% of the yolk protein phosphorus. It is synthesized in the liver of the hen and transferred to the developing oocyte, where it is bound to lipoproteins within the yolk granules.
UI = D010774
Photic Stimulation
UI = D010775
Photoaffinity Labels
MS = Biologically active molecules which are covalently bound to the enzymes or binding proteins normally acting on them. Binding occurs due to activation of the label by ultraviolet light. These labels are used primarily to identify binding sites on proteins.
UI = D019920
Photobacterium
AN = in marine environment & marine animals
MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are common in the marine environment and on the surfaces and in the intestinal contents of marine animals. Some species are bioluminescent and are found as symbionts in specialized luminous organs of fish.
UI = D010776
Photobiology
AN = SPEC or GEN only; SPEC qualif; photobiol eff on or eff of light on = LIGHT (IM) + specific target (IM); photobiol eff of ultraviolet light = ULTRAVIOLET RAYS (IM) + specific target (IM); DF: PHOTOBIOL
MS = The branch of biology which deals with the effect of light on living organisms. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D018462
Photochemistry
AN = IM when SPEC: SPEC qualif; no qualif when NIM coord
UI = D010777
Photochemotherapy
AN = "therapy using oral or topical photosensitizing agents with subsequent exposure to light"; IM; coord with disease /drug ther (IM)
MS = Therapy using oral or topical photosensitizing agents with subsequent exposure to light.
UI = D010778
Photofluorography
AN = NIM; DF: PHOTOFLUOROGR
MS = The photography of images produced on a fluorescent screen by X-rays.
UI = D010779
Photogrammetry
AN = measurement by stereoscopic photographs
MS = Making measurements by the use of stereoscopic photographs.
UI = D010780
Photography
MS = Method of making images on a sensitized surface by exposure to light or other radiant energy.
UI = D010781
Photolysis
MS = Chemical decomposition by the action of light and the lysis or solution of cells under the influence of light. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010782
Photometry
AN = NIM
UI = D010783
Photomicrography
AN = avoid: read Manual 26.12.3; when IM, qualif permitted; do not confuse with "microphotography" (MICROFILMING or PHOTOMICROGRAPHY: be careful); DF: PHOTOMICROGR
MS = Photography of objects viewed under a microscope using ordinary photographic methods.
UI = D010784
Photophosphorylation
AN = in plants: ATP formation in chloroplasts during photosynthesis
MS = The formation of ATP occurring in chloroplasts during photosynthesis. It is analogous to oxidative phosphorylation. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010785
Photoreceptors
AN = GEN or unspecified but note PHOTORECEPTORS, VERTEBRATE, PHOTORECEPTORS, INVERTEBRATE, PHOTORECEPTORS, MICROBIAL & PHOTORECEPTORS, PLANT see PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTER, PLANT are also available; DF: PHOTORECEPT
MS = Cells specialized to detect and transduce light.
UI = D010786
Photosensitivity Disorders
AN = a skin disease entity: does not mean sensitivity to light of eye, plants, bacteria, etc. ( = LIGHT)
MS = Abnormal responses to sunlight or artificial light due to extreme reactivity of light-absorbing molecules in tissues. It refers almost exclusively to skin photosensitivity, including sunburn, reactions due to repeated prolonged exposure in the absence of photosensitizing factors, and reactions requiring photosensitizing factors such as photosensitizing agents and certain diseases. With restricted reference to skin tissue, it does not include photosensitivity of the eye to light, as in photophobia or photosensitive epilepsy.
UI = D010787
Photosynthesis
AN = in plants, blue-green algae & bacteria; DF: PHOTOSYN
MS = The formation of carbohydrates, with release of molecular oxygen, from carbon dioxide and water in the chlorophyll tissue of plants and blue-green algae under the influence of light. In bacteria, photosynthesis uses hydrogen sulfide, molecular hydrogen, and other reduced compounds in place of water, so that molecular oxygen is not released. (Dorland, 27th ed.)
UI = D010788
Photosynthetic Reaction Center, Bacterial
AN = note category; DF: PRCB
MS = A system consisting of proteins and cofactors which acts as a light-driven electron pump across the photosynthetic membrane of photosynthetic bacteria.
UI = D016198
Photosynthetic Reaction Center, Plant
AN = DF: PRCP
MS = A system consisting of proteins and cofactors which facilitates light energy and electron transfer in plants.
UI = D016197
Phototherapy
AN = IM; coord disease with /ther, not /radiother; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY & ULTRAVIOLET THERAPY are also available
MS = Treatment of disease, especially neonatal jaundice and certain neoplasms, with visible light, including LASERS.
UI = D010789
Phosphotransferases (Phosphate Group Acceptor)
AN = DF: PHOSPHOSTRANSFERASES PHOSPHATE
MS = A group of enzymes that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group onto a phosphate group acceptor. EC 2.7.4.
UI = D017856
Photons
AN = elementary particles; IM
MS = Discrete concentrations of energy, apparently massless elementary particles, that move at the speed of light. They are the unit or quantum of electromagnetic radiation. Photons are emitted when electrons move from one energy state to another. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
UI = D017785
Photoperiod
AN = "photo-" refers to natural or artificial light; no qualif
MS = The time period of daily exposure that an organism receives from daylight or artificial light. It is believed that photoperiodic responses may affect the control of energy balance and thermoregulation.
UI = D017440
Photopheresis
AN = a form of PUVA ther
MS = A process in which peripheral blood is exposed in an extracorporeal flow system to photoactivated 8-methoxypsoralen (METHOXSALEN) and ultraviolet light - a procedure known as PUVA THERAPY. Photopheresis is at present a standard therapy for advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; it shows promise in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
UI = D017893
Photoplethysmography
AN = to determine local blood volume; NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PHOTOPLETHYSMOGR
MS = Plethysmographic determination in which the intensity of light reflected from the skin surface and the red cells below is measured to determine the blood volume of the respective area. There are two types, transmission and reflectance.
UI = D017156
Photoreceptors, Invertebrate
AN = coord IM with specific invertebrate (IM); DF: PHOTORECEPT INVERTEBRATE
MS = Cells in invertebrates which are specialized to detect and transduce light and darkness and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.
UI = D017956
Photoreceptors, Microbial
AN = coord with specific organism and specific photoreceptor molecule
MS = Light absorbing molecules, including proteins and protein prosthetic groups, which can initiate a specific photochemical reaction and which are found in certain algae, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. These include bacteriochlorophyll, bacteriorhodopsin, chlorophyll, cryptochrome, phytochrome, protochlorophyll, rhodopsin, and certain carotenoid, biliprotein, flavoprotein, and heme pigments. (From Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)
UI = D020283
Photoreceptors, Vertebrate
AN = note X ref RODS AND CONES: these are vertebrate only but RODS (RETINA) & CONES (RETINA) are also available
MS = Cells specialized to detect and transduce light. Rods and cones are the photoreceptors in the vertebrate retina.
UI = D020419
Photosensitizing Agents
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; D25-26 qualif
MS = Drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. These compounds can be administered topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and various types of neoplasms.
UI = D017319
Phototransduction
AN = "transducing of light energy to afferent nerve impulses"
MS = The transducing of light energy to afferent nerve impulses, such as takes place in the retinal rods and cones. After light photons are absorbed by the photopigments, the signal is transmitted to the outer segment membrane by the cyclic GMP second messenger system, where it closes the sodium channels. This channel gating ultimately generates an action potential in the inner retina.
UI = D019174
Phototrophic Bacteria
AN = DF: PHOTOTROPHIC BACT
MS = Gram-negative bacteria whose members can perform photosynthesis under anaerobic conditions.
UI = D010790
Phototropism
AN = directional growth of a plant in response to light
MS = The directional growth of organisms in response to light. In plants, aerial shoots usually grow towards light. The phototropic response is thought to be controlled by auxin (= AUXINS), a plant growth substance. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
UI = D018524
Phrases [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of common terms, phrases, idioms, and typical conversations, e.g., between health professional and patients. These are often intended for use by non-native speakers of a language.
UI = D020494
Phrenic Nerve
AN = motor nerve of the diaphragm; dis: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.
UI = D010791
Phrenology
AN = DF: PHRENOL
MS = The study of the conformation of the skull as indicative of mental faculties and traits of character, especially according to the hypothesis of F. J. Gall (1758-1828). (Webster 3d ed)
UI = D010792
o-Phthalaldehyde
MS = A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.
UI = D009764
Phthalazines
UI = D010793
Phthalein Dyes
MS = Colored condensation products of phenols with phthalic anhydride. Some are used in dye dilution methods to determine kidney or liver function, while others are used as pH indicators in chemistry.
UI = D010794
Phthalic Acids
MS = A group of compounds that has the general structure of a dicarboxylic acid-substituted benzene ring. The ortho-isomer is used in dye manufacture. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010795
Phthalic Anhydrides
AN = used in indust
MS = Phthalic acid anhydrides. Can be substituted on any carbon atom. Used extensively in industry and as a reagent in the acylation of amino- and hydroxyl groups.
UI = D010796
Phthalimides
MS = The imide of phthalic acids.
UI = D010797
Phthirus
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
MS = Lice of the genus Phthirus, family Pediculidae. Phthirus pubis, the crab louse, is usually acquired by sexual contact or contact with infected objects. It is found most frequently in the pubic hair, but also on eyebrows, eyelashes, or on the axillary hairs.
UI = D020061
Phycocyanin
AN = plant pigment proteins
MS = The metal-free blue phycobilin pigment in a conjugated chromoprotein of blue-green algae. It functions as light-absorbing substance together with chlorophylls.
UI = D010798
Phycodnaviridae
AN = a family of plant viruses infecting algae; from PHYCOs (Greek for alga) DNA viruses
MS = A family of DNA plant viruses that infect eukaryotic algae.
UI = D017862
Phycoerythrin
AN = a plant pigment protein
MS = The metal-free red phycobilin pigment in a conjugated chromoprotein of red algae. It functions as a light-absorbing substance together with chlorophylls.
UI = D010799
Phycomyces
MS = A genus of zygomycetous fungi in the family Mucoraceae, order MUCORALES, forming mycelia having a metallic sheen. It has been used for research on phototropism.
UI = D010800
Phyllachorales
MS = An order of fungi in the phylum ASCOMYCOTA characterized by stromatic perithecial forms in most species. Notable genera are Magnaporthe and Glomerella, the latter having the anamorph (mitosporic form) COLLETOTRICHUM.
UI = D020081
Phyllodes Tumor
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably BREAST NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = A variant of mammary fibroadenoma, usually of large size, with an unusually cellular, sarcoma-like stroma. It is partially epithelial and partially nonepithelial. It is both common and usually benign, although it has been known to metastasize. It may achieve great size and sometimes invades adjacent breast tissue. A phyllodes tumor is best handled by local excision with a rim of breast tissue. (From Dorland, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1710)
UI = D003557
Phylogeny
AN = no qualif
MS = The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their evolutionary history.
UI = D010802
Physalaemin
AN = a neurotransmitter from venom from skin of So. Amer. frog Physalaemus; a tachykinin; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = An oligopeptide isolated from the skin of Physalaemus fuscumaculatus, a South American frog. It is a typical kinin, resembling SUBSTANCE P in structure and action and has been proposed as a sialagogue, antihypertensive, and vasodilator.
UI = D010803
Physarida
MS = An order of protozoa characterized by a peridium and capillitium that are calcareous and a spore mass that is usually dark-colored.
UI = D016838
Physarum
AN = a protozoan
MS = A genus of protozoa, formerly also considered a fungus. Characteristics include the presence of violet to brown spores.
UI = D010804
Physarum polycephalum
AN = a protozoan much used in biomed research
MS = A protozoan, previously also considered a fungus. Characteristics include sporangia that are stalked and multilobed. It is widely used in biomedical research.
UI = D016839
Physical Chromosome Mapping
MS = Mapping of the linear order of genes on a chromosome with units indicating their distances by using methods other than genetic recombination. These methods include nucleotide sequencing, overlapping deletions in polytene chromosomes, and electron micrography of heteroduplex DNA. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 5th ed)
UI = D020161
Physical Conditioning, Animal
AN = domestic, veterinary & exper animals; do not use /vet; don't forget check tag ANIMAL; exercising of animals goes here; animal running in exercise wheel is probably MOTOR ACTIVITY or EXERTION
MS = Physical conditioning of domestic, laboratory, and zoo animals. Includes exercising of animals.
UI = D010805
Physical Education and Training
AN = "instructional" & "often in schools": differentiate from EXERCISE (see MeSH definition there), from GYMNASTICS (see note there) & from EXERCISE THERAPY (prescribed exercise & physical activity); DF: PHYS ED or PHYSICAL EDUC or PHYSICAL EDUCATION CATALOG: /geog /form; do not use /pop wks
MS = Instructional programs in the care and development of the body, often in schools. The concept does not include prescribed exercises, which is EXERCISE THERAPY.
UI = D010806
Physical Endurance
AN = differs from PHYSICAL FITNESS in that here the emphasis is on "endurance"
MS = The time span between the beginning of physical activity by an individual and the termination because of exhaustion.
UI = D010807
Physical Examination
AN = NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION is also available; DF: PHYSICAL EXAM
MS = Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality.
UI = D010808
Physical Fitness
MS = A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy.
UI = D010809
Physical Medicine
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PHYSICAL MED
MS = A medical specialty concerned with the use of physical agents, mechanical apparatus, and manipulation in rehabilitating physically diseased or injured patients.
UI = D010810
Physical Sciences
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; SPEC: SPEC qualif
MS = The natural sciences dealing with inanimate matter or with energy, as physics, chemistry, astronomy. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
UI = D010811
Physical Stimulation
AN = NIM
UI = D010812
Physical Therapy
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; /adv eff /nurs /psychol permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with dis /rehabil (IM), not /ther
MS = The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise.
UI = D010813
Physical Therapy Department, Hospital
AN = DF: PHYS THER DEP
MS = Hospital department which is responsible for the administration and provision of diagnostic and medical rehabilitation services to restore or improve the functional capacity of the patient.
UI = D010814
Physician Executives
AN = note X ref MEDICAL DIRECTORS; DF: MED DIRECTORS
MS = Physicians who serve in a medical and administrative capacity as head of an organized medical staff and who also may serve as liaison for the medical staff with the administration and governing board.
UI = D008486
Physician Impairment
AN = "inability to practice medicine with reasonable skill & safety to patient"; the causes may include alcohol & drug abuse, ment disord, phys disability, senility; coord IM with specific impairment (IM) + specialty if pertinent (IM)
MS = The physician's inability to practice medicine with reasonable skill and safety to the patient due to the physician's disability. Common causes include alcohol and drug abuse, mental illness, physical disability, and senility.
UI = D010815
Physician Incentive Plans
MS = Compensatory plans designed to motivate physicians in relation to patient referral, physician recruitment, and efficient use of the health facility.
UI = D010816
Physician-Patient Relations
AN = no qualif; DF: PHYSICIAN PATIENT RELAT
MS = The interactions between physician and patient.
UI = D010817
Physician Payment Review Commission
AN = specify geog if pertinent; DF: PPRC CATALOG: use NAF entry: United States. Physician Payment Review Commission
MS = A commission created by the Consolidated Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1985, enacted in 1986, and given the mandate to advise Congress on Medicare-physician payment. The commission members are appointed by the U.S. Office of Technology Assessment.
UI = D015284
Physician Self-Referral
AN = to a diag or ther facility where MD has a financial interest
MS = Referral by physicians to testing or treatment facilities in which they have financial interest. The practice is regulated by the Ethics in Patient Referrals Act of 1989.
UI = D018584
Physician-Nurse Relations
AN = no qualif; IM; coord with med & nurs spec (IM) if pertinent; DF: PHYSICIAN NURSE RELAT
MS = The reciprocal interaction of physicians and nurses.
UI = D019555
Physician's Practice Patterns
AN = "practice related to diag & treatment espec as influenced by cost of service requested & provided": do not confuse with PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE where emphasis is on the physician & his practice; prescribing patterns goes here CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Patterns of practice related to diagnosis and treatment as especially influenced by cost of the service requested and provided.
UI = D010818
Physician's Role
AN = no qualif; coord IM with area in which he is playing a role (IM), as "physician's role in community health nursing" = PHYSICIAN'S ROLE (IM) + COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING (IM)
MS = The expected and characteristic behavior of a physician as a member of the medical profession.
UI = D010819
Physicians
AN = /educ = EDUCATION, MEDICAL or its specifics; Manual 35.2.3; in biographies: Manual 32.16.7; when not to use: Manual 34.11.1; "role of physician in ..." = PHYSICIAN'S ROLE: see note there CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Individuals licensed to practice medicine.
UI = D010820
Physicians, Family
AN = /educ permitted: coord with specific type of educ
MS = Those physicians who have completed the education requirements specified by the American Academy of Family Physicians.
UI = D010821
Physicians, Women
AN = /educ = EDUCATION, MEDICAL or its specifics; Manual 34.1l.2 CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Women licensed to practice medicine.
UI = D010822
Physician Assistants
AN = coord IM with specialty (IM); PARAMEDICS see ALLIED HEALTH PERSONNEL is available; DF: note short X ref
MS = Persons academically trained, licensed, or credentialed to provide medical care under the supervision of a physician. The concept does not include nurses, but does include orthopedic assistants, surgeon's assistants, and assistants to other specialists.
UI = D010823
Physicians' Offices
AN = restrict to physical office: includes reception rooms, examining rooms, treatment rooms, office, labs, etc.; not for articles with title reading, e.g., "office assessment of nutrition disord" or "office use of microscopes in otology"
MS = The room or rooms in which the physician and his staff provide patient health care. The offices include all rooms in the physician's office suite.
UI = D010824
Physics
AN = IM SPEC only: SPEC qualif; may be used as NIM coord, without qualif; Manual 29.11
UI = D010825
Physiognomy
AN = no qualif
UI = D010826
Physiology
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES or /physiol with organs, organisms & psychol processes: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.55; DF: PHYSIOL
MS = The science which treats of the functions of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical factors and processes involved. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010827
Physiology, Comparative
AN = SPEC qualif when IM; no qualif when NIM; Manual 18.13.4; DF: PHYSIOL COMPARATIVE
UI = D010828
Physiological Processes
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; differentiate from PHYSIOLOGY, the specialty or discipline; DF: PHYSIOL PROCESSES
MS = The functions of living organisms and their parts, and the physical and chemical factors and processes involved. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1290)
UI = D010829
Physostigmine
AN = a cholinesterase inhib
MS = A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.
UI = D010830
Phytanic Acid
MS = 3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadecanoic acid. A 20-carbon branched chain fatty acid. In phytanic acid storage disease (REFSUM DISEASE) this lipid may comprise as much as 30% of the total fatty acids of the plasma. This is due to a phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase deficiency.
UI = D010831
6-Phytase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate and water to 1L-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5-pentakisphosphate and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.26.
UI = D010832
Phytic Acid
AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant
MS = myo-Inositol hexakis(dihydrogen phosphate). Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.
UI = D010833
Phytochrome
AN = a blue-green pigment of plants; a plant protein
MS = A blue-green biliprotein widely distributed in the plant kingdom.
UI = D010834
Phytohemagglutinins
AN = X refs show the source
MS = Mucoproteins isolated from the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); some of them are mitogenic to lymphocytes, others agglutinate all or certain types of erythrocytes or lymphocytes. They are used mainly in the study of immune mechanisms and in cell culture.
UI = D010835
Phytol
UI = D010836
Phytomastigophorea
AN = a class of protozoa
MS = A class of protozoa consisting of plantlike flagellates. Its organisms are free-living and have one or two flagella.
UI = D016821
Phytonadione
AN = a K vitamin; /defic: coord IM with VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY (IM)
MS = 2-Methyl-3-(3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenyl)-1,4-naphthalenedione. A fat-soluble vitamin occurring naturally as the trans-isomer. It is used in the treatment of prothrombinemias.
UI = D010837
Phytophthora
AN = an alga belonging to the group OOMYCETES
MS = A genus of destructive parasitic algae in the family Pythiaceae, order Peronosporales, affecting numerous fruit, vegetable, and other crops. Differentiation of zoospores usually takes place in the sporangium and no vesicle is formed.
UI = D010838
Phytoplankton
AN = plant plankton
MS = Minute plant organisms which live in practically all natural waters.
UI = D010839
Phytosterols
UI = D010840
Pia Mater
UI = D010841
Pica
AN = compulsive eating of substances unsuitable as food; human & animal; not limited to children
MS = The persistent eating of nonnutritive substances for a period of at least one month. (DSM-IV)
UI = D010842
Pichia
MS = Yeast-like ascomycetous fungi of the family Saccharomycetaceae, order SACCHAROMYCETALES isolated from exuded tree sap.
UI = D010843
Pichinde Virus
AN = a species of Arenavirus; Pichinde is in Colombia; infection: coord IM with HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, AMERICAN (IM)
MS = A species of ARENAVIRUS, one of the TACARIBE COMPLEX VIRUSES, causing a fatal infection in the cricetine rodent Oryzomys albigularis. Asymptomatic laboratory infection in humans has been reported.
UI = D018052
Picibanil
AN = an antineoplastic; DF: OK 432 or OK-432
MS = A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.
UI = D010844
Pickwickian Syndrome
AN = obesity with somnolence, blood & resp disord
MS = Extreme obesity with polycythemia, somnolence, hypoventilation, arterial unsaturation and hypercapnia, and pulmonary hypertension.
UI = D010845
Picloram
AN = an herbicide
MS = A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.
UI = D010846
Picobirnavirus
AN = an unclassified RNA virus; from pico (tiny) + bi(segmented) + RNA virus; infection: coord IM with RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = Unclassified, bisegmented, double-stranded RNA virus isolated from the feces of humans and other animals. Some reports associate it with gastroenteritis in humans.
UI = D018708
Picolines
MS = A group of compounds that are monomethyl derivatives of pyridines. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010847
Picolinic Acids
UI = D010848
Picornaviridae
AN = a family of RNA viruses; from pico (tiny) + RNA virus; infection = PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS
MS = A family of small RNA viruses comprising some important pathogens of humans and animals. Transmission usually occurs mechanically. There are five genera: APHTHOVIRUS, CARDIOVIRUS, ENTEROVIRUS, HEPATOVIRUS, and RHINOVIRUS.
UI = D010849
Picornaviridae Infections
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Virus diseases caused by the PICORNAVIRIDAE.
UI = D010850
Picrates
UI = D010851
Picrotoxin
AN = a convulsant
MS = A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GABA-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.
UI = D010852
Picryl Chloride
MS = 2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene. A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).
UI = D010853
Pictorial Works [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting exclusively or mainly of pictures but not technical drawings.
UI = D020495
Piebaldism
AN = hypopigmentation of skin & hair; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Autosomal dominant, congenital disorder characterized by localized hypomelanosis of the skin and hair. The most familiar feature is a white forelock presenting in 80 to 90 percent of the patients. The underlying defect is possibly related to the differentiation and migration of melanoblasts, as well as to defective development of the neural crest (neurocristopathy). Piebaldism may be closely related to Waardenburg's syndrome.
UI = D016116
Piedra
AN = fungus dis of hair shaft: see MeSH definition
MS = Either of two diseases resulting from fungal infection of the hair shafts. Black piedra occurs mainly in and on the hairs of the scalp and is caused by Piedraia hortae; white piedra occurs in and on the hairs of the scalp, beard, moustache and genital areas and is caused by Trichosporon beigelii.
UI = D010854
Pierre Robin Syndrome
AN = multiple oral abnorm; named for French dentist Pierre Robin: Robin is his surname; note: no hyphen; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by brachygnathia and cleft palate, often associated with glossoptosis, backward and upward displacement of the larynx, and angulation of the manubrium sterni. Cleft palate makes sucking and swallowing difficult, permitting easy access of fluids into the larynx. It may appear in several syndromes or as an isolated hypoplasia. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010855
Pigeons
AN = includes doves; IM except in psychol articles: qualif permitted; NIM in psychol: no qualif
UI = D010856
Pigment Epithelium of Eye
AN = includes pigment epithelium of retina, ciliary body & iris; detachment = RETINAL DETACHMENT
MS = Epithelium in the retina, ciliary body, and iris containing pigment granules.
UI = D010857
Pigmentation
AN = differentiate from COLOR in that PIGMENTATION is related to biological PIGMENTS: COLOR need not involve these
MS = Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment.
UI = D010858
Pigmentation Disorders
AN = do not restrict to skin despite category; do not confuse X ref INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI ACHROMIANS with INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI
UI = D010859
Pigments
AN = largely biol: differentiate from DYES, usually non-biol
MS = Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms.
UI = D010860
Pili, Sex
AN = note X refs: do not confuse with COMMON PILI see FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL; coord IM with specific bacterium (IM); A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
MS = Filamentous or elongated proteinaceous structures which extend from the cell surface in gram-negative bacteria that contain certain types of conjugative plasmid. These pili are the organs associated with genetic transfer and have essential roles in conjugation. Normally, only one or a few pili occur on a given donor cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p675) This preferred use of "pili" refers to the sexual appendage, to be distinguished from bacterial fimbriae (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL), also known as common pili, which are usually concerned with adhesion.
UI = D018933
Pilocarpine
AN = an alkaloid; a muscarinic agonist; /biosyn permitted if by plant
MS = A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.
UI = D010862
Piloerection
MS = Involuntary erection or bristling of hairs.
UI = D010863
Pilomatrixoma
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + HAIR DISEASES (IM)
MS = A tumor composed of cells resembling those of the hair matrix, which undergo 'mummification' and may calcify. It is a relatively uncommon tumor, which may occur at any age from infancy. The majority of patients are under 20, and females are affected more than males. The lesion is usually a solitary deep dermal or subcutaneous tumor 3-30 mm in diameter, situated in the head, neck, or upper extremity. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2401)
UI = D018296
Pilonidal Sinus
AN = non-neoplastic; a hair-containing cyst or sinus usually in the coccygeal region: no organ coord needed; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A hair-containing cyst or sinus, occurring chiefly in the coccygeal region.
UI = D010864
Pilot Projects
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific subject (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
MS = Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.
UI = D010865
Pimelic Acids
MS = A group of compounds that are derivatives of heptanedioic acid with the general formula R-C7H11O4.
UI = D010867
Pimozide
AN = an antipsychotic agent
MS = A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403)
UI = D010868
Pinacidil
MS = A potassium-channel opener that produces direct peripheral vasodilatation of the arterioles. It reduces blood pressure and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
UI = D020110
Pindolol
MS = A moderately lipophilic beta blocker. It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638)
UI = D010869
Pineal Body
AN = neopl: do not consider PINEALOMA a synonym: coord PINEAL BODY (IM) with BRAIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of type (IM)
MS = A small conical midline body attached to the posterior part of the third ventricle and lying between the superior colliculi, below the splenium of the corpus callosum.
UI = D010870
Pinealoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BRAIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + PINEAL BODY (IM)
MS = A tumor of the pineal body composed of neoplastic nests of large cells. Tumors in this region are rare, accounting for less than 1% of intracranial tumors, although in children they constitute 3%-8% of intracranial tumors. Its symptoms include hydrocephalus, conjugate paralysis of upward gaze, disturbances of gait, and precocious puberty, the last due to suppression of pineal secretion of melatonin. Because pinealomas are near the center of the brain, they are among the most difficult of brain tumors to remove. A variety of surgical approaches has been described. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are also used. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1597-9; Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010871
Pinnipedia
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer SEALS & WALRUS; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D010872
Pinocytosis
MS = The engulfing of liquids by cells by a process of invagination and closure of the cell membrane to form fluid-filled vacuoles.
UI = D010873
Pinta
AN = a nonvenereal treponemal skin infect
MS = An infectious disease of the skin caused by Treponema carateum that occurs only in the western hemisphere. Age of onset is between 10 and 20 years of age. This condition is characterized by marked changes in the skin color and is believed to be transmitted by direct person-to-person contact.
UI = D010874
Pipecolic Acids
UI = D010875
Pipecuronium
AN = a neuromusc nondepolarizing agent
MS = 4,4'-((2 beta,3 alpha,5 alpha,16 beta,17 beta)-(3,17-Bis(acetyloxy)androstane-2,16-diyl)bis(1,1-dimethylpiperazinium). A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent used during halothane anesthesia and obstetric and gynecologic surgery.
UI = D017300
Pipemidic Acid
AN = an anti-infective
MS = 8-Ethyl-5,8-dihydro-5-oxo-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrido (2,3-d)pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid. Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.
UI = D010876
Piperacillin
AN = an ampicillin
MS = 6-(((((4-Ethyl-2,3-dioxo-1-piperazinyl)carbonyl) amino)phenylacetyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1- azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid. Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, ampicillin-derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for Pseudomonas infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.
UI = D010878
Piperazines
UI = D010879
Piperidines
MS = A family of hexahydropyridines. Piperidine itself is found in the pepper plant as the alkaloid piperine.
UI = D010880
Piperidones
UI = D010881
Piperonyl Butoxide
AN = a pesticide synergist
MS = An insecticide synergist, especially for pyrethroids and ROTENONE.
UI = D010882
Piperoxan
AN = an adrenergic alpha antag & sympatholytic
MS = A benzodioxane alpha-adrenergic blocking agent with considerable stimulatory action. It has been used to diagnose pheochromocytoma and as an antihypertensive agent.
UI = D010883
Pipidae
AN = tongueless frogs; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
MS = A family of the order Anura, distinguished by the lack of a tongue. It includes four living genera of aquatic "toads". Two of the most familiar pipids are the popularly called Surinam "toad" (Pipa pipa) and XENOPUS LAEVIS.
UI = D010884
Pipobroman
AN = an alkylating antineoplastic
MS = An antineoplastic alkylating agent used in the treatment of polycythemia vera, administered orally. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010885
Piracetam
MS = A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.
UI = D010889
Pirenzepine
AN = an anti-ulcer agent
MS = 5,11-Dihydro-11-((4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)acetyl)-6H-pyrido(2,3-b)(1,4)benzodiazepin-6-one. An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.
UI = D010890
Piribedil
AN = an antiparkinson agent
MS = A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.
UI = D010891
Pirinitramide
AN = a narcotic analgesic
MS = 1'-(3-Cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl)-(1,4'-bipiperidine)-4'-carboxamide. A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.
UI = D010892
Piromidic Acid
AN = a urinary anti-infective
MS = 8-Ethyl-5,8-dihydro-5-oxo-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)pyrido (2,3-d)pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid. Antibacterial against mainly gram negative organisms. It is used for urinary tract and intestinal infections.
UI = D010893
Piromyces
MS = A genus of fungi in the family Neocallimasticaceae, order NEOCALLIMASTICALES, containing uniflagellate zoospores.
UI = D020089
Piroplasmia
AN = a subclass of tick-borne protozoa: do not confuse with order PIROPLASMIDA
MS = A subclass of heteroxenous parasitic protozoa usually transmitted by ticks. Its organisms are rod-shaped or amoeboid with conoid, oocysts, spores, and pseudocysts absent. Locomotion is by body flexion, gliding, or, in sexual stages, by large axopodium-like organelles.
UI = D016791
Piroplasmida
AN = an order of tick-borne protozoa: do not confuse with subclass PIROPLASMIA
MS = An order of protozoa comprising heteroxenous tick-borne blood parasites. Representative genera include BABESIA, Dactylosoma, and THEILERIA.
UI = D016792
Piroxicam
AN = a cyclooxygenase inhib & non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent
MS = 4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1-dioxide. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is well established in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Its usefulness has also been demonstrated in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily. The drug has also been shown to be effective if administered rectally. Gastrointestinal complaints are the most frequently reported side effects.
UI = D010894
Pit and Fissure Sealants
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: PIT SEALANTS
MS = Agents used to occlude dental enamel pits and fissures in the prevention of dental caries.
UI = D010895
Pitcairn Island
AN = an island in Polynesia, settled by the mutineers from the Bounty
MS = An island in Polynesia, in the south Pacific Ocean. It was discovered in 1767 by Philip Carteret, uninhabited until 1790 when settled by mutineers from the English ship, Bounty. The settlement was discovered in 1808; the population was removed temporarily to Tahiti in 1831 and to Norfolk Island (between New Caledonia and New Zealand) in 1856. Some later returned to Pitcairn and their descendents constitute the present population of this British colony. The island is named for the midshipman who first sighted it from the ship. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p958 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p422)
UI = D010896
Pitch Discrimination
AN = do not confuse with PITCH PERCEPTION
MS = The ability to differentiate tones.
UI = D010897
Pitch Perception
AN = do not confuse with PITCH DISCRIMINATION
MS = A dimension of auditory sensation varying with cycles per second of the sound stimulus.
UI = D010898
Pituitary Apoplexy
AN = hemorrh into or ischemic necrosis of pituitary
MS = Sudden hemorrhage into or ischemic necrosis of a normal or adenomatous pituitary gland.
UI = D010899
Pituitary Diseases
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific part of pituitary (NIM); PITUITARY APOPLEXY is available
UI = D010900
Pituitary Function Tests
AN = test of pituit funct or hormonal secretion: do not confuse with PITUITARY-ADRENAL FUNCTION TESTS, test of pituit funct in relation to adrenal funct or corticoid production
UI = D010901
Pituitary Gland
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR or PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR; pars distalis is indexed under PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR; /rad eff: consider also PITUITARY IRRADIATION, a radiother procedure; /surg: probably HYPOPHYSECTOMY; consider also PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM & HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM
MS = A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk.
UI = D010902
Pituitary Gland, Anterior
AN = diseases: coord NIM with PITUITARY DISEASES or specific pituitary dis (IM)
MS = The glandular or anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
UI = D010903
Pituitary Gland, Posterior
AN = diseases: coord NIM with PITUITARY DISEASES or specific pituitary dis (IM)
MS = The neural or post-neural lobe of the pituitary gland.
UI = D010904
Pituitary Hormone Release Inhibiting Hormones
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: PHRIH
MS = Polypeptide hormones produced in the hypothalamus which inhibit the release of pituitary hormones. Used for PHRIH in general or for which there is no specific heading.
UI = D010905
Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones
AN = IM + coord with specific hormone (IM) but note many specific precoords available; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted; DF: PHRH
MS = Hormones released by one structure (e.g., the hypothalamus or the thyroid gland) that effect the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.
UI = D010906
Pituitary Hormones
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted; /defic: consider also HYPOPITUITARISM & its specifics
MS = Hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland and the pars intermedia, an ill-defined region between the two. Their secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus.
UI = D010907
Pituitary Hormones, Anterior
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Protein, glycoprotein, or polypeptide hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010908
Pituitary Hormones, Posterior
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Hormones released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary, including vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin. They are formed in the neuronal cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in nerve cell endings in the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010909
Pituitary Irradiation
AN = ionizing; a radiother procedure: do not confuse with eff of rad on pituitary ( = PITUITARY GLAND /rad eff); do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D010910
Pituitary Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with site in pituitary (NIM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D010911
Pituitary-Adrenal Function Tests
AN = pituit funct in relation to adrenal funct or corticoid production: differentiate from PITUITARY FUNCTION TESTS, test of pituit funct or hormonal secretion
UI = D010912
Pituitary-Adrenal System
AN = hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis: coord HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM + PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM
MS = The interactions between the anterior pituitary and adrenal glands, in which corticotropin (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and adrenal cortical hormones suppress the production of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary.
UI = D010913
Pityriasis
AN = a papulosquamous skin dis
MS = A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010915
Pityriasis Lichenoides
AN = a form of parapsoriasis & of pityriasis
MS = A subgroup of PARAPSORIASIS itself divided into acute and chronic forms. The acute form is characterized by the abrupt onset of a generalized, reddish-brown, maculopapular eruption. Lesions may be vesicular, hemorrhagic, crusted, or necrotic. Histologically the disease is characterized by epidermal necrolysis. The chronic form shows milder skin changes with necrosis. An important variant of the chronic form is LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS.
UI = D017514
Pityriasis Rosea
MS = A mild exanthematous inflammation of unknown etiology. It is characterized by the presence of salmon-colored maculopapular lesions. The most striking feature is the arrangement of the lesions such that the long axis is parallel to the lines of cleavage. The eruptions are usually generalized, affecting chiefly the trunk, and the course is often self-limiting.
UI = D017515
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
MS = A chronic skin disease characterized by small follicular papules, disseminated reddish-brown scaly patches, and often, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. The papules are about the size of a pin and topped by a horny plug.
UI = D010916
Pivampicillin
AN = an ampicillin
MS = 6-((Aminophenylacetyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1- azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid (2,2-dimethyl- 1-oxopropoxy)methyl ester. Pivalate ester analog of AMPICILLIN.
UI = D010917
Pizotyline
AN = a serotonin antag & analgesic
MS = Serotonin antagonist used against migraine and vascular headaches.
UI = D010918
Placebo Effect
AN = "placebo" is not restricted to drugs; IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease (IM); no qualif; DF: PLACEBO EFF
MS = An effect usually, but not necessarily, beneficial that is attributable to an expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion.
UI = D015990
Placebos
AN = usually NIM, no qualif; when IM, D25-26 qualif; do not index routinely for articles on CLINICAL TRIALS, DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD, etc., unless particularly discussed; Manual 18.12.3
MS = Any dummy medication or treatment. Although placebos originally were medicinal preparations having no specific pharmacological activity against a targeted condition, the concept has been extended to include treatments or procedures, especially those administered to control groups in clinical trials in order to provide baseline measurements for the experimental protocol.
UI = D010919
Placenta
AN = mammals only; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; /blood supply: consider UTEROPLACENTAL CIRCULATION; placental serum or placental blood = PLACENTA + BLOOD; do not confuse X ref PLACENTOME (all fetal & maternal tissues involved in placentation) with placentoma (index under DECIDUA) or X ref PLACENTOMA, NORMAL
MS = A fetomaternal organ characteristic of true mammals during pregnancy, joining mother and offspring, providing endocrine secretion and selective exchange of soluble, blood-borne substances through an apposition of uterine and trophoblastic vascularized parts. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010920
Placenta Accreta
AN = adherence of placenta to uterine wall; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
MS = Abnormal adherence of part or all of the placenta to the uterine wall, with partial or complete absence of the decidua basalis, especially of the spongiosum layer. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010921
Placenta Diseases
AN = check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; "fetal malnutrition" : index under PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY
UI = D010922
Placenta Praevia
AN = a placenta developing in dilatation zone of uterus; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
MS = A placenta which develops in the lower uterine segment, in the zone of dilatation, so that it covers or adjoins the internal os. Painless hemorrhage in the last trimester, particularly during the eighth month, is the most common symptom. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010923
Placenta, Retained
AN = a placenta failing to be expelled after birth; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
MS = A placenta which is either adherent or incarcerated by irregular uterine contractions, and which in consequence fails to be expelled after birth. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D018457
Placental Extracts
AN = extracts of placenta or placental fractions; do not confuse with chemical substances "extracted" from the placenta, as "peptides extracted from the mouse placenta" ( = PEPTIDES /anal + PLACENTA /chem)
MS = Extracts prepared from placental tissue; they may contain specific but uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific activities.
UI = D010924
Placental Function Tests
AN = NIM
MS = Methods used for the assessment of placental function.
UI = D010925
Placental Hormones
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Hormones produced by the placenta during pregnancy, including chorionic gonadotropin and substances having estrogen, progestin, or adrenocorticoid activity. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010926
Placental Insufficiency
AN = inadequate oxygen & nutrients to fetus via placenta; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
MS = Failure of the placenta to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.
UI = D010927
Placental Lactogen
AN = a pregn protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A polypeptide hormone secreted by the placenta that enters the maternal circulation and disappears from the circulation immediately after delivery. It has growth-promoting activity, is immunologically similar to human growth hormone, and inhibits maternal insulin activity during pregnancy. By inhibiting glucose oxidation it can increase the glucose supply to a fetus developing in a malnourished mother. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010928
Placentation
AN = check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
MS = Development of a site of fetomaternal union for physiologic exchange, a placenta or placenta-like organ.
UI = D010929
Plagiarism
AN = IM; do not confuse with DUPLICATE PUBLICATION: read MeSH definition; no qualif
MS = Passing off as one's own the work of another without credit.
UI = D015714
Plague
AN = Pasteurella pestis or Yersinia pestis infection only; swine plague = HEMORRHAGIC BACTEREMIA /vet (IM) + SWINE DISEASES (IM) but do not confuse with African swine plague ( = AFRICAN SWINE FEVER)
MS = An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.
UI = D010930
Plague Vaccine
MS = A suspension of killed Yersinia pestis used for immunizing people in enzootic plague areas.
UI = D010931
Planarians
AN = non-parasitic flatworms used in regeneration experiments
MS = Nonparasitic free-living flatworms of the class Turbellaria. The most common genera are Dugesia, formerly Planaria, which lives in water, and Bipalium, which lives on land. Geoplana occurs in South America and California.
UI = D010932
Plant Components
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific anat part
MS = The anatomical components of a plant, including SEEDS.
UI = D018514
Plant Epidermis
AN = outer integument of plants; IM; coord with specific plant if pertinent (IM)
MS = A thin layer of cells forming the outer integument of seed plants and ferns. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
UI = D019441
Plant Families and Groups
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
MS = Groupings that include specific plants within larger families or divisions.
UI = D019669
Plant Leaves
AN = part of a plant shoot; IM GEN or unspecified; coord probably IM in genetics & space physiol, NIM in pharmacognosy, with specific plant (IM or NIM)
MS = Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)
UI = D018515
Plant Physiology
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: PLANT PHYSIOL
MS = Physiological functions characteristic of plants.
UI = D018521
Plant Roots
AN = underground structure of a plant; IM GEN or unspecified; coord probably IM in genetics & space physiol, NIM in pharmacognosy, with specific plant (IM or NIM)
MS = The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
UI = D018517
Plant Root Cap
AN = composed of meristem cells; IM GEN or unspecified; coord probably IM in genetics & space physiol, NIM in pharmacognosy, with specific plant (IM or NIM)
MS = A cone-shaped structure in plants made up of a mass of meristematic cells that covers and protects the tip of a growing root. It is the putative site of gravity sensing in plant roots.
UI = D018518
Plant Shoots
AN = includes stem, branches, leaves; IM GEN or unspecified; coord probably IM in genetics & space physiol, NIM in pharmacognosy, with specific plant (IM or NIM)
MS = The aerial portions of a plant, including stem, branches, and leaves and also, new immature growth on a plant. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Science and Technology, 4th ed)
UI = D018520
Plant Stems
AN = support for leaves, buds & flowers; IM GEN or unspecified; coord probably IM in genetics & space physiol, NIM in pharmacognosy, with specific plant (IM or NIM); bark of woody plants goes here, bark of trees goes only under TREES
MS = Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
UI = D018547
Plant Transpiration
AN = loss of water vapor in plants
MS = The loss of water vapor by plants to the atmosphere. It occurs mainly from the leaves through pores (stomata) whose primary function is gas exchange. The water is replaced by a continuous column of water moving upwards from the roots within the xylem vessels. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
UI = D018526
Planets
AN = no qualif; does not include comets or meteors: METEOROIDS is available; natural satellites: index under SOLAR SYSTEM
MS = Heavenly bodies with their own motion among the stars, revolving, in the case of the solar system, around the sun, along the plane of the ecliptic. They are grouped into inner planets and outer planets, based on distance from the sun and common characteristics.
UI = D016083
Plankton
AN = free-floating aquatic plant & animal organisms
MS = A collective name for the minute free-floating organisms, plant and animal, which live in practically all natural waters. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010933
Planning Techniques
AN = NIM; no qualif
MS = Procedures, strategies, and theories of planning.
UI = D010934
Plant Diseases
AN = coord with specific causative organism if pertinent but not with infection term
MS = Diseases of plants.
UI = D010935
Plant Extracts
AN = IM GEN only; NIM when specific plant term is IM; /ther use: coord with disease /drug ther, not /ther; extracts of medicinal plants in Chinese med = PLANT EXTRACTS, CHINESE see DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL: TN J
MS = Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing the active constituents therefrom with a suitable menstruum, evaporating all or nearly all the solvent, and adjusting the residual mass or powder to a prescribed standard. (Dorland, 28th ed, p594)
UI = D010936
Plant Growth Regulators
AN = /biosyn permitted if by micro-organism; DF: PLANT GROWTH REG
MS = Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins.
UI = D010937
Plant Oils
AN = D25-26 qualif; coord IM with specific plant source of oil (IM or NIM) but not PLANTS; "yusho poisoning": see note on RICE
MS = Oils derived from plants or plant products.
UI = D010938
Plant Poisoning
AN = human & animal; coord IM with specific plant (IM) + specific dis /etiol (IM); do not coord with food plants in Cat J: index under specific Cat J2 food plant /pois (IM), as FRUIT /pois or GARLIC /pois but not also here; Jamaican vomiting sickness: index PLANT POISONING + HYPOGLYCINS /pois
MS = Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.
UI = D010939
Plant Proteins
AN = dietary plant proteins: coord IM with specific plant (IM) + specific protein (IM) + DIETARY PROTEINS (IM) but note that VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available (see note there); nutritive value of plant proteins: coord IM with specific protein (IM) + NUTRITIVE VALUE (NIM) but not also DIETARY PROTEINS
MS = Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.
UI = D010940
Plant Tumors
MS = A localized proliferation of plant tissue forming a swelling or outgrowth, commonly with a characteristic shape and unlike any organ of the normal plant. Plant tumors or galls usually form in response to the action of a pathogen or a pest. (Holliday, P., A Dictionary of Plant Pathology, 1989, p330)
UI = D010941
Plant Viruses
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)
MS = Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria.
UI = D010942
Plantago
AN = the seed of the Plantago is PSYLLIUM; do not confuse X ref PLANTAIN with plantain banana (index under ZINGIBERALES)
MS = Three different species of Plantago or plantain, P. psyllium, P. ovata and P. indica. The seeds swell in water and are used as laxatives.
UI = D010943
Plants
AN = GEN only: prefer specific groups or specific plants in Cat B6; plants or "plant tissue": Manual 31.10; /anat: consider also PLANT STRUCTURES; /class: consider also PLANT FAMILIES AND GROUPS; /drug eff: consider also HERBICIDES; /embryol: consider also SEEDS; /growth: consider also PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS; policy: Manual 22.30, 36.25; flowers unspecified go under PLANTS or specific plant; TN 148: MeSH plant names; pollen goes under POLLEN only: see note there
MS = Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations.
UI = D010944
Plants, Edible
AN = as plants & food; prefer FRUIT (J) or VEGETABLES (J) if ascertainable; specify geog if pertinent; use qualif available to PLANTS with discretion CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = An organism of the vegetable kingdom suitable by nature for use as a food, especially by human beings. Not all parts of any given plant are edible but all parts of edible plants have been known to figure as raw or cooked food: leaves, roots, tubers, stems, seeds, buds, fruits, and flowers. The most commonly edible parts of plants are FRUIT, usually sweet, fleshy, and succulent. Most edible plants are commonly cultivated for their nutritional value and are referred to as VEGETABLES.
UI = D010945
Plants, Medicinal
AN = specify geog if pertinent; use qualif available to PLANTS with discretion; in addition to specific medicinal plants indented, see many medicinal specifics in Cat B6 under PLANTS, TOXIC; medicinal plants in Chinese med: coord IM with MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL (NIM); TN J; TN 148: MeSH plant names CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Plants whose roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or other constituent possess therapeutic, tonic, purgative, or other pharmacologic activity when administered to higher animals.
UI = D010946
Plants, Toxic
AN = use qualif available to PLANTS with discretion
MS = Plants or plant parts which are harmful to man or other animals.
UI = D010947
Plants, Transgenic
AN = GEN or unspecified; usually NIM
MS = Plants into which genetic material from another species has been transferred. The technique most frequently applied makes use of a natural plant-directed gene vector, the gram-negative soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A second system more analogous to those used for transforming mammalian cell lines is the direct transfer of DNA into plant protoplasts, for example by electroporation or polyethylene glycol treatment.
UI = D016691
Plaque Assay
AN = for viruses; coord IM or NIM with specific virus /growth (IM); do not confuse with HEMOLYTIC PLAQUE TECHNIQUE in immunol
MS = Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in cultured cells. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the viral particles are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some viruses, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain viral antigens which can be measured by immunofluorescence.
UI = D010948
Plasma
AN = restrict to plasma for transfusions or plasma when compared with serum or blood cells or whole blood; substances in plasma = /blood, not PLASMA; policy: Manual 21.47, 25.14.5; for X ref FRESH FROZEN PLASMA do not coord with FREEZING nor BLOOD PRESERVATION
UI = D010949
Plasma Cells
AN = not for BLOOD CELLS: they are antibody-producing cells; A 11 qualif
MS = Specialized forms of antibody-producing B-LYMPHOCYTES. They synthesize and secrete immunoglobulin. They are found only in lymphoid organs and at sites of immune responses and normally do not circulate in the blood or lymph. (Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989, p169 & Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p20)
UI = D010950
Plasma Exchange
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Removal of plasma and replacement with various fluids, e.g., fresh frozen plasma, plasma protein fractions (PPF), albumin preparations, dextran solutions, saline. Used in treatment of autoimmune diseases, immune complex diseases, diseases of excess plasma factors, and other conditions.
UI = D010951
Plasma Substitutes
AN = do not confuse with BLOOD SUBSTITUTES which carry O2 to & CO2 from tissue; D25-26 qualif
MS = Any liquid used to replace blood plasma, usually a saline solution, often with serum albumins, dextrans or other preparations. These substances do not enhance the oxygen- carrying capacity of blood, but merely replace the volume. They are also used to treat dehydration.
UI = D010952
Plasma Volume
AN = coord IM with disease /physiopathol, not /blood
MS = Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator dilution techniques.
UI = D010953
Plasmacytoma
AN = solitary = PLASMACYTOMA; multiple = MULTIPLE MYELOMA; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic plasma cells either in bone marrow or various extramedullary sites.
UI = D010954
Plasmalogens
AN = do not confuse X ref here with specific phosphatidyl compounds in MeSH
MS = Any GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPID in which one of the two acyl chains is attached to glycerol with an ether alkenyl linkage instead of an ester as with the other glycerophospholipids.
UI = D010955
Plasmapheresis
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use.
UI = D010956
Plasmids
AN = bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal & plant; R PLASMIDS see R FACTORS is available
MS = Any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant. Plasmids are self-replicating circular molecules of DNA that are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species.
UI = D010957
Plasmin
AN = a fibrinolytic agent; a serine proteinase
MS = A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7.
UI = D005341
Plasminogen
AN = an enzyme precursor & fibrinolytic agent; /antag: do not confuse with PLASMINOGEN INACTIVATORS which modulate PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATORS, not PLASMINOGEN
MS = Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent.
UI = D010958
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1
AN = a serpin; DF: note short X ref
MS = A member of the serpin family of proteins. It inhibits both the tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators.
UI = D017395
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2
AN = a serpin; DF: note short X ref
MS = Member of the serpin family of proteins. It inhibits both the tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators.
UI = D017396
Plasminogen, Activator Tissue (see:Tissue Plasminogen Activator)
Plasminogen Activators
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /antag: consider also PLASMINOGEN INACTIVATORS
MS = A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-.
UI = D010960
Plasminogen Inactivators
AN = serpins; DF: PLASMINOGEN INACT
MS = Important modulators of the activity of plasminogen activators. Four inhibitors, all belonging to the serpin family of proteins, have been implicated in plasminogen activation inhibition. They are PAI-1, PAI-2, protease-nexin, and PROTEIN C INHIBITOR (PAI-3). All inhibit both the tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators.
UI = D015849
Plasmodium
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; infection = MALARIA (IM) + specific genus (IM) if pertinent; /drug eff: consider also ANTIMALARIALS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A genus of coccidian protozoa that comprise the malaria parasites of mammals. Four species infect humans (although occasional infections with primate malarias may occur). These are PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM, PLASMODIUM MALARIAE, P. ovale, and PLASMODIUM VIVAX. Species causing infection in vertebrates other than man include: PLASMODIUM BERGHEI, PLASMODIUM CHABAUDI, P. vinckei, and PLASMODIUM YOELII in rodents; P. brasilianum, PLASMODIUM CYNOMOLGI, and PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI in monkeys; and PLASMODIUM GALLINACEUM in chickens.
UI = D010961
Plasmodium berghei
AN = in rodents; infection: coord IM with MALARIA (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A protozoan parasite of rodents transmitted by the mosquito Anopheles dureni.
UI = D010962
Plasmodium chabaudi
AN = in rodents; infection: coord IM with MALARIA (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A protozoan parasite of rodents transmitted by the mosquito Anopheles stephensi.
UI = D016788
Plasmodium cynomolgi
AN = in macaques; infection: coord IM with MALARIA (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A protozoan parasite that occurs naturally in the macaque. It is similar to PLASMODIUM VIVAX and produces a type of malaria similar to vivax malaria (MALARIA, VIVAX). This species has been found to give rise to both natural and experimental human infections.
UI = D016789
Plasmodium falciparum
AN = infection = MALARIA, FALCIPARUM; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A species of protozoa that is the causal agent of falciparum malaria (MALARIA, FALCIPARUM). It is most prevalent in the tropics and subtropics.
UI = D010963
Plasmodium gallinaceum
AN = in chickens; infection = MALARIA, AVIAN (see note there); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A protozoan parasite that causes avian malaria (MALARIA, AVIAN), primarily in chickens, and is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito.
UI = D010964
Plasmodium knowlesi
AN = in monkeys; infection: coord IM with MALARIA (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A protozoan parasite from Southeast Asia that causes monkey malaria. It is naturally acquired by man in Malaysia and can also be transmitted experimentally to humans.
UI = D016790
Plasmodium malariae
AN = infection: coord IM with MALARIA (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A protozoan parasite that occurs primarily in subtropical and temperate areas. It is the causal agent of quartan malaria. As the parasite grows it exhibits little ameboid activity.
UI = D010965
Plasmodium vivax
AN = infection = MALARIA, VIVAX; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A protozoan parasite that causes vivax malaria (MALARIA, VIVAX). This species is found almost everywhere malaria is endemic and is the only one that has a range extending into the temperate regions.
UI = D010966
Plasmodium yoelii
AN = in rodents; infection: coord IM with MALARIA (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord wtih ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A species of PLASMODIUM causing malaria in rodents.
UI = D010967
Plastic Embedding
AN = coord IM with embedding material (IM or NIM with no qualif)
MS = The infiltrating of histological specimens with plastics, including acrylic resins, epoxy resins and polyethylene glycol, for support of the tissues in preparation for sectioning with a microtome.
UI = D016613
Plastic Embedding
AN = coord IM with embedding material (IM or NIM with no qualif)
MS = The infiltrating of histological specimens with plastics, including acrylic resins, epoxy resins and polyethylene glycol, for support of the tissues in preparation for sectioning with a microtome.
UI = D016613
Plasticizers
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = Materials incorporated mechanically in plastics (usually PVC) to increase flexibility, workability or distensibility; due to the non-chemical inclusion, plasticizers leach out from the plastic and are found in body fluids and the general environment.
UI = D010968
Plastics
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = Polymeric materials (usually organic) of large molecular weight which can be shaped by flow. Plastic usually refers to the final product with fillers, plasticizers, pigments, and stabilizers included (versus the resin, the homogeneous polymeric starting material). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
UI = D010969
Plastids
AN = organelles in plants or algae; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; coord IM with PLANTS, ALGAE or specific plant or alga usually NIM
MS = Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies.
UI = D018087
Plastocyanin
AN = a plant protein
MS = A copper-containing plant protein that is a fundamental link in the electron transport chain of green plants during the photosynthetic conversion of light energy by photophosphorylation into the potential energy of chemical bonds.
UI = D010970
Plastoquinone
AN = active in photosynthesis
MS = 2,3-Dimethyl-5-(3,7,11,15,19,23,27,31,35-nonamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34-hexatriacontanonaenyl)-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione. Polyunsaturated side-chain quinone derivative which is an important link in the electron transport chain of green plants during the photosynthetic conversion of light energy by photophosphorylation into the potential energy of chemical bonds.
UI = D010971
Platelet Activating Factor
AN = a platelet aggreg factor; DF: note short X ref
MS = A phospholipid derivative formed by platelets, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including hypotension, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and bronchoconstriction.
UI = D010972
Platelet Activation
MS = A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.
UI = D015539
Platelet Adhesiveness
MS = The process whereby platelets adhere to something other than platelets, e.g., collagen, basement membranes, microfibrils, or other "foreign" surfaces.
UI = D010973
Platelet Aggregation
MS = The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus.
UI = D010974
Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
AN = DF: PLATELET INHIB
MS = Drugs or agents which antagonize or impair any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system.
UI = D010975
Platelet Count
AN = NIM; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol
MS = A count of the number of platelets per unit volume in a sample of venous blood.
UI = D010976
Platelet Factor 3
AN = a coagulant
MS = A lipoprotein with pronounced electronegative surface charge found in association with platelet membrane and platelet granules. In the sequence of blood coagulation reactions, it is required for activation of factor VIII and for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
UI = D010977
Platelet Factor 4
AN = a coagulant
MS = A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan.
UI = D010978
Platelet Function Tests
AN = NIM
UI = D010979
Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex
AN = important in platelet aggreg; note X refs as CD42 antigens; DF: GPIB IX
MS = Platelet membrane glycoprotein complex essential for normal platelet adhesion and clot formation at sites of vascular injury. It is composed of three polypeptides, GPIb alpha, GPIb beta, and GPIX. Glycoprotein Ib functions as a receptor for von Willebrand factor and for thrombin. Congenital deficiency of the GPIb-IX complex results in Bernard-Soulier syndrome. The platelet glycoprotein GPV associates with GPIb-IX and is also absent in Bernard-Soulier syndrome.
UI = D019038
Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex
AN = DF: GPIIB IIIA
MS = Platelet membrane glycoprotein complex important for platelet adhesion and aggregation. The complex is an integrin which recognizes the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence present on several adhesive proteins. As such, it is a receptor for fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, fibronectin, vitronectin, and thrombospondin. A deficiency of GPIIb-IIIa results in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia.
UI = D019039
Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Surface glycoproteins on platelets which have a key role in hemostasis and thrombosis such as platelet adhesion and aggregation. Many of these are receptors.
UI = D010980
Platelet Storage Pool Deficiency
MS = Disorder characterized by a decrease or lack of platelet dense bodies in which the releasable pool of adenine nucleotides and 5HT are normally stored.
UI = D010981
Platelet Transfusion
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; for transfusion back to donor, coord IM with BLOOD TRANSFUSION, AUTOLOGOUS (NIM)
MS = The transfer of blood platelets from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor.
UI = D017713
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: PDGF
MS = Mitogenic peptide growth hormone carried in the alpha-granules of platelets. It is released when platelets adhere to traumatized tissues. Connective tissue cells near the traumatized region respond by initiating the process of replication.
UI = D010982
Plateletpheresis
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; removal of platelets & return of plateletless blood to donor: do not confuse with PLATELET TRANSFUSION
MS = The preparation of platelet concentrates with the return of red cells and platelet-poor plasma to the donor.
UI = D010983
Platinum
AN = Pt-195; Pt-194, 196, 198 = PLATINUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Pt-173-193, 197, 199, 200 = PLATINUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae".
UI = D010984
Platinum Compounds
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: PLATINUM CPDS
MS = Inorganic compounds which contain platinum as the central atom.
UI = D017671
Platybasia
AN = occipital bone abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A developmental deformity of the occipital bone and upper end of the cervical spine, in which the latter appears to have pushed the floor of the occipital bone upward. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010985
Platyhelminths
AN = infection = CESTODE INFECTIONS or TREMATODE INFECTIONS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
MS = A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda.
UI = D010986
Platypus
AN = IM; qualif permitted
MS = A small aquatic oviparous mammal of the order Monotremata found in Australia and Tasmania.
UI = D010987
Play and Playthings
AN = /psychol permitted but do not confuse with PLAY THERAPY; includes games; DF: PLAY CATALOG: use with age group qualif except /in inf
MS = Spontaneous or voluntary recreational activities pursued for enjoyment and accessories or equipment used in the activities; includes games, toys, etc.
UI = D010988
Play Therapy
AN = a psychother technique; DF: PLAY THER CATALOG: use with age group qualif
MS = A treatment technique utilizing play as a medium for expression and communication between patient and therapist.
UI = D010989
Pleasure-Pain Principle
AN = no qualif
MS = The psychoanalytic concept that man instinctively seeks to avoid pain and discomfort and strives for gratification and pleasure.
UI = D010990
Plectrovirus
AN = a bacteriophage genus of the family Inoviridae
MS = A genus of bacteriophages of the family INOVIRIDAE. Organisms of this genus infect Acholeplasma and Spiroplasma.
UI = D017913
Plesiomonas
AN = in fish, humans & other mammals; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in fish and other aquatic animals and in a variety of mammals, including man. Its organisms probably do not belong to the normal intestinal flora of man and can cause diarrhea.
UI = D016981
Plethysmography
AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; "venous occlusion plethysmography" & "strain gauge plethysmography" go here; DF: PLETHYSMOGR
MS = Recording of change in the size of a part as modified by the circulation in it.
UI = D010991
Plethysmography, Impedance
AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not confuse X ref RHEOGRAPHY with "rheography" as a synonym for the study of flow dynamics of body & other fluids ( = RHEOLOGY); DF: PLETHYSMOGR IMPEDANCE
MS = Recording changes in electrical impedance between electrodes placed on opposite sides of a part of the body, as a measure of volume changes in the path of the current. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D010992
Plethysmography, Whole Body
AN = used in resp funct tests; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PLETHYSMOGR WHOLE BODY
MS = Measurement of the volume of gas in the lungs, including that which is trapped in poorly communicating air spaces. It is of particular use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
UI = D010993
Pleura
AN = /surg: consider also PNEUMONOLYSIS; inflammation = PLEURISY
MS = The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity.
UI = D010994
Pleural Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = PLEURISY
UI = D010995
Pleural Effusion
AN = note category; presence of fluid in the pleural space; PLEURAL EFFUSION, MALIGNANT is also available
MS = Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.
UI = D010996
Pleural Effusion, Malignant
AN = note category; presence of fluid in the pleural space as a compl of cancer
MS = Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.
UI = D016066
Pleural Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = Neoplasms of the thin serous membrane that envelopes the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity. Pleural neoplasms are exceedingly rare and are usually not diagnosed until they are advanced because in the early stages they produce no symptoms.
UI = D010997
Pleurisy
AN = same as "pleuritis" in foreign lit
UI = D010998
Pleurodeles
AN = aquatic newt; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
MS = A genus of aquatic newts belonging to the family Salamandridae and sometimes referred to as "spiny" tritons. There are two species P. waltlii and P. poireti. P. waltlii is commonly used in the laboratory. Since this genus adapts to aquarium living, it is easy to maintain in laboratories.
UI = D010999
Pleurodesis
AN = instillation of a drug or other agent into pleural space to seal pleural fistula, effusion, etc.; IM; coord with dis /ther & specific drug /admin (IM) if pertinent
MS = The production of adhesions between the parietal and visceral pleura. The procedure is used in the treatment of bronchopleural fistulas, malignant pleural effusions, and pneumothorax and often involves instillation of chemicals or other agents into the pleural space causing, in effect, a pleuritis that seals the air leak. (From Fishman, Pulmonary Diseases, 2d ed, p2233 & Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D018700
Pleurodynia, Epidemic
AN = caused usually by coxsackieviruses
MS = An acute, febrile, infectious disease generally occurring in epidemics, most often seen in persons under the age of 20. It is usually caused by COXSACKIEVIRUSES B and sometimes by COXSACKIEVIRUSES A, ECHOVIRUSES, and other enteroviruses. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011000
Pleuropneumonia
AN = do not make a diagnosis: use the term as used by the author
MS = Pleurisy complicated with pneumonia. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011001
Pleuropneumonia, Contagious
AN = Mycoplasma infect; animal only; check tag ANIMAL; coord IM with precoord animal/dis term (IM) + animal (NIM) or with animal (IM) in absence of precoord
MS = A pleuropneumonia of cattle and goats caused by species of MYCOPLASMA.
UI = D011002
Pleurotus
MS = A genus of basidiomycetous fungi, family POLYPORACEAE, order Aphyllophorales, that grows on logs or tree stumps in shelflike layers. The species P. ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, is a choice edible species and is the most frequently encountered member of the genus in eastern North America. (Alexopoulos et al., Introductory Mycology, 4th ed, p531)
UI = D020076
Pliability
AN = NIM; biol & non-biol application
MS = The quality or state of being able to be bent or creased repeatedly. (From Webster, 3d ed)
UI = D018583
Plicamycin
AN = an antineoplastic antibiotic
MS = A tricyclic pentaglycosidic antibiotic from Streptomyces strains that inhibits RNA and protein synthesis by adhering to DNA. It is used as a fluorescent dye and as an antineoplastic agent, especially in bone and testicular tumors. Plicamycin is also used to reduce hypercalcemia, especially that due to malignancies.
UI = D008926
Ploidies
AN = no qualif
MS = The degree of replication of the chromosome set in the karyotype.
UI = D011003
Plum Pox Virus
AN = a species of Potyvirus, a mosaic virus
MS = A species of the genus POTYVIRUS that affects many species of Prunus. It is transmitted by aphids and by infected rootstocks.
UI = D017801
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
AN = dysphagia with iron defic anemia
MS = Syndrome of dysphagia with iron deficiency anemia and mucosal lesions of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus.
UI = D011004
Pluto
AN = 9th (farthest) planet from sun with 1 moon; no qualif
MS = The ninth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its only natural satellite is Charon.
UI = D018542
Plutonium
AN = naturally radioactive; IM
MS = Plutonium. A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, atomic number 94, and atomic weight 242. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.
UI = D011005
Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis
AN = gas-containing cysts in the intestinal wall
MS = A condition characterized by the presence of thin-walled, gas-containing cysts in the wall of the intestines. The lesions may be subserosal or submucosal. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011006
Pneumocephalus
AN = air within skull after head inj
MS = Presence of air within the skull due to fistulous tract formation, penetrating wounds, fractures, erosions from tumors or infections, surgery, or may occur spontaneously.
UI = D011007
Pneumococcal Infections
AN = DF: PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECT
MS = Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.
UI = D011008
Pneumoconiosis
AN = GEN or specific for which there is no term in MeSH; do not use /chem ind for a dust causing this dis: use /etiol; TN 151: compl of pneumoconiosis; index specific pneumoconioses for which there is no MeSH term here + substance yielding dust, as pneumoconiosis in gold mining: PNEUMOCONIOSIS (IM) + GOLD (IM) + MINING (IM); do not coord with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
MS = Condition characterized by permanent deposition of substantial amounts of particulate matter in the lungs, usually of occupational or environmental origin, and by the tissue reaction to its presence.
UI = D011009
Pneumocystis carinii
AN = a fungus; infection = probably PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII but if not of lungs, index under PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII INFECTIONS (IM) + precoord organ/dis term (IM); coord with pre-coordinated fungal terms (ANTIGENS, FUNGAL, etc) if pertinent
MS = A species of ascomycetous fungi, family Pneumocystidaceae, order Pneumocystidales, causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia and other infections in man, as well as infections in other animals. It occasionally causes extrapulmonary disease in immunocompromised patients. (From Dorland 28th ed)
UI = D011010
Pneumocystis carinii Infections
AN = fungus dis; IM; coord with precoord organ/dis term (IM) but consider more commonly PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII
MS = Infection with Pneumocystis carinii, a fungus causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia (PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII) and other infections in humans. Immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS, are particularly susceptible to these infections. Extrapulmonary sites are rare but seen occasionally.
UI = D016720
Pneumoencephalography
AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PNEUMOENCEPHALOGR
MS = Radiographic visualization of the cerebral ventricles by injection of air or other gas.
UI = D011011
Pneumomediastinum, Diagnostic
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Deliberate introduction of air or gas into the mediastinum as an aid to examination and diagnosis.
UI = D011012
Pneumonectomy
AN = partial or total; lobectomy goes here; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = The excision of lung tissue, especially of an entire lung. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D011013
Pneumonia
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D011014
Pneumonia, Aspiration
AN = lung inflamm from aspiration of food, liquid or gastric contents; /congen: consider also RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
MS = A type of pneumonia resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper respiratory tract.
UI = D011015
Pneumonia, Atypical Interstitial, of Cattle
AN = don't forget also CATTLE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL
MS = A cattle disease of uncertain cause, probably an allergic reaction.
UI = D011016
Pneumonia, Bacterial
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific bact infect (IM); DF: PNEUMONIA BACT
MS = Pneumonia caused by various species of bacteria. Bacterial pneumonia commonly results from bronchogenic spread of infection following microaspiration of secretions. The largest category of this disease arises from community-acquired pneumonias.
UI = D018410
Pneumonia, Lipid
AN = lung inflamm from aspiration or inhalation of oily or fatty substances
MS = Pneumonia due to aspiration or inhalation of various oily or fatty substances.
UI = D011017
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal
AN = caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
MS = A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE. This condition is characterized by inflammation of one or more lobes of the lungs and symptoms include chills, fever, rapid breathing, and cough.
UI = D011018
Pneumonia, Mycoplasma
AN = caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae
MS = Interstitial pneumonia caused by extensive infection of the lungs and bronchi, particularly the lower lobes of the lungs, by MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE.
UI = D011019
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis carinii
AN = a common opportunistic fungus infect in AIDS
MS = A pulmonary disease occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by dyspnea, tachypnea, and hypoxemia. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus Pneumocystis carinii.
UI = D011020
Pneumonia, Progressive Interstitial, of Sheep
AN = caused by a lentivirus; don't forget also SHEEP (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: note short X ref
MS = Chronic respiratory disease caused by the VISNA-MAEDI VIRUS. It was formerly believed to be identical with jaagsiekte (PULMONARY ADENOMATOSIS, OVINE) but is now recognized as a separate entity.
UI = D011021
Pneumonia, Rickettsial
AN = coord IM with specific rickettsial infection (IM)
MS = Pneumonia caused by infection with bacteria of the family RICKETTSIACEAE.
UI = D011022
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal
AN = caused by Staphylococcus aureus; DF: PNEUMONIA STAPH or STAPH PNEUMONIA
MS = Pneumonia caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. This condition is a frequent complication of viral influenza.
UI = D011023
Pneumonia, Viral
AN = coord IM with specific viral dis (IM)
MS = Pneumonia caused by a virus. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D011024
Pneumonolysis
AN = loosing the lung from the chest wall; a form of collapse ther in pulm tuberc; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Division of the tissues attaching the lung to the wall of the chest cavity, to permit collapse of the lung. It was formerly used to treat tuberculosis. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D011025
Pneumopericardium
UI = D011026
Pneumoperitoneum
AN = a disease; do not confuse with PNEUMOPERITONEUM, ARTIFICIAL, a radiogr technique; RETROPNEUMOPERITONEUM is also available: see note there
MS = The presence of gas or air in the peritoneal cavity. It may occur spontaneously or be deliberately introduced as an aid to radiologic examination (PNEUMOPERITONEUM, ARTIFICIAL). (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011027
Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Deliberate introduction of air into the peritoneal cavity.
UI = D011028
Pneumoradiography
AN = "radiogr by air, oxygen or some other gas as the contrast medium": nothing to do with LUNG /radiogr; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PNEUMORADIOGR
MS = Radiography using air, oxygen, or some other gas as a contrast medium.
UI = D011029
Pneumothorax
AN = accumul of air or gas in pleural cavity: a disease; do not confuse with PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL, a surg procedure
MS = An accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process, or be introduced deliberately ( = PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL). (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011030
Pneumothorax, Artificial
AN = a form of collapse ther; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; in treating dis, coord Cat C term with /surg
MS = Injection of air or a more slowly absorbed gas such as nitrogen, into the pleural space to collapse the lung. It was formerly used to treat pulmonary tuberculosis. (From Stedman, 26th ed & Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D011031
Pneumovirinae
AN = a subfamily of Paramyxoviridae; infecton: coord IM with PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A subfamily of PARAMYXOVIRIDAE containing one genus: PNEUMOVIRUS.
UI = D018099
Pneumovirus
AN = a genus of the subfamily Pneumovirinae; infection = PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS
MS = A genus of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE (subfamily PNEUMOVIRINAE) where the human and bovine virions have neither hemagglutinin nor neuraminidase activity. Pneumonia virus of mice has hemagglutinin activity. RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS, HUMAN is the type species.
UI = D018111
Pneumovirus Infections
AN = caused by a paramyxovirus; GEN or unspecified
MS = Infections with viruses of the genus PNEUMOVIRUS, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTIONS, an important cause of respiratory disease in humans.
UI = D018186
Podiatry
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; for /educ, coord with med educ terms permitted
MS = A specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of foot disorders and injuries and anatomic defects of the foot.
UI = D011032
Podophyllin
AN = an antineoplastic & keratolytic agent; /biosyn permitted if by plant
MS = Caustic extract from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi. It contains PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause CNS damage and teratogenesis. It is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses.
UI = D011033
Podophyllotoxin
AN = an antineoplastic & keratolytic agent; /biosyn permitted if by plant
MS = The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives.
UI = D011034
Podophyllum
AN = plant only with PODOPHYLLIN the probable Cat D term; do not confuse X ref MANDRAKE, AMERICAN with MANDRAKE, EUROPEAN see PLANTS, TOXIC
MS = A genus of poisonous American herbs, family Berberidaceae. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXINS and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.
UI = D011035
Podoviridae
AN = a family of Caudovirales bacteriophages; DF: note short X refs
MS = A family of bacteriophages which are characterized by short, non-contractile tails.
UI = D017902
Poecilia
AN = note X refs; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
MS = A genus of livebearing cyprinodont fish comprising the guppy and molly. Some species are virtually all female and depend on sperm from other species to stimulate egg development. Poecilia is used in carcinogenicity studies as well as neurologic and physiologic research.
UI = D011036
POEMS Syndrome
AN = for Polyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, Monoclonal gammopathy, Skin changes; DF: POEMS
MS = A chronic, progressive multisystem disorder of obscure etiology characterized by polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy and skin changes.
UI = D016878
Poetry
AN = coord IM with LITERATURE, MEDIEVAL (IM) or LITERATURE, MODERN (IM)
UI = D011037
Poikiloderma Congenitale
AN = skin & other abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = An autosomal recessive syndrome occurring principally in females, characterized by the presence of reticulated, atrophic, hyperpigmented, telangiectatic cutaneous plaques, often accompanied by juvenile cataracts, saddle nose, congenital bone defects, disturbances in the growth of hair, nails, and teeth, and hypogonadism.
UI = D011038
Point Mutation
AN = see MUTATION for correct use of /drug eff & /rad eff
MS = A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.
UI = D017354
Point-of-Care Systems
MS = Laboratory and other services provided to patients at the bedside. These include diagnostic and laboratory testing using automated information entry systems.
UI = D019095
Poison Control Centers
AN = specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Facilities which provide information concerning poisons and treatment of poisoning in emergencies.
UI = D011039
Poisoning
AN = a dis concept: the field = TOXICOLOGY; IM; GEN only; prefer /pois with Cat D & J terms: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.57, 19.9+, 25.11.4; /drug ther: consider also ANTIDOTES; sometimes called "toxicoses" & often called "intoxication" in foreign lit; DF: POIS CATALOG: form qualif permitted
MS = Morbid condition produced by a poison.
UI = D011041
Poisons
AN = IM CATALOG: form qualif permitted
MS = Substances which, when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed, or when applied to, injected into, or developed within the body in relatively small amounts may, by their chemical action, cause damage to structure or disturbance of function. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011042
Poisson Distribution
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
MS = A distribution function used to describe the occurrence of rare events or to describe the sampling distribution of isolated counts in a continuum of time or space.
UI = D016012
Pokeweed Mitogens
AN = /biosyn permitted if by pokeweed
MS = Proteins isolated from the roots of the pokeweed, Phytolacca americana, that agglutinate some erythrocytes, stimulate mitosis and antibody synthesis in lymphocytes, and induce activation of plasma cells.
UI = D011043
Poland
AN = in translations of historical articles use spelling People's Republic, not Peoples' nor Peoples
UI = D011044
Poland Syndrome
AN = abnorm of pectoralis musc with syndactyly, named for A. Poland, 19th cent physician; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A syndrome which is characterized by symbrachydactyly and aplasia of the sternal head of pectoralis major.
UI = D011045
Polarity of Translation
MS = Decrease in the synthesis of proteins specified by genes distal to the operator and to the site of a nonsense, frameshift, deletion or insertion mutation in an operon. A mutation which produces polarity is called a polar mutation or a polarity mutation.
UI = D011047
Polarography
AN = an electrochem technique; NIM; DF: POLAROGR
MS = An electrochemical technique for identifying and estimating the concentration of reducible elements by means of the dual measurement of the current flowing through an electrochemical cell (which contains the test solution) and the electrical potential between the two electrodes as the potential is increased at a constant rate by an external voltage source. As the voltage reaches the standard electrode potential of the test substance, there is a sharp increase in current flow. The indicator electrode is usually a dropping mercury electrode. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011048
Police
AN = few qualif apply; psychology of the policeman or policewoman: no qualif with POLICE
MS = Agents of the law charged with the responsibility of maintaining law and order among the citizenry.
UI = D016495
Policy Making
AN = no qualif
MS = The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures.
UI = D011050
Poliomyelitis
AN = caused by an enterovirus; DF: note short X ref
MS = An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUSES, HUMAN 1-3). Infection affects the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, but frequently is asymptomatic. The CNS is affected in exceptional cases, leading to paralysis.
UI = D011051
Poliomyelitis, Bulbar
AN = poliomyelitis with medulla oblongata pathol; DF: POLIO BULBAR
MS = A serious form of poliomyelitis in which the medulla oblongata is affected, and in which there may be dysfunction of the swallowing mechanism, and respiratory and circulatory distress. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011052
Polioviruses
AN = species of Enterovirus; infection = POLIOMYELITIS
MS = Species of ENTEROVIRUS causing acute infection in humans and leading to nervous system damage in a minority of cases. Humans are the only natural host, but infection can also occur in non-human primates and experimentally in rodents.
UI = D011053
Polioviruses, Human 1-3
AN = species of Enterovirus; infection = POLIOMYELITIS
MS = Species of ENTEROVIRUS which are the causal agents of poliomyelitis in humans. Three serotypes (strains) exist: Brunhilde (type 1), Lansing (type 2), and Leon (type 3). Transmission is by the fecal-oral route, pharyngeal secretions, or mechanical vector (flies). Both inactivated and live attenuated vaccines have proven effective in combatting the infection.
UI = D017955
Poliovirus Vaccine
AN = SALK VACCINE is inactivated (killed)
MS = A suspension of formalin-inactivated poliovirus, types I, II, and III, grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture, used in the United States only for immunization of immunologically deficient patients and for primary immunization of unimmunized adults at risk. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D011054
Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
AN = SABIN VACCINE is attenuated (live)
MS = A live vaccine containing attenuated poliovirus, types I, II, and III, grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture, used for routine immunization of children against polio. This vaccine induces long-lasting intestinal and humoral immunity. Killed vaccine induces only humoral immunity. Oral poliovirus vaccine should not be administered to immunocompromised individuals or their household contacts. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D011055
Political Systems
AN = specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The units based on political theory and chosen by countries under which their governmental power is organized and administered to their citizens.
UI = D011056
Politics
AN = no qualif; specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Activities concerned with governmental policies, functions, etc.
UI = D011057
Pollen
AN = do not coord with PLANTS, HERBS, GRASSES or TREES unless the type is particularly discussed & then only NIM; ragweed pollen is indexed only under POLLEN; pollen as an allergen: coord IM with ALLERGENS (IM)
MS = The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic.
UI = D011058
Polonium
AN = naturally radioactive; IM
MS = Polonium. A radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209Po) is 208.98. It decays by alpha-emission.
UI = D011059
Poloxalene
MS = A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.
UI = D011060
Poloxamer
MS = A nonionic polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block co-polymer with the general formula HO(C2H4O)a(-C3H6O)b(C2H4O)aH. It is available in different grades which vary from liquids to solids. It is used as an emulsifying agent, solubilising agent, surfactant, and wetting agent for antibiotics. Poloxamer is also used in ointment and suppository bases and as a tablet binder or coater. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
UI = D020442
Poly A
AN = do not confuse with POLY A-U
MS = A group of adenine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each adenine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
UI = D011061
Poly A-U
AN = Do not confuse with POLY A
MS = A double-stranded polyribonucleotide comprising polyadenylic and polyuridylic acids.
UI = D011063
Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = A polynucleotide formed from NAD in the presence of NAD+ NUCLEOSIDASE.
UI = D011064
Poly C
MS = A group of cytosine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each cytosine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
UI = D011066
Poly dA-dT
AN = used in DNA studies
MS = Polydeoxyribonucleotides made up of deoxyadenine nucleotides and thymine nucleotides. Present in DNA preparations isolated from crab species. Synthetic preparations have been used extensively in the study of DNA.
UI = D011067
Poly G
MS = A group of guanine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each guanine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
UI = D011068
Poly I
AN = do not confuse with POLY I-C
MS = A group of inosine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each inosine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
UI = D011069
Poly I-C
AN = an interferon inducer; do not confuse with POLY I
MS = Interferon inducer consisting of a synthetic, mismatched double-stranded RNA. The polymer is made of one strand each of polyinosinic acid and polycytidylic acid.
UI = D011070
Poly T
MS = A group of thymine nucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each thymine nucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.
UI = D011071
Poly U
MS = A group of uridine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each uridine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
UI = D011072
Polyamines
UI = D011073
Polyanetholesulfonate
AN = used in hematol studies
MS = (E)-1-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene homopolymer, sulfonated, sodium salt. A compound originally developed as an anticoagulant, but possessing anticomplement action and lowering the bactericidal action of blood. It is used in vitro to inhibit blood coagulation and as a diagnostic reagent to encourage the growth of pathogens in the blood. It is also used to stabilize colloidal solutions such as milk and gelatin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D011074
Polyarteritis Nodosa
AN = a form of necrotizing vasculitis
MS = A form of necrotizing vasculitis involving small- and medium-sized arteries. The signs and symptoms result from infarction and scarring of the affected organ system.
UI = D010488
Polybrominated Biphenyls
AN = environmental pollutants; DF: PBBS
MS = Biphenyl compounds which are extensively brominated. Many of these compounds are toxic environmental pollutants.
UI = D011075
Polycarboxylate Cement
AN = a dent cement; D25-26 qualif
MS = Water-soluble low-molecular-weight polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid that form solid, insoluble products when mixed with specially prepared ZnO powder. The resulting cement adheres to dental enamel and is also used as a luting agent.
UI = D011076
Polychaeta
AN = marine worms; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
MS = A class of marine annelids including sandworms, tube worms, clamworms, and fire worms. It includes also the genus Myxicola infundibulum.
UI = D011077
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
AN = "yusho poisoning": see note on RICE
MS = Industrial products consisting of a mixture of chlorinated biphenyl congeners and isomers. These compounds are highly lipophilic and tend to accumulate in fat stores of animals. Many of these compounds are considered toxic and potential environmental pollutants.
UI = D011078
Polychloroterphenyl Compounds
AN = DF: POLYCHLOROTERPHENYL CPDS
MS = Compounds consisting of three benzene rings linked to each other in either ortho, meta or para positions and substituted with chlorine atoms.
UI = D011080
Polychondritis, Relapsing
MS = An acquired disease of unknown etiology, chronic course, and tendency to recur. It is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage and can result in deformities such as floppy ear and saddle nose. Loss of cartilage in the respiratory tract can lead to respiratory obstruction.
UI = D011081
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
MS = Hydrocarbons consisting of two or more fused ring structures.
UI = D011083
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
MS = A major group of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing two or more rings. The vast number of compounds of this important group, derived chiefly from petroleum and coal tar, are rather highly reactive and chemically versatile. The name is due to the strong and not unpleasant odor characteristic of most substances of this nature. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p96)
UI = D011084
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
AN = non-neoplastic; also called "sclerocystic ovarian degeneration", "sclerocystic ovaries", "sclerocystic ovary syndrome" espec in Russian lit
MS = Clinical symptom complex characterized by oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, anovulation, and regularly associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries.
UI = D011085
Polycythemia
AN = increase in total red cell mass
MS = An increase in the total red cell mass of the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011086
Polycythemia Vera
AN = a myeloproliferative disord
MS = A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.
UI = D011087
Polydactyly
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; do not confuse with SYNDACTYLIA; coord IM with FINGERS /abnorm (IM) or TOES /abnorm (IM); SHORT RIB-POLYDACTYLY SYNDROME is also available CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A developmental anomaly characterized by the presence of more than five fingers on the hand or more than five toes on the foot in primates. In non-primate vertebrates, it refers to the presence of more than the normal number of toes on the forelimb or hindlimb. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D017689
Polydeoxyribonucleotides
AN = 13 or more nucleotides
MS = A group of 13 or more deoxyribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.
UI = D011089
Polydioxanone
AN = a biocompat absorb suture material with many uses; D25-26 qualif
MS = Poly(oxy(1-oxo-1,2-ethanediyl)oxy-1,2-ethanediyl). An absorbable suture material used also as ligating clips, as pins for internal fixation of broken bones, and as ligament reinforcement for surgically managed ligament injuries. Its promising characteristics are elasticity, complete biodegradability, and lack of side effects such as infections.
UI = D016687
Polydnaviridae
AN = a family of insect viruses infecting hymenopterans; from POLY (several or many) DNA viruses; coord IM with specific insect /virol (IM)
MS = A family of insect viruses isolated from endoparasitic hymenopteran insects belonging to the families Ichneumonidae and Braconidae. The two genera are Ichnovirus and Bracovirus.
UI = D018071
Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune
AN = a multiple endocrine disord so do not coord with specific endocrine dis or precoord endocr dis term unless particularly discussed; do not index under CANDIDIASIS unless particularly discussed: see MeSH definition; DF: APECED
MS = Autoimmune disease affecting multiple endocrine organs. Type I is characterized by childhood onset and mucocutaneous candidiasis, while type II exhibits any combination of adrenal insufficiency (ADDISON'S DISEASE), lymphocytic thyroiditis, hypoparathyroidism, and gonadal failure. In both types organ-specific antibodies against a variety of endocrine glands have been detected. The type II syndrome differs from type I in that it is associated with HLA-A1 and B8 haplotypes, onset is usually in adulthood, and candidiasis is not present.
UI = D016884
Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune
AN = a multiple endocrine disord so do not coord with specific endocrine dis or precoord endocr dis term unless particularly discussed; do not index under CANDIDIASIS unless particularly discussed: see MeSH definition; DF: APECED
MS = Autoimmune disease affecting multiple endocrine organs. Type I is characterized by childhood onset and mucocutaneous candidiasis, while type II exhibits any combination of adrenal insufficiency (ADDISON'S DISEASE), lymphocytic thyroiditis, hypoparathyroidism, and gonadal failure. In both types organ-specific antibodies against a variety of endocrine glands have been detected. The type II syndrome differs from type I in that it is associated with HLA-A1 and B8 haplotypes, onset is usually in adulthood, and candidiasis is not present.
UI = D016884
Polyenes
AN = polyene antibiotics: index under ANTIBIOTICS (IM) + POLYENES (NIM), using the same qualif for both
UI = D011090
Polyesters
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = Polymers of organic acids and alcohols, with ester linkages--usually polyethylene terephthalate; can be cured into hard plastic, films or tapes, or fibers which can be woven into fabrics, meshes or velours.
UI = D011091
Polyethylene Glycols
AN = surfactants; D25-26 qualif
MS = alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyls). Additional polymers of ethylene oxide and water and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, depending on the molecular weight, indicated by a number following the name. Used as surfactants in industry, including foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutics; in biomedicine, as dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, tablet excipients. Some specific groups are lauromagrogols, nonoxynols, octoxynols and poloxamers.
UI = D011092
Polyethylene Terephthalates
AN = polyesters; D25-26 qualif
MS = Polyester polymers formed from terephthalic acid or its esters and ethylene glycol. They can be formed into tapes, films or pulled into fibers that are pressed into meshes or woven into fabrics.
UI = D011093
Polyethyleneimine
AN = used as markers in immunol & as a reagent; D25-26 qualif
MS = Strongly cationic polymer that binds to certain proteins; used as a marker in immunology, to precipitate and purify enzymes and lipids. Synonyms: aziridine polymer; Epamine; Epomine; ethylenimine polymer; Montrek; PEI; Polymin(e).
UI = D011094
Polyethylenes
AN = thermoplastics; D25-26 qualif
MS = Ethylene homopolymers. Synthetic thermoplastics that are tough, flexible, inert, and resistant to chemicals and electrical current. They are often used as biocompatible materials for prostheses and implants.
UI = D011095
Polygalacturonase
AN = in microorganisms & higher plants
MS = A cell wall-degrading enzyme found in microorganisms and higher plants. It catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-D-galactosiduronic linkages in pectate and other galacturonans. EC 3.2.1.15.
UI = D011096
Polygeline
AN = a plasma expander; D25-26 qualif
MS = A 3.5 per cent colloidal solution containing urea- cross-linked polymerized peptides. It has a molecular weight of approximately 35,000 and is prepared from gelatin and electrolytes. The polymeric solution is used as a plasma expander.
UI = D011097
Polygenic Inheritance
MS = A phenotypic outcome that is determined by more than one gene, such as a variety of physical characteristics or diseases.
UI = D020412
Polyglactin 910
AN = a polyester used for sutures & surg mesh; D25-26 qualif
MS = 2-Hydroxy-propanoic acid polymer with polymerized hydroxyacetic acid, which forms 3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-dione polymer with 1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione copolymer with molecular weight about 80,000 daltons. Synthetic, absorbable surgical suture material and mesh fabric; used especially in ophthalmic surgery.
UI = D011098
Polyglutamic Acid
MS = A peptide that is a homopolymer of glutamic acid.
UI = D011099
Polyglycolic Acid
AN = a polymer; D25-26 qualif
MS = Poly(oxy(1-oxo-1,2-ethanediyl)). A biocompatible polymer used as a surgical suture material.
UI = D011100
Polygonaceae
AN = a family of herbs, shrubs & trees; BUCKWHEAT & RHUBARB are also available
MS = The only family of the buckwheat order of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It has 40 genera of herbs, shrubs, and trees.
UI = D019664
Polyhydramnios
AN = excess of amniotic fluid
MS = Excess of amniotic fluid greater than 2,000 ml. It is a common obstetrical complication whose major causes include maternal diabetes, chromosomal disorders, isoimmunological disease, congenital abnormalities, and multiple gestations.
UI = D006831
Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate
AN = an acrylic resin; D25-26 qualif
MS = Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). A biocompatible, hydrophilic, inert gel that is permeable to tissue fluids. It is used as an embedding medium for microscopy, as a coating for implants and prostheses, for contact lenses, as microspheres in adsorption research, etc.
UI = D011102
Polyisoprenyl Phosphate Monosaccharides
MS = These compounds function as activated monosaccharide carriers in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and oligosaccharide phospholipids. Obtained from a nucleoside diphosphate sugar and a polyisoprenyl phosphate.
UI = D011103
Polyisoprenyl Phosphate Oligosaccharides
MS = These compounds function as activated glycosyl carriers in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and glycophospholipids. Include the pyrophosphates.
UI = D011104
Polyisoprenyl Phosphate Sugars
MS = Compounds functioning as activated glycosyl carriers in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and glycophospholipids. They include the polyisoprenyl pyrophosphates.
UI = D011105
Polyisoprenyl Phosphates
MS = Phosphoric or pyrophosphoric acid esters of polyisoprenoids.
UI = D011106
Polylysine
MS = A peptide which is a homopolymer of lysine.
UI = D011107
Polymers
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics).
UI = D011108
Polymethacrylic Acids
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = Poly-2-methylpropenoic acids. Used in the manufacture of methacrylate resins and plastics in the form of pellets and granules, as absorbent for biological materials and as filters; also as biological membranes and as hydrogens. Synonyms: methylacrylate polymer; poly(methylacrylate); acrylic acid methyl ester polymer.
UI = D011109
Polymethyl Methacrylate
MS = Polymerized methyl methacrylate monomers which are used as sheets, moulding, extrusion powders, surface coating resins, emulsion polymers, fibers, inks, and films (From International Labor Organization, 1983). This material is also used in tooth implants, bone cements, and hard corneal contact lenses.
UI = D019904
Polymorphism (Genetics)
AN = DF: POLYMORPHISM
MS = The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes chromosome polymorphism.
UI = D011110
Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
AN = no qualif; DF: note short X ref
MS = Variation occurring within a species in the conformation of denatured DNA fragments. These single-stranded DNA fragments are allowed to partially renature in a way that prevents the formation of double-stranded DNA. The fragments are run on polyacrylamide gels under various conditions to detect subtle changes in migration due to altered secondary structure. The resulting bands will align themselves if the fragments are the same, but will misalign if any point mutations are present. SSCPs have been used in detecting mutations in various genes, such as oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and genes responsible for genetic diseases.
UI = D018807
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
MS = A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with TEMPORAL ARTERITIS and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity.
UI = D011111
Polymyositis
MS = A chronic, progressive inflammatory disease of skeletal muscle. It is characterized by symmetrical weakness of the limb girdles, neck, and pharynx, and usually associated with pain and tenderness. It may be accompanied by characteristic skin lesions, DERMATOMYOSITIS. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D017285
Polymyxin B
AN = a peptide antibiotic
MS = A mixture of polymyxins B1 and B2, obtained from Bacillus polymyxa strains. They are basic polypeptides of about eight amino acids and have cationic detergent action on cell membranes. Polymyxin B is used for infections with gram-negative organisms, but may be neurotoxic and nephrotoxic.
UI = D011112
Polymyxin
AN = a peptide antibiotic group
MS = Basic polypeptide antibiotic group obtained from Bacillus polymyxa. They affect the cell membrane by detergent action and may cause neuromuscular and kidney damage. At least eleven different members of the polymyxin group have been identified, each designated by a letter.
UI = D011113
Polynesia
AN = a group of islands in the central Pacific; Polynesians are of Caucasoid race unless otherwise specified; Maori are Polynesians native to New Zealand
MS = The collective name for the islands of the central Pacific Ocean, including the Austral Islands, Cook Islands, Easter Island, HAWAII, NEW ZEALAND, Phoenix Islands, PITCAIRN ISLAND, SAMOA, TONGA, Tuamotu Archipelago, Wake Island, and Wallis and Futuna Islands. Polynesians are of the Caucasoid race, but many are of mixed origin. Polynesia is from the Greek poly, many + nesos, island, with reference to the many islands in the group. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p966 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p426)
UI = D011114
Polyneuritis
AN = inflamm of many nerves
MS = Inflammation of many nerves at once; multiple or disseminated neuritis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011115
Polynucleotide Adenylyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of polyadenylic acid from ATP. May be due to the action of RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) or polynucleotide adenylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.19). EC 2.7.7.19.
UI = D011062
Polynucleotide 5'-Hydroxyl-Kinase
AN = DF: DNA KINASE
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to the 5'-terminal hydroxyl groups of DNA and RNA. EC 2.7.1.78.
UI = D011116
Polymerase Chain Reaction
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
UI = D016133
Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
MS = Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.
UI = D012150
Polyomavirus hominis 1
AN = a species of Polyomavirus; X ref BK VIRUS named after patient from whom first isolated; do not confuse with POLYOMAVIRUS HOMINIS 2; infection: coord IM with PAPOVAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: note short X ref
MS = A species of POLYOMAVIRUS apparently infecting over 90% of children but not clearly associated with any clinical illness in childhood. The virus remains latent in the body throughout life and can be reactivated under certain circumstances.
UI = D001739
Polyomavirus hominis 2
AN = a species of Polyomavirus; X ref JC VIRUS named after patient from whom isolated: do not confuse with JAMESTOWN CANYON VIRUS (see CALIFORNIA GROUP VIRUSES); do not confuse with POLYOMAVIRUS HOMINIS 1; infection: coord IM with PAPOVAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) but consider also LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL
MS = A species of POLYOMAVIRUS, originally isolated from the brain of a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The patient's initials J.C. gave the virus its name. Infection is not accompanied by any apparent illness but serious demyelinating disease can appear later, probably following reactivation of latent virus.
UI = D007577
Polyomavirus macacae
AN = a species of Polyomavirus; X ref SV40 VIRUS is from Simian Vacuolating virus; infection: coord IM with PAPOVAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: note short X ref
MS = A species of POLYOMAVIRUS isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue, which produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures and tumors on inoculation into newborn hamsters.
UI = D013539
Polynucleotide Ligases
AN = do not confuse X ref POLYNUCLEOTIDE SYNTHETASES with X refs POLYRIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHETASE or POLYDEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHETASES
MS = Catalyze the joining of preformed ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes. EC 6.5.1.
UI = D011118
Polynucleotides
AN = 13 or more nucleotides
UI = D011119
Polyomavirus
AN = a genus of the family Papovaviridae; infection: coord IM with PAPOVAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of the family PAPOVAVIRIDAE consisting of potentially oncogenic viruses normally present in the host as a latent infection. The virus is oncogenic in hosts different from the species of origin.
UI = D011120
Polypharmacy
AN = note category: a type of DRUG THERAPY, not a pharmacy specialty; multiple drugs given to the same patient; do not confuse with DRUG COMBINATIONS ( = 2 or more drugs in a single dosage form) or with POLYCHEMOTHERAPY see DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION ( = 2 or more drugs given separately for a combined eff); DF: POLYPHARM
MS = The use of multiple drugs administered to the same patient, most commonly seen in elderly patients. It includes also the administration of excessive medication. Since in the United States most drugs are dispensed as single-agent formulations, polypharmacy, though using many drugs administered to the same patient, must be differentiated from DRUG COMBINATIONS, single preparations containing two or more drugs as a fixed dose, and from DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION, two or more drugs administered separately for a combined effect. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
UI = D019338
Polyphloretin Phosphate
AN = a prostaglandin antag
MS = A polymeric mixture of polyesters of phosphoric acid and phloretin. It blocks some cellular responses to prostaglandins.
UI = D011121
Polyphosphates
MS = Linear polymers in which orthophosphate residues are linked with energy-rich phosphoanhydride bonds. They are found in plants, animals, and microorganisms.
UI = D011122
Polyploidy
AN = no qualif
MS = The chromosomal constitution of a cell containing multiples of the normal number of chromosomes; includes triploidy (symbol: 3N), tetraploidy (symbol: 4N), etc.
UI = D011123
Polyporaceae
MS = A family of basidiomycetous fungi, order APHYLLOPHORALES, living in decaying plant matter and timber.
UI = D011124
Polyposis Coli, Adenomatous (see:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli)
Polypropylenes
AN = thermoplastics & copolymers in plastics; D25-26 qualif
MS = Propylene or propene polymers. Thermoplastics that can be extruded into fibers, films or solid forms; used as copolymer in plastics, especially polyethylene; the fibers are used for fabrics, filters, surgical sutures, etc. Synonyms: Herculon; Hostalen; Moplen; Noblen; Polypro; Prolene.
UI = D011126
Polyps
AN = neoplastic: coord with organ/neopl pre-coord; laryngeal polyps = LARYNGEAL NEOPLASMS (IM) + POLYPS (IM); /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; COLONIC POLYPS, INTESTINAL POLYPS & NASAL POLYPS are also available; familial: consider also ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI but remember this is of the colon
MS = A general descriptive term used with reference to any mass of tissue that bulges or projects outward or upward from the normal surface level, thereby being macroscopically visible as a hemispheroidal, spheroidal, or irregular moundlike structure growing from a relatively broad base or a slender stalk. Classically applied to a growth on the mucous membrane of the nose, the term is now applied to such protrusions from any mucous membrane. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011127
Polyradiculitis
AN = inflamm of several spinal nerve roots: do not confuse with POLYRADICULONEURITIS (inflamm of both spinal nerve roots & peripheral nerves) nor with RADICULITIS (inflamm of a single spinal nerve root)
UI = D011128
Polyradiculoneuritis
AN = inflamm of both spinal nerve roots & peripheral nerves; note X ref Guillain-Barr e: spell with accent in titles & translations; do not confuse with RADICULITIS (inflamm of a single spinal nerve root) nor with POLYRADICULITIS (inflamm of several spinal nerve roots)
MS = Inflammation of many nerve roots and peripheral nerves. Guillain-Barre Syndrome is the commonest form.
UI = D011129
Polyribonucleotide Nucleotidyltransferase
MS = An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the reaction RNA(n+1) and orthophosphate to yield RNA(n) and a nucleoside diphosphate, or the reverse reaction. ADP, IDP, GDP, UDP, and CDP can act as donors in the latter case. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 2.7.7.8.
UI = D011117 Polyribonucleotide Nucleotidyltransferase
MS = An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the reaction RNA(n+1) and orthophosphate to yield RNA(n) and a nucleoside diphosphate, or the reverse reaction. ADP, IDP, GDP, UDP, and CDP can act as donors in the latter case. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 2.7.7.8.
UI = D011117
Polyribonucleotides
AN = 13 or more nucleotides
MS = A group of 13 or more ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
UI = D011131
Polyribosomes
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
MS = A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of RIBOSOMES held together by messenger RNA (RNA, MESSENGER). They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
UI = D011132
Polysaccharide-Lyases
MS = A group of carbon-oxygen lyases. These enzymes catalyze the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond in polysaccharides leading to an unsaturated product and the elimination of an alcohol. EC 4.2.2.
UI = D011133
Polysaccharides
AN = 13 or more units; GEN; prefer specifics
UI = D011134
Polysaccharides, Bacterial
AN = IM + coord with specific bacterium (IM) + specific polysaccharide (IM); /immunol permitted; note specific bact polysaccharides LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES & PEPTIDOGLYCAN; DF: POLYSACCHARIDES BACT
MS = Polysaccharides found in bacteria and especially bacterial capsules. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D011135
Polysomnography
AN = recording physiol activity during sleep; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: POLYSOMNOGR
MS = Simultaneous and continuous monitoring of relevant normal and abnormal physiological activity during sleep. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D017286
Polysorbates
AN = emulsifiers in drugs; D25-26 qualif
MS = Sorbitan mono-9-octadecanoate poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivatives; complex mixtures of polyoxyethylene ethers used as emulsifiers or dispersing agents in pharmaceuticals.
UI = D011136
Polystyrenes
MS = Polymerized styrene; a clear, hard plastic used as biocompatible material, especially in dentistry; in industry as insulator, for injection molding and casting; as sheets, plates, rods, rigid forms and beads; also copolymerized with other materials, including elastomers.
UI = D011137
Polytetrafluoroethylene
AN = a fluorocarbon polymer; D25-26 qualif
MS = Homopolymer of tetrafluoroethylene. Nonflammable, tough, inert plastic tubing or sheeting; used to line vessels, insulate, protect or lubricate apparatus; also as filter, coating for surgical implants or as prosthetic material. Synonyms: Fluoroflex; Fluoroplast; Ftoroplast; Halon; Polyfene; PTFE; Tetron.
UI = D011138
Polythiazide
AN = a diuretic
MS = A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p826)
UI = D011139
Polyurethanes
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = A group of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers containing polyisocyanate; they may be hard and glossy forms; drawn into fibers; elastomeric or rubbery and flexible, or rigid foams. Used as rubber, for coatings, as fibers and foams; also used complexed in other polymers. Synonyms: Ostamer; Spandex; urethane rubber (or elastomer).
UI = D011140
Polyuria
AN = urination of a large volume of urine
MS = The passage of a large volume of urine in a given period, a characteristic of diabetes. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011141
Polyvinyl Alcohol
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = Ethenol homopolymer. A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products.
UI = D011142
Polyvinyl Chloride
AN = used in manufacture of plastics; a rubber substitute; D25-26 qualif
MS = Chloroethene homopolymer. A polyvinyl resin used extensively in the manufacture of plastics, including medical devices, tubing, and other packaging. It is also used as a rubber substitute. Residues are present in human body tissues.
UI = D011143
Polyvinylpyridine N-Oxide
MS = Poly-2-vinylpyridine-N-oxide. Inhibits the cytotoxic action of quartz and is reported to have delayed the development of experimental silicosis in rats.
UI = D011144
Polyvinyls
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011145
Pongidae
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer ORANGUTAN see PONGO PYGMAEUS, CHIMPANZEE see PAN TROGLODYTES, BONOBO see PAN PANISCUS, or GORILLA GORILLA; IM; qualif permitted; Manual 22.28; Celebes black ape is not an ape: it is CELEBES APE see MACACA; diseases = APE DISEASES (IM) + coord with specific dis /vet (IM)
MS = A family of Primates consisting of three genera: Pongo (PONGO PYGMAEUS), Pan (PAN TROGLODYTES and PAN PANISCUS), and Gorilla (GORILLA GORILLA). They inhabit forests in southeast Asia, equatorial Africa, Sumatra, and Borneo. The members of this family are the closest living relatives of man.
UI = D011147
Pongo pygmaeus
AN = orangutan; IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with APE DISEASES (IM) + specific disease /vet (IM); DF: PONGO
MS = A single genus and species of orangutan belonging to the PONGIDAE family and found only in lowland forests of Sumatra and Borneo. Among the primates, the orangutan is second in size only to the gorilla.
UI = D011148
Pons
MS = That part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblonga and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis.
UI = D011149
Popliteal Artery
MS = The continuation of the femoral artery coursing through the popliteal fossa; it divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
UI = D011150
Popliteal Cyst
AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted
MS = A synovial cyst in the popliteal space arising from the semimembranous bursa or the knee joint.
UI = D011151
Popliteal Vein
MS = The vein formed by the union of the anterior and posterior tibial veins; it courses through the popliteal space and becomes the femoral vein.
UI = D011152
Popular Works [Publication Type]
MS = Works written for non-professional or lay audiences.
UI = D020496
Population
AN = IM human, NIM animal; no qualif; differentiate from DEMOGRAPHY (the statist study of population characteristics) CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The total number of individuals inhabiting a particular region or area.
UI = D011153
Population Characteristics
AN = not used for indexing
MS = Qualities and characterization of various types of populations within a social or geographic group, with emphasis on demography, health status, and socioeconomic factors.
UI = D011154
Population Control
AN = IM human, NIM animal; specify geog; a broad plane: differentiate from FAMILY PLANNING, a personal level CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Includes mechanisms or programs which control the numbers of individuals in a population of humans or animals.
UI = D011155
Population Density
AN = IM human, NIM animal; no qualif; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Number of individuals in a population relative to space.
UI = D011156
Population Dynamics
AN = IM human, NIM animal; no qualif; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The pattern of any process, or the interrelationship of phenomena, which affects growth or change within a population.
UI = D011157
Population Growth
AN = IM human, NIM animal; no qualif; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Increase, over a specific period of time, in the number of individuals living in a country or region.
UI = D011158
Population Surveillance
AN = IM human, NIM animal; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.
UI = D011159
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome
AN = caused by an arterivirus; DF: note short X ref
MS = A syndrome characterized by outbreaks of late term abortions, high numbers of stillbirths and mummified or weak newborn piglets, and respiratory disease in young unweaned and weaned pigs. It is caused by SWINE INFERTILITY AND RESPIRATORY SYNDROME VIRUS. (Radostits et al., Veterinary Medicine, 8th ed, p1048)
UI = D019318
Porfiromycin
AN = an mitomycin antibiotic
MS = Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from mitomycin C and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.
UI = D011160
Porifera
AN = the sponges; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
MS = The phylum of sponges, the most primitive of multicellular animals. Their body is perforated with many pores to admit water, through which food is strained. All sponges are sessile and exhibit little detectable movement. Most are hermaphroditic. They are probably an early evolutionary side branch that gave rise to no other group of animals. Except for about 150 freshwater species, sponges are marine animals. They are a source of alkaloids, sterols and other natural products useful in medicine and biological research. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, p71)
UI = D011161
Porins
MS = Protein molecules situated in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that, in dimeric or trimeric form, constitute a water-filled transmembrane channel allowing passage of ions and other small molecules. Porins are also found in bacterial cell walls, and in plant, fungal, mammalian and other vertebrate cell and mitochondrial membranes.
UI = D018272
Porpoises
AN = mammals; IM; qualif permitted
MS = Mammals of the family Phocoenidae comprising four genera and six species found in the North Pacific Ocean and both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean and in various other seas. They differ from DOLPHINS in that porpoises have a blunt snout and a rather stocky body while dolphins have a beaklike snout and a slender, streamlined body. They usually travel in small groups. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, pp1003-4)
UI = D019576
Porokeratosis
AN = do not confuse with PARAKERATOSIS
MS = A rare, chronic, progressive autosomal dominant disorder seen most often in males and usually appearing in early childhood. It is characterized by the formation of slightly atrophic patches surrounded by an elevated, keratotic border.
UI = D017499
Porosity
AN = almost never IM
MS = Condition of having pores or open spaces. This often refers to bones, bone implants, or bone cements, but can refer to the porous state of any solid substance.
UI = D016062
Porphobilinogen
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D011162
Porphobilinogen Synthase
AN = DF: ALA DEHYDRASE
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of porphobilinogen from two molecules of 5-aminolevulinic acid. EC 4.2.1.24.
UI = D000623
Porphyria
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics
MS = A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC), hepatic (PORPHYRIA, HEPATIC), and erythrohepatic (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROHEPATIC), according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis.
UI = D011164
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent
AN = a form of hepatic porphyria
MS = A form of hepatic porphyria (PORPHYRIA, HEPATIC) characterized by periodic attacks of gastrointestinal disturbances, abdominal colic, paralyses, and psychiatric disorders. The onset of this condition is usually in the third or fourth decade of life.
UI = D017118
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
AN = a form of hepatic porphyria
MS = A form of hepatic porphyria (PORPHYRIA, HEPATIC) characterized by photosensitivity resulting in bullae that rupture easily to form shallow ulcers. This condition occurs in two forms: a sporadic, nonfamilial form that begins in middle age and has normal amounts of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase with diminished activity in the liver; and a familial form in which there is an autosomal dominant inherited deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the liver and red blood cells.
UI = D017119
Porphyria, Erythrohepatic
AN = do not confuse with PORPHYRIA, HEPATIC; do not confuse X ref PROTOPORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC with PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC
MS = A form of porphyria characterized by a wide range of photocutaneous changes, liver disease, and an excess of protoporphyrin.
UI = D017121
Porphyria, Erythropoietic
AN = do not confuse with PROTOPORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC see PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROHEPATIC; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Autosomal recessive porphyria characterized by splenomegaly, photosensitivity, hemolytic anemia, and the appearance of red urine in early infancy. This condition results from increased synthesis of uroporphyrinogen I relative to uroporphyrinogen III in bone marrow normoblasts.
UI = D017092
Porphyria, Hepatic
AN = do not confuse with PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROHEPATIC
MS = Porphyria in which the liver is the site where excess formation of porphyrin or its precursors is found. PORPHYRIA, ACUTE INTERMITTENT and PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA are types of hepatic porphyria.
UI = D017094
Porphyrinogens
AN = pigments; porphyrin precursors
MS = Colorless reduced precursors of porphyrins in which the pyrrole rings are linked by methylene (-CH2-) bridges.
UI = D011165
Porphyrins
AN = pigments; iron porphyrins = HEME or HEMIN, magnesium porphyrins = CHLOROPHYLL
MS = A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin.
UI = D011166
Porphyromonas
AN = infection: coord IM with BACTEROIDACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, nonsporeforming, nonmotile rods or coccobacilli. Organisms in this genus had originally been classified as members of the BACTEROIDES genus but overwhelming biochemical and chemical findings indicated the need to separate them from other Bacteroides species, and hence, this new genus was created.
UI = D017861
Porphyromonas gingivalis
AN = isolated from human mouth; infection: coord IM with BACTEROIDACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria originally classified within the BACTEROIDES genus. This bacterium produces a cell-bound, oxygen-sensitive collagenase and is isolated from the human mouth.
UI = D016966
Portacaval Shunt, Surgical
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PORTACAVAL SHUNT
MS = Surgical portasystemic shunt between the portal vein and inferior vena cava.
UI = D011167
Portal Pressure
MS = The venous pressure measured in the portal vein.
UI = D017082
Portal System
AN = /radiogr: consider also PORTOGRAPHY
MS = A system of vessels in which blood, after passing through one capillary bed, is conveyed through a second set of capillaries before it returns to the systemic circulation. It pertains especially to the hepatic portal system.
UI = D011168
Portal Vein
AN = /radiogr permitted but PORTOGRAPHY is more likely
MS = A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein.
UI = D011169
Portasystemic Shunt, Surgical
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; see MeSH definition for types; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PORTASYSTEMIC SHUNT
MS = Surgical venous shunt between the portal and systemic circulation to effect decompression of the portal circulation. It is performed primarily in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices resulting from portal hypertension. Types of shunt include portacaval, splenorenal, mesocaval, splenocaval, left gastric-caval (coronary-caval), portarenal, umbilicorenal, and umbilicocaval.
UI = D011170
Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: TIPS or TIPSS
MS = A type of surgical portasystemic shunt to reduce portal hypertension with associated complications of esophageal varices and ascites. It is performed percutaneously through the jugular vein and involves the creation of an intrahepatic shunt between the hepatic vein and portal vein. The channel is maintained by a metallic stent. The procedure can be performed in patients who have failed sclerotherapy and is an additional option to the surgical techniques of portocaval, mesocaval, and splenorenal shunts. It takes one to three hours to perform. (JAMA 1995;273(23):1824-30)
UI = D019168
Portoenterostomy, Hepatic
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PORTOENTEROSTOMY
MS = Operation for biliary atresia by anastomosis of the bile ducts into the jejunum or duodenum.
UI = D011171
Portography
AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PORTOGR
MS = Examination of the portal circulation by the use of X-ray films after injection of radiopaque material.
UI = D011172
Portraits
AN = as IM, Manual 32.14; as NIM, Manual 32.14.1; TN 154: use and quality; portrait may be a painting, a drawing, a photograph, a bust, etc.; may be of an individual or of a group; do not confuse with Publication Type PORTRAITS CATALOG: form qualif /portraits & double forms are available
MS = Graphic representations, especially of the face, of real persons, usually posed, living or dead. (From Thesaurus for Graphic Materials II, p540, 1995)
UI = D011173
Portraits [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; for single individuals & for group portraits; for portraits as a subject, index under main heading PORTRAITS
MS = Graphic representations, especially of the face, of real persons, usually posed, living or dead. They are pictures whose purpose is the portrayal of an individual or group of individuals, not pictures which merely include people as part of an event or scene. (From Thesaurus for Graphic Materials II, p540, 1995)
UI = D019477
Portugal
UI = D011174
Port-Wine Stain
AN = a vasc malform of the skin; non-neoplastic despite word nevus in X ref; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A vascular malformation of developmental origin characterized pathologically by ectasia of superficial dermal capillaries, and clinically by persistent macular erythema. In the past, port wine stains have frequently been termed capillary hemangiomas, which they are not; unfortunately this confusing practice persists: HEMANGIOMA, CAPILLARY is neoplastic, a port-wine stain is non-neoplastic. Port-wine stains vary in color from fairly pale pink to deep red or purple and in size from a few millimeters to many centimeters in diameter. The face is the most frequently affected site and they are most often unilateral. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 5th ed, p483)
UI = D019339
Positive-Pressure Respiration
AN = note category: a type of artif resp; do not confuse with POSITIVE-PRESSURE RESPIRATION, INTRINSIC, a type of resp insuff (Cat C); do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: note short X ref
MS = A method of mechanical ventilation in which pressure is maintained to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of expiration, thus reducing the shunting of blood through the lungs and improving gas exchange.
UI = D011175
Positive-Pressure Respiration, Intrinsic
AN = note category: a type of resp insuff; do not confuse with POSITIVE END-EXPIRATORY PRESSURE or PEEP see POSITIVE-PRESSURE RESPIRATION, a form of artif resp (Cat E); DF: note short X ref
MS = Non-therapeutic positive end-expiratory pressure occurring frequently in patients with severe airway obstruction. It can appear with or without the administration of external positive end-expiratory pressure (POSITIVE-PRESSURE RESPIRATION). It presents an important load on the inspiratory muscles which are operating at a mechanical disadvantage due to hyperinflation. Auto-PEEP may cause profound hypotension that should be treated by intravascular volume expansion, increasing the time for expiration, and/or changing from assist mode to intermittent mandatory ventilation mode. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1127)
UI = D018467
Post and Core Technique
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: POST TECHNIQUE
MS = Use of a metal casting, usually with a post in the pulp or root canal, designed to support and retain an artificial crown.
UI = D011176
Postal Service
AN = specify geog; DF: POSTAL SERV CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The functions and activities carried out by the U.S. Postal Service, foreign postal services, and private postal services such as Federal Express.
UI = D011177
Postanesthesia Nursing
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
MS = The specialty or practice of nursing in the care of patients in the recovery room following surgery and/or anesthesia.
UI = D016528
Postcholecystectomy Syndrome
AN = abdom sequelae of cholecystectomy
MS = Abdominal sequelae of biliary tract surgery as a result of various biliary tract disorders. Often the same symptoms that are present before the operation recur or postoperative symptoms such as colicky pain, bloating, nausea, and vomiting occur. There is pain on palpation of the right upper quadrant and sometimes jaundice. (Magalini, Dictionary of Medical Syndromes, 3d ed)
UI = D017562
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
AN = a ligament of the knee
MS = A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the anterolateral surface of the medial condyle of the femur, passes posteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia.
UI = D016119
Posters [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; not for poster presentations at meetings; Publication Types ADVERTISEMENTS & BROADSIDES are also available
MS = Single or multi-sheet notices made to attract attention to events, activities, causes, goods, or services. They are for posting, usually in a public place and are chiefly pictorial. They are intended to make an immediate impression from a distance. Posters do not include poster presentations at conferences and meetings. (From Thesaurus for Graphic Materials II: Genre and Physical Characteristic Headings, 1995)
UI = D019519
Postgastrectomy Syndromes
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
MS = Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (dumping syndrome and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.
UI = D011178
Postimplantation Phase
AN = human & animal; check the tags HUMAN or ANIMAL + FEMALE + PREGNANCY
MS = The time period between implantation and placentation.
UI = D011179
Postmenopause
AN = qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY
MS = The physiological period following the MENOPAUSE, the permanent cessation of the menstrual life. Since in the United States the age of the menopause ranges between 48 and 55 years, generally conceived as middle age, the postmenopause often refers to women considerably older.
UI = D017698
Postmortem Changes
AN = natural physiol changes after death; do not use for routine postmortem pathol ( = /pathol); no qualif
MS = Changes that occur in bodies after death.
UI = D011180
Postnatal Care
MS = The care provided a woman following the birth of a child.
UI = D011181
Postoperative Hemorrhage
AN = IM; do not confuse with BLOOD LOSS, SURGICAL which is perioperative; coord with specific type of hemorrhage (IM) or specific type of surg (IM); see note on HEMORRHAGE for additional instructions on coords; DF: POSTOP HEMORRHAGE
MS = Hemorrhage following any surgical procedure. It may be immediate or delayed and is not restricted to the surgical wound.
UI = D019106
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
MS = Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.
UI = D020250
Postpartum Hemorrhage
AN = uterine hemorrhage after labor or childbirth; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
MS = Hemorrhage occurring soon after labor or childbirth. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006473
Postoperative Care
AN = DF: POSTOP CARE
MS = The period of care beginning when the patient is removed from surgery and aimed at meeting the patient's psychological and physical needs directly after surgery. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
UI = D011182
Postoperative Complications
AN = few qualif apply; IM; coord with specific postop compl (IM); not restricted to immediate postop period; differentiate from Cat E4 terms with /adv eff: Manual 23.18+; DF: POSTOP COMPL
MS = Disorders affecting patients after surgery. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
UI = D011183
Postoperative Period
AN = almost never IM; no qualif; DF: POSTOP PERIOD
MS = The period following a surgical operation.
UI = D011184
Postpericardiotomy Syndrome
MS = A febrile illness associated with pericardial and sometimes pleuropulmonary reaction that often follows extensive pericardiotomy.
UI = D011185
Postphlebitic Syndrome
AN = post-thrombotic venous insuff of the legs
MS = Post-thrombotic complications, including destruction of the valves of the deep veins and communication veins of the leg, and obliteration of the thrombosed veins rather than recanalization, resulting in chronic venous insufficiency, marked by edema, stasis dermatitis, and ulceration of the leg.
UI = D011186
Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome
AN = DF: POSTPOLIO SYNDROME
MS = A "postpolio" syndrome characterized by new neuromuscular symptoms, including muscle weakness, that develops years after recovery from poliomyelitis. The symptoms may vary from simple nonprogressive deterioration of function, with joint pain, fatigue, and subsequent stabilization, to atypical forms of spinal muscular dystrophy. The new, slowly progressive muscle weakness may occur in muscles that were previously affected by polio and recovered or in muscles that were clinically unaffected by the acute disease.
UI = D016262
Postprandial Period
AN = after a meal
MS = Occurring after dinner, or after a meal. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019518
Posture
AN = the position of the body as a whole; PRONE POSITION & SUPINE POSITION are also available; HEAD-DOWN TILT is available for studies on this position in space flight, surg & physiol CATALOG: do not use /pop wks
MS = The position of the limbs or the carriage of the body as a whole. (Stedman, 25th ed.)
UI = D011187
Potassium
AN = an alkali metal; K-39; /physiol permitted; /metab: consider also POTASSIUM CHANNELS & SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP; /blood: note see relateds; POTASSIUM, DIETARY is also available
MS = An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance.
UI = D011188
Potassium Acetate
MS = An electrolyte replenisher, as well as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. Formerly, it was used as a diuretic and expectorant. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019347
Potassium Channels
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /rad eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: K CHANNELS
MS = Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for potassium ions.
UI = D015221
Potassium Chloride
MS = Potassium chloride. A white crystal or crystalline powder used as an electrolyte replenisher, in the treatment of hypokalemia, in buffer solutions, and in fertilizers and explosives.
UI = D011189
Potassium Citrate
AN = a diuretic & expectorant
MS = A systemic alkalizer, electrolyte replenisher, diuretic, and expectorant, usually administered orally. It is sometimes used in veterinary medicine as a nonirritating diuretic. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019357
Potassium Compounds
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: POTASSIUM CPDS
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain potassium as an integral part of the molecule.
UI = D017680
Potassium Cyanide
AN = highly poisonous
MS = Potassium cyanide (K(CN)). A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes, but has been shown to be an especially potent inhibitor of heme enzymes and hemeproteins. It is used in many industrial processes.
UI = D011190
Potassium Deficiency
AN = DF: POTASSIUM DEFIC
MS = A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing polyuria and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary polydipsia. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)
UI = D011191
Potassium Dichromate
AN = an astringent, caustic, antiseptic & dye
MS = Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.
UI = D011192
Potassium, Dietary
AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind; /ther use: coord with disease /diet ther
MS = Potassium or potassium compounds used in foods or as foods.
UI = D017419
Potassium Iodide
AN = useful source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis
MS = An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011193
Potassium Isotopes
AN = K-41; NIM; no qualif
MS = Stable potassium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element potassium, but differ in atomic weight. K-41 is a stable potassium isotope.
UI = D011194
Potassium Magnesium Aspartate
MS = An intra-extracellular electrolyte exchange agent with a variety of effects. Beneficial in cardiac insufficiency, potentiates the effect of cardiac glycosides by reducing their toxicity, has hypocholesteremic effects and potentiates the effects of calcium in disturbed calcium metabolism. Synonyms: Panangin; Tromcardin.
UI = D011195
Potassium Permanganate
MS = Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)
UI = D011196
Potassium Radioisotopes
AN = K-37,38,40,42-45; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)
MS = Unstable isotopes of potassium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. K atoms with atomic weights 37, 38, 40, and 42-45 are radioactive potassium isotopes.
UI = D011197
Potatoes
AN = Solanum tuberosum only: does not include sweet potatoes ( = SWEET POTATOES see SOLANACEAE or IPOMOEA see SOLANACEAE); selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2
MS = Solanum tuberosum, one of the annual, herbaceous, poisonous Solanaceae or its non-poisonous tubers which are highly nutritious as food crops of the temperate regions. The plant yields starch and other nutrients, a number of enzymes, alkaloids, and lectins; the berries are very toxic.
UI = D011198
Potentiometry
AN = a type of titrimetry; NIM
MS = Solution titration in which the end point is read from the electrode-potential variations with the concentrations of potential determining ions. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
UI = D011199
Potexvirus
AN = a genus of plant viruses; from POTato X virus; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)
MS = A genus of plant viruses that cause mosaic and ringspot symptoms. Transmission occurs mechanically.
UI = D017863
Potyviridae
AN = a family of plant viruses; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)
MS = A family of RNA plant viruses with flexuous, filamentous particles and consisting of three genera: POTYVIRUS, Rymovirus, and Bymovirus. A fourth genus, Ipomovirus, is possible. All members of the family form cytoplasmic cylindrical inclusion bodies during infection.
UI = D019176
Potyvirus
AN = a genus of mosaic viruses; from POTato virus Y (Y is one of a series, e.g., A, M, S, V, etc.); coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)
MS = A large genus of plant viruses of the family POTYVIRIDAE which infect mainly plants of the Solanaceae. Transmission is primarily by aphids in a non-persistent manner. The type species is potato virus Y.
UI = D017800
Pouchitis
AN = inflamm of an ileal reservoir after restorative proctocolectomy so do not index under PROCTOCOLECTOMY, RESTORATIVE unless particularly discussed
MS = Acute inflammation of intestinal mucosa seen in an ileal reservoir that may extend transmurally, occurring as a late complication of restorative proctocolectomy (PROCTOCOLECTOMY, RESTORATIVE), possibly due to obstruction and stercoral ulceration. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
UI = D019449
Poultry
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; qualif permitted; differentiate from BIRDS: "birds" in zoos, parks, forest, streets, pet shops = BIRDS, "birds" in barnyard, hatchery, butcher shop = POULTRY; definition: Manual 22.29; as food: Manual 31.7; canned poultry meat: see note on POULTRY PRODUCTS
UI = D011200
Poultry Diseases
AN = coord IM with specific poultry (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under POULTRY /abnorm or POULTRY /inj; don't forget also POULTRY (NIM) if no specific fowl is indexed; also check tag ANIMAL; differentiate from BIRD DISEASES on basis of definition of BIRDS & POULTRY under POULTRY
MS = Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.
UI = D011201
Poultry Products
AN = "food products manufactured from poultry" but for canned poultry meat coord POULTRY or specific poultry (IM) + FOOD PRESERVATION; coord IM with poultry source (NIM)
MS = Food products manufactured from poultry.
UI = D011202
Poverty
AN = specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = A situation in which the level of living of an individual, family, or group is below the standard of the community. It is often related to a specific income level.
UI = D011203
Poverty Areas
AN = no qualif; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = City, urban, rural, or suburban areas which are characterized by severe economic deprivation and by accompanying physical and social decay.
UI = D011204
Povidone
AN = a plasma volume expander; D25-26 qualif
MS = 1-Ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone homopolymer. A polyvinyl polymer of variable molecular weight; used as suspending and dispersing agent and vehicle for pharmaceuticals; also used as blood volume expander.
UI = D011205
Povidone-Iodine
AN = an anti-infective; D25-26 qualif
MS = 1-Ethenyl-2-pyrrolidone homopolymer complexed with iodine. An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.
UI = D011206
Powders
AN = IM for general only, qualif permitted; NIM (no qualif) with specific drug IM (with qualif); /adv eff permitted but be careful: it may be the adv eff of the drug in powder form, not the powder
MS = Substances made up of an aggregation of small particles, as that obtained by grinding or trituration of a solid drug. In pharmacy it is a form in which substances are administered. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D011208
Power (Psychology)
AN = "exertion of a strong influence or control over others"; no qualif; DF: POWER
MS = The exertion of a strong influence or control over others in a variety of settings--administrative, social, academic, etc.
UI = D011209
Power Plants
AN = SPEC qualif; on an industrial & technol level: differentiate from POWER SOURCES; coord IM with source of power (IM) if pertinent
MS = Units that convert some form of energy into electrical energy, such as hydroelectric or steam-generating stations, diesel-electric engines in locomotives, or nuclear power plants.
UI = D011210
Power Sources
AN = do not confuse with POWER PLANTS, on an industrial level
MS = Devices that supply energy.
UI = D011211
Poxviridae
AN = a family of DNA viruses; infection = POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS
MS = A family of double-stranded DNA viruses infecting mammals (including humans), birds and insects. There are two subfamilies: CHORDOPOXVIRINAE, poxviruses of vertebrates, and ENTOMOPOXVIRINAE, poxviruses of insects.
UI = D011212
Poxviridae Infections
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Virus diseases caused by the POXVIRIDAE.
UI = D011213
Practice (Psychology)
AN = human & animal; no qualif; DF: PRACTICE PSYCHOL
MS = Performance of an act one or more times, with a view to its fixation or improvement; any performance of an act or behavior that leads to learning.
UI = D011214
Practice Guideline [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; restrict to health care: for guidelines in other fields consider publication type GUIDELINE
MS = A set of directions or principles to assist the health care practitioner with patient care decisions about appropriate diagnostic, therapeutic, or other clinical procedures for specific clinical circumstances. Practice guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, organizations such as professional societies or governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. They can provide a foundation for assessing and evaluating the quality and effectiveness of health care in terms of measuring improved health, reduction of variation in services or procedures performed, and reduction of variation in outcomes of health care delivered.
UI = D017065
Practice Guidelines
AN = IM for articles & books on the form, value, use & creation of guidelines as a procedural policy to aid health practitioners in patient care decisions: do not confuse with Publication Type PRACTICE GUIDELINE; Manual 17.34.5
MS = Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery.
UI = D017410
Practice Management
AN = CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Business management of medical and dental practices that may include capital financing, utilization management, and arrangement of capitation agreements with other parties.
UI = D020399
Practice Management, Dental
AN = DF: PRACTICE MANAGEMENT DENT
MS = The organization and operation of the business aspects of a dental practice.
UI = D011215
Practice Management, Medical
AN = DF: PRACTICE MANAGEMENT MED
MS = The organization and operation of the business aspects of a physician's practice.
UI = D011216
Practice Valuation and Purchase
MS = Determination of economic value of an established health care provider practice including value of patient lists, equipment, and other assets, and process of buying or selling rights to said practice.
UI = D020443
Practolol
AN = an anti-arrhythmic
MS = A beta-adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
UI = D011217
Prader-Willi Syndrome
AN = multisystem abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A congenital disorder of unknown etiology characterized by mental retardation, muscular hypotonia, obesity, short stature, hypogonadism, and frequently developing insulin-resistant diabetes.
UI = D011218
Prajmaline
AN = an anti-arrhythmic; /biosyn permitted if by plant
MS = 17R,21 alpha-Dihydroxy-4-propylajmalinium. A derivative of the rauwolfia alkaloid AJMALINE. It is an anti-arrhythmia agent, but may cause liver damage.
UI = D011219
Pralidoxime Compounds
AN = cholinesterase reactivators; DF: PRALIDOXIME CPDS
MS = Various salts of a quaternary ammonium oxime that reconstitute inactivated acetylcholinesterase, especially at the neuromuscular junction, and may cause neuromuscular blockade. They are used as antidotes to organophosphorus poisoning as chlorides, iodides, methanesulfonates (mesylates), or other salts.
UI = D011220
Praseodymium
AN = a rare earth metal; Pr-141; Pr-134-140, 142-148 = PRASEODYMIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = Praseodymium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91.
UI = D011221
Prasterone
MS = A naturally occurring androgen isolated from urine.
UI = D003687
Pravastatin
AN = an anticholesteremic from Nocardia
MS = An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).
UI = D017035
Prazepam
AN = an anti-anxiety agent
MS = A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
UI = D011222
Praziquantel
MS = An anthelmintic used in most schistosome and many cestode infestations.
UI = D011223
Prazosin
AN = an antihypertensive
MS = A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, pheochromocytoma, Raynaud's syndrome, prostatic hypertrophy, and urinary retention.
UI = D011224
Prealbumin
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted
MS = A tetrameric protein, molecular weight between 50,000 and 70,000, consisting of 4 equal chains, and migrating on electrophoresis in 3 fractions more mobile than serum albumin. Its concentration ranges from 7 to 33 per cent in the serum, but levels decrease in liver disease.
UI = D011228
Preanesthetic Medication
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D011229
Precancerous Conditions
AN = IM; do not use /compl for develop into cancer: use /pathol; coord IM with organ/neopl term (IM); Manual 24.4.1.13
MS = Pathological processes that tend eventually to become malignant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011230
Preceptorship
MS = An educational program designed to give the professionally trained student experience outside the academic environment working in the specialty area of his choice with a physician, dentist or other advisory supervisors.
UI = D011231
Precipitation
AN = NIM; no qualif
UI = D011232
Precipitin Tests
AN = in serodiag
MS = Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible precipitation occurs when a soluble antigen reacts with its antibody.
UI = D011233
Precipitins
AN = antibodies
MS = Antibodies which elicit precipitation when combined with antigen.
UI = D011234
Precipitating Factors
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
MS = Factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. Usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as "necessary". Examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc.
UI = D015985
Preconception Care
AN = may refer to prospective mother or father
MS = An organized and comprehensive program of health care that identifies and reduces a woman's reproductive risks before conception through risk assessment, health promotion, and interventions. Preconception care programs may be designed to include the male partner in providing counseling and educational information in preparation for fatherhood, such as genetic counseling and testing, financial and family planning, etc. This concept is different from PRENATAL CARE, which occurs during pregnancy.
UI = D016742
Predatory Behavior
AN = animal only
MS = Instinctual behavior pattern in which food is obtained by killing and consuming other species.
UI = D011235
Prediabetic State
AN = do not use /compl for develop into diabetes; coord IM with specific diabetes precoord IM when pertinent
UI = D011236
Predictive Value of Tests
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
MS = In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
UI = D011237
Prednimustine
AN = an alkylating antineoplastic nitrogen mustard
MS = Ester of CHLORAMBUCIL and PREDNISOLONE used as a combination alkylating agent and synthetic steroid to treat various leukemias and other neoplasms. It causes gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicity.
UI = D011238
Prednisolone
AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent; /admin: consider also PREDNISOLONE, TOPICAL
MS = A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.
UI = D011239
Prednisolone, Topical
MS = Prednisolone that is applied topically as an anti-inflammatory agent.
UI = D011240
Prednisone
AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent; do not confuse trade name Decortin (Merck) with DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE trade name Decortin (Schieffelin)
MS = 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione. A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.
UI = D011241
Pre-Eclampsia
AN = hypertension, proteinuria & edema after 20th week of pregn; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
MS = Development of hypertension with proteinuria, edema, or both, due to pregnancy or the influence of a recent pregnancy. It occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but it may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.
UI = D011225
Pre-Excitation Syndromes
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; long QT = LONG QT SYNDROME; normal PR-long QRS = PRE-EXCITATION, MAHAIM TYPE; short PR-normal QRS = LOWN-GANONG-LEVINE SYNDROME; short PR, long QRS = WOLFF-PARKINSON-WHITE SYNDROME
MS = Conditions characterized by activation of the whole or some part of the ventricle by the atrial impulse earlier than would be expected if the impulse reached the ventricle by way of the normal specific conduction system only.
UI = D011226
Pre-Excitation, Mahaim-Type
AN = normal PR interval & long QRS interval with delta wave; SHORT PR NORMAL QRS COMPLEX SYNDROME see LOWN-GANONG-LEVINE SYNDROME is available
MS = A form of pre-excitation characterized by a normal PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave.
UI = D011227
Preferred Provider Organizations
AN = specify geog if possible; DF: PPO CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Arrangements negotiated between a third-party payer (often a self-insured company or union trust fund) and a group of health-care providers (hospitals and physicians) who furnish services at lower than usual fees, and, in return, receive prompt payment and an expectation of an increased volume of patients.
UI = D011243
Prefrontal Cortex
AN = "rostral part of the frontal lobe"
MS = The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.
UI = D017397
Pregnadienediols
MS = Doubly unsaturated pregnane derivatives with two hydroxy groups substituted anywhere on the rings or side chains.
UI = D011244
Pregnadienes
MS = Pregnane derivatives containing two double bonds anywhere within the ring structures.
UI = D011245
Pregnadienetriols
MS = Doubly unsaturated pregnane derivatives substituted with three hydroxy groups anywhere within the ring structure or side chains.
UI = D011246
Pregnancy
AN = IM for articles on normal pregn, NIM as check tag; when IM, qualif permitted; policy: Manual 18.4+, 28.17+; in children or adolescents, see note under PREGNANCY IN ADOLESCENCE; pregn despite use of contraceptives is PREGNANCY + contraceptive term with no qualif; check tag FEMALE also; molar pregn = HYDATIDIFORM MOLE; surrogate pregnancy = SURROGATE MOTHERS; note TEST-TUBE FERTILIZATION see FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; heterotopic pregnancy: see note under PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC; DF: PREGN CATALOG: do not use /in inf or /in adolesc ( = PREGNANCY IN ADOLESCENCE) or /in middle age ( = MATERNAL AGE 35 AND OVER)
MS = The condition of having a developing embryo or fetus in the body, after union of an ovum and spermatozoon. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011247
Pregnancy Complications
AN = pregn in a dis or a dis in pregn; coord IM with dis (IM); /surg: consider also OBSTETRIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; do not use for heterotopic pregn: see note at PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; Manual 18.4.7; DF: PREGN COMPL
MS = The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a disease. The disease may precede or follow conception and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or fetus.
UI = D011248
Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular
AN = coord IM with specific cardiovasc dis (IM); check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; hemorrh during pregn goes here, not PREGN COMPL HEMATOL; Manual 18.4.7; DF: PREGN COMPL CARDIOVASC
MS = The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a cardiovascular disease. The disease may precede or follow conception and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or fetus.
UI = D011249
Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic
AN = for disord of formed elements or coag processes of blood in pregn, not for excess or defic of substances in the blood (as HYPOKALEMIA + PREGN COMPL, not PREGN COMPL HEMATOL); coord IM with specific hematologic dis (IM); check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; hemorrh during pregn goes under PREGNANCY COMPL CARDIOVASC, not here; Manual 18.4.7; DF: PREGN COMPL HEMATOL
MS = The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a blood disease. The hematologic disorder may be of the cells or coagulation elements of the blood but does not refer to deficiencies or excesses of various substances in the blood, such as hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia. It may precede or follow conception and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or fetus.
UI = D011250
Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
AN = bact, fungal or viral infect: note also PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, PARASITIC; coord IM with specific infectious dis (IM); check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; Manual 18.4.7; DF: PREGN COMPL INFECT
MS = Infections occurring during the course of pregnancy, or pregnancy during the course of an infectious disease.
UI = D011251
Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic
AN = coord IM with specific histol type (IM) + precoord organ/neopl term (IM); check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; Manual 18.4.7; DF: PREGN COMPL NEOPL
MS = Neoplasms occurring during the course of pregnancy, or pregnancy during the course of a neoplastic disease.
UI = D011252
Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic
AN = coord IM with specific parasitic dis (IM); check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; Manual 18.4.7; DF: PREGN COMPL PARASITIC
MS = Parasitic diseases occurring during the course of pregnancy, or pregnancy during the course of a parasitic disease. Some of the more commonly co-occurring infections are amebiasis, malaria and toxoplasmosis.
UI = D015597
Pregnancy, High-Risk
AN = mother or fetus at risk; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN HIGH RISK
MS = Pregnancy in which the mother and/or fetus are at greater than normal risk of morbidity or mortality. Causes include lack of adequate prenatal care, previous obstetrical history, pre-existing maternal disease or pregnancy-induced disease, and multiple gestation, as well as advanced maternal age.
UI = D018566
Pregnancy in Adolescence
AN = pregn as a physiol, social, cultural, psychol probl in adolesc; IM; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; includes pregn in children under 13; check tags HUMAN, FEMALE, PREGNANCY & ADOLESCENCE if 13-18 yrs old or CHILD if under 13; do not confuse with PREGNANCY (IM) + ADOLESCENCE (NIM) where ADOLESCENCE is picked up as a check tag among other age groups in the article; DF: PREGN IN ADOLESCENCE CATALOG: do not use /in inf; includes childhood & adolescence
MS = Pregnancy in humans under 19.
UI = D011253
Pregnancy in Diabetes
AN = refers to DIABETES MELLITUS, not DIABETES INSIPIDUS; do not confuse with DIABETES, GESTATIONAL where pregn causes diabetes while in PREGNANCY IN DIABETES a diabetic becomes pregnant; coord IM with specific diabetes precoord (IM) if pertinent; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN IN DIABETES
UI = D011254
Pregnancy Maintenance
AN = physiol mechanisms sustaining pregn; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN MAINTENANCE
MS = Physiological mechanisms that sustain the state of pregnancy.
UI = D011255
Pregnancy Outcome
AN = refers to normal or complicated pregn or birth; GEN or unspecified: prefer specific outcome; DF: PREGN OUTCOME
MS = Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro.
UI = D011256
Pregnancy Proteins
AN = proteins produced by organs or placenta of pregn females, in small amts in non-pregn females, in women under estrogen ther or taking oral contraceptives or in women with certain cancers; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted; DF: PREGN PROTEINS
MS = Proteins produced by organs of the mother or the placenta during pregnancy. They may be either pregnancy specific (present only during pregnancy) or pregnancy associated (always present during pregnancy, but may also be present in individuals undergoing estrogen therapy, taking oral contraceptives or in patients with certain malignancies.)
UI = D011257
Pregnancy Rate
AN = no. of conceptions during a given period in relation to no. of women of reprod age; check tags PREGNANCY & FEMALE; no qualif; DF: PREGN RATE CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Ratio of the number of conceptions that occur during a period to the mean number of women of reproductive age. (POPLINE Thesaurus, 1991)
UI = D018873
Pregnancy Reduction, Multifetal
AN = abortion of 1 or more embryos or fetus to improve outcome for remaining embryos or fetuses in multiple pregn; DF: PREGN REDUCTION MULTIFETAL
MS = Selective abortion of one or more embryos or fetuses in a multiple gestation pregnancy. The usual goal is to improve the outcome for the remaining embryos or fetuses.
UI = D018607
Pregnancy Tests
AN = human & animal; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN TESTS
MS = Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant.
UI = D011258
Pregnancy Tests, Immunologic
AN = human & animal; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN TESTS IMMUNOL
UI = D011259
Pregnancy Toxemias
AN = pregn-induced hypertensive states; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN TOXEMIAS
MS = Pregnancy-induced hypertensive states, including EPH gestosis when edema and proteinuria accompany hypertension. Other hypertensive disorders that develop during pregnancy or the puerperium are pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, either of which may be superimposed upon chronic hypertensive vascular or renal disease.
UI = D011260
Pregnancy Trimester, First
AN = human only; 14 weeks (98 days); avoid as IM: usually NIM coord; when IM, qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN TRIMESTER FIRST
MS = Period of pregnancy from the first day of the last normal menstrual period through the completion of 14 weeks (98 days) of gestation.
UI = D011261
Pregnancy Trimester, Second
AN = human only; 15-28 weeks (99-196 days); avoid as IM: usually NIM coord; when IM, qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN TRIMESTER SECOND
MS = Period of pregnancy from the beginning of the 15th through the 28th completed week (99 to 196 days) of gestation.
UI = D011262
Pregnancy Trimester, Third
AN = human only; 29-42 weeks (197-294 days); avoid as IM: usually NIM coord; when IM, qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY; "at term": consider better LABOR; DF: PREGN TRIMESTER THIRD
MS = Period of pregnancy from the beginning of the 29th through the 42nd completed week (197 to 294 days) of gestation.
UI = D011263
Pregnancy Trimesters
AN = human only; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; trimesters are indexed only when the point of the article or substantively discussed: they are not sought out routinely nor indexed when merely mentioned; DF: PREGN TRIMESTERS
MS = The three periods of three months each in the normal pregnancy.
UI = D011264
Pregnancy Zone Proteins
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted; DF: PREGN ZONE PROTEINS
MS = Glycoproteins with the electrophoretic mobility of an alpha 2-globulin. They are found in small amounts in normal human plasma but in much larger volume in the plasma of pregnant women. These proteins have also been found in increased amounts in individuals undergoing estrogen therapy and are sometimes produced ectopically by tumors of non-placental origin. Pregnancy zone proteins are believed to be of maternal rather than placental origin.
UI = D011265
Pregnancy-Associated alpha-Plasma Protein
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = An alpha 2-macroglobulin, molecular weight approximately 750,000 now believed to be a pregnancy-specific protein. Its plasma levels increase steadily during the second trimester and continue to rise until the end of gestation.
UI = D011266
Pregnancy-Associated beta-Plasma Protein
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A beta-globulin now believed to be a pregnancy-specific protein. Its plasma levels increase steadily during pregnancy until the end of gestation.
UI = D011267
Pregnancy-Specific beta 1-Glycoprotein
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A glycoprotein with the electrophoretic mobility of a beta-1 globulin. It is produced by the placental trophoblast and secreted into the maternal bloodstream during pregnancy. It can be detected 18 days after ovulation and its concentration in plasma rises steadily until, at the end of gestation, it reaches 200 mg/ml. It has been proposed as a measure of placental function for fertility control and is a candidate for an early pregnancy test.
UI = D011268
Pregnancy, Abdominal
AN = fetus develops in abdom cavity; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; heterotopic or combined uterine & abdom pregn: see note at PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC; DF: PREGN ABDOMINAL
MS = Ectopic pregnancy with development of the fetus in the abdominal cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011269
Pregnancy, Animal
AN = IM for articles on normal animal pregn but check also tag PREGNANCY; for NIM animal pregnancy do not index PREGNANCY, ANIMAL: merely check tag PREGNANCY; when IM, qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; check tags ANIMAL & FEMALE also; Manual 18.4.6; DF: PREGN ANIMAL
UI = D011270
Pregnancy, Ectopic
AN = fetus develops outside uterus; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; heterotopic = PREGNANCY (IM) + PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC or its specifics (IM) + site (NIM); DF: PREGN ECTOPIC
MS = Development of the fertilized ovum outside of the uterine cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011271
Pregnancy, Multiple
AN = human & animal; this is the mother: TWINS, TRIPLETS, etc. is the offspring; specify TWINS, etc. NIM if pertinent; in ref to animals, do not use PREGNANCY, MULTIPLE for animals naturally having litters; consider LITTER SIZE; IM; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; not for "heterotopic pregnancy": see note at PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; Manual 28.17.4, 34.14; DF: PREGN MULTIPLE
MS = The condition of bearing two or more fetuses simultaneously. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D011272
Pregnancy, Prolonged
AN = IM; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN PROLONGED
MS = Pregnancy continuing beyond the normal duration; in humans, usually beyond 294 days after the beginning of the last menses. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011273
Pregnancy, Tubal
AN = fetus develops in fallopian tube; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; heterotopic or combined uterine & tubal pregn: see note on PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC; DF: PREGN TUBAL
MS = Ectopic pregnancy within an oviduct. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011274
Pregnancy, Unwanted
AN = unplanned pregnancy = PREGNANCY, not PREGNANCY, UNWANTED; check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN UNWANTED
MS = Pregnancy, usually accidental or unplanned, that is not desired by the parent or parents.
UI = D011275
Pregnanediol
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D011276
Pregnanediones
MS = Pregnane derivatives in which two side-chain methyl groups or two methylene groups in the ring skeleton (or a combination thereof) have been oxidized to keto groups.
UI = D011277
Pregnanes
AN = do not confuse with PREGNENES
MS = Saturated derivatives of the steroid pregnane. The 5-beta series includes PROGESTERONE and related hormones; the 5-alpha series includes forms generally excreted in the urine.
UI = D011278
Pregnanetriol
UI = D011279
Pregnanolone
AN = do not confuse with PREGNENOLONE
MS = A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.
UI = D011280
Pregnatrienes
MS = Pregnane derivatives containing three double bonds in the ring structures.
UI = D011281
Pregnenediones
MS = Unsaturated pregnane derivatives containing two keto groups on side chains or ring structures.
UI = D011282
Pregnenes
AN = do not confuse with PREGNANES
MS = Unsaturated derivatives of PREGNANES.
UI = D011283
Pregnenolone
AN = a progestational hormones; do not confuse with PREGNANOLONE; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D011284
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile
AN = DF: PCN
MS = (3 beta,16 alpha)-3-Hydroxy-20-oxopregn-5-ene-16-carbonitrile. A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.
UI = D011285
Preimplantation Diagnosis
AN = preimplant refers to ovum implant; check tags HUMAN or ANIMAL & FEMALE & PREGNANCY
MS = Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the ovum, zygote, or blastocyst prior to implantation. Cytogenetic analysis is performed to determine the presence or absence of genetic disease.
UI = D019836
Preimplantation Phase
AN = human & animal; check tags HUMAN or ANIMAL & FEMALE & PREGNANCY
MS = The time period between fertilization and implantation.
UI = D011286
Prejudice
AN = no qualif; coord IM with object of prejudice (IM)
MS = A preconceived judgment made without adequate evidence and not easily alterable by presentation of contrary evidence.
UI = D011287
Prekallikrein
AN = an enzyme precursor
MS = A plasma protein which is the precursor of kallikrein. Plasma that is deficient in prekallikrein has been found to be abnormal in thromboplastin formation, kinin generation, evolution of a permeability globulin, and plasmin formation. The absence of prekallikrein in plasma leads to Fletcher factor deficiency, a congenital disease.
UI = D011288
Preleukemia
AN = do not use /compl for develop into leukemia
MS = Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria.
UI = D011289
Premarital Examinations
AN = IM; DF: PREMARITAL EXAM
UI = D011291
Premedication
AN = coord IM with specific drug /ther use (IM); includes anti-anxiety medication; does not include antibiotic premedication ( = ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS)
MS = Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include PREANESTHETIC MEDICATION.
UI = D011292
Premenopause
AN = qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY
MS = The physiological period preceding the climacteric, during which occurs the regression of ovarian function, up to the menopause, the permanent cessation of the menstrual life. Since in the United States the age of the menopause ranges between 48 and 55 years, the premenopause refers in general to middle-aged women. (Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p872)
UI = D017697
Premenstrual Syndrome
AN = develops usually during last week of menstrual cycle
MS = A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts.
UI = D011293
Prenalterol
AN = a cardiotonic
MS = A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute cardiac failure, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, shock, and reducing orthostatic hypotension in the Shy-Drager syndrome.
UI = D011294
Prenatal Care
AN = check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
MS = Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality.
UI = D011295
Prenatal Diagnosis
AN = check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; if a fetal dis is discussed, coord IM with FETAL DISEASES (IM) or FETAL DISEASES (IM) + specific dis in the fetus (IM)
MS = Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation embryo, fetus, or pregnant female before birth.
UI = D011296
Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
AN = restrict to maternal & fetal: do not use for paternal (index probably under FATHERS (NIM)); includes prenatal exposure to "drugs, radiation & other phys agents, manipulation, nutrition, stress, etc."; note MATERNAL EXPOSURE & PATERNAL EXPOSURE are available for environ exposure of mother or father; IM; no qualif; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
MS = Delayed effects on offspring of maternal or fetal prenatal exposure to drugs, radiation and other physical agents, manipulation, nutrition, stress, etc.
UI = D011297
Prenazone
AN = a non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent
MS = 4-(3-Methyl-2-butenyl)-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione. A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)
UI = D011298
Prenylamine
AN = a calcium channel blocker
MS = A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)
UI = D011299
Preoperative Care
AN = preop use of antibiotics for prev of infect: index under ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS & not here; DF: PREOP CARE
MS = Care given during the period prior to undergoing surgery when psychological and physical preparations are made according to the special needs of the individual patient. This period spans the time between admission to the hospital to the time the surgery begins. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
UI = D011300
Preoptic Area
MS = Region of hypothalamus between the anterior commissure and optic chiasm.
UI = D011301
Prepaid Health Plans
MS = Contracts between an insurer and a subscriber or a group of subscribers whereby a specified set of health benefits is provided in return for a periodic premium.
UI = D017061
Prephenate Dehydratase
AN = do not confuse with PREPHENATE DEHYDROGENASE
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of prephenate to phenylpyruvate with the elimination of water and carbon dioxide. In the enteric bacteria this enzyme also possesses chorismate mutase activity, thereby catalyzing the first two steps in the biosynthesis of phenylalanine. EC 4.2.1.51.
UI = D011302
Prephenate Dehydrogenase
AN = do not confuse with PREPHENATE DEHYDRATASE
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of prephenate to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate in the presence of NAD. In the enteric bacteria, this enzyme also possesses chorismate mutase activity, thereby catalyzing the first two steps in the biosynthesis of tyrosine. EC 1.3.1.12.
UI = D011303
Presbycusis
AN = "progressive bilateral loss of hearing that occurs in the aged"
MS = Progressive bilateral loss of hearing that occurs in the aged. Syn: senile deafness.
UI = D011304
Presbyopia
AN = hyperopia & impaired vision caused by old age
MS = Hyperopia and impairment of vision due to advancing years or to old age. It is dependent on diminution of the power of accommodation from loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens, causing the near point of distinct vision to be removed farther from the eye. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011305
Prescription Fees
AN = for drug & non-drug prescriptions; costs to the patient or 3d-party payer: do not confuse with DRUG COSTS, which are costs to a health care facility or organiz
MS = The charge levied on the consumer for drugs or therapy prescribed under written order of a physician or other health professional.
UI = D011306
Prescriptions, Drug
AN = do not confuse the concept of "prescription" with the drug prescribed; probably GEN only, irrespective of specific drug prescribed ( = probably /admin & dosage); do not confuse with DRUG COMPOUNDING: prescribing is by the MD, cpding is by the pharmacist or drug co.; drug formulation is CHEMISTRY, PHARMACEUTICAL
MS = Directions written for the preparation and adminstration of a drug.
UI = D011307
Prescriptions, Non-Drug
MS = Written directions for the preparation, administration, or application of a non-drug remedy. This includes prescriptions for corrective lenses, self-help and orthopedic devices, and physical therapy and rehabilitation measures.
UI = D011308
Preservation, Biological
AN = BLOOD PRESERVATION, ORGAN PRESERVATION and TISSUE PRESERVATION are also available; CRYOPRESERVATION is also available; DF: PRESERVATION BIOL
UI = D011309
Preservatives, Pharmaceutical
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: PRESERVATIVES PHARM
MS = Substances added to pharmaceutical preparations to protect them from chemical change or microbial action. They include antibiotics and antioxidants.
UI = D011310
Pressoreceptors
AN = mechanoreceptors of the vasomotor system; DF: PRESSORECEPT
MS = Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls.
UI = D011311
Pressure
AN = NIM; spinal or cerebrospinal fluid pressure = CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PRESSURE; pressure within heart ventricles = VENTRICULAR PRESSURE
UI = D011312
Presumed Consent
MS = An institutional policy of granting authority to health personnel to perform procedures on patients or to remove organs from cadavers for transplantation unless an objection is registered by family members or by the patient prior to death. This also includes emergency care of minors without prior parental consent.
UI = D019724
Presynaptic Terminals
AN = distal terminations of axons: note X ref; A 11 qualif except /cytol
MS = The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.
UI = D017729
Prevalence
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM); no qualif; total number of cases, new & old: do not confuse with INCIDENCE, total number of new cases; read MeSH definitions; specify geog if pertinent
MS = The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
UI = D015995
Preventive Dentistry
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; spec concerned with prev of tooth & mouth dis: do not confuse with TOOTH DISEASES /prev or MOUTH DISEASES /prev; see note under DENTAL CARE; for "see your dentist twice a year"; do not confuse with DENTAL PROPHYLAXIS (see note there) or ORAL HYGIENE (see note there)
MS = The branch of dentistry concerned with the prevention of disease and the maintenance and promotion of oral health.
UI = D011313
Preventive Health Services
AN = IM; DF: PREV HEALTH SERV CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Services designed for promotion of health and prevention of disease.
UI = D011314
Preventive Medicine
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; for specific disease, use /prev: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.58; primary prev = PRIMARY PREVENTION, secondary prev = diag & ther, tertiary prev = REHABILITATION; DF: PREV MED
MS = A medical specialty primarily concerned with prevention of disease and the promotion and preservation of health in the individual.
UI = D011315
Preventive Psychiatry
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; do not confuse with MENTAL DISORDERS /prev or specific ment disord /prev or with MENTAL HEALTH
MS = A discipline concerned with the prevention of mental illness and the promotion of mental health.
UI = D011316
Prevotella
AN = infection: coord IM with BACTEROIDACEAE INFECTIONS (IM); named for the French microbiologist A. R. Prâevot, pioneer in anaerobic microbiol
MS = A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, nonsporeforming, nonmotile rods. Organisms of this genus had originally been classified as members of the BACTEROIDES genus but overwhelming biochemical and chemical findings in 1990 indicated the need to separate them from other Bacteroides species, and hence, this new genus was established.
UI = D018720
Prevotella intermedia
AN = infection: coord IM with BACTEROIDACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria originally classified within the BACTEROIDES genus. This bacterium is a common commensal in the gingival crevice and is often isolated from cases of gingivitis and other purulent lesions related to the mouth.
UI = D018713
Prevotella melaninogenica
AN = infection: coord IM with BACTEROIDACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria originally classified within the BACTEROIDES genus. This bacterium has been isolated from the mouth, urine, feces, and infections of the mouth, soft tissue, respiratory tract, urogenital tract, and intestinal tract. It is pathogenic, but usually in association with other kinds of organisms.
UI = D001443
Priapism
AN = persistent penile erection
MS = Persistent abnormal erection of the penis, usually without sexual desire, and accompanied by pain and tenderness. It is seen in diseases and injuries of the spinal cord, and may be caused by vesical calculus and certain injuries to the penis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011317
Price Lists [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only
MS = Lists giving the prices of items for sale, including drugs, equipment, books, etc. Price lists are less detailed than catalogs and not as long.
UI = D019525
Prilocaine
AN = a local anesthetic
MS = A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p165)
UI = D011318
Primaquine
AN = an antimalarial
MS = An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopia, 30th ed, p404)
UI = D011319
Primary Health Care
AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Care which provides integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients, and practicing in the context of family and community. (JAMA 1995;273(3):192)
UI = D011320
Primary Nursing Care
MS = The primary responsibility of one nurse for the planning, evaluation, and care of a patient throughout the course of illness, convalescence, and recovery.
UI = D011321
Primary Prevention
MS = Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease.
UI = D011322
Primate Diseases
AN = animal only, not man; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under specific primate heading /abnorm or /inj; don't forget also PRIMATES (NIM) if no specific primate is indexed; also check tag ANIMAL; DF: PRIMATE DIS
MS = Diseases of animals within the order PRIMATES. This term includes diseases of Haplorhini and Strepsirhini.
UI = D018419
Primates
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific family, subfamily or genus; IM; qualif permitted; only human primate is HOMINIDAE
UI = D011323
Primed In Situ Labeling
MS = A technique that labels specific sequences in whole chromosomes by in situ DNA chain elongation or PCR (polymerase chain reaction).
UI = D020401
Primidone
AN = an anticonvulsant
MS = An antiepileptic agent related to the barbiturates; it is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite. Adverse effects are reported to be more frequent than with PHENOBARBITAL. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p309)
UI = D011324
Prince Edward Island
AN = a province of eastern Canada
MS = An island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence constituting a province of Canada in the eastern part of the country. It is very irregular in shape with many deep inlets. Its capital is Charlottetown. Discovered by the French in 1534 and originally named Ile Saint-Jean, it was renamed in 1799 in honor of Prince Edward, fourth son of George III and future father of Queen Victoria. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p981 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p433)
UI = D011325
Printers' Marks
UI = D011326
Printing
AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D011327
Prion Diseases
AN = human & animal CNS dis formerly referred to as "unconventional slow virus dis"; GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics
MS = Transmissible and genetic neurodegenerative diseases of humans and animals caused by PRIONS. The diseases are usually characterized by vacuolation in the gray matter and result in ataxia, motor disturbances, dementia, and progression to a fatal outcome. They include CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME, GERSTMANN-STRAUSSLER SYNDROME, KURU, SCRAPIE, fatal familial insomnia, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM), transmissible mink encephalopathy, and chronic wasting disease of mule deer and elk. The literature has sometimes referred to these as unconventional slow virus diseases.
UI = D017096
Prions
AN = small proteinaceous infective particles causing various CNS dis called prion diseases; /pathogen permitted
MS = Small proteinaceous infectious particles which resist inactivation by procedures that modify nucleic acids and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. The abnormal (scrapie) isoform is PrPSc (PRPSC PROTEINS) and the cellular isoform PrPC (PRPC PROTEINS). The primary amino acid sequence of the two isoforms is identical. Human diseases caused by prions include CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME and GERSTMANN-STRAUSSLER SYNDROME.
UI = D011328
Prisoners
AN = differentiate from CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY; X ref HOSTAGES: coord with VIOLENCE only if particularly discussed
UI = D011329
Prisons
AN = specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Penal institutions, or places of confinement for war prisoners.
UI = D011330
Privacy
AN = a civil right to freedom from intrusion in one's private affairs; note X ref, a Federal statute; privacy of patient data or records: index under CONFIDENTIALITY
MS = The state of being free from intrusion or disturbance in one's private life or affairs. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, 1993)
UI = D018907
Private Practice
MS = Practice of a health profession by an individual, offering services on a person-to-person basis, as opposed to group or partnership practice.
UI = D011331
Private Sector
AN = IM; specify nature of private endeavor (IM); specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = That distinct portion of the institutional, industrial, or economic structure of a country that is controlled or owned by non-governmental, private interests.
UI = D017149
Privatization
AN = med or non-med services or facilities
MS = Process of shifting publicly controlled services and/or facilities to the private sector.
UI = D011332
Proactive Inhibition
AN = no qualif
MS = The state or process hypothesized to account for poorer learning rate for elements later in a series as compared to the learning rate for elements coming earlier in a series.
UI = D011334
Proadifen
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = alpha-Phenyl-alpha-propylbenzeneacetic acid, 2-(diethylamino)ethyl ester. An inhibitor of drug metabolism and cytochrome P-450 activity.
UI = D011335
Probability
AN = IM for probability as a statist concept; NIM as coord for relative frequency of occur of specific dis, physiol response, etc.; see note under RISK & RISK FACTORS; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif
MS = The study of chance processes or the relative frequency characterizing a chance process.
UI = D011336
Probability Learning
AN = no qualif
MS = Usually refers to the use of mathematical models in the prediction of learning to perform tasks based on the theory of probability applied to responses; it may also refer to the frequency of occurrence of the responses observed in the particular study.
UI = D011337
Probability Theory
AN = no qualif
MS = The branch of mathematics dealing with the purely logical properties of probability. Its theorems underlie most statistical methods. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
UI = D011338
Probenecid
AN = a uricosuric
MS = The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.
UI = D011339
Probiotics
AN = coordinate with specific microorganism
MS = Live microbial feed supplements which beneficially affect the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Antibiotics and other related compounds are not included in this definition. In humans, lactobacilli are commonly used as probiotics, either as single species or in mixed culture with other bacteria. Other genera that have been used are bifidobacteria and streptococci. (J. Nutr. 1995;125:1401-12)
UI = D019936
Problem Solving
AN = human & animal
MS = A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal.
UI = D011340
Problem-Based Learning
AN = a teaching method in the curriculum: do not confuse with PROBLEM-SOLVING, a type of learning
MS = Instructional use of examples or cases to teach using problem-solving skills and critical thinking.
UI = D018794
Problems and Exercises [Publication Type]
MS = Collections of practice problems and exercises, generally for instructional or review use.
UI = D020497
Probucol
AN = an anticholesteremic
MS = A drug used in the treatment of hypercholesteremia. It lowers total plasma cholesterol concentrations, mainly by reducing low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations. It has little effect on serum-triglyceride or very-low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993)
UI = D011341
Procainamide
MS = A derivative of PROCAINE with less CNS action.
UI = D011342
Procaine
MS = A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).
UI = D011343
Procarbazine
MS = An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.
UI = D011344
Procaterol
AN = a bronchodilator
MS = A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist. It is a potent bronchodilator that may be administered orally or by aerosol inhalation.
UI = D017265
Process Assessment (Health Care)
AN = note category; process only: for outcome assessment with process assessment, OUTCOME AND PROCESS ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE) is available; DF: PROCESS ASSESS
MS = An evaluation procedure that focuses on how care is delivered, based on the premise that there are standards of performance for activities undertaken in delivering patient care, in which the specific actions taken, events occurring, and human interactions are compared with accepted standards.
UI = D017064
Procetofen
AN = an antilipemic
MS = 2-(4-(4-Chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy)-2-methylpropionic acid-1-methylethyl ester. An antilipemic agent which reduces both cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Synonyms: LF 178; Lipantyl.
UI = D011345
Prochlorales
AN = an order of gram-neg oxygenic photosyn bact
MS = An order of GRAM-NEGATIVE OXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA containing both chlorophylls a and b, but lacking phycobilins. There are two genera: PROCHLORON and PROCHLOROTHRIX.
UI = D019689
Prochloron
AN = a genus of bact order Prochlorales
MS = A genus of PROCHLORALES containing unicellular, spherical bacteria without a mucilaginous sheath. They are found almost exclusively as extracellular symbionts of colonial ascidians on subtropical or tropical marine shores. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
UI = D019691
Prochlorothrix
AN = a genus of bact order Prochlorales
MS = A genus of PROCHLORALES occurring in unbranched chains of indefinite length and containing both chlorophylls a and b. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
UI = D019692
Prochlorperazine
AN = an antiemetic & antipsychotic agent
MS = A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of nausea, vomiting, and vertigo. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause extrapyramidal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612)
UI = D011346
Procollagen
AN = a collagen precursor; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A biosynthetic precursor of collagen containing additional amino acid sequences at the amino-terminal ends of the three polypeptide chains. Protocollagen, a precursor of procollagen consists of procollagen peptide chains in which proline and lysine have not yet been hydroxylated.
UI = D011347
Procollagen N-Endopeptidase
MS = An extracellular endopeptidase which excises a block of peptides at the amino terminal, nonhelical region of the procollagen molecule with the formation of collagen. Absence or deficiency of the enzyme causes accumulation of procollagen which results in the inherited connective tissue disorder--dermatosparaxis. EC 3.4.24.14.
UI = D011348
Procollagen-Lysine, 2-Oxoglutarate 5-Dioxygenase
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = A mixed-function oxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of peptidyllysine, usually in protocollagen, to peptidylhydroxylysine. The enzyme utilizes molecular oxygen with concomitant oxidative decarboxylation of the cosubstrate 2-oxoglutarate to succinate. EC 1.14.11.4.
UI = D008240
Proctitis
UI = D011349
Proctocolectomy, Restorative
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; to form an ileoanal pouch to allow transanal defecation
MS = A surgical procedure involving the excision of the colon and rectum and the formation of an ileoanal reservoir (pouch). In patients with intestinal diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, this procedure avoids the need for an ostomy by allowing for transanal defecation.
UI = D016737
Proctocolitis
AN = note X ref RECTOCOLITIS but available also are RECTOCOLITIS, HEMORRHAGIC see COLITIS, ULCERATIVE & RECTOCOLITIS, ULCERATIVE see COLITIS, ULCERATIVE
MS = Inflammation of the rectum and colon.
UI = D011350
Proctoscopy
AN = NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Endoscopic examination of the rectum. It is used to localize, identify, and photograph pathologic alterations, to obtain biopsy material and perform other surgical interventions, and for delivery of medication.
UI = D011351
Procyclidine
AN = a central muscle relaxant
MS = A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.
UI = D011352
Prodigiosin
AN = an antibiotic from Serratia marcescens & others; do not confuse with PRODIGIOZAN, another antibiotic from same source; /biosyn permitted if by micro-organism
MS = 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.
UI = D011353
Prodigiozan
AN = Do not confuse with PRODIGIOSIN, an antibiotic from same source
MS = A polysaccharide extracted from Serratia marcescens and other bacteria. It activates enzymatic activity of macrophages and stimulates phagocytic processes.
UI = D011354
Prodrugs
AN = "a cpd that on admin must undergo chem conversion by metab processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug"; D25-26 qualif; coord IM with specific drug (IM)
MS = A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.
UI = D011355
Product Labeling
MS = Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a product or its container or wrapper. It includes purpose, effect, description, directions, hazards, warnings, and other relevant information.
UI = D011356
Product Line Management
AN = restrict to Cat N: not for drug industry: read MeSH definition
MS = Management control systems for structuring health care delivery strategies around case types, as in DRGs, or specific clinical services.
UI = D011357
Product Packaging
AN = includes containers, packaging methods, packaging materials; IM; coord with specific product (IM); FOOD PACKAGING & DRUG PACKAGING are also available
MS = Form in which product is processed or wrapped and labeled. (From POPLINE Thesaurus, 1991) PRODUCT LABELING is also available.
UI = D019064
Product Surveillance, Postmarketing
AN = not restricted to drugs; surveillance after release for general sale
MS = Surveillance of drugs, devices, appliances, etc., for efficacy or adverse effects, after they have been released for general sale.
UI = D011358
Proestrus
AN = animal only; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY
MS = Phase of the estrous cycle preceding estrus during which the Graafian follicle undergoes maturation. Applies to animals.
UI = D011359
Professional Autonomy
MS = The quality or state of being independent and self-directing, especially in making decisions, enabling professionals to exercise judgment as they see fit during the performance of their jobs.
UI = D017009
Professional Competence
AN = competence in any profession or discipline: differentiate from CLINICAL COMPETENCE which is restricted to competence in professional activities directly related to patient care
MS = The capability to perform the duties of one's profession generally, or to perform a particular professional task, with skill of an acceptable quality.
UI = D011361
Professional Corporations
AN = coord IM with PRACTICE MANAGEMENT, MEDICAL or PRACTICE MANAGEMENT, DENTAL (IM) for med or dent profess corp
MS = Legally authorized corporations owned and managed by one or more professionals (medical, dental, legal) in which the income is ascribed primarily to the professional activities of the owners or stockholders.
UI = D011362
Professional Impairment
AN = for impairment see note on PHYSICIAN IMPAIRMENT; coord IM with specific impairment (IM) + specific profession (IM)
MS = The inability of a health professional to provide proper professional care of patients due to his or her physical and/or mental disability.
UI = D011363
Professional Practice
AN = /econ permitted but consider many specific economics terms available; do not confuse with PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS: see note there
MS = The use of one's knowledge in a particular profession. It includes, in the case of the field of biomedicine, professional activities related to health care and the actual performance of the duties related to the provision of health care.
UI = D011364
Professional Practice Location
MS = Geographic area in which a professional person practices; includes primarily physicians and dentists.
UI = D011365
Professional Review Organizations
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = Organizations representing designated geographic areas which have contracts under the PRO program to review the medical necessity, appropriateness, quality, and cost-effectiveness of care received by Medicare beneficiaries. Peer Review Improvement Act, PL 97-248, 1982.
UI = D011366
Professional Staff Committees
MS = Committees of professional personnel who have responsibility for determining policies, procedures, and controls related to professional matters in health facilities.
UI = D011367
Professional-Family Relations
AN = no qualif; DF: PROFESSIONAL FAMILY RELAT
MS = The interactions between the professional person and the family.
UI = D011368
Professional-Patient Relations
AN = no qualif; DF: PROFESSIONAL PATIENT RELAT
MS = Interactions between health personnel and patients.
UI = D011369
Proflavine
AN = an anti-infective
MS = 3,6-Diaminoacridine. Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.
UI = D011370
Progeria
AN = premature old age in children
MS = A syndrome of uncertain genetic inheritance, characterized by precocious senility of striking degree, with death from coronary artery disease frequently occurring before 10 years of age.
UI = D011371
Progestational Hormones
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; do not use /analogs; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROGESTATIONAL HORMONES, SYNTHETIC
MS = A class of sex hormones associated with certain changes in the uterus and vagina during the menstrual cycle. They are necessary for the development of mammary tissue and for the maintenance of pregnancy.
UI = D011372
Progestational Hormones, Synthetic
AN = oral contraceptives; do not confuse with PROGESTATIONAL HORMONES /chem syn; DF: PROGESTATIONAL HORMONES SYN
MS = Compounds obtained by chemical synthesis that possess progestational activity, but differ in structure from naturally occurring progestational hormones.
UI = D011373
Progesterone
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle.
UI = D011374
Progesterone Reductase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of a 3 beta-hydroxy-delta(5)-steroid to 3-oxo-delta(4)-steroid in the presence of NAD. It converts pregnenolone to progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenedione. EC 1.1.1.145.
UI = D011375
Progesterone-Binding Globulin
AN = an alpha-globulin; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A glycoprotein migrating as alpha 1-globulin, molecular weight 70,000 to 120,000. The protein, which is present in increased amounts in the plasma during pregnancy, binds mainly progesterone, with other steroids including testosterone competing weakly.
UI = D011376
Proglumide
AN = an anti-ulcer agent
MS = 4-Benzamido-N,N-dipropylglutaramic acid. A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.
UI = D011377
Prognathism
AN = abnormal protrusion of mandible; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; consider also MALOCCLUSION, ANGLE CLASS III CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A condition marked by abnormal protrusion of the mandible. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011378
Prognosis
AN = almost never IM; IM only when GEN; NIM with progn of specific dis /diag (IM); Manual 19.8.22; despite category, do not restrict to diagnosis: progn after ther or surg is PROGNOSIS (NIM); no qualif
MS = A forecast as to the probable outcome of an attack of disease; the prospect as to recovery from a disease as indicated by the nature and symptoms of the case. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011379
Program Development
AN = coord IM with specific subject (IM); not for computer programs
MS = The process of formulating, improving, and expanding educational, managerial, or service-oriented work plans (excluding computer program development).
UI = D016730
Program Evaluation
AN = do not confuse with terms indented under QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE
MS = Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact.
UI = D015397
Programmed Instruction
AN = IM CATALOG: form qualif /programmed instruction & double forms are available
MS = A teaching method which employs self-instructional programs enabling the student to learn at his own pace. Teaching machines or programmed textbooks may be used.
UI = D011380
Programmed Instruction [Publication Type]
MS = Sequenced self-correction texts.
UI = D020498
Programming Languages
AN = IM; no qualif
MS = Specific languages used to prepare computer programs.
UI = D011381
Programming, Linear
AN = IM
MS = A technique of operations research for solving certain kinds of problems involving many variables where a best value or set of best values is to be found. It is most likely to be feasible when the quantity to be optimized, sometimes called the objective function, can be stated as a mathematical expression in terms of the various activities within the system, and when this expression is simply proportional to the measure of the activities, i.e., is linear, and when all the restrictions are also linear. It is different from computer programming, although problems using linear programming techniques may be programmed on a computer.
UI = D011382
Programs [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only
MS = Lists of the events, pieces, performers, speaker, etc., of an entertainment, ceremony, or the like. (Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special Collections Cataloguing, 2d ed)
UI = D019542
Progressive Patient Care
AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Organization of medical and nursing care according to the degree of illness and care requirements in the hospital. The elements are intensive care, intermediate care, self-care, long-term care, and organized home care.
UI = D011383
Proinsulin
AN = an insulin precursor; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A precursor of insulin, with a molecular weight of 8,000 to 10,000. It has minimum hormonal activity and is converted to insulin by removal of the connecting C peptide, leaving the two (A and B)-chain, active insulin molecule. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D011384
Projection
AN = no qualif
MS = A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others.
UI = D011385
Projective Techniques
AN = NIM CATALOG: do not use /laboratory manuals
MS = Techniques whereby personality attributes are revealed through the subject's responses to relatively unstructured, ambiguous, or vague stimuli. These responses represent projections of the subject's own fears and needs.
UI = D011386
Prokaryotic Cells
AN = GEN: prefer BACTERIA or specific bact; A 11 qualif with discretion
MS = Cells, such as those of bacteria and the blue green algae, which lack a nuclear membrane so that the nuclear material is either scattered in the cytoplasm or collected in a nucleoid region.
UI = D011387
Prolactin
AN = a neurotransmitter pituitary lactogenic hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted; /blood: consider also HYPERPROLACTINEMIA
MS = Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur.
UI = D011388
Prolactin Release-Inhibiting Hormone
AN = a neurotransmitter hypothalamic hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: PRIH
MS = A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus that inhibits the release of PROLACTIN.
UI = D011389
Prolactinoma
AN = coord IM with PITUITARY NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = A pituitary adenoma which secretes PROLACTIN, leading to increased serum levels of the hormone.
UI = D015175
Prolactin-Releasing Hormone
AN = a neurotransmitter hypothalamic hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: PRH
MS = A polypeptide hormone that originates in the hypothalamus and stimulates the secretion of prolactin in the pituitary gland.
UI = D011390
Prolapse
AN = GEN or unspecified but almost never IM; coord with organ/dis precoord (IM); no qualif
MS = The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.
UI = D011391
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
AN = a nuclear protein; DF: note short X ref
MS = Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.
UI = D018809
Proline
AN = an amino acid; /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted
MS = An amino acid, 2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid, discovered in 1910. It is a major constituent of collagen. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D011392
Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase
MS = A mixed-function oxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of a prolyl-glycyl-containing-peptide, usually in protocollagen, to a hydroxyprolylglycyl-containing-peptide. The enzyme utilizes molecular oxygen with a concomitant oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate to succinate. EC 1.14.11.2.
UI = D011393
Proline Oxidase
MS = The first enzyme of the proline degradative pathway. It catalyzes the oxidation of proline to pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid in the presence of oxygen and water. The action is not reversible. The specific activity of proline oxidase increases with age. EC 1.5.3.-.
UI = D011394
Promazine
AN = an antipsychotic agent
MS = A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.
UI = D011395
Promedol
AN = a narcotic analgesic
MS = 1,2,5-Trimethyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinol propionate. A narcotic analgesic similar to MEPERIDINE; it exists in four stereoisomers, two of which, the beta (isopromedol) and the gamma (trimeperidine) are active.
UI = D011396
Promegestone
MS = (17 beta)-17-Methyl-17-(1-oxopropyl)estra-4,9-dien-3-one. A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.
UI = D011397
Promethazine
MS = A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.
UI = D011398
Promethium
AN = naturally radioactive; a rare earth metal; IM
MS = Promethium. A radioactive element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pm, atomic number 61, and atomic weight 147. It has been used in the construction of atomic batteries, in the preparation of self-luminous compounds, and as a beta-particle source for thickness gauges.
UI = D011399
Prometryne
AN = an herbicide
MS = A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D011400
Promoter Regions (Genetics)
AN = DF: PROMOTER REGIONS
MS = DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.
UI = D011401
Pronase
UI = D011402
Pronation
AN = refers to foot or forearm; do not confuse with PRONE POSITION
MS = Applies to movements of the forearm in turning the palm backward or downward or when applied to the foot, a combination of eversion and abduction movements in the tarsal and metatarsal joints, (turning the foot up and in toward the midline of the body).
UI = D011403
Prone Position
AN = almost never IM; do not confuse with PRONATION, a movement of the foot or forearm
MS = The posture of an individual lying face down.
UI = D016684
Pro-Opiomelanocortin
AN = a protein precursor; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A precursor protein, MW 30,000, synthesized mainly in the anterior pituitary gland but also found in the hypothalamus, brain, and several peripheral tissues. It incorporates the amino acid sequences of ACTH and beta-lipotropin. These two hormones, in turn, contain the biologically active peptides MSH, corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide, alpha-lipotropin, endorphins, and methionine enkephalin.
UI = D011333
Propafenone
AN = an anti-arrhythmic
MS = 1-(2-(2-Hydroxy-3-(propylamino)propoxy)phenyl)-3-phenyl-1-propanone. An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity. The drug is generally well tolerated.
UI = D011405
Propaganda
AN = no qualif
MS = The deliberate attempt to influence attitudes and beliefs for furthering one's cause or damaging an opponent's cause. (POPLINE Thesaurus 1991)
UI = D011406
Propane
UI = D011407
Propanediol Dehydratase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the dehydration of 1,2-propanediol to propionaldehyde. EC 4.2.1.28.
UI = D011408
2-Propanol
MS = An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.
UI = D019840
Propanols
MS = Isomeric forms and derivatives of PROPANOL (C3H7OH).
UI = D020005
Propylene Glycol
AN = PROPYLENE GLYCOLS is also available
MS = A clear, colorless, viscous liquid used as a humectant and solvent in pharmaceutical preparations. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019946
Propylene Glycols
AN = PROPYLENE GLYCOL is also available
MS = Derivatives of propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol). They are used as humectants and solvents in pharmaceutical preparations.
UI = D011409
Propanidid
AN = an intravenous anesthetic
MS = An intravenous anesthetic that has been used for rapid induction of anesthesia and for maintenance of anesthesia of short duration. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p918)
UI = D011410
Propanil
AN = an herbicide
MS = A chlorinated anilide that is used as an herbicide.
UI = D011411
1-Propanol
MS = A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.
UI = D000433
Propanolamines
MS = AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the propanolamine (NH2CH2CHOHCH2) group and its derivatives.
UI = D011412
Propantheline
AN = a spasmolytic & anti-ulcer agent
MS = A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.
UI = D011413
Properdin
MS = Non-immunoglobulin gamma globulin component of the alternative complement pathway (COMPLEMENT PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It complexes with C3b and stabilizes alternate pathway C3 convertase. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D011414
Prophase
AN = 1st phase of cell div; NIM specific cell when merely test cell; coord with specific cell /cytol; permitted with micro-organisms
MS = The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles.
UI = D011418
Propidium
AN = a dye with affinity to forms of DNA; D25-26 qualif
MS = 3,8-Diamino-5-(3-(diethymethyammonio) propyl)-6-phenylphenanthridium. Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.
UI = D011419
Propiolactone
AN = an anti-infective & carcinogen
MS = 2-Oxetanone. Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic.
UI = D011420
Propionates
UI = D011422
Propionibacteriaceae
AN = in dairy products or intestinal tracts of animals
MS = A family of gram-positive bacteria found in dairy products or in the intestinal tracts of animals.
UI = D011423
Propionibacterium
AN = in dairy products; DF: PROPIONIBACT
MS = A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria whose cells occur singly, in pairs or short chains, in V or Y configurations, or in clumps resembling letters of the Chinese alphabet. Its organisms are found in cheese and dairy products as well as on human skin and can occasionally cause soft tissue infections.
UI = D011424
Propionibacterium acnes
AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: PROPIONIBACT ACNES
MS = A bacteria isolated from normal skin, intestinal contents, wounds, blood, pus, and soft tissue abscesses. It is a common contaminant of clinical specimens, presumably from the skin of patients or attendants.
UI = D011425
Propionic Acids
AN = propionic acidemia: index PROPIONIC ACIDS /blood (IM) + AMINO ACID METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS (IM)
MS = 3-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.
UI = D011426
Propiophenones
UI = D011427
Proplast
AN = a polymer used in reconstruct surg; D25-26 qualif
MS = Polymer of polytetrafluoroethylene and carbon filaments; porous biocompatible material used in orofacial and middle ear reconstruction and as coating for metal implants.
UI = D011428
Propofol
MS = An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206)
UI = D015742
Propolis
AN = obtained from beehives, also called bee bread, bee glue; D25-26 qualif
MS = Resinous substance obtained from beehives; contains many different substances which may have antimicrobial or antimycotic activity topically; its extracts are called propolis resin or balsam. Synonyms: bee bread; hive dross; bee glue.
UI = D011429
Proportional Hazards Models
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific subject /statist (IM); no qualif
MS = Statistical models used in survival analysis that assert that the effect of the study factors on the hazard rate in the study population is multiplicative and does not change over time.
UI = D016016
Propoxycaine
MS = A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a rapid onset of action and a longer duration of action than procaine hydrochloride. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1017)
UI = D011430
Propoxyphene
AN = a narcotic analgesic & antitussive
MS = A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.
UI = D011431
Propranolol
AN = an antihypertensive & anti-arrhythmic beta-adrenergic antag
MS = A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety.
UI = D011433
Proprioception
MS = The mechanism involved in the self-regulation of posture and movement through stimuli originating in the receptors imbedded in the joints, tendons, muscles, and labyrinth.
UI = D011434
Propyl Gallate
MS = Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.
UI = D011435
Propylamines
UI = D011437
Propylbenzilylcholine Mustard
AN = an affinity label; D25-26 qualif
MS = An analog of benzilylcholine mustard. It is an alkylating nitrogen mustard analog that binds specifically and irreversibly to cholinergic muscarinic receptors and is used as an affinity label to isolate and study the receptors.
UI = D011438
Propyliodone
AN = a contrast medium; D25-26 qualif
MS = Propyl 3,5-diiodo-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridine acetate. Radiopaque medium usually in oil; used in bronchography.
UI = D011440
Propylthiouracil
AN = a thyroid antag
MS = A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534)
UI = D011441
Proscillaridin
AN = a cardiac glycoside
MS = [(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)oxy]-14-hydroxybufa-4,20,22-trienolide. A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).
UI = D011442
Prosencephalon
AN = comprises the DIENCEPHALON & TELENCEPHALON
MS = The part of the brain developed from the most rostral of the three primary vesicles of the embryonic neural tube and consisting of the DIENCEPHALON and TELENCEPHALON.
UI = D016548
Prospective Payment Assessment Commission
AN = specify geog; DF: note short X ref CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The commission charged with evaluating issues and factors which affect the implementation of the PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT SYSTEM.
UI = D011444
Prospective Payment System
AN = specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = A system wherein reimbursement rates are set, for a given period of time, prior to the circumstances giving rise to actual reimbursement claims.
UI = D011445
Prospective Studies
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
MS = Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
UI = D011446
Prospectuses [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; for prospectuses as a subject, index under main heading ADVERTISING
MS = Advertisements separately printed and distributed by a publisher to describe and solicit orders for a recent or forthcoming publication. In the case of books, they may include sample pages. (The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
UI = D019527
Prospidium
AN = an antineoplastic
MS = An antineoplastic dispiropiperazine derivative.
UI = D011447
Prostaglandin Antagonists
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted if by living organism; DF: PG ANTAG
MS = Compounds that inhibit the action of prostaglandins.
UI = D011448
Prostaglandin D2
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: PGD2
MS = 9,15-Dihydroxy-11-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid. The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.
UI = D015230
Prostaglandin Endoperoxides
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES, SYNTHETIC; DF: PG ENDOPEROXIDES
MS = Precursors in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid. They are physiologically active compounds, having effect on vascular and airway smooth muscles, platelet aggregation, etc.
UI = D011449
Prostaglandin Endoperoxides, Synthetic
AN = coord IM with specific syn prostaglandin (NIM); DF: PG ENDOPEROXIDES SYN
MS = Synthetic compounds that are analogs of the naturally occurring prostaglandin endoperoxides and that mimic their pharmacologic and physiologic activities. They are usually more stable than the naturally occurring compounds.
UI = D011450
Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase
AN = /antag = CYCLOOXYGENASE INHIBITORS; DF: PG SYNTHASE
MS = An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins from the appropriate unsaturated fatty acid, molecular oxygen, and a reduced acceptor. EC 1.14.99.1.
UI = D011451
(See also:15-Oxoprostaglandin 13-Reductase)
Prostaglandins
AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC
MS = A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes.
UI = D011453
Prostaglandins A
AN = /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDINS A, SYNTHETIC; DF: PGA
MS = (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19-hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues.
UI = D011454
Prostaglandins A, Synthetic
AN = DF: PGA SYN
MS = Analogs or derivatives of prostaglandin A that do not occur naturally in the body. They do not include the product of the chemical synthesis of hormonal PGA.
UI = D011455
Prostaglandins B
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; for analogs, coord NIM with PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC (IM); /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC: DF: PGB
MS = Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They are potent pressor substances and have many other physiological activities.
UI = D011456
Prostaglandins D
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; for analogs, coord NIM with PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC (IM); /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC; DF: PGD
MS = Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects.
UI = D011457
Prostaglandins E
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDINS E, SYNTHETIC: DF: PGE
MS = (11 alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGE(1)); (5Z,11 alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGE(2)); and (5Z,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13,17-trien-1-oic acid (PGE(3)). Three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. They are considered primary in that no one is derived from another in living organisms. Originally isolated from sheep seminal fluid and vesicles, they are found in many organs and tissues and play a major role in mediating various physiological activities.
UI = D011458
Prostaglandins E, Synthetic
AN = DF: PGE SYN
MS = Analogs or derivatives of prostaglandins E that do not occur naturally in the body. They do not include the product of the chemical synthesis of hormonal PGE.
UI = D011459
Prostaglandins F
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDINS F, SYNTHETIC; DF: PGF
MS = (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-Trihydroxyprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGF(1 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11,alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGF(2 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13,17-trien-1-oic acid (PGF(3 alpha)). A family of prostaglandins that includes three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. All naturally occurring PGF have an alpha configuration at the 9-carbon position. They stimulate uterine and bronchial smooth muscle and are often used as oxytocics.
UI = D011460
Prostaglandins F, Synthetic
AN = DF: PGF SYN
MS = Analogs or derivatives of prostaglandins F that do not occur naturally in the body. They do not include the product of the chemical synthesis of hormonal PGF.
UI = D011461
Prostaglandins G
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; for analogs, coord NIM with PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES, SYNTHETIC (IM); /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES, SYNTHETIC; DF: PGG
MS = A group of physiologically active prostaglandin endoperoxides. They are precursors in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. Most frequently encountered member of this group is the prostaglandin G2.
UI = D011462
Prostaglandins H
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; for analogs, coord NIM with PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES, SYNTHETIC (IM); /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES, SYNTHETIC; DF: PGH
MS = A group of physiologically active prostaglandin endoperoxides. They are precursors in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The most frequently encountered member of this group is the prostaglandin H2.
UI = D011463
See also: Epoprostenol
Prostaglandins, Synthetic
AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer specifics; for synthetic prostaglandins not precoord, coord specific non-synthetic (natural) prostaglandin term (NIM) + PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC (IM); DF: PG SYN
MS = Compounds obtained by chemical synthesis that are analogs or derivatives of naturally occurring prostaglandins and that have similar activity.
UI = D011465
Prostanoic Acids
AN = do not confuse with "prostenoic acids"; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = 2-Octylcyclopentaneheptanoic acids. The family of saturated carbon-20 cyclic fatty acids that represent the parent compounds of the prostaglandins.
UI = D011466
Prostate
AN = adenoma, hyperplasia & hypertrophy = PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA; /surg: probably PROSTATECTOMY; inflammation = PROSTATITIS; PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (a serine proteinase) is available: do not confuse with prostate-specific acid phosphatase ( = PROSTATE + ACID PHOSPHATASE)
MS = A gland in the male which surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It consists of a median lobe and two lateral lobes, and is made up partly of glandular matter, the ducts from which empty into the prostatic portion of the urethra, and partly of muscular fibers which encircle the urethra. The prostate contributes to the seminal fluid a secretion containing acid phosphatase, citric acid, and proteolytic enzymes which account for the liquefaction of the coagulated semen. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011467
Prostate-Specific Antigen
AN = do not confuse with prostate-specific acid phosphatase ( = PROSTATE + ACID PHOSPHATASE)
MS = Kallikrein-like serine proteinase produced by epithelial cells of both benign and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. EC 3.4.21.77.
UI = D017430
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS (IM); DF: PROSTATIC INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPL
MS = A premalignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium, regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The neoplasia takes the form of an intra-acinar or ductal proliferation of secretory cells with unequivocal nuclear anaplasia, which corresponds to nuclear grade 2 and 3 invasive prostate cancer.
UI = D019048
Prostatectomy
MS = Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; transurethral - resection using a cystoscope passed through the urethra.
UI = D011468
Prostatic Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = PROSTATITIS
UI = D011469
Prostatic Hyperplasia
AN = note category: non-neoplastic despite X refs ADENOMA, PROSTATIC & PROSTATIC ADENOMA
MS = Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells.
UI = D011470
Prostatic Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); note PROSTATIC ADENOMA see PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
UI = D011471
Prostatitis
AN = inflamm of prostate
MS = Inflammation of the prostate. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011472
Prostheses and Implants
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with prosthetic or implant material (IM or NIM); adv eff: consider PROSTHESIS-RELATED INFECTIONS; BIOPROSTHESIS is also available
MS = Artificial substitutes for body parts, and materials inserted into tissue for functional, cosmetic, or therapeutic purposes. Prostheses can be functional, as in the case of artificial arms and legs, or cosmetic, as in the case of an artificial eye. Implants, all surgically inserted or grafted into the body, tend to be used therapeutically. IMPLANTS, EXPERIMENTAL is available for those used experimentally.
UI = D019736
Prosthesis Coloring
AN = coord IM with specific prosthesis (IM) or DENTAL PROSTHESIS DESIGN (IM)
MS = Coloring, shading, or tinting of prosthetic components, devices, and materials.
UI = D017797
Prosthesis Design
AN = NIM; coord with specific prosth (IM) or specific techn /instrum (IM)
MS = The plan and delineation of prostheses in general or a specific prosthesis.
UI = D011474
Prosthesis Failure
AN = restrict to non-dent prostheses: dent prostheses of all types = DENTAL RESTORATION FAILURE (see MeSH definition there); coord IM or NIM with specific prosthesis with no qualif (IM)
MS = Malfunction of implantation shunts, valves, etc., and prosthesis loosening, migration, and breaking.
UI = D011475
Prosthesis Fitting
AN = NIM; coord with specific prosthesis with no qualif (IM)
MS = The fitting and adjusting of artificial parts of the body. (From Stedman's, 26th ed)
UI = D017755
Prosthesis Implantation
MS = Surgical insertion of a prosthesis.
UI = D019919
Prosthesis-Related Infections
AN = coord IM with specific infect (IM) + specific prosthesis /adv eff (IM), as EYE, ARTIFICIAL /adv eff; infect by biofilm: coord IM with BIOFILMS (IM) but see note there; DF: PROSTHESIS RELAT INFECT
MS = Infections resulting from the implantation of prosthetic devices. The infections may be acquired from intraoperative contamination (early) or hematogenously acquired from other sites (late).
UI = D016459
Prosthodontics
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
MS = A dental specialty concerned with the restoration and maintenance of oral function by the replacement of missing teeth and structures by artificial devices or prostheses.
UI = D011476
Prostitution
AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The practice of indulging in promiscuous sexual relations for money.
UI = D011477
Protactinium
AN = naturally radioactive; IM
MS = Protactinium. A radioactive element of the actinide group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pa, atomic number 91, and atomic weight 231. It decays by alpha-emission.
UI = D011478
Protamine Kinase
MS = An aspect of protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.37) in which serine residues in protamines and histones are phosphorylated in the presence of ATP. EC 2.7.1.70.
UI = D006656
Protamines
AN = heparin antag
MS = A group of simple proteins that yield basic amino acids on hydrolysis and that occur combined with nucleic acid in the sperm of fish. Protamines contain very few kinds of amino acids. Protamine sulfate combines with heparin to form a stable inactive complex; it is used to neutralize the anticoagulant action of heparin in the treatment of heparin overdose. (From Merck Index, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p692)
UI = D011479
Protease Inhibitors
AN = DF: PROTEASE INHIB
MS = Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases.
UI = D011480
Protective Agents
AN = GEN: prefer specific groups of protective agents; D25-26 qualif
MS = Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent.
UI = D020011
Protective Clothing
MS = Clothing designed to protect the individual against known hazards to which he will be exposed.
UI = D011481
Protective Devices
AN = for personal protection
MS = Devices designed to provide personal protection against injury to individuals exposed to hazards in industry, sports, aviation, or daily activities.
UI = D011482
Proteidae
AN = note category: a family of aquatic salamanders; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
MS = The Proteidae family of permanently larval aquatic salamanders. It consists of two living genera - Necturus (mudpuppy) of the eastern United States and Proteus (the European olm).
UI = D011483
Protein Binding
AN = NIM; restrict to the chem or metab binding mechanism; coord NIM with substance being bound /metab (IM) + specific protein /metab (IM); do not use with RECEPTORS terms unless the substance bound to the receptor is a protein & the binding mechanism is discussed; do not confuse with BINDING PROTEINS see CARRIER PROTEINS
MS = The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
UI = D011485
Protein C
MS = A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation.
UI = D011486
Protein C Deficiency
AN = DF: PROTEIN C DEFIC
MS = An absence or deficiency in PROTEIN C which leads to impaired regulation of blood coagulation. It is associated with an increased risk of severe or premature thrombosis. (Stedman's Med. Dict., 26th ed.)
UI = D020151
Protein C Inhibitor
AN = a plasminogen inactivator & serine proteinase inhib; DF: PROTEIN C INHIB
MS = A member of the serpin family of proteins that is found in plasma and urine. It is dependent on heparin and able to inhibit activated protein C, thrombin, kallikrein, and other serine proteinases.
UI = D018046
Protein Conformation
AN = IM general; coord NIM with specific protein; peptide conformation = PEPTIDES or specific peptide (IM) + PROTEIN CONFORMATION (NIM)
MS = The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, imposed upon it by the secondary and tertiary structure of the peptide chain. The quaternary structure of a protein describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
UI = D011487
Protein Deficiency
AN = deficiency of dietary protein, not genetic defic of specific proteins; consider also PROTEIN-CALORIE MALNUTRITION; DF: PROTEIN DEFIC
MS = A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of proteins in the diet, characterized by adaptive enzyme changes in the liver, increase in amino acid synthetases, and diminution of urea formation, thus conserving nitrogen and reducing its loss in the urine. Growth, immune response, repair, and production of enzymes and hormones are all impaired in severe protein deficiency. Protein deficiency may also arise in the face of adequate protein intake if the protein is of poor quality (i.e., the content of one or more amino acids is inadequate and thus becomes the limiting factor in protein utilization). (From Merck Manual, 16th ed; Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p406)
UI = D011488
Protein Denaturation
AN = IM general only; coord NIM with specific protein (IM)
UI = D011489
Protein Disulfide Reductase (Glutathione)
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of a protein-disulfide in the presence of glutathione, forming a protein-dithiol. Insulin is one of its substrates. EC 1.8.4.2.
UI = D011490
Protein Disulfide-Isomerase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the rearrangement of disulfide bonds within proteins during folding. It is a monomer identical to one of the subunits of PROCOLLAGEN-PROLINE DIOXYGENASE. (From Dorland, 28th ed) EC 5.3.4.1.
UI = D019704
Protein Engineering
MS = Procedures by which nonrandom single-site changes are introduced into structural genes (site-specific mutagenesis) in order to produce mutant genes which can be coupled to promoters that direct the synthesis of a specifically altered protein, which is then analyzed for structural and functional properties and then compared with the predicted and sought-after properties. The design of the protein may be assisted by computer graphic technology and other advanced molecular modeling techniques.
UI = D015202
Protein Folding
AN = the process "involved in the formation of proteins"; no qualif; see also all indentions under PROTEIN STRUCTURE
MS = A rapid biochemical reaction involved in the formation of proteins. It begins even before a protein has been completely synthesized and proceeds through discrete intermediates (primary, secondary, and tertiary structures) before the final structure (quaternary structure) is developed.
UI = D017510
Protein Hybridization
AN = IM general only; coord NIM with specific protein (IM)
MS = The formation of a protein consisting of two or more polypeptide chains from separate and different polypeptide chains.
UI = D011491
Protein Hydrolysates
AN = a ther agent & nutrient: do not confuse with the hydrolysis of proteins ( = PROTEINS + HYDROLYSIS (NIM))
UI = D011492
Protein Isoforms
AN = IM general only; coord NIM with specific protein (IM); for enzymes use ISOENZYMES
MS = Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different genes, or from the same gene by alternative splicing.
UI = D020033
Protein Isoprenylation
AN = a post-translational protein change
MS = A post-translational modification of proteins by the attachment of an isoprenoid to the C-terminal cysteine residue. The isoprenoids used, farnesyl diphosphate or geranylgeranyl diphosphate, are derived from the same biochemical pathway that produces cholesterol.
UI = D017368
Protein Kinase C
MS = An enzyme that phosphorylates proteins on serine or threonine residues in the presence of physiological concentrations of calcium and membrane phospholipids. The additional presence of diacylglycerols markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by phorbol esters and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters. EC 2.7.1.-.
UI = D011493
Protein Kinases
MS = A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37.
UI = D011494
Protein Methyltransferases
AN = do not confuse with PROTEIN O-METHYLTRANSFERASE; DF: note short X ref
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the methylation of amino acids after their incorporation into a polypeptide chain. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine acts as the methylating agent. EC 2.1.1.
UI = D011496
Protein O-Methyltransferase
AN = do not confuse with PROTEIN METHYLTRANSFERASES; DF: note short X ref
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to free carboxyl groups of a protein molecule forming methyl esters. EC 2.1.1.-.
UI = D011497
Protein p16
MS = Product of the p16 tumor suppressor gene, that acts as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor of CDK4.
UI = D019941
Protein p34cdc2
AN = a maturation-promoting factor; cdc refers to "cell division cycle"; do not confuse with protein CDC2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: see MeSH definition
MS = Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the cell cycle. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of p34cdc2 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated. Protein p34cdc2, the product of the cdc2 gene in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, should not be confused with the unrelated product of the CDC2 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that forms the large subunit of DNA polymerase III.
UI = D016203
Protein p53
AN = a nuclear protein; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control cell proliferation. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in leukemia, osteosarcoma, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer.
UI = D016159
Protein Precursors
AN = IM; coord with specific protein (IM)
UI = D011498
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
AN = coord IM with specific protein /metab (IM); DF: PROTEIN PROC POST
MS = Any of various enzymically catalyzed post-translational modifications of peptides or proteins in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation, hydroxylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, glycosylation, oxidation-reduction, degradation and lysis, peptide bond formation, and changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.
UI = D011499
Protein S
AN = a blood protein; an anticoagulant
MS = The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated PROTEIN C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S (PROTEIN S DEFICIENCY) can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis.
UI = D017293
Protein S Deficiency
AN = a blood protein disord causing thromboses; DF: PROTEIN S DEFIC
MS = An autosomal dominant disorder showing decreased levels of plasma protein S antigen or activity, associated with venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. PROTEIN S is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein that inhibits blood clotting by serving as a cofactor for activated PROTEIN C (also a vitamin K-dependent protein), and the clinical manifestations of its deficiency are virtually identical to those of protein C deficiency. Treatment with heparin for acute thrombotic processes is usually followed by maintenance administration of coumarin drugs for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1511; Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology, 9th ed, p1523)
UI = D018455
Protein Splicing
MS = Excision of in-frame internal protein sequences (inteins) of a precursor protein, coupled with ligation of the flanking sequences (exteins). Protein splicing is an autocatalytic reaction and results in the production of two proteins from a single primary translation product: the intein and the mature protein.
UI = D019154
Protein Structure
AN = IM general; prefer specifics; coord with specific protein
MS = The amino acids and their manner of arrangement in constituting a protein. The four levels of protein structure are primary (PROTEIN STRUCTURE, PRIMARY see AMINO ACID SEQUENCE), secondary (PROTEIN STRUCTURE, SECONDARY), tertiary (PROTEIN STRUCTURE, TERTIARY), and quaternary (PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY see PROTEIN CONFORMATION).
UI = D017509
Protein Structure, Secondary
AN = IM general; coord NIM with specific protein; DF: PROTEIN STRUCTURE SECOND
MS = The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.
UI = D017433
Protein Structure, Tertiary
AN = IM general; coord NIM with specific protein
MS = The level of protein structure in which combinations of alpha helices, beta sheets, etc. pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure. This conformation is a combination of the second and third levels of protein folding.
UI = D017434
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
AN = enzyme inhib; DF: PROTEIN SYN INHIB
MS = Compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. They are usually antibiotics or toxins. Mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the the A site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins.
UI = D011500
Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of arginine residues of proteins to yield N-mono- and N,N-dimethylarginine. This enzyme is found in many organs, primarily brain and spleen. EC 2.1.1.23.
UI = D011484
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
AN = consider also KWASHIORKOR
MS = The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.
UI = D011502
Protein-Glutamine gamma-Glutamyltransferase
AN = a blood coag factor; DF: note short X ref
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of protein glutamine and an alkylamine to yield protein N(5)-alkylglutamine and ammonia. The gamma-carboxamide groups of peptide-bound glutamine residues act as acyl donors, and the 6-amino groups of protein- and peptide-bound lysine residues act as acceptors, to give intra- and inter-molecular N(6)-(5-glutamyl)lysine crosslinks. In the epidermis these cross-linked proteins are involved in the formation of the cornified envelope of the stratum corneum cells. In the plasma, the transglutaminase is called factor XIIIa, the activated form of factor XIII. The crosslinking results in the stabilization of the fibrin clot. EC 2.3.2.13.
UI = D011503
Protein-Losing Enteropathies
MS = A series of gastrointestinal disorders which share in common the excessive loss of protein, mainly albumin, across the gut wall. They occur in the stomach (Menetrier disease), as well as the small bowel (intestinal lymphangiectases, assorted inflammatory states). They are also occasionally associated with congestive heart failure (again a small bowel protein loss).
UI = D011504
Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase
MS = An enzyme oxidizing peptidyl-lysyl-peptide in the presence of water & molecular oxygen to yield peptidyl-allysyl-peptide plus ammonia & hydrogen peroxide. EC 1.4.3.13.
UI = D008249
Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases
MS = A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.10.
UI = D017346
Protein-Tyrosine Kinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112.
UI = D011505
Protein-Tyrosine-Phosphatase
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = An enzyme group that specifically dephosphorylates phosphotyrosyl residues in selected proteins. Together with PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE, it regulates tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in cellular signal transduction and may play a role in cell growth control and carcinogenesis. EC 3.1.3.48.
UI = D017027
Proteins
AN = GEN only: prefer specific proteins or specific precoord organ /proteins (EYE PROTEINS, etc.) or microbial proteins (BACTERIAL PROTEINS, etc.) & others; /biosyn: consider also PEPTIDE CHAIN INITIATION & related terms in Cat G5; DIETARY PROTEINS is also available; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted for this and all indentions; "protein structure" = PROTEIN STRUCTURE but "primary structure" = PROTEIN STRUCTURE, PRIMARY see AMINO ACID SEQUENCE, "secondary structure" = PROTEIN STRUCTURE, SECONDARY, "tertiary structure" = PROTEIN STRUCTURE, TERTIARY, "quaternary structure" = PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY see PROTEIN CONFORMATION - all to be coord with specific protein (IM)
MS = Nitrogenous organic compounds, containing more than about 100 amino acid residues, molecular weight 8,000-200,000, in vegetable and animal matter. Proteins yield amino acids on hydrolysis and are foods assimilated as amino acids and reconstructed in the protoplasm. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
UI = D011506
Proteinuria
AN = for clin state or varying levels of urinary protein: PROTEINS /urine is invalid; EPH (Edema, Proteinuria, Hypertension) = GESTOSIS, EPH & do not index under PROTEINURIA unless it is particularly discussed
UI = D011507
Proteochondroitin Sulfates
MS = Proteoglycans found in cartilage. They consist of several chondroitin sulfate molecules linked to protein(s) by neutral sugar linkage regions.
UI = D011508
Proteoglycans
AN = polysaccharides
MS = Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content.
UI = D011509
Proteolipids
AN = do not confuse with LIPOPROTEINS
MS = Protein-lipid combinations abundant in brain tissue, but also present in a wide variety of animal and plant tissues. In contrast to lipoproteins, they are insoluble in water, but soluble in a chloroform-methanol mixture. The protein moiety has a high content of hydrophobic amino acids. The associated lipids consist of a mixture of GLYCEROPHOSPHATES, CEREBROSIDES, and SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS, while lipoproteins contain PHOSPHOLIPIDS, CHOLESTEROL, and TRIGLYCERIDES.
UI = D011510
Proteus
AN = GEN; infection = PROTEUS INFECTIONS
MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the intestines of humans and a wide variety of animals, as well as in manure, soil, and polluted waters. Its species are pathogenic, causing urinary tract infections and are also considered secondary invaders, causing septic lesions at other sites of the body.
UI = D011511
Proteus Infections
AN = gram-neg bact infect; GEN; coord IM with various species (IM)
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus PROTEUS.
UI = D011512
Proteus mirabilis
AN = infection: coord IM with PROTEUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is frequently isolated from clinical specimens. Its most common site of infection is the urinary tract.
UI = D011513
Proteus Syndrome
AN = hamartomas & multiple abnorm; "Proteus" refers to the sea god in Greek mythol who could assume many forms; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Hamartoneoplastic malformation syndrome of uncertain etiology characterized by partial gigantism of the hands and/or feet, asymmetry of the limbs, plantar hyperplasia, hemangiomas, lipomas, lymphangiomas, epidermal nevi, macrocephaly, cranial hyperostoses, and long-bone overgrowth. Joseph Merrick, the so-called "elephant man", apparently suffered from Proteus syndrome and not neurofibromatosis, a disorder with similar characteristics.
UI = D016715
Proteus vulgaris
AN = infection: coord IM with PROTEUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in soil, fecal matter, and sewage. It is an opportunistic pathogen and causes cystitis and pyelonephritis.
UI = D011514
Prothionamide
AN = an antituberc agent
MS = 2-Propylthioisonicotinamide. Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.
UI = D011515
Prothrombin
AN = a blood coag factor; an enzyme precursor
MS = A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia.
UI = D011516
Prothrombin Time
MS = Measurement of clotting time of plasma recalcified in the presence of excess tissue thromboplastin. Factors measured are fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factors V, VII, and X. It is used for monitoring anticoagulant therapy with coumarins.
UI = D011517
Protirelin
AN = a neurotransmitter hypothalamic hormone stimulating pituitary secretion of thyrotropin; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: TRH
MS = A tripeptide hormone that originates in the hypothalamus and stimulates the secretion of thyrotropin from the pituitary gland. In humans, it also acts as a prolactin-releasing factor. It is also a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
UI = D013973
Proton Pump
AN = restricted to hydrogen ion: note X ref
MS = Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane against a concentration gradient. This transport is driven by hydrolysis of ATP by H(+)-transporting ATP synthase.
UI = D017494
Proton-Motive Force
AN = a form of stored metab energy
MS = Energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane and that can be used for chemical, osmotic, or mechanical work. Proton-motive force can be generated by a variety of phenomena including the operation of an electron transport chain, illumination of a purple membrane, and the hydrolysis of ATP by a proton ATPase. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p171)
UI = D018892
Proto-Oncogene Proteins
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.
UI = D011518
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl
MS = Non-receptor tyrosine kinases encoded by the c-abl gene. They are distributed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. c-Abl plays a role in normal hematopoiesis especially of the myeloid lineage. Oncogenic transformation of c-abl arises when specific N-terminal amino acids are deleted, releasing the kinase from negative regulation.
UI = D016315
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = Membrane proteins encoded by the bcl-2 genes and serving as a potent inhibitor of cell death by apoptosis. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and nuclear membrane sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.
UI = D019253
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-erbB-2
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = Cellular proteins in the epidermal growth factor receptor family encoded by the c-erbB genes. These proteins are overexpressed in a significant portion of adenocarcinomas found at various sites, especially in the breast. Gene amplification appears to be the predominant method leading to overexpression.
UI = D018719
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; not for c-fos 39 ( = C-FOS-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS P39 see PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN); DF: note short X refs
MS = Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.
UI = D016760
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X refs
MS = Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-jun genes (GENES, JUN). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. There appear to be three distinct functions: dimerization (with c-fos), DNA-binding, and transcriptional activation. Oncogenic transformation can take place by constitutive expression of c-jun.
UI = D016755
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit
AN = colony-stimulating factor receptors & CD antigens; DF: note short X refs
MS = Tyrosine kinase membrane receptors which are the natural ligands for mast cell growth factor (steel factor). This interaction is crucial for the development of hematopoietic, gonadal, and pigment stem cells.
UI = D019009
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met
MS = A transmembrane tyrosine kinase that is the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (scatter factor). It consists of an extracellular alpha chain which is disulfide linked to the transmembrane beta chain. The cytoplasmic portion contains the catalytic domain and critical sites for the regulation of kinase activity. EC 2.7.11.-.
UI = D019859
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X refs
MS = Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes (GENES, MOS). They function in the cell cycle to maintain MATURATION PROMOTING FACTOR in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time.
UI = D017231
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X refs
MS = Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-myc genes. They are normally involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. Elevated and deregulated (constitutive) expression of c-myc proteins can cause tumorigenesis.
UI = D016271
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf
MS = A class of serine-threonine kinases involved in cellular signal transduction. Included in this class are the proto-oncogene proteins mil and raf. Raf is a component of a signal transduction pathway leading to increased gene expression through the c-Jun DNA binding site, AP1. EC 2.7.10.-.
UI = D019908
Proto-Oncogene Protein p21(ras)
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X refs
MS = Cellular protein encoded by the c-ras genes. The protein has GTPase activity and is involved in transmembrane signal transduction as a guanine nucleotide binding protein. Elevated levels of p21 c-ras have been associated with neoplasia.
UI = D016283
Proto-Oncogene Protein pp60(c-src)
AN = an src-family kinase; DF: note short X refs
MS = Membrane-associated tyrosine-specific kinase encoded by the c-src genes. It has an important role in cellular growth control. Truncation of carboxy-terminal residues in pp60(c-src) leads to pp60(v-src) which has the ability to transform cells. This kinase pp60 c-src should not be confused with csk, also known as c-src kinase. EC 2.7.1.-.
UI = D016392
Proto-Oncogenes
AN = "normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes"
MS = Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Proto-oncogenes have names of the form c-onc.
UI = D011519
Protocatechuate-3,4-Dioxygenase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of protocatechuate to 3-carboxy-cis-cis-muconate in the presence of molecular oxygen. It contains ferric ion. EC 1.13.11.3.
UI = D011520
Protochlorophyllide
AN = a chlorophyll
MS = A photo-active pigment localized in prolamellar bodies occurring within the proplastids of dark-grown bean leaves. In the process of photoconversion, the highly fluorescent protochlorophyllide is converted to chlorophyll.
UI = D011521
Protons
AN = elementary particles; IM
MS = Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.
UI = D011522
Protoplasts
AN = A 11 qualif
UI = D011523
Protoporphyrins
AN = porphyrins
MS = Porphyrins with four methyl, two vinyl, and two propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Protoporphyrin IX occurs in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and most of the cytochromes.
UI = D011524
Prototheca
AN = a pathogenic mutant of green alga CHLORELLA; infection by Prototheca: coord IM with INFECTION (NIM) + precoord organ/dis or organ/infection term (IM)
MS = An achlorophyllous mutant of the green alga Chlorella. It is found in decayed matter, water, sewage and soil and produces cutaneous and disseminated infections in various vertebrates including man. It infects the skin, lymph nodes, eye, myocardium, kidney, muscle, and bovine mammary gland.
UI = D011525
Protoveratrines
AN = antihypertensive Veratrum alkaloids
MS = Mixtures of closely related hypotensive alkaloids from Veratrum album (Liliaceae). They have been used in the treatment of hypertension but have largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.
UI = D011526
Protozoa
AN = GEN; avoid: prefer specifics; infection = PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; /drug eff: consider also ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
MS = A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: SARCOMASTIGOPHORA, Labyrinthomorpha, APICOMPLEXA, MICROSPORA, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and CILIOPHORA.
UI = D011527
Protozoan Infections
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; /drug ther: consider also ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS
MS = Infections with unicellular organisms of the subkingdom PROTOZOA.
UI = D011528
Protozoan Infections, Animal
AN = exper or vet; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific indentions or specific protozoan infect /vet; don't forget to check tag ANIMAL; DF: PROTOZOAN INFECT ANIMAL
MS = Infections with unicellular organisms of the subkingdom PROTOZOA. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.
UI = D011529
Protozoan Proteins
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; /physiol permitted for function within the protozoon; coord IM with specific protein (IM) + specific protozoon (IM)
MS = Proteins found in any species of protozoan.
UI = D015800
Protozoan Vaccines
AN = coord IM with specific protozoon /immunol (IM)
MS = Suspensions of attenuated or killed protozoa administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious protozoan disease.
UI = D016052
Protriptyline
AN = an antidepressant
MS = Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.
UI = D011530
Proventriculus
AN = 1st portion of a bird's stomach; avian only; non-avian: use DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; dis: coord IM with STOMACH DISEASES /vet (IM); neopl: coord IM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS /vet (IM) + histol type (IM)
MS = The glandular first portion of the stomach of birds, in which food from the crop (CROP, AVIAN) is mixed with peptic enzymes and passed to the gizzard. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011531
Providencia
AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = Gram-negative rods isolated from human urine and feces.
UI = D011532
Provider-Sponsored Organizations
AN = CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Entities sponsored by local hospitals, physician groups, and other licensed providers which are affiliated through common ownership or control and share financial risk whose purpose is to deliver health care services.
UI = D020400
Proviruses
AN = an aspect of retrovirus biol; coord IM with specific virus (IM)
MS = Duplex DNA sequences in a eukaryotic chromosome (corresponding to the genome of an RNA retrovirus) that are transmitted from one cell generation to the next without causing lysis of the host. Proviruses are often associated with neoplastic cell transformation and are key features of retrovirus biology.
UI = D011533
Proxy
MS = A person authorized to decide or act for another person, for example, a person having durable power of attorney.
UI = D019727
PrP 27-30 Protein
AN = protease-resistant core of PRPSC proteins; PRP stands for Prion Protein; /pathogen permitted
MS = Protease-resistant core of PrPSC, the abnormal isoform of prion proteins (PRIONS). PrP 27-30 is produced by limited proteolysis of the N-terminus of PrPSc.
UI = D018622
PrPC Proteins
AN = PrPC stands for PRion Protein Cellular; do not confuse with PRPSC PROTEINS which are scrapie prions; /pathogen permitted; DF: PRPC
MS = Normal cellular isoform of prion proteins (PRIONS) encoded by a chromosomal gene and found in normal and scrapie-infected brain tissue, and other normal tissue. PrPC are protease-sensitive proteins whose function is unknown. Posttranslational modification of PrPC into PrPSC leads to infectivity.
UI = D018621
PrPSc Proteins
AN = prion proteins; PrPSc stands for PRion Protein SCrapie; do not confuse with PRPC PROTEINS; /pathogen permitted; DF: PRPSC
MS = Abnormal isoform of prion proteins (PRIONS) resulting from a posttranslational modification of the cellular prion protein (PRPC PROTEINS). PrPSc are disease-specific proteins seen in certain human and animal neurodegenerative diseases (PRION DISEASES).
UI = D018620
Prune Belly Syndrome
AN = a syndrome of multiple abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A syndrome characterized by abdominal wall musculature deficiency, cryptorchism, and urinary tract abnormalities. The syndrome derives its name from its characteristic distended abdomen with wrinkled skin.
UI = D011535
Prurigo
AN = itchy skin eruptions
MS = A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011536
Pruritus
AN = note spelling: -itus, not -itis; /drug ther: consider also ANTIPRURITICS
MS = An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.
UI = D011537
Pruritus Ani
AN = note spelling: -itus, not -itis
MS = Intense chronic itching in the anal area.
UI = D011538
Pruritus Vulvae
AN = note spelling: -itus, not -itis
MS = Intense itching of the external female genitals.
UI = D011539
Prussian Blue Reaction
AN = NIM; no qualif
MS = The reaction of potassium ferrocyanide with ferric iron to yield a dark blue precipitate at the sites of the ferric iron. Used to determine ferric iron in tissues, particularly in the diagnosis of disorders of iron metabolism.
UI = D011540
P-Selectin
AN = a cell adhesion molecule & CD antigen
MS = Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that mediates the adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes to activated platelets and endothelial cells.
UI = D019007
Pseudallescheria
AN = an ascomycete found in soil; infection: coord IM with probably MADUROMYCOSIS or other mycosis (IM)
MS = Ascomycetous fungi, family Microascaceae, order Microascales, commonly found in the soil. They are causative agents of mycetoma, maduromycosis, and other infections in humans.
UI = D011541
Pseudarthrosis
AN = a type of ununited fract; do not index under FRACTURES, UNUNITED unless particularly discussed
MS = A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal callus leading to existence of the "false joint" that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011542
Pseudocholinesterase
AN = /antag = CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS (IM) + PSEUDOCHOLINESTERASE (NIM with no qualif)
MS = An aspect of cholinesterases.
UI = D011543
Pseudocowpox Virus
AN = a species of Parapoxvirus; infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of PARAPOXVIRUS causing a pox-like disease on udders of cows that may spread to milkers.
UI = D010285
Pseudogenes
MS = Genes bearing close resemblance to known genes at different loci, but rendered non-functional by additions or deletions in structure that prevent normal transcription or translation. When lacking introns and containing a poly-A segment near the downstream end (as a result of reverse copying from processed nuclear RNA into double-stranded DNA), they are called processed genes.
UI = D011544
Pseudohermaphroditism
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; check tag will be genetic sex, not sex of patient as presented CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A condition in which the gonads are of one sex but one or more contradictions exist in the morphologic criteria of sex. Female pseudohermaphroditism is a form in which the affected individual is a genetic and gonadal female with partial masculinization. Male pseudohermaphroditism is a form in which the affected individual is a genetic and gonadal male with incomplete masculinization. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011545
Pseudohypoaldosteronism
MS = A hereditary disorder characterized by salt wasting and growth retardation, presenting in infancy as high levels of urinary sodium despite hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hyperreninemia, and elevated aldosterone levels. The mode of inheritance is probably autosomal dominant, affecting electrolyte secretion in the kidney tubule.
UI = D011546
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
AN = a metab bone dis; do not confuse with PSEUDOPSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM
MS = A hereditary condition clinically resembling HYPOPARATHYROIDISM, but caused by failure of response to rather than deficiency of parathyroid hormones. It is characterized by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, and is commonly associated with short stature, obesity, short metacarpals, and ectopic calcification. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011547
Pseudolymphoma
AN = non-neoplastic; coord IM with organ/dis (IM)
MS = A group of disorders having a benign course but exhibiting clinical and histological features suggestive of malignant lymphoma. Pseudolymphoma is characterized by a benign infiltration of lymphoid cells or histiocytes which microscopically resembles a malignant lymphoma. (From Dorland, 28th ed & Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D019310
Pseudomonadaceae
MS = A family of gram-negative bacteria usually found in soil or water and including many plant pathogens and a few animal pathogens.
UI = D011548
Pseudomonas
AN = P. pyocyanea = PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; infection = PSEUDOMONAS INFECTIONS;
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.
UI = D011549
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
AN = infection = PSEUDOMONAS INFECTIONS & do not bother to coord with Ps. aerug. unless pertinent
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.
UI = D011550
Pseudomonas fluorescens
AN = in soil & water
MS = A species of nonpathogenic fluorescent bacteria found in feces, sewage, soil, and water, and which liquefy gelatin.
UI = D011551
Pseudomonas Infections
AN = gram-neg bact infect; see note under PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.
UI = D011552
Pseudomonas Phages
AN = coord IM with specific Pseudomonas (NIM)
MS = Viruses whose host is Pseudomonas. A frequently encountered Pseudomonas phage is BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6.
UI = D017105
Pseudomonas putida
AN = found in soil & water; opportunistic pathogen; infection: coord IM with PSEUDOMONAS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and water as well as clinical specimens. Occasionally it is an opportunistic pathogen.
UI = D016958
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
AN = neoplastic; accumulation of mucoid matter in peritoneal cavity: see MeSH definition; coord IM with PERITONEAL NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = A condition characterized by poorly-circumscribed gelatinous masses filled with malignant mucin-secreting cells. Forty-five percent of pseudomyxomas arise from the ovary, usually in a mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (CYSTADENOCARCINOMA, MUCINOUS), which has prognostic significance. Pseudomyxoma peritonei must be differentiated from mucinous spillage into the peritoneum by a benign mucocele of the appendix. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
UI = D011553
Pseudophakia
AN = presence of a post-cataract lens implant; do not confuse with PSEUDOAPHAKIA see CATARACT
MS = Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.
UI = D019591
Pseudopodia
MS = Temporary cytoplasmic extrusions by which an ameba, ameboid organism, or other cell moves about or engulfs food. Pseudopodia are of four types: axopodia, filopodia, lobopodia, and reticulopodia. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D011554
Pseudopregnancy
AN = note category: use sensible Cat C qualif; do NOT check tag PREGNANCY
MS = False pregnancy. The term sometimes refers also to the premenstrual stage of the endometrium because it resembles the endometrium just before implantation of the blastocyst. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011555
Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism
AN = do not confuse with PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM of which it is an incomplete form
MS = An incomplete form of PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM characterized by the same constitutional features (short stature, obesity, short metacarpals, and ectopic calcification) but by normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the serum. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011556
Pseudorabies
AN = caused by a herpesvirus; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL
MS = A highly contagious herpesvirus infection affecting the central nervous system of swine, cattle, dogs, cats, rats, and other animals.
UI = D011557
Pseudotumor Cerebri
AN = note category: non-neopl
MS = A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure with headache, nausea, vomiting, and papilledema, but generally without neurological signs. There is no evidence of hydrocephalus or deformation of the ventricular system. Obesity is found in as many as 90% of the patients, predominantly women. While the incidence of pseudotumor cerebri in the general population is estimated at 1/100,000 persons, it is 19.3/100,000 in obese women between 20 and 44 years of age.
UI = D011559
Pseudouridine
AN = /biosyn permitted for micro-organisms
UI = D011560
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
AN = skin & other abnorm; in titles & translations use diacrit: Grèonblad CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A rare, progressive inherited disorder resulting from extensive basophilic degeneration of elastic tissue, usually presenting after puberty and involving the skin, eye, and cardiovascular system. Characteristic manifestations are small, circumscribed yellowish patches at sites of considerable movement of the skin, ANGIOID STREAKS in the retina, and a tendency towards hemorrhage and arterial insufficiency.
UI = D011561
Psilocybine
AN = a hallucinogen
MS = The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D011562
Psittacines
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer PARAKEETS & PARROTS; includes also macaws; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D011563
Psoas Abscess
AN = for coord read note on ABSCESS
MS = Abscess of the psoas muscle resulting usually from disease of the lumbar vertebrae, with the pus descending into the muscle sheath. The infection is most commonly tuberculous or staphylococcal.
UI = D016659
Psoas Muscles
AN = IM for anat & site of dis; NIM in studies on muscle tissue & fibers; infection = probably PSOAS ABSCESS
MS = A powerful flexor of the thigh at the hip joint (psoas major) and a weak flexor of the trunk and lumbar spinal column (psoas minor). Psoas is derived from the Greek "psoa", the plural meaning "muscles of the loin". It is a common site of infection manifesting as abscess (PSOAS ABSCESS). The psoas muscles and their fibers are also used frequently in experiments in muscle physiology.
UI = D016658
Psoralens
AN = dermatol agents; do not confuse with the specific drug PSORALEN see FICUSIN; do not index here for psoralens in PUVA THERAPY unless particularly discussed
MS = Substances found in many different plants, especially Psoralea corylifolia (Legume). They are used for skin diseases, especially vitiligo and as sunscreens. They interact with nucleic acids and are also used as research tools. Psoralens have a coumarin molecule with a furan ring.
UI = D011564
Psoriasis
AN = a papulosquamous skin dis; ARTHRITIS, PSORIATIC is also available
MS = A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.
UI = D011565
Psychiatric Aides
AN = coord IM with HOSPITALS, PSYCHIATRIC or PSYCHIATRIC DEPARTMENT, HOSPITAL (IM or NIM) if pertinent
MS = Persons who assist in the routine care of psychiatric persons, usually under the supervision of the nursing department.
UI = D011566
Psychiatric Department, Hospital
AN = orderlies & ward attendants go under PSYCHIATRIC AIDES; DF: PSYCHIATR DEP
MS = Hospital department responsible for the organization and administration of psychiatric services.
UI = D011567
Psychiatric Nursing
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
MS = A specialty concerned with the application of psychiatric principles in caring for the mentally ill. It also includes the nursing care provided the mentally ill patient.
UI = D011568
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
AN = DF: PSR SCALES
MS = Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.
UI = D011569
Psychiatry
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; do not confuse with MENTAL DISORDERS CATALOG: do not use /in adolesc ( = ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY) /in inf ( = CHILD PSYCHIATRY) /in old age ( = GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY)
MS = The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders.
UI = D011570
Psychoacoustics
AN = IM; no qualif
MS = The science pertaining to the interrelationship of psychologic phenomena and the individual's response to the physical properties of sound.
UI = D011571
Psychoanalysis
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; as ther = PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY
MS = A branch of science developed by Freud and his followers for the study of mental processes and behavior essentially utilizing free association to formulate the key concepts of unconscious motivation, conflict, and symbolism.
UI = D011572
Psychoanalytic Interpretation
AN = IM; no qualif; differentiate from PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY in that the theory is on a more universal level
MS = Utilization of Freudian theories to explain various psychologic aspects of art, literature, biographical material, etc.
UI = D011573
Psychoanalytic Theory
AN = IM; no qualif; /hist = PSYCHOANALYSIS /hist; differentiate from PSYCHOANALYTIC INTERPRETATION in that the theory is on a more universal, less subjective level
MS = Conceptual system developed by Freud and his followers in which unconscious motivations are considered to shape normal and abnormal personality development and behavior.
UI = D011574
Psychoanalytic Therapy
AN = a psychother technique; DF: PSYCHOANAL THER
MS = A form of psychiatric treatment, based on Freudian principles, which seeks to eliminate or diminish the undesirable effects of unconscious conflicts by making the patient aware of their existence, origin, and inappropriate expression in current emotions and behavior.
UI = D011575
Psychodidae
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
MS = Small, hairy, moth-like flies which are of considerable public health importance as vectors of certain pathogenic organisms. Important disease-related genera are PHLEBOTOMUS, Lutzomyia, and Sergentomyia.
UI = D011576
Psychodrama
AN = a group psychother technique
MS = Primarily a technique of group psychotherapy which involves a structure, directed, and dramatized acting out of the patient's personal and emotional problems.
UI = D011577
Psycholinguistics
AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; coord with specific linguistic & psychol concepts (IM); NIM coord, no qualif
MS = A discipline concerned with relations between messages and the characteristics of individuals who select and interpret them; it deals directly with the processes of encoding (phonetics) and decoding (psychoacoustics) as they relate states of messages to states of communicators.
UI = D011578
Psychological Phenomena and Processes
AN = not used for indexing; DF: PSYCHOL PHENOMENA CATALOG: do not use
MS = Mechanisms and underlying psychological principles of mental processes and their applications.
UI = D011579
Psychological Techniques
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: PSYCHOL TECHNIQUES
MS = Methods used in the diagnosis and treatment of behavioral, personality, and mental disorders.
UI = D011580
Psychological Tests
AN = DF: PSYCHOL TESTS
MS = Standardized tests designed to measure abilities, as in intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests, or to evaluate personality traits.
UI = D011581
Psychological Theory
AN = no qualif; DF: PSYCHOL THEORY
MS = Principles applied to the analysis and explanation of psychological or behavioral phenomena.
UI = D011582
Psychological Warfare
AN = no qualif; DF: PSYCHOL WARFARE
MS = The manipulation of psychological influences, primarily concerned with morale, to strengthen the ability of one's own country and weaken the enemy.
UI = D011583
Psychology
AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; prefer /psychol: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.59; NIM for "psychological aspects of" terms not in Cat C, E1-6 & F3: no qualif; as NIM: Manual 27.10 CATALOG: do not use /in adolesc ( = ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY) /in inf ( = CHILD PSYCHOLOGY); DF: PSYCHOL
MS = The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals.
UI = D011584
Psychology, Applied
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PSYCHOL APPLIED
MS = The science which utilizes psychologic principles to derive more effective means in dealing with practical problems.
UI = D011585
Psychology, Clinical
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PSYCHOL CLIN
MS = The branch of psychology concerned with psychological methods of recognizing and treating behavior disorders.
UI = D011586
Psychology, Comparative
AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; NIM coord, no qualif; do not check COMPARATIVE STUDY for as a field it is not a substitute for a comparison of two or more psychol concepts ( = COMPARATIVE STUDY tag): Manual 18.13.4; DF: PSYCHOL COMPARATIVE
MS = The branch of psychology concerned with similarities or differences in the behavior of different animal species or of different races or peoples.
UI = D011587
Psychology, Educational
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PSYCHOL EDUC
MS = The branch of psychology concerned with psychological aspects of teaching and the formal learning process in school.
UI = D011588
Psychology, Experimental
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; avoid as NIM coord; DF: PSYCHOL EXPER
MS = The branch of psychology which seeks to learn more about the fundamental causes of behavior by studying various psychologic phenomena in controlled experimental situations.
UI = D011589
Psychology, Industrial
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PSYCHOL INDUST
MS = The branch of applied psychology concerned with the application of psychologic principles and methods to industrial problems including selection and training of workers, working conditions, etc.
UI = D011590
Psychology, Medical
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PSYCHOL MED
MS = A branch of psychology in which there is collaboration between psychologists and physicians in the management of medical problems. It differs from clinical psychology, which is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of behavior disorders.
UI = D011591
Psychology, Military
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; consider also MILITARY PERSONNEL /psychol; DF: PSYCHOL MILITARY
MS = The branch of applied psychology concerned with psychological aspects of selection, assignment, training, morale, etc., of Armed Forces personnel.
UI = D011592
Psychology, Social
AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; NIM coord, no qualif; DF: PSYCHOL SOCIAL
MS = The branch of psychology concerned with the effects of group membership upon the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of an individual.
UI = D011593
Psychometrics
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; NIM coord: no qualif; includes statist analysis of psychol tests, validation, applic of statist theory or formulae to psychol
MS = Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures.
UI = D011594
Psychomotor Agitation
AN = do not confuse X ref AKATHISIA with AKATHISIA, DRUG-INDUCED: see note there; /chem ind = AKATHISIA, DRUG-INDUCED
MS = Restlessness, a psychomotor expression of emotional tension.
UI = D011595
Psychomotor Disorders
MS = Psychogenic disturbances in motor aspects of behavior.
UI = D011596
Psychomotor Performance
MS = The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.
UI = D011597
Psychoneuroimmunology
AN = SPEC: IM; SPEC qualif; relation of brain, behavior & immune system; prefer specific terms with /physiol or /immunol; avoid as NIM coord & use no qualif; DF: PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOL
MS = The field concerned with the interrelationship between the brain, behavior and the immune system. Neuropsychologic, neuroanatomic and psychosocial studies have demonstrated their role in accentuating or diminishing immune/allergic responses.
UI = D011598
Psychopathology
AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; NIM coord, no qualif; do not confuse with MENTAL DISORDERS: Manual 27.14; DF: PSYCHOPATHOL
MS = The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness.
UI = D011599
Psychopharmacology
AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; NIM coord, no qualif; Manual 27.13: relation to PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; DF: PSYCHOPHARMACOL
MS = The study of the effects of drugs on mental and behavioral activity.
UI = D011600
Psychophysics
AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; NIM coord, no qualif; PSYCHOACOUSTICS is also available
MS = The science dealing with the correlation of the physical characteristics of a stimulus, e.g., frequency or intensity, with the response to the stimulus, in order to assess the psychologic factors involved in the relationship.
UI = D011601
Psychophysiologic Disorders
AN = differentiate from PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE which is the field; coord IM with specific dis /psychol (IM); Manual 27.12; DF: PSYCHOPHYSIOL DIS CATALOG: form qualif permitted
MS = A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under autonomic nervous system control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)
UI = D011602
Psychophysiology
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; NIM as coord but use /physiol with F1 & F2 terms & /psychol with C & F3 terms; no qualif when NIM coord; do not confuse X ref MIND-BODY RELATIONS (PHYSIOLOGY) with MIND-BODY RELATIONS (METAPHYSICS): see MeSH definition & note there; Manual 27.12; DF: PSYCHOPHYSIOL
MS = The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior.
UI = D011603
Psychoses, Alcoholic
MS = A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.
UI = D011604
Psychoses, Substance-Induced
AN = PSYCHOSES, ALCOHOLIC is available
MS = Psychotic organic mental disorders resulting from the toxic effect of drugs and chemicals or other harmful substance.
UI = D011605
Psychosexual Development
MS = The stages of development of the psychological aspects of sexuality from birth to adulthood; i.e., oral, anal, genital, and latent periods.
UI = D011606
Psychosine
MS = An intermediate in the biosynthesis of cerebrosides. It is formed by reaction of sphingosine with UDP-galactose and then itself reacts with fatty acid-Coenzyme A to form the cerebroside.
UI = D011609
Psychosocial Deprivation
AN = no qualif
MS = The absence of appropriate stimuli in the physical or social environment which are necessary for the emotional, social, and intellectual development of the individual.
UI = D011610
Psychosomatic Medicine
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; differentiate from PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC DISORDERS, the patient; MIND-BODY RELATIONS (PHYSIOLOGY) see PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY is available; also Manual 27.12; DF: PSYCHOSOMATIC MED
MS = A system of medicine which aims at discovering the exact nature of the relationship between the emotions and bodily function, affirming the principle that the mind and body are one.
UI = D011611
Psychosurgery
AN = coord IM with specific lobe /surg (NIM); DF: PSYCHOSURG
MS = Treatment of chronic, severe and intractable psychiatric disorders by surgical removal or interruption of certain areas or pathways in the brain, especially in the prefrontal lobes.
UI = D011612
Psychotherapeutic Processes
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: PSYCHOTHER PROCESSES
MS = Experiential, attitudinal, emotional, or behavioral phenomena occurring during the course of treatment. They apply to the patient or therapist (i.e., nurse, doctor, etc.) individually or to their interaction. (American Psychological Association: Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
UI = D013811
Psychotherapy
AN = SPEC qualif
MS = A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication.
UI = D011613
Psychotherapy, Brief
AN = DF: PSYCHOTHER BRIEF
MS = Any form of psychotherapy designed to produce therapeutic change within a minimal amount of time, generally not more than 20 sessions.
UI = D011614
Psychotherapy, Group
AN = differentiate from multiple: group = more than one patient, multiple = more than one therapist; DF: PSYCHOTHER GROUP
MS = A form of therapy in which two or more patients participate under the guidance of one or more psychotherapists for the purpose of treating emotional disturbances, social maladjustments, and psychotic states.
UI = D011615
Psychotherapy, Multiple
AN = differentiate from group: multiple = more than one therapist, group = more than one patient; DF: PSYCHOTHER MULTIPLE
MS = The use of more than one therapist at one time in individual or group psychotherapy.
UI = D011616
Psychotherapy, Rational-Emotive
AN = DF: PSYCHOTHER RATIONAL
MS = The replacement of illogical and unrealistic ideas with more realistic and adaptive ones through direct intervention and confrontation by the therapist.
UI = D011617
Psychotic Disorders
AN = puerperal psychoses = PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (IM) + PUERPERAL DISORDERS (IM); psychoses or psychotic disord in children = CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE CATALOG: do not use /in inf ( = CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE)
MS = Disorders in which there is gross impairment in reality testing. The individual incorrectly evaluates his or her perception and thoughts and makes incorrect inferences about reality even in the face of contrary evidence. Delusions or hallucinations are present.
UI = D011618
Psychotropic Drugs
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; relation to PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY: Manual 27.13
MS = A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents).
UI = D011619
Psyllium
AN = drug only; plant source is PLANTAGO
MS = Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.
UI = D011620
Pteridines
UI = D011621
Pterins
AN = pigments
UI = D011622
Pteroyl Polyglutamate Hydrolase
MS = Catalyzes the hydrolysis of pteroylpolyglutamic acids in gamma linkage to pterolylmonoglutamic acid and free glutamic acid.
UI = D011623
Pteroylpolyglutamic Acids
AN = folic acid deriv; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = Derivatives of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid). In gamma-glutamyl linkage they are found in many tissues. They are converted to folic acid by the action of pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase or synthesized from folic acid by the action of folate polyglutamate synthetase. Synthetic pteroylpolyglutamic acids, which are in alpha-glutamyl linkage, are active in bacterial growth assays.
UI = D011624
Pterygium
AN = a conjunctival dis, not a structure; pterygium of other organs: index under specific organ /abnorm
MS = An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011625
Pterygoid Muscles
AN = masticatory muscles opening, closing & moving jaws forward or sideways
MS = Two of the masticatory muscles: the internal, or medial, pterygoid muscle and external, or lateral, pterygoid muscle. Action of the former is closing the jaws and that of the latter is opening the jaws, protruding the mandible, and moving the mandible from side to side.
UI = D011626
Puberty
AN = human only: for animal use AGING, GROWTH or SEX MATURATION; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY
UI = D011627
Puberty, Delayed
AN = human only
MS = Unusually late sexual maturity.
UI = D011628
Puberty, Precocious
AN = human only
MS = Unusually early sexual maturity.
UI = D011629
Pubic Bone
UI = D011630
Pubic Symphysis
UI = D011631
Public Assistance
AN = specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Financial assistance to impoverished persons for the essentials of living through federal, state or local government programs.
UI = D011632
Public Facilities
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = An area of recreation or hygiene for use by the public.
UI = D011633
Public Health
AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; a venerable hist & modern concept of the health & health problems of "the public": do not confuse with NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level.
UI = D011634
Public Health Administration
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PUBLIC HEALTH ADMIN CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Management of public health organizations or agencies.
UI = D011635
Public Health Dentistry
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PUBLIC HEALTH DENT CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = A dental specialty concerned with the prevention of disease and the maintenance of oral health through promoting organized dental health programs at a community, state, or federal level.
UI = D011636
Public Health Nursing
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The field of nursing focusing on the health of the community through educational and preventive programs, as well as providing treatment and diagnostic services.
UI = D011637
Public Health Practice
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = The activities and endeavors of the public health services in a community on any level.
UI = D015980
Public Housing
AN = specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Housing subsidized by tax funds, usually intended for low income persons or families.
UI = D011638
Public Opinion
AN = no qualif
MS = The attitude of a significant portion of a population toward any given proposition, based upon a measurable amount of factual evidence, and involving some degree of reflection, analysis, and reasoning.
UI = D011639
Public Policy
AN = no qualif; specify state or country or other body if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions.
UI = D011640
Public Relations
AN = DF: PUBLIC RELAT
MS = Relations of an individual, association, organization, hospital, or corporation with the publics which it must take into consideration in carrying out its functions. Publics may include consumers, patients, pressure groups, departments, etc.
UI = D011641
Public Sector
AN = IM; specify nature of public endeavor (IM); specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The area of a nation's economy that is tax-supported and under government control.
UI = D017150
Publication Bias
AN = IM; coord with basis for bias (e.g., FALSE-POSITIVE RESULTS) or milieu (e.g., CLINICAL TRIALS) if pertinent (IM or NIM)
MS = The influence of study results on the chances of publication and the tendency of investigators, reviewers, and editors to submit or accept manuscripts for publication based on the direction or strength of the study findings. Publication bias has an impact on the interpretation of clinical trials and meta-analyses. Bias can be minimized by insistence by editors on high-quality research, thorough literature reviews, acknowledgement of conflicts of interest, modification of peer review practices, etc.
UI = D017594
Publications
AN = avoid: too general; prefer specifics; the published material itself: differentiate from PUBLISHING, the industry
MS = Copies of a work or document distributed to the public by sale, rental, lease, or lending. (From ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983, p181)
UI = D011642
Published Erratum [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only for indexed errata or corrigenda; notice of erratum appears in titles of original articles & translations as "published erratum appears in" (Manual section 38); see also Publication Type CORRECTED AND REPUBLISHED ARTICLE
MS = An acknowledgment of an error, issued by a publisher, editor, or author. It customarily cites the source where the error occurred, giving complete bibliographic data for retrieval. In the case of books and monographs, author, title, imprint, paging, and other helpful references will be given; in the case of journal articles, the author, title, paging, and journal reference will be shown. An erratum notice is variously cited as Errata or Corrigenda.
UI = D016425
Publishing
AN = the industry & the dissemination of knowledge & research; printing & disseminating textual material: do not confuse with WRITING (the act, profession or product) or with AUTHORSHIP (identity as author); med publishing: do not coord with MEDICINE; RETRACTION OF PUBLICATION is also available CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing.
UI = D011643
Puerperal Disorders
AN = check the tag FEMALE; puerperal psychoses: coord IM with PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (IM)
MS = Disorders or diseases associated with the six-to-eight-week period immediately following labor and delivery.
UI = D011644
Puerperal Infection
AN = GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific infect (IM); check the tag FEMALE
MS = An infection occurring in the puerperium or postpartum period.
UI = D011645
Puerperium
AN = human & animal; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; check the tag FEMALE: Manual 18.4.3; puerperal psychoses = PUERPERAL DISORDERS (IM) + PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (IM); "postpartum amenorrhea" is indexed under PUERPERIUM (IM) + AMENORRHEA (IM) & not LACTATION unless lactation is particularly discussed
MS = Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks.
UI = D011646
Puerto Rico
AN = an island in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies; for Puerto Rico as a geog entity (as in epidemiol articles) & for Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico; for Puerto Ricans living in the United States as an ethnic group, coord PUERTO RICO /ethnol (NIM) + HISPANIC AMERICANS (IM)
MS = An island in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is San Juan. It is a self-governing commonwealth in union with the United States. It was discovered by Columbus in 1493 but no colonization was attempted until 1508. It belonged to Spain until ceded to the United States in 1898. It became a commonwealth with autonomy in internal affairs in 1952. Columbus named the island San Juan for St. John's Day, the Monday he arrived, and the bay Puerto Rico, rich harbor. The island became Puerto Rico officially in 1932. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p987 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p436)
UI = D011647
Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine
AN = caused by a herpesvirus; don't forget also SHEEP (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: PULM ADENOMATOSIS OVINE
MS = A pulmonary disease of sheep characterized by hyperplasia and hypertrophy of septal cells of the lung.
UI = D011648
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
AN = DF: PULM ALVEOLAR PROTEINOSIS
MS = A chronic lung disease characterized by dyspnea, productive cough, chest pain, weakness, weight loss, and hemoptysis, and by the filling of the distal alveoli with a bland, eosinophilic, proteinaceous material that prevents ventilation of affected areas. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D011649
Pulmonary Alveoli
AN = DF: PULM ALVEOLI
MS = Small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place.
UI = D011650
Pulmonary Artery
AN = DF: PULM ARTERY
MS = The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs.
UI = D011651
Pulmonary Atresia
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: PULM ATRESIA CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Congenital absence of the normal valvular orifice into the pulmonary artery. This condition is characterized by cardiomegaly, reduced pulmonary vascularity, and right ventricular atrophy. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D018633
Pulmonary Blastoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LUNG NEOPLASMS (IM)
MS = A malignant neoplasm of the lung composed chiefly or entirely of immature undifferentiated cells (i.e., blast forms) with little or virtually no stroma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D018202
Pulmonary Circulation
AN = consider also LUNG /blood supply; DF: PULM CIRC
MS = The circulation of blood through the lungs.
UI = D011652
Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity
AN = a resp funct test; DF: PULM DIFFUSING CAPAC
MS = The ability of the alveolocapillary membrane to transfer gas. This is a reflection of the thinness and area of the alveolocapillary membrane. The diffusing capacity is a measure of the amount of gas transferred per minute from the alveolar gas to the pulmonary capillary blood divided by the mean pressure gradient of the gas between the alveolar gas and the capillary blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011653
Pulmonary Disease (Specialty)
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; do not confuse with LUNG DISEASES (Cat C); DF: PULM DIS SPEC
MS = A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the respiratory system. It is especially concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases and defects of the lungs and bronchial tree.
UI = D015272
Pulmonary Edema
AN = includes congestion; X ref WET LUNG: in shock, consider also SHOCK LUNG see RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, ADULT; DF: PULM EDEMA
UI = D011654
Pulmonary Embolism
AN = includes thrombosis, thromboembolism & infarct; DF: PULM EMBOLISM
MS = Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches.
UI = D011655
Pulmonary Emphysema
AN = in cattle is probably EMPHYSEMA, ACUTE BOVINE PULMONARY see PNEUMONIA, ATYPICAL INTERSTITIAL, OF CATTLE; DF: PULM EMPHYSEMA
MS = Condition of the lungs characterized by increase beyond normal in the size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, either from dilatation of the alveoli or from destruction of their walls.
UI = D011656
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
AN = pulm infiltrations of eosinophils; do not confuse X ref LOEFFLER SYNDROME with LOEFFLER'S ENDOCARDITIS see HYPEREOSINOPHILIC SYNDROME; DF: PULM EOSINOPHILIA
MS = A disease characterized by pulmonary infiltrations of eosinophils and blood eosinophilia.
UI = D011657
Pulmonary Fibrosis
AN = an interstitial lung dis; usually chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE; DF: PULM FIBROSIS
MS = Chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the pulmonary alveolar walls, with steadily progressive dyspnea, resulting finally in death from oxygen lack or right heart failure.
UI = D011658
Pulmonary Gas Exchange
AN = do not coord with OXYGEN or CARBON DIOXIDE unless particularly discussed; DF: PULM GAS EXCHANGE
MS = The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood.
UI = D011659
Pulmonary Heart Disease
AN = DF: PULM HEART DIS
UI = D011660
Pulmonary Stretch Receptors
AN = mechanoreceptors in bronchi & bronchioles; DF: PULM STRETCH RECEPT
MS = Stretch receptors found in the bronchi and bronchioles. Pulmonary stretch receptors are sensors for a reflex which stops inspiration. In humans, the reflex is protective and is probably not activated during normal respiration.
UI = D011661
Pulmonary Subvalvular Stenosis
AN = do not confuse with PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS; DF: PULM SUBVALV STENOSIS
MS = Stenosis of the conus arteriosus (infundibulum) with or without involvement of the pulmonary valve. It is usually associated with a defect in the interventricular septum.
UI = D011662
Pulmonary Surfactants
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; DF: PULM SURFACTANTS
MS = Lipoproteins in which the lipid moiety is based mainly on lecithin and other phospholipids. They may also contain small amounts of prostaglandins and other compounds. They are secreted by the mitochondria of type II alveolar cells. Surfactants regulate the surface tension of the mucoid layer lining the alveoli.
UI = D011663
Pulmonary Surgical Procedures
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also LUNG /surg & LUNG DISEASES /surg or /surg with specific lung dis; DF: PULM SURG PROCEDURES
MS = Surgery performed on the lung.
UI = D013510
Pulmonary Valve
AN = dis: coord IM with HEART VALVE DISEASES (NIM) but note specific pulm valve dis; DF: PULM VALVE
MS = A valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle.
UI = D011664
Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency
AN = imperfect closing of valve; DF: PULM VALVE INSUFFICIENCY
MS = Backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle, owing to imperfect functioning of the pulmonary valve.
UI = D011665
Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
AN = do not confuse with PULMONARY SUBVALVULAR STENOSIS; atresia = PULMONARY ATRESIA; DF: PULM VALVE STENOSIS
UI = D011666
Pulmonary Veins
AN = DF: PULM VEINS
MS = The veins that return the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
UI = D011667
Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease
AN = pulm vein blockage; DF: PVOD
MS = Obstruction of the small- and medium-sized pulmonary veins by fibrous proliferation of the intima and media or by thrombosis or a combination of both.
UI = D011668
Pulmonary Ventilation
AN = MAXIMAL VOLUNTARY VENTILATION & VENTILATION-PERFUSION RATIO are also available; DF: PULM VENTILATION
MS = The process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation is a measure of the rate of ventilation expressed usually in liters per minute. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D012123
Pulmonary Wedge Pressure
AN = DF: PULM WEDGE PRESSURE
MS = The blood pressure as recorded after wedging a catheter in a small pulmonary artery; believed to reflect the pressure in the pulmonary capillaries.
UI = D011669
Pulpectomy
AN = removal of pulp from pulp chamber & root canal: differentiate from PULPOTOMY; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D011670
Pulpitis
AN = inflamm of dent pulp
MS = Inflammation of the dental pulp, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011671
Pulpotomy
AN = removal of coronal portion of pulp: differentiate from PULPECTOMY; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D011672
Pulsatile Flow
AN = hematol or non-hematol application
MS = Rhythmic, intermittent propagation of a fluid through a vessel or piping system, in contrast to constant, smooth propagation, which produces laminar flow. The quality of blood flow, whether smooth (laminar) or pulsatile, is important to the integrity of the tissues being artificially perfused by various heart assist devices or in regional perfusion.
UI = D011673
Pulse
AN = the cardiovasc concept, not pulse as the seeds of various legumes ( = LEGUMES + SEEDS)
MS = Feeling the rhythmic expansion of an artery with the finger. The pulse rate or number of pulsations of an artery per minute normally varies from 50 to 100. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D011674
Pulse Radiolysis
AN = a type of spectrum anal; NIM
MS = Use of a pulse of X-rays or fast electrons to generate free radicals for spectroscopic examination.
UI = D011675
Pulvinus
AN = at base of a leaf: from the Latin for cushion; IM GEN or unspecified; coord probably IM in genetics & space physiol, NIM in pharmacognosy, with specific plant (IM or NIM)
MS = A group of cells at the base of a leaf in certain plants that, by rapidly losing water, brings about changes in the position of the leaves. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
UI = D018516
Punched-Card Systems
UI = D011676
Punctures
AN = restrict to penetration procedures for diag or ther: do not confuse with traumatic punctures ( = WOUNDS, PENETRATING or specific); do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Incision of tissues for injection of medication or for other diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Punctures of the skin, for example may be used for diagnostic drainage; of blood vessels for diagnostic imaging procedures.
UI = D011677
Punishment
AN = human & animal
MS = The application of an unpleasant stimulus or penalty for the purpose of eliminating or correcting undesirable behavior.
UI = D011678
Pupa
AN = NIM; for metamorphosing insects only: do not use /embryol with ref to pupae
MS = An inactive stage between the larval and adult stages in the life cycle of insects.
UI = D011679
Pupil
AN = of eye: do not use for STUDENTS; only contraction & dilation of pupil go here: everything else is probably IRIS; /drug eff: consider also MIOTICS & MYDRIATICS; /physiol: consider also MIOSIS (contraction of pupil) & MYDRIASIS (dilation of pupil)
MS = The aperture in the iris through which light passes.
UI = D011680
Pupillary Functions, Abnormal
MS = Conditions in which the pupil does not react normally to dilation and constriction. Signs of pupillary abnormalities originate from the pupil's shape, position, and response to stimulation.
UI = D011681
Purchasing, Hospital
MS = Hospital department responsible for the purchasing of supplies and equipment.
UI = D011682
Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between a purine nucleoside and orthophosphate to form a free purine plus ribose-5-phosphate. EC 2.4.2.1.
UI = D011683
Purine Nucleosides
UI = D011684
Purine Nucleotides
UI = D011685
Purine-Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific purine /metab (IM) or pyrimidine /metab (IM); DF: PP METAB INBORN ERR CATALOG: do not use /in inf
UI = D011686
Purines
MS = A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include ADENINE and GUANINE, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism.
UI = D011687
Purinones
UI = D011688
Purkinje Cells
AN = in cerebellum: do not confuse with PURKINJE FIBERS (heart); A 11 qualif
MS = The output neurons of the cerebellar cortex.
UI = D011689
Purkinje Fibers
AN = in heart: do not confuse with PURKINJE CELLS in cerebellum; false tendons (free-running Purkinje fibers) go here but not with /abnorm
MS = Modified cardiac muscle fibers composing the terminal portion of the heart conduction system.
UI = D011690
Puromycin
MS = An antibiotic from Streptomyces alboniger that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to RNA. It is a antineoplastic and antitrypanosomal agent and is used in research as an inhibitor of protein synthesis.
UI = D011691
Puromycin Aminonucleoside
AN = an antibiotic & antimetabolite
MS = PUROMYCIN derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring. It is an antibiotic with antineoplastic properties and can cause nephrosis.
UI = D011692
Purple Membrane
AN = purple regions of cytoplasmic membrane of strains of Halobacterium halobium; A 11 qualif except /cytol
MS = Functionally and structurally differentiated, purple-pigmented regions of the cytoplasmic membrane of some strains of Halobacterium halobium. The membrane develops under anaerobic conditions and is made almost entirely of the purple pigment BACTERIORHODOPSIN. (From Singleton & Sainsbury Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
UI = D018717
Purpura
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Disorder characterized by purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues.
UI = D011693
Purpura, Hyperglobulinemic
AN = purpura assoc with increased gamma-globulin
MS = Purpura associated with an increase in gamma-globulins. The condition is no longer considered a specific entity since the clinical and laboratory findings are observed in a variety of hematologic conditions. (From Dorland, 25th ed)
UI = D011694
Purpura, Schoenlein-Henoch
AN = nonthrombopenic: thrombopenic = PURPURA, THROMBOCYTOPENIC
MS = A form of nonthrombocytopenic purpura due to a hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with a variety of clinical symptoms including urticaria and erythema, arthropathy and arthritis, gastrointestinal symptoms, and renal involvement.
UI = D011695
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic
AN = PURPURA, THROMBOCYTOPENIC, IDIOPATHIC & PURPURA, THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC are also available; nonthrombocytopenic = PURPURA, SCHOENLEIN-HENOCH
MS = Any form of purpura in which the platelet count is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.
UI = D011696
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IgG autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.
UI = D016553
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
MS = A disease characterized by thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, bizarre neurological manifestations, azotemia, fever, and thromboses in terminal arterioles and capillaries.
UI = D011697
Pursuit, Smooth
AN = refers to eye movements
MS = Eye movements that are slow, continuous, and conjugate and occur when a fixed object is moved slowly.
UI = D011698
Putamen
AN = part of the neostriatum
MS = The largest and most lateral of the basal ganglia lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus and the external capsule. It is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the lentiform nucleus along with the globus pallidus.
UI = D011699
Putrescine
MS = l,4-Butanediamine. A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine.
UI = D011700
PUVA Therapy
AN = photochemother with a psoralen cpd & ultraviolet light type A (UVA); IM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord with disease /drug ther (IM); do not index under psoralen cpd or UV angle unless particularly discussed
MS = Photochemotherapy using a psoralen compound as the photosensitizing agent and ultraviolet light type A (UVA).
UI = D011701
Pyelitis
AN = = kidney pelvis inflammation
MS = Inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D011702
Pyelonephritis
AN = = inflammation of kidney + its pelvis
UI = D011704
Pyelonephritis, Xanthogranulomatous
MS = An inflammatory condition of the kidney most commonly resulting in a grossly enlarged and nonfunctioning kidney associated with stones and infection.
UI = D011705
Pyloric Antrum
AN = NIM; usually merely locational
UI = D011706
Pyloric Stenosis
AN = for hypertrophic, coord IM with HYPERTROPHY (NIM)
MS = Obstruction of the pyloric canal.
UI = D011707
Pylorus
AN = NIM; usually locational
UI = D011708
Pyocins
AN = bacteriocins
MS = Bacteriocins elaborated by mutant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. They are protein or protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes lethal to other strains of the same or related species.
UI = D011709
Pyocyanine
AN = an antibiotic pigment
MS = 1-Hydroxy-5-methylphenazinium inner salt. Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
UI = D011710
Pyoderma
AN = "any purulent skin dis" but do not make diagnoses: use term of text
MS = Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).
UI = D011711
Pyoderma Gangrenosum
AN = severe type of skin ulcer appearing mostly on the legs
MS = An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown.
UI = D017511
Pyramidal Cells
AN = in cerebral cortex
MS = Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.
UI = D017966
Pyramidal Tracts
UI = D011712
Pyran Copolymer
AN = an antineoplastic; D25-26 qualif
MS = 2,5-Furandione polymer with 1,1'-oxybis(ethene). Copolymer of divinyl ether and maleic anhydride that is acts as an immunostimulant with antineoplastic and anti-infective properties. It is used also in combination with other antineoplastic agents.
UI = D011713
Pyrans
AN = do not confuse with PYRENES or PYRONES
UI = D011714
Pyrantel
AN = an antinematodal agent
MS = A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920)
UI = D011715
Pyrantel Pamoate
AN = an antinematodal agent
MS = Broad spectrum antinematodal anthelmintic used also in veterinary medicine.
UI = D011716
Pyrantel Tartrate
AN = an anthelmintic
MS = (E)-1,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-1-methyl-2-[2-(2-thienyl)vinyl]pyrimidine tartrate (1:1). Broad spectrum anthelmintic for livestock. Synonym: Banminth.
UI = D011717
Pyrazinamide
AN = an antituberc agent
MS = A pyrazine that is used therapeutically as an antitubercular agent.
UI = D011718
Pyrazines
AN = do not confuse with PYRIDAZINES
UI = D011719
Pyrazoles
AN = includes pyrazolines & pyrazolidines
UI = D011720
Pyrenes
AN = aromatic hydrocarbons; carcinogens; do not confuse with PYRANS or PYRONES
MS = A group of condensed ring hydrocarbons.
UI = D011721
Pyrethrins
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
MS = The active insecticidal constituent of pyrethrum flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester.
UI = D011722
Pyrethrum
AN = plant only; the flowers are used in the prep of insecticides PYRETHRINS
MS = Species cinerafolium vis. and coccineum Willd. of the genus Chrysanthemum (Compositae). The flowers contain PYRETHRINS, cinerolones, and chrysanthemines which are powerful contact insecticides.
UI = D011723
Pyridazines
AN = do not confuse with PYRAZINES
UI = D011724
Pyridines
AN = pyridine nucleotides will probably be NAD or NADP
UI = D011725
Pyridinium Compounds
AN = DF: PYRIDINIUM CPDS
UI = D011726
Pyridinolcarbamate
AN = an antilipemic
MS = A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-emoblytic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)
UI = D011727
Pyridones
MS = Pyridine derivatives with one or more keto groups on the ring.
UI = D011728
Pyridostigmine Bromide
AN = a cholinesterase inhib
MS = A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.
UI = D011729
Pyridoxal
AN = a B vitamin
MS = 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde.
UI = D011730
Pyridoxal Kinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyridoxal in the presence of ATP with the formation of pyridoxal 5-phosphate and ADP. Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine and various derivatives can also act as acceptors. EC 2.7.1.35.
UI = D011731
Pyridoxal Phosphate
AN = B vitamin & coenzyme
MS = 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-5-((phosphonooxy)methyl)-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. An enzyme co-factor vitamin.
UI = D011732
Pyridoxamine
AN = a B vitamin
UI = D011733
Pyridoxaminephosphate Oxidase
MS = An enzyme catalyzing the deamination of pyridoxaminephosphate to pyridoxal phosphate. It is a flavoprotein that also oxidizes pyridoxine-5-phosphate and pyridoxine. EC 1.4.3.5.
UI = D011734
Pyridoxic Acid
MS = Chief metabolic product of pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine in urine.
UI = D011735
Pyridoxine
AN = a B vitamin
UI = D011736
Pyridoxine Deficiency
AN = a vitamin B defic; DF: PYRIDOXINE DEFIC
MS = A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of PYRIDOXINE in the diet, characterized by dermatitis, glossitis, cheilosis, and stomatitis. Marked deficiency causes irritability, weakness, depression, dizziness, peripheral neuropathy, and seizures. In infants and children typical manifestations are diarrhea, anemia, and seizures. Increasingly recognized as a cause is prolonged therapy with certain medications, among them isoniazid, cycloserine, and L-dopa. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1175)
UI = D011737
Pyrilamine
AN = a histamine H1 antag
MS = A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.
UI = D011738
Pyrimethamine
MS = A folic acid antagonist orally, that is used as an antimalarial prophylaxis and also used concomitantly with a sulfonamide in the treatment of toxoplasmosis. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D011739
Pyrimidine Dimers
AN = stop DNA replication
MS = Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ultraviolet irradiation. They consist of two adjacent pyrimidine nucleotides, usually thymine nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers stop DNA replication.
UI = D011740
Pyrimidine Nucleosides
UI = D011741
Pyrimidine Nucleotides
UI = D011742
Pyrimidines
MS = A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (CYTOSINE, THYMINE, and URACIL) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates.
UI = D011743
Pyrimidinones
UI = D011744
Pyrithiamine
AN = a thiamine antag
MS = A thiamine antagonist due to its inhibition of thiamine pyrophosphorylation. It is used to produce thiamine deficiency.
UI = D011745
Pyrithioxin
AN = a neurotropic agent
MS = 3,3'-(Dithiodimethylene)bis[5-hydroxy-6-methyl-4-pyridinemethanol. Neurotropic agent. Reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. Has no vitamin B6 activity. Synonyms: Bonifen; Encephabol
UI = D011746
Pyrococcus
AN = a genus of archaea found in heated seawaters; THERMOCOCCUS, found in heated seawater, is also available
MS = A genus of strictly anaerobic ultrathermophilic archaea, in the family THERMOCOCCACEAE, occurring in heated seawaters. They exhibit heterotrophic growth at an optimum temperature of 100 degrees C.
UI = D019711
Pyrococcus furiosus
AN = a species of archaea
MS = A species of strictly anaerobic, hyperthermophilic archaea which lives in geothermally-heated marine sediments. It exhibits heterotropic growth by fermentation or sulfur respiration.
UI = D020027
Pyrogallol
AN = an antilipemic
UI = D011748
Pyrogens
AN = /biosyn permitted but be careful; consider also FEVER /chem ind or HYPERTHERMIA, INDUCED
MS = Substances capable of increasing body temperature; they may be of microbial origin, often polysaccharides and may contaminate distilled water.
UI = D011749
Pyroglobulins
MS = Atypical gamma immunoglobulins characterized by their irreversible heat denaturation at 56-degrees C. Pyroprecipitation is inhibited at pH below 3 and above 9. The presence of pyroglobulins in the serum is the cause of pyroglobulinemia. They are frequently present in multiple myeloma and the pyroglobulin precipitate binds complement, reacts with rheumatoid factor, produces passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, generalized passive anaphylaxis and passive Arthus-type phenomena.
UI = D011750
Pyroglutamyl-Peptidase I
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the release of a N-terminal pyroglutamyl group from a polypeptide provided the next residue is not proline. It is inhibited by thiol-blocking reagents and occurs in mammalian tissues, microorganisms, and plants. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.19.3.
UI = D011751
Pyroglutamate Hydrolase
MS = Hydrolyzes pyroglutamic acid in the presence of ATP to glutamate plus ADP and inorganic phosphate. Deficiency leads to pyroglutamic acidurea.
UI = D011752
Pyrones
UI = D011753
Pyronine
AN = a dye; D25-26 qualif
MS = [6-(Dimethylamino0-3H-xanthen-3ylidine]dimethylammonium chloride. Xanthene dye used as a bacterial and biological stain. Synonyms: Pyronin; Pyronine G; Pyronine Y. Use also for Pyronine B. which is diethyl-rather than dimethylamino-.
UI = D011754
Pyrophosphatases
MS = A group of enzymes within the class EC 3.6.1.- that catalyze the hydrolysis of diphosphate bonds, chiefly in nucleoside di- and triphosphates. They may liberate either a mono- or diphosphate. EC 3.6.1.-.
UI = D011755
Pyrroles
UI = D011758
Pyrrolidines
AN = do not confuse with PYRROLIDONES or PYRROLIDINONES
UI = D011759
Pyrrolidinones
AN = pyrrolidinediones = SUCCINIMIDES; do not confuse with PYRROLIDINES
MS = A group of compounds that are derivatives of oxo-pyrrolidines. A member of this group is 2-oxo pyrrolidine, which is an intermediate in the manufacture of polyvinylpyrrolidone. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D011760
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid
MS = A keto derivative of proline. Elevated levels of pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid are often associated with problems of glutamine or glutathione metabolism. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D011761
Pyrroline Carboxylate Reductases
MS = A group of enzymes that catalyze the reduction of 1-pyrroline carboxylate to proline in the presence of NAD(P)H. Includes both the 2-oxidoreductase (EC 1.5.1.1) and the 5-oxidoreductase (EC 1.5.1.2). The former also reduces 1-piperidine-2-carboxylate to pipecolate and the latter also reduces 1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate to hydroxyproline.
UI = D011762
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
AN = an alkaloid from Senecio
MS = Alkaloids found in various species of Senecio and other plants. There are at least ten different chemicals, many of them hepatotoxic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. The plants may cause damage in grazing herds, but no longer have medical use.
UI = D011763
Pyrrolnitrin
AN = an antifungal antibiotic
MS = 3-Chloro-4-(3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)pyrrole. Antifungal antibiotic isolated from Pseudomonas pyrrocinia. It is effective mainly against Trichophyton, Microsporium, Epidermophyton, and Penicillium.
UI = D011764
Pyruvaldehyde
MS = An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.
UI = D011765
Pyruvate Carboxylase
MS = An enzyme of the ligase class that catalyzes the irreversible conversion of ATP, pyruvate, and HCO3 to ADP, orthophosphate, and oxaloacetate. The enzyme is a biotinyl protein requiring Mg2+ or Mn2+ and acetyl coenzyme A and occurs in the liver but not in muscle. The reaction is necessary for gluconeogenesis from lactate or amino acids forming pyruvate and also provides four carbon compounds for the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes severe psychomotor retardation and lactic acidosis in infants. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 6.4.1.1.
UI = D011766
Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency
AN = an inborn error of pyruvate metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = An autosomal recessive pyruvate metabolism disorder resulting from absent or deficient expression of pyruvate carboxylase activity. Decreased production of oxaloacetate leads to decreased gluconeogenesis, thereby causing fasting hypoglycemia, lactic acid acidosis, and decreased synthesis of amino acid neurotransmitters. Clinical presentations include acidosis, ataxia, mental retardation; sometimes co-occurs with LEIGH DISEASE.
UI = D015324
Pyruvate Decarboxylase
MS = Catalyzes the decarboxylation of an alpha keto acid to an aldehyde and carbon dioxide. Thiamine pyrophosphate is an essential cofactor. In lower organisms, which ferment glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide, the enzyme irreversibly decarboxylates pyruvate to acetaldehyde. EC 4.1.1.1.
UI = D011767
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
UI = D011768
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: PDHC DEFIC CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = An autosomal recessive pyruvate metabolism disorder resulting from deficient enzyme activity in one of several proteins of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, resulting in deficiency of acetyl CoA. Deficiency in acetyl CoA product reduces the synthesis of acetylcholine, thereby causing neurological abnormalities. Clinical presentations include lactic acidosis, mental retardation, and ataxia.
UI = D015325
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)-Phosphatase
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = (Pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide))-phosphate phosphohydrolase. A mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic removal of a phosphate on a specific seryl hydroxyl group of pyruvate dehydrogenase, reactivating the enzyme complex. EC 3.1.3.43.
UI = D011769
Pyruvate Kinase
AN = do not coord L-, R-, M-, M1- or M2-type pyruvate kinase with ISOENZYMES
MS = ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40.
UI = D011770
Pyruvate Metabolism, Inborn Errors
AN = an inborn error of carbohydrate metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: PYRUVATE METAB INBORN ERR CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Hereditary disorders of pyruvate metabolism. They are difficult to diagnose and describe because pyruvate is a key intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Some inherited metabolic disorders may alter pyruvate metabolism indirectly. Disorders in pyruvate metabolism appear to lead to deficiencies in neurotransmitter synthesis and, consequently, to nervous system disorders.
UI = D015323
Pyruvate Oxidase
UI = D011771
Pyruvate, Orthophosphate Dikinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of ATP, pyruvate, and orthophosphate to form AMP plus phosphoenolpyruvate plus pyrophosphate. EC 2.7.9.1.
UI = D011772
Pyruvates
AN = do not confuse with PYRUVATE see PYRUVIC ACID
UI = D011773
Pyruvic Acid
AN = do not confuse X ref PYRUVATE with PYRUVATES
MS = An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D019289
Pyrvinium Compounds
AN = antinematodal agents; DF: PYRVINIUM CPDS
UI = D011774
Pythium
AN = an alga belonging to the group OOMYCETES
MS = A genus of destructive root-parasitic algae in the family Pythiaceae, order Peronosporales, commonly found in cultivated soils all over the world. Differentiation of zoospores takes place in a vesicle.
UI = D011775
Pyuria
UI = D011776