Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms
R
RETURN TO INDEX R Factors
AN = bacterial
MS = A class of plasmids that transfer antibiotic resistance from one bacterium to another by conjugation.
UI = D011815
Rabbits
AN = check tag: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not confuse X ref BELGIAN HARE with HARES see LAGOMORPHA
UI = D011817
Rabies
AN = caused by a rhabdovirus; human & animal
MS = An acute infectious disease of the central nervous system affecting almost all mammals, including humans. It is caused by a rhabdovirus and usually spread by contamination with virus-laden saliva of bites inflicted by rabid animals. Important animal vectors include the dog, cat, vampire bat, mongoose, skunk, wolf, raccoon, and fox. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011818
Rabies Vaccine
MS = An inactivated virus vaccine, used for preexposure immunization to persons at high risk of exposure, e.g., veterinarians, and in conjunction with rabies immunoglobulin, for postexposure prophylaxis. The official preparation is human diploid cell vaccine produced from rabies virus grown in cultures of human diploid embryo lung cells and inactivated with propriolactone. It has a much lower incidence of adverse reactions than the previously used duck embryo vaccine. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D011819
Rabies Virus
AN = a species of Lyssavirus; infection = RABIES
MS = The type species of LYSSAVIRUS causing rabies in humans and other animals. Transmission is mostly by animal bites through saliva. The virus is neurotropic multiplying in neurons and myotubes of vertebrates.
UI = D011820
Raccoons
AN = IM; qualif permitted; do not confuse with RACCOON DOGS see CARNIVORA
MS = Carnivores of the genus Procyon of the family Procyonidae. Two subgenera and seven species are currently recognized. They range from southern Canada to Panama and are found in several of the Caribbean Islands. Because of its commercial value, one species, P. lotor, was introduced into France, the Netherlands, Germany, and the Soviet Union but it is now largely considered a nuisance in Europe. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1100-1)
UI = D011821
Race Relations
AN = coord IM with specific races (IM) & and locale if pertinent; DF: RACE RELAT
MS = Cultural contacts between people of different races.
UI = D011822
Racemases and Epimerases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze inversion of the configuration around an asymmetric carbon in a substrate having one (racemase) or more (epimerase) center(s) of asymmetry. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 5.1.
UI = D019998
Racial Stocks
AN = GEN or unspecified; do not confuse with ethnicity ( = ETHNIC GROUPS); policy: Manual 30.6.4-30.6.7
MS = Major living subspecies of man differentiated by genetic and physical characteristics. There are four racial groups: Australoid, Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid.
UI = D011824
Racquet Sports
AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; Manual 30.15.1
MS = Games in which players use a racquet to hit a ball or similar type object.
UI = D015865
Radar
AN = non-ionizing
MS = A system using beamed and reflected radio signals to and from an object in such a way that range, bearing, and other characteristics of the object may be determined.
UI = D011825
Radial Artery
AN = diseases: coord IM with PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES (IM)
MS = The direct continuation of the brachial trunk, originating at the bifurcation of the brachial artery opposite the neck of the radius. Its branches may be divided into three groups corresponding to the three regions in which the vessel is situated, the forearm, wrist, and hand.
UI = D017534
Radial Nerve
AN = a major nerve of the arm from the brachial plexus; dis: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
MS = A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans the fibers of the radial nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C5 to T1), travel via the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, and supply motor innervation to extensor muscles of the arm and cutaneous sensory fibers to extensor regions of the arm and hand.
UI = D011826
Radiation
AN = GEN; /adv eff = RADIATION INJURIES but see note there; /diag use = RADIOGRAPHY or RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING; Manual 29.12, 29.13; radiation scattering = SCATTERING, RADIATION; TN 158: how to index x-rays, gamma rays & cathode rays; radiation policy: see Manual index under RADIATION & entries following; see all RADIATION terms for concepts superior to RADIATION; DF: RAD
MS = Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun.
UI = D011827
Radiation Chimera
MS = An organism whose body contains cell populations of different genotypes as a result of the injection of foreign cells into it after it has received sufficient ionizing radiation to destroy the mature host cells which would otherwise reject the injected cells.
UI = D011828
Radiation Dosage
AN = NIM; no qualif
UI = D011829
Radiation Effects
AN = GEN only: prefer /rad eff: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.60; do not coord with specific term /rad eff; no qualif; TN 158: ionizing vs non-ionizing; indexing policy: Manual 28.11-28.11.5; radiations causing neopl = NEOPLASMS, RADIATION-INDUCED or LEUKEMIA, RADIATION-INDUCED, causing abnorm = ABNORMALITIES, RADIATION-INDUCED; DF: RAD EFF
UI = D011830
Radiation Genetics
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D011831
Radiation Injuries
AN = only Cat C qualif; human & vet animals only; exper animals = RADIATION INJURIES, EXPERIMENTAL, but only if B2: see note on RADIATION INJURIES, EXPERIMENTAL; Manual 28.12; radiations causing neopl = NEOPLASMS, RADIATION-INDUCED or LEUKEMIA, RADIATION-INDUCED, causing abnorm = ABNORMALITIES, RADIATION-INDUCED; OSTEORADIONECROSIS is available
MS = Harmful effects of non-experimental exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation in chordates.
UI = D011832
Radiation Injuries, Experimental
AN = only Cat C qualif; for B2 animals only; "injuries" to insects, parasites, bacteria, viruses = RADIATION EFFECTS (general only) or specific organism /rad eff; Manual 28.12.1, 28.12.2; radiations causing neopl = NEOPLASMS, RADIATION-INDUCED or LEUKEMIA, RADIATION-INDUCED, causing abnorm = ABNORMALITIES, RADIATION-INDUCED; DF: RAD INJ EXPER
MS = Harmful effects of exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation produced experimentally in chordates.
UI = D011833
Radiation Leukemia Virus
AN = a species of the genus Leukemia Viruses, Murine; "isolated from rad-induced lymphomas in C57BL mice"; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + LEUKEMIA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM) or LEUKEMIA (IM) (for spontaneous leukemia); DF: note short X ref
MS = A murine leukemia virus isolated from radiation-induced lymphomas in C57BL mice. It is leukemogenic, thymotrophic, can be transmitted vertically, and replicates only in vivo.
UI = D016721
Radiation Monitoring
MS = The observation, either continuously or at intervals, of the levels of radiation in a given area, generally for the purpose of assuring that they have not exceeded prescribed amounts or, in case of radiation already present in the area, assuring that the levels have returned to those meeting acceptable safety standards.
UI = D011834
Radiation Oncology
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; do not confuse X ref THERAPEUTIC RADIOLOGY (a specialty) with RADIOTHERAPY (a ther technique); DF: RAD ONCOL
MS = A subspecialty of medical oncology and radiology concerned with the radiotherapy of cancer.
UI = D018787
Radiation Pneumonitis
AN = an interstitial lung dis; assume to be caused by radiother so do not coord routinely with RADIOTHERAPY /adv eff; coord IM with other type or source of radiation with /adv eff (IM) if pertinent; DF: RAD PNEUMONITIS
MS = Injurious effects of radiotherapy on the lungs. There are three phases in the reaction of the lungs to radiation injury: an acute phase occurring 1 to 2 months after exposure, a subacute phase 2 to 9 months after exposure, and a chronic or fibrotic phase more than 9 months after exposure. In the acute phase there is vascular damage, congestion, edema, and mononuclear cell infiltration; in the subacute phase the alveolar walls are infiltrated with mononuclear inflammatory cells and fibroblasts; in the chronic phase, alveolar fibrosis and capillary sclerosis take place. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2343)
UI = D017564
Radiation Protection
AN = includes "shielding"
UI = D011835
Radiation Tolerance
AN = to ionizing radiations only; DF: RAD TOLERANCE
MS = The ability of some cells or tissues to withstand ionizing radiation without serious injury. Tolerance depends on the species, cell type, and physical and chemical variables, including RADIATION-PROTECTIVE AGENTS and RADIATION-SENSITIZING AGENTS.
UI = D011836
Radiation-Protective Agents
AN = D25-26 qualif; protective against ionizing rad; not for SUNSCREENING AGENTS & not for shields & shielding in diag x-ray ( = RADIATION PROTECTION); DF: RAD PROTECTIVE AGENTS
MS = Drugs used to protect against ionizing radiation. They are usually of interest for use in radiation therapy but have been considered for other, e.g. military, purposes.
UI = D011837
Radiation-Sensitizing Agents
AN = D25-26 qualif; do not use /ther use when coordinating with disease /radiother but /ther use permitted with specific radiation-sensitizing agents in radiother; DF: RAD SENSITIZING AGENTS
MS = Drugs used to potentiate the effectiveness of radiation therapy in destroying unwanted cells.
UI = D011838
Radiation, Ionizing
AN = as NIM: Manual 19.8.60, 28.11.1; when not to use: Manual 21.16; no qualif; /adv eff = RADIATION INJURIES but see note there
MS = Electromagnetic or corpuscular radiation capable of producing ions, directly or indirectly, in its passage through matter. The wavelengths are equal to or smaller than those of short (far) ultraviolet radiation and include gamma and X-rays and high-energy elementary particles.
UI = D011839
Radiation, Nonionizing
AN = as NIM: Manual 19.8.60, 28.11.1; when not to use: Manual 21.16; no qualif except /adv eff; DF: RAD NONIONIZING
MS = Electromagnetic radiation which does not produce ions in matter through which it passes. Its wavelengths are generally greater than those of far ultraviolet radiation and range through the longest radio waves.
UI = D011840
Radical Neck Dissection
AN = usually for cancer; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = The most commonly performed major operation for head and neck malignancies, most of which are squamous cell carcinomas. The neck is opened laterally, the majority of the sternocleidomastoid muscle is removed, as are the regional cervical lymph nodes, the jugular vein, the spinal accessory nerve, the submaxillary gland and most of the parotid gland. There are several modifications. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992, p605)
UI = D011841
Radicular Cyst
AN = non-neoplastic periodontal cyst; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with organ/dis (IM), not organ/neopl
MS = Slow-growing fluid-filled epithelial sac at the apex of a tooth with a nonvital pulp or defective root canal filling.
UI = D011842
Radiculitis
AN = inflamm of a single spinal nerve root; do not confuse with POLYRADICULITIS (inflamm of several spinal nerve roots) nor with POLYRADICULONEURITIS (inflamm of both spinal nerve roots & peripheral nerves)
UI = D011843
Radiesthesia
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Therapeutic cult concerned with intangible energies surrounding the living body and based on the detection of these intrinsic radiations by dowsing, or divining, or the use of more elaborate instruments (radionics).
UI = D011844
Radio
MS = The transmission and reception of electric impulses or signals by means of electric waves without a connecting wire, or the use of these waves for the wireless transmission of electric impulses into which sound is converted. (From Webster's 3d)
UI = D011845
Radio Waves
AN = non-ionizing; radiation policy: see Manual index under RADIATION & entries following
MS = That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication.
UI = D011846
Radioactive Fallout
AN = IM; specify geog if pertinent
MS = The material that descends to the earth or water well beyond the site of a surface or subsurface nuclear explosion. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
UI = D011847
Radioactive Pollutants
AN = specify radiopollutant if pertinent (IM or NIM)
MS = Radioactive substances which act as pollutants. They include chemicals whose radiation is released via radioactive waste, nuclear accidents, fallout from nuclear explosions, and the like.
UI = D011848
Radioactive Tracers
AN = IM for general only; no qualif
MS = Radioactive substances added in minute amounts to the reacting elements or compounds in a chemical process and traced through the process by appropriate detection methods, e.g., Geiger counter. Compounds containing tracers are often said to be tagged or labeled. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)
UI = D011849
Radioactive Waste
AN = specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Liquid, solid, or gaseous waste resulting from mining of radioactive ore, production of reactor fuel materials, reactor operation, processing of irradiated reactor fuels, amd related operations, and from use of radioactive materials in research, industry, and medicine. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
UI = D011850
Radioactivity
AN = IM GEN only for principle of emission of radiations; NIM as coord for degree of radioactivity of specific radioelements or radioisotopes (IM); do not use as routine coord for amt of radiation or degree of radioactiv of radioisotope tracers; X ref NUCLEAR DECAY: coord NIM with specific radioactive substance (IM) & do not add RADIOMETRY; no qualif
UI = D011851
Radioallergosorbent Test
AN = NIM; IMMUNOSORBENTS is also available; DF: RAST
MS = An in vitro allergen radioimmunoassay in which allergens are coupled to an immunosorbent. The coupled allergens bind the IgE in the sera of patients which in turn binds radioisotope-labeled anti-IgE antibodies.
UI = D011852
Radiobiology
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: RADIOBIOL
MS = Study of the scientific principles, mechanisms, and effects of the interaction of ionizing radiation with living matter. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
UI = D011853
Radiochemistry
AN = as IM, use SPEC qualif; as NIM no qualif
UI = D011854
Radiodermatitis
AN = from ionizing radiation
MS = A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.
UI = D011855
Radiographic Image Enhancement
MS = Improvement in the quality of an x-ray image by use of an intensifying screen, tube, or filter and by optimum exposure techniques. Digital processing methods are often employed.
UI = D011856
Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted
AN = DF: RADIOGR IMAGE INTERP
MS = Computer systems or networks designed to provide radiographic interpretive information.
UI = D011857
Radiographic Magnification
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Use of optic and geometric techniques to enhance radiographic image quality and interpretation. It includes use of microfocal X-ray tubes and intensifying fluoroscopic screens.
UI = D011858
Radiography
AN = GEN only: prefer /radiogr with organs & diseases: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.61; prefer also specific indentions in Cat E1; when GEN & IM, qualif permitted; Manual 26.4+; /educ = RADIOGRAPHY (IM) + RADIOLOGY /educ ; /man = RADIOGRAPHY (IM) + RADIOLOGY /man or TECHNOLOGY, RADIOLOGIC /man (NIM); /methods: consider also TECHNOLOGY, RADIOLOGIC; DF: RADIOGR CATALOG: form qualif /radiographs is available
MS = Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film).
UI = D011859
Radiography, Abdominal
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics or specific organ /radiogr; DF: RADIOGR ABDOMINAL
MS = Radiographic visualization of the body between the thorax and the pelvis, i.e., within the peritoneal cavity.
UI = D011860
Radiography, Bitewing
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: RADIOGR BITEWING
MS = Technique involving the passage of X-rays through oral structures to create a film record while a central tab or wing of dental X-ray film is being held between upper and lower teeth.
UI = D016300
Radiography, Dental
AN = GEN; prefer /radiogr with dental organ terms; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: RADIOGR DENT
MS = Radiographic techniques used in dentistry.
UI = D011861
Radiography, Dental, Digital
AN = a type of intraoral radiogr; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: RADIOGR DENT DIGITAL
MS = A rapid, low-dose, digital imaging system using a small intraoral sensor instead of radiographic film, an intensifying screen, and a charge-coupled device. It presents the possibility of reduced patient exposure and minimal distortion, although resolution and latitude are inferior to standard dental radiography. A receiver is placed in the mouth, routing signals to a computer which images the signals on a screen or in print. It includes digitizing from x-ray film or any other detector. (From MEDLINE abstracts; personal communication from Dr. Charles Berthold, NIDR)
UI = D019252
Radiography, Dual-Energy Scanned Projection
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: D SCAN RADIOGR
MS = A method of producing a high-quality scan by digitizing and subtracting the images produced by high- and low-energy x-rays.
UI = D015900
Radiography, Interventional
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: RADIOGR INTERVENTIONAL
MS = Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that are invasive or surgical in nature, and require the expertise of a specially trained radiologist. In general, they are more invasive than diagnostic imaging but less invasive than major surgery. They often involve catheterization, fluoroscopy, or computed tomography. Some examples include percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, percutaneous transthoracic biopsy, balloon angioplasty, and arterial embolization.
UI = D015641
Radiography, Panoramic
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: RADIOGR PANORAMIC
MS = Extraoral body-section radiography depicting an entire maxilla, or both maxilla and mandible, on a single film.
UI = D011862
Radiography, Thoracic
AN = GEN only: not a synonym for LUNG /radiogr; only for "thoracic" when the enclosed organs are not specified or are irrelevant & for THORAX /radiogr; do not use as coord with lung, heart, bronchial, etc. diseases when /radiogr with the specific organ or chest dis is given; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; MASS CHEST X-RAY also exists; DF: RADIOGR THORACIC
MS = X-ray visualization of the chest and organs of the thoracic cavity. It is not restricted to visualization of the lungs.
UI = D013902
Radioimmunoassay
AN = NIM; coord with substance /anal or body fluid qualif but not /immunol; do not confuse with IMMUNORADIOMETRIC ASSAY
MS = Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.
UI = D011863
Radioimmunodetection
AN = uses radiolabeled antibodies for diag imaging; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM or NIM with dis /radionuclide (IM), not /diag, not /radiogr & not /immunol, + specific radioisotope /diag use (IM or NIM)
MS = Use of radiolabeled antibodies for diagnostic imaging of neoplasms. Antitumor antibodies are labeled with diverse radionuclides including iodine-131, iodine-123, indium-111, or technetium-99m and injected into the patient. Images are obtained by a scintillation camera.
UI = D016719
Radioimmunoprecipitation Assay
AN = NIM; often used in detecting HIV antibodies; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: note short X ref
MS = Sensitive assay using radiolabeled antigens to detect specific antibodies in serum. The antigens are allowed to react with the serum and then precipitated using a special reagent such as protein A sepharose beads. The bound radiolabeled immunoprecipitate is then commonly analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) is often used as a confirmatory test for diagnosing the presence of HIV antibodies.
UI = D015531
Radioimmunosorbent Test
AN = NIM; coord with substance /anal or body fluid qualif but not /immunol; IMMUNOSORBENTS is also available; DF: RIST
MS = Radioimmunoassay of proteins using antibody coupled to an immunosorbent.
UI = D011864
Radioimmunotherapy
AN = radiother by cytotoxic radioisotopes linked to antibodies: read MeSH definition; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with disease /radiother (IM)
MS = Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (IMMUNOTOXINS) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (see RADIOTHERAPY).
UI = D016499
Radioisotope Dilution Technique
AN = NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord with specific radioisotope /diag use CATALOG: do not use /laboratory manuals
MS = Method for assessing flow through a system by injection of a known quantity of radionuclide into the system and monitoring its concentration over time at a specific point in the system. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D011865
Radioisotope Renography
AN = a specific kidney function test: read MeSH definition; do not confuse with KIDNEY /radionuclide; coord dis with /radionuclide, not /diag & not /radiogr; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: RADIOISOTOPE RENOGR
MS = Graphic tracing over a time period of radioactivity measured externally over the kidneys following intravenous injection of a radionuclide which is taken up and excreted by the kidneys.
UI = D011866
Radioisotope Teletherapy
AN = ionizing; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with specific radioisotope /ther use (IM)
MS = A type of high-energy radiotherapy using a beam of gamma-radiation produced by a radioisotope source encapsulated within a teletherapy unit.
UI = D011867
Radioisotopes
AN = IM for general or unspecified or as coord for a specific radioisotope not in MeSH; when IM, qualif permitted; indexing policy: Manual 25.20-25.20.8; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but use with caution & not for tracer studies ( = /diag use); diag use = DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, RADIOISOTOPE but /diag use permitted with specific radioisotopes: Manual 25.15.1; relation to /rad eff: Manual 28.11.3; m for metastable = RADIOISOTOPES or specific pre-coord radioisotope; decay: coord RADIOISOTOPES or specific radioisotope (IM) with RADIOACTIVITY (NIM) & do not add RADIOMETRY; radioisotope implants = RADIOISOTOPES or specific /admin or BRACHYTHERAPY (see X refs there)
MS = Isotopes that exhibit radioactivity and undergo radioactive decay. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
UI = D011868
Radioligand Assay
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord with substance /anal or body fluid qualif but not /immunol
MS = Quantitative determination of receptor (binding) proteins in body fluids or tissue using radioactively labeled binding reagents (e.g., antibodies, intracellular receptors, plasma binders).
UI = D011869
Radiologic Health
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
MS = Health concerns associated with the effects of radiation on the environment and on public and personal health.
UI = D011870
Radiology
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; /methods: probably better is TECHNOLOGY, RADIOLOGIC; DF: RADIOL
MS = A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
UI = D011871
Radiology Department, Hospital
AN = restricted to x-ray & radiocobalt diag & ther serv: does not include other radioisotopes ( = NUCLEAR MEDICINE DEPARTMENT, HOSPITAL); DF: RADIOL DEP
MS = Hospital department which is responsible for the administration and provision of x-ray diagnostic and therapeutic services.
UI = D011872
Radiology Information Systems
AN = DF: RADIOL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
MS = Information systems, usually computer-assisted, designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling administrative activities associated with the provision and utilization of radiology services and facilities.
UI = D011873
Radiology, Interventional
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; for diag use RADIOGRAPHY, INTERVENTIONAL; DF: RADIOL INTERVENTIONAL
MS = Subspeciality of radiology that combines organ system radiography, catheter techniques and sectional imaging.
UI = D015642
Radiometry
AN = IM general only for measurement of radiation & techniques & equipment related to it; NIM as coord with specific radiation (IM) for measurement of its radiations; do not use with radioisotope tracers for measurement of amt of radiat emitted by the tracer: this is inherent in the concept of tracing: Manual 29.14; for nuclear decay index under RADIOACTIVITY for general articles or specific radioactive substance (IM) + RADIOACTIVITY (NIM) but do not add RADIOMETRY; ionization chambers: index under RADIOMETRY /instrum
MS = The measurement of radiation by photography, as in x-ray film and film badge, by Geiger-Mueller tube, and by SCINTILLATION COUNTING.
UI = D011874
Radionuclide Angiography
AN = a specific diag technique: read MeSH definition; NIM; coord with disease /radionuclide, not /diag & not /radiogr; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: RADIONUCLIDE ANGIOGR
MS = The measurement of visualization by radiation of any organ after a radionuclide has been injected into its blood supply. It is used to diagnose heart, liver, lung, and other diseases and to measure the function of those organs, except renography, for which RADIOISOTOPE RENOGRAPHY is available.
UI = D011875
Radionuclide Generators
AN = IM
MS = Separation systems containing a relatively long-lived parent radionuclide which produces a short-lived daughter in its decay scheme. The daughter can be periodically extracted (milked) by means of an appropriate eluting agent.
UI = D011876
Radionuclide Imaging
AN = IM general or unspecified only: prefer /radionuclide: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.62; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; myocardial imaging, myocardial perfusion imaging, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy = HEART /radionuclide only & not also here; DF: do NOT shorten: short form can be confused with RADIONUCLIDES
MS = Process whereby a radionuclide is injected or measured (through tissue) from an external source, and a display is obtained from any one of several rectilinear scanner or gamma camera systems. The image obtained from a moving detector is called a scan, while the image obtained from a stationary camera device is called a scintiphotograph.
UI = D011877
Radionuclide Ventriculography
AN = "ventriculo-" refers to the heart, not the cerebral ventricles; NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: RADIONUCLIDE VENTRICULOGR
MS = Imaging of a ventricle of the heart after the injection of a radioactive contrast medium. The technique is less invasive than cardiac catheterization and is used to assess ventricular function.
UI = D015635
Radiopharmaceuticals
AN = pharmaceuticals as source of radiation in radiother & radioisotope scanning; D25-26 qualif
MS = Compounds that are used in medicine as sources of radiation for radiotherapy and for diagnostic purposes. They have numerous uses in research and industry. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1161)
UI = D019275
Radiosurgery
AN = IM; a specific type of stereotactic brain surg; do not confuse with COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY (see note there) using surg + radiother; coord IM with dis /surg (IM), not /radiother; gamma knife & linear accelerator: index under RADIOSURGERY /instrum & do not coord with GAMMA RAYS or PARTICLE ACCELERATORS unless particularly discussed
MS = A stereotactic neurosurgery in which the usual rigid needles or probes are replaced with beams of ionizing radiation directed toward an intracranial target so as to achieve local tissue destruction. No skin incision or skull opening is required. It is performed with the "gamma knife", a self-contained unit with 201 cobalt-60 sources or with an isocentric linear accelerator (linac). (Goodman, M.L., Southern Medical Journal, vol. 83, May 1990, pp. 551-4)
UI = D016634
Radiotherapy
AN = GEN only: prefer /radiother with diseases: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.63; /adv eff: consider also RADIATION INJURIES or its specifics; RADIOISOTOPE TELETHERAPY, PITUITARY IRRADIATION & BRACHYTHERAPY are also available; DF: RADIOTHER
MS = The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY.
UI = D011878
Radiotherapy, Adjuvant
AN = almost never IM; coord with dis /radiother (IM) + specific radiother (IM) + specific surg or chemother to which this is adjuvant (IM); DF: RADIOTHER ADJUVANT
MS = Radiotherapy given to augment some other form of treatment such as surgery or chemotherapy. Adjuvant radiotherapy is commonly used in the therapy of cancer and can be administered before or after the primary treatment.
UI = D018714
Radiotherapy, Conformal
MS = Radiotherapy where there is improved dose homogeneity within the tumor and reduced dosage to uninvolved structures. The precise shaping of dose distribution is achieved via the use of computer-controlled multileaf collimators.
UI = D020266
Radon Daughters
AN = short-lived radioactive decay products of radon
MS = Short-lived radioactive decay products of radon that include 216-Po, 214-Pb, 214-Bi, and 214-Po. They have an effective half-life of about 30 minutes and are solids that can deposit on the bronchial airways during inhalation and exhalation. This results in exposure of the respiratory airways to alpha radiation and can lead to diseases of the respiratory system, including lung cancer. (From Casarett and Doull's Toxicology, 4th ed, p740)
UI = D017687
Radiotherapy Dosage
AN = NIM
MS = The total amount of radiation absorbed by tissues as a result of radiotherapy.
UI = D011879
Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted
AN = differentiate from RADIOTHERAPY, COMPUTER-ASSISTED in that in planning the emphasis is on theoretical principles of radiother rather than on the patient
MS = Computer-assisted mathematical calculations of beam angles, intensities of radiation, and duration of irradiation in radiotherapy.
UI = D011880
Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted
AN = RADIOTHERAPY PLANNING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED is also available: see note there
MS = Computer systems or programs used in accurate computations for providing radiation dosage treatment to patients.
UI = D011881
Radiotherapy, High-Energy
AN = ionizing only
MS = Radiotherapy using high-energy (megavolt or higher) ionizing radiation. Types of radiation include gamma rays, produced by a radioisotope within a teletherapy unit; x-rays, electrons, protons, alpha particles (helium ions) and heavy charged ions, produced by particle acceleration; and neutrons and pi-mesons (pions), produced as secondary particles following bombardment of a target with a primary particle.
UI = D011882
Radium
AN = naturally radioactive; IM; /ther use: for curietherapy consider also BRACHYTHERAPY
MS = Radium. A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra, atomic number 88, and atomic weight 226. Radium is the product of the disintegration of uranium and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.
UI = D011883
Radius
UI = D011884
Radius Fractures
UI = D011885
Radon
AN = naturally radioactive; a rare gas; IM; /ther use: for curietherapy consider also BRACHYTHERAPY; RADON DAUGHTERS is also available
MS = Radon. A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, atomic number 86, and atomic weight 222. It is a member of the noble gas family and released during the decay of radium and found in soil. There is a link between exposure to radon and lung cancer.
UI = D011886
Raffinose
AN = a trisaccharide
MS = O-alpha-D-Galactopyranosyl(1,6)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,2)-beta-D-fructofuranoside. A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.
UI = D011887
Rafoxanide
AN = a vet anthelmintic
MS = 3'-Chloro-4'-(p-chlorophenoxy)-3,5-diiodosalicylanilide. Veterinary anthelmintic for grazing animals; used to treat fluke, hookworm and other infestations.
UI = D011888
Rage
AN = human & animal
MS = Fury; violent, intense anger.
UI = D011889
Railroads
MS = Permanent roads having a line of rails fixed to ties and laid to gage, usually on a leveled or graded ballasted roadbed and providing a track for freight cars, passenger cars, and other rolling stock. Cars are designed to be drawn by locomotives or sometimes propelled by self-contained motors. (From Webster's 3d) The concept includes the organizational and administrative aspects of railroads as well.
UI = D011890
Rain
AN = no qualif
UI = D011891
Ralstonia eutropha
MS = A gram-negative, facultatively chemoautotrophic bacterium, formerly called Alcaligenes eutrophus, found in water and soil.
UI = D020118
Ramipril
AN = an ACE inhib
MS = (2S-(1(R*(R*)),2 alpha,3a beta,6a beta))-1-(2-((1-(Ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl)amino)-1-oxopropyl)octahydrocyclopenta(b)pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid. A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.
UI = D017257
Rana catesbeiana
AN = bullfrog; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
MS = A species of the family Ranidae (true frogs). The only anuran properly referred to by the common name "bullfrog", it is the largest native anuran in North America.
UI = D011892
Rana esculenta
AN = edible frog; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
MS = An edible species of the family Ranidae, occurring in Europe and used extensively in biomedical research. Commonly referred to as "edible frog".
UI = D011893
Rana pipiens
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
MS = A highly variable species of the family Ranidae in Canada, the United States and Central America. It is the most widely used Anuran in biomedical research.
UI = D011894
Rana ridibunda
AN = laughing frog; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
MS = A species of the family Ranidae which occurs primarily in Europe and is used widely in biomedical research.
UI = D011895
Rana temporaria
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
MS = A species of the family Ranidae occurring in a wide variety of habitats from within the Arctic Circle to South Africa, Australia, etc.
UI = D011896
Ranavirus
AN = a genus of the family Iridoviridae; infection: coord IM with RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of IRIDOVIRIDAE which infects amphibians. It is non-pathogenic for its natural host, Rana pipiens, but is lethal for tadpoles and Fowler toads. Frog Virus 3 is the type species.
UI = D017995
Random Allocation
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific subject (IM); no qualif
MS = A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.
UI = D011897
Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique
AN = a polymerase chain reaction; DF: note short X refs
MS = Technique that utilizes low-stringency polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with single primers of arbitrary sequence to generate strain-specific arrays of anonymous DNA fragments. RAPD technique may be used to determine taxonomic identity, assess kinship relationships, analyze mixed genome samples, and create specific probes.
UI = D019105
Randomized Controlled Trial [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; to designate a type of clin trial in which two or more groups are chosen at random, one receiving the service, the other not; for randomized controlled trials as a subject or of value as research, index under main heading RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; do not confuse with Publication Type CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; do not interpret trial design: use term of author; if in doubt, read MeSH definitions; coord IM or NIM any other epidemiol or statist method of design present; Manual 26.26.3
MS = A clinical trial that involves at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and a trial employing any of these techniques for patient assignment is designated simply a CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL [PUBLICATION TYPE].
UI = D016449
Randomized Controlled Trials
AN = human & vet animals only; IM only as a method in med research: do not confuse with Publication Type RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; note X refs: do not confuse with CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS; do not interpret trial design: use term of author; if in doubt, read MeSH definitions
MS = Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS.
UI = D016032
Range of Motion, Articular
MS = Range through which a joint can be extended and flexed. This is frequently assessed following surgery of the joint.
UI = D016059
Ranidae
AN = family of true frogs; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific genera; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
MS = The family of true frogs of the order Anura. The family occurs worldwide except in Antarctica.
UI = D011898
Ranitidine
AN = a histamine H2 antag & anti-ulcer agent
MS = A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.
UI = D011899
RANTES
AN = a chemokine; RANTES stands for Regulated on Activation, Normal T Expressed and Secreted, often preceded by rh ( = recombinant human)
MS = A chemokine that is a chemoattractant for eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. It is a potent and selective eosinophil chemotaxin that is stored in and released from platelets and activated T-cells.
UI = D018946
Ranula
AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted
MS = A form of retention cyst of the floor of the mouth, usually due to obstruction of the ducts of the submaxillary or sublingual glands, presenting a slowly enlarging painless deep burrowing mucocele of one side of the mouth. It is also called sublingual cyst and sublingual ptyalocele.
UI = D011900
Ranvier's Nodes
AN = regular gaps in myelin sheath; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
MS = Regularly spaced gaps in the myelin sheaths of peripheral axons. Ranvier's nodes allow saltatory conduction, that is, jumping of impulses from node to node, which is faster and more energetically favorable than continuous conduction.
UI = D011901
Rape
MS = Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim.
UI = D011902
Raphe Nuclei
MS = Collections of small neurons centrally scattered among many fibers from the level of the trochlear nucleus in the midbrain to the hypoglossal area in the medulla oblongata.
UI = D011903
Raptors
MS = Birds that hunt and kill other animals, especially higher vertebrates, for food. They include the Falconiformes group, or diurnal birds of prey, comprised of EAGLES, falcons, hawks, and others, as well as the Strigiformes group, or nocturnal birds of prey, which includes OWLS.
UI = D020304
Rare Books
UI = D011904
ras Genes (see: Genes, ras)
ras Proteins
AN = GTP-binding proteins; ras derived from "Retrovirus Associated Sequences"
MS = Small GTP-binding proteins encoded by ras genes (GENES, RAS) that play a critical role in normal cellular growth, differentiation, and development, and have the potential for malignant transformation. Two of the major ras proteins include the normal cellular form, PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS), and the malignant form, ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS).
UI = D018631
Rat-Bite Fever
AN = a disease entity caused by a gram-neg bact
MS = A syndrome characterized by recurring fever, rash, and arthralgias occurring days to weeks after a rat bite. The causative agents are either Streptobacillus moniliformis or Spirillum minus.
UI = D011906
Rate Setting and Review
AN = DF: RATE SETTING CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = A method of examining and setting levels of payments.
UI = D011907
Rationalization
AN = no qualif
MS = A defense mechanism operating unconsciously, in which the individual attempts to justify or make consciously tolerable, by plausible means, feelings, behavior, and motives that would otherwise be intolerable.
UI = D011908
Ratites
MS = A grouping of flightless birds consisting of four orders: the Apterygiformes, which includes Kiwis; the Casuariiformes, which includes EMUS; the Rheiformes, or RHEAS; and the Struthioniformes, or OSTRICHES.
UI = D020309
Rats
AN = = RATTUS NORVEGICUS only: for other species note RATTUS see MURIDAE; note inverted see ref "rat" species (RATS, BANDICOOT; RATS, COTTON; RATS, KANGAROO; etc.); check tag: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; rats as a health hazard (e.g., Rattus rattus): index under MURIDAE
MS = The common name for the species Rattus norvegicus.
UI = D011909
Rats, Brattleboro
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS
MS = A mutant strain of Rattus norvegicus used in research on renal function and hypertension and as a disease model for diabetes insipidus.
UI = D011910
Rats, Gunn
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS
MS = Mutant strain of Rattus norvegicus which is used as a disease model of kernicterus.
UI = D011911
Rats, Inbred ACI
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS
UI = D011912
Rats, Inbred BB
AN = a model for DIABETES MELLITUS, INSULIN-DEPENDENT; do not confuse with RATS, BRATTLEBORO; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS
MS = A strain of Rattus norvegicus which is a model for spontaneous insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, INSULIN-DEPENDENT).
UI = D011913
Rats, Inbred BN
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS
UI = D011914
Rats, Inbred BUF
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS
UI = D011915
Rats, Inbred Dahl
AN = NIM when exper animal; check tag RATS
MS = Inbred rats derived from Sprague-Dawley rats and used for the study of salt-dependent hypertension. Salt-sensitive and salt-resistant strains have been selectively bred to show the opposite genetically determined blood pressure responses to excess sodium chloride ingestion.
UI = D020303
Rats, Inbred F344
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS
UI = D011916
Rats, Inbred LEC
AN = NIM when exper animal; check tag RATS
MS = A cinnamon-colored strain of Long-Evans rats which carries a mutation causing fulminant hepatitis and jaundice, with an associated gross accumulation of copper in the liver. This strain is a model for Wilson's Disease (see HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION).
UI = D020332
Rats, Inbred Lew
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS
UI = D011917
Rats, Inbred OLETF
AN = a model for DIABETES MELLITUS, NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT not DIABETES MELLITUS, EXPERIMENTAL; NIM when exper animal; check tag RATS
MS = An inbred strain of Long-Evans rats that develops hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and mild obesity, mostly in males, that resembles non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in humans. It was developed from outbred Long-Evans stock in 1983.
UI = D020334
Rats, Inbred SHR
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS
MS = A strain of Rattus norvegicus with elevated blood pressure used as a model for studying hypertension and stroke.
UI = D011918
Rats, Inbred Strains
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS: Manual 18.6.14, 22.36; X ref AUGUST RATS is seen often in Russian lit
MS = Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.
UI = D011919
Rats, Inbred WF
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS
UI = D011920
Rats, Inbred WKY
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS
MS = A strain of Rattus norvegicus used as a normotensive control for the spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR).
UI = D011921
Rats, Long-Evans
AN = NIM when exper animal; check tag RATS
MS = An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.
UI = D020318
Rats, Mutant Strains
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS
MS = Rats bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.
UI = D011922
Rats, Nude
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS
MS = A mutant strain of Rattus norvegicus without a thymus and with depressed or absent T-cell function. This strain of rats may have a small amount of hair at times, but then lose it.
UI = D011923
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
AN = usually NIM: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS
MS = A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
UI = D017207
Rats, Wistar
AN = usually NIM: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS
MS = A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
UI = D017208
Rats, Zucker
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS
MS = Two populations of Zucker rats have been cited in research--the "fatty" or obese and the lean. The "fatty" rat (Rattus norvegicus) appeared as a spontaneous mutant. The obese condition appears to be due to a single recessive gene.
UI = D011924
Rauscher Virus
AN = a species of the genus Leukemia Viruses, Murine; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + LEUKEMIA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM) or LEUKEMIA (IM) (for spontaneous leukemia)
MS = A murine leukemia virus associated with mouse tumors similar to those caused by the FRIEND VIRUS.
UI = D011925
Rauwolfia
AN = plant only; deriv alkaloids = RAUWOLFIA ALKALOIDS or specifics
MS = A genus of the Apocynaceae or dogbane family of tropical trees and shrubs containing alkaloids. These alkaloids have been used as tranquilizers and antihypertensive agents. RESERPINE is derived from R. serpentina.
UI = D011926
Rauwolfia Alkaloids
AN = antihypertensives; GEN or unspecified: prefer specific indentions; /biosyn permitted
MS = Alkaloids from Rauwolfia serpentina Benth and other species. The prototype is RESERPINE, which is a depleter of catecholamines and serotonin from the sympathetic postganglionic fibers and brain areas. They have been used in hypertension and psychoses despite their wide range of potentially adverse effects.
UI = D011927
Raynaud's Disease
AN = idiopathic vasc disord
MS = An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral attacks of Raynaud's phenomenon. It affects females more often than males. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D011928
Razoxane
MS = An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties. Dexrazoxane, the (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane, provides cardioprotection against anthracyline toxicity. It appears to inhibit formation of a toxic iron-anthracyline complex.
UI = D011929
Reaction Time
MS = The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds.
UI = D011930
Reactive Attachment Disorder
MS = Markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate social relatedness that begins before age 5 and is associated with grossly pathological child care. The child may persistently fail to initiate and respond to social interactions in a developmentally appropriate way (inhibited type) or there may be a pattern of diffuse attachments with nondiscriminate sociability (disinhibited type). (From DSM-IV, 1994)
UI = D019962
Reactive Inhibition
AN = no qualif
MS = Tendency toward a lessened strength of response due to practice or activity. It is independent of the effect of reward and is a direct function of time interval since the last response and the number of preceding responses.
UI = D011931
Reactive Oxygen Species
AN = oxidants & pro-oxidants
MS = Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development.
UI = D017382
Reading
AN = no qualif; Braille: coord IM with BLINDNESS (IM) + SENSORY AIDS (IM)
UI = D011932
Reading Frames
AN = "sequence of codons by which translation may occur"
MS = The sequence of codons by which translation may occur. A segment of mRNA 5'AUCCGA3' could be translated in three reading frames, 5'AUC.. or 5'UCC.. or 5'CCG.., depending on the location of the start codon.
UI = D016364
Reagent Kits, Diagnostic
AN = laboratory or personal use
MS = Commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. They may be for laboratory or personal use.
UI = D011933
Reagent Strips
AN = D25-26 qualif with discretion
MS = Narrow pieces of material impregnated or covered with a substance used to produce a chemical reaction. The strips are used in detecting, measuring, producing, etc., other substances. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D011934
Reagins
AN = antibodies
UI = D011935
Reality Testing
AN = note category: not a diag test: "ego function that consists of the objective evaluation & judgment of the external world"; no qualif
MS = The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function.
UI = D011936
Reality Therapy
AN = a psychother technique; DF: REALITY THER
MS = A form of therapy in which the patient learns to fulfill his needs of involvement and responsibility which are basic to facing and accepting reality.
UI = D011937
Reassortant Viruses
AN = "viruses containing 2 or more pieces of nucleic acid from different parents": see MeSH definition; coord IM with specific parent viruses (IM)
MS = Viruses containing two or more pieces of nucleic acid (segmented genome) from different parents. Such viruses are produced in cells coinfected with different strains of a given virus.
UI = D016865
Rec A Protein
AN = an E. coli protein; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; synthesized by Escherichia coli so do not coord with it unless particularly discussed
MS = Protein from E.coli rec gene. Catalyzes the ATP-driven exchange of DNA strands in genetic recombination. The product of the reaction consists of a duplex and a displaced single-stranded loop which has the shape of the letter D and is therefore called a D-loop structure. ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP during the reaction; also has proteolytic activity.
UI = D011938
Recall
MS = The process whereby a representation of past experience is elicited.
UI = D011939
Receptor Aggregation
AN = DF: RECEPT AGGREGATION
MS = Chemically stimulated aggregation of cell surface receptors, which potentiates the action of the effector cell.
UI = D011940
Receptor Cross-Talk
MS = The simultaneous or sequential binding of multiple cell surface receptors to different ligands resulting in coordinated stimulation or suppression of signal transduction.
UI = D020239
Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase
AN = DF: RPTK
MS = A catalytic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE domain found on the cytoplasmic beta-portion of receptors. Many growth and differentiation factor receptors contain this domain. It is critical for the signal transduction pathways required for mitogenesis, transformation, and cell differentiation. (Neuron 1992;9:383) EC 2.7.1.-.
UI = D017884
Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = Molecule composed of the non-covalent association of the T-cell antigen receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL) with the CD3 complex (ANTIGENS, CD3). This association is required for the surface expression and function of both components. The molecule consists of up to seven chains: either the alpha/beta or gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor, and four or five chains in the CD3 complex.
UI = D017260
Receptors, Adrenergic
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific adrenergic agent (IM); DF: RECEPT ADREN
MS = Cell-surface proteins that bind epinephrine and/or norepinephrine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes. The two major classes of adrenergic receptors, alpha and beta, were originally discriminated based on their cellular actions but now are distinguished by their relative affinity for characteristic synthetic ligands. Adrenergic receptors may also be classified according to the subtypes of G-proteins with which they bind; this scheme does not respect the alpha-beta distinction.
UI = D011941
Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha
AN = coord IM with specific alpha adrenergic agent (IM); DF: ADREN ALPHA RECEPT
MS = One of the two major pharmacological subdivisions of adrenergic receptors. The alpha-beta distinction was originally based on cellular effects of receptor activation but now relies on the relative affinities for certain synthetic ligands. alpha-Adrenergic receptors are further subdivided into several subclasses based on studies of endogenous and cloned receptors.
UI = D011942
Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1
MS = A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, ALPHA). alpha-1 Adrenergic receptors can be pharmacologically discriminated, e.g., by their high affinity for the agonist phenylephrine and the antagonist prazosin. They are widespread, with clinically important concentrations in the liver, the heart, vascular, intestinal, and genitourinary smooth muscle, and the central and peripheral nervous systems.
UI = D018340
Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2
MS = A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, ALPHA). alpha-2 Adrenergic receptors can be pharmacologically discriminated, e.g., by their high affinity for the agonist clonidine and the antagonist yohimbine. They are found on pancreatic beta cells, platelets, and vascular smooth muscle, as well as both pre- and postsynaptically in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
UI = D018341
Receptors, Adrenergic, beta
AN = coord IM with specific beta adrenergic agent (IM); DF: ADREN BETA RECEPT
MS = One of the two major pharmacologically defined classes of adrenergic receptors. The alpha-beta distinction was originally based on the cellular effects of receptor activation but now relies on the relative affinities for characteristic synthetic ligands. Beta adrenergic receptors are further subdivided based on information from endogenous and cloned receptors.
UI = D011943
Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1
MS = A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). beta-1 Adrenergic receptors are equally sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine and bind the agonist dobutamine and the antagonist metoprolol with high affinity. They are found in the heart, juxtaglomerular cells, and in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
UI = D018342
Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2
MS = A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). beta-2 Adrenergic receptors are more sensitive to epinephrine than to norepinephrine and have a high affinity for the agonist terbutaline. They are widespread, with clinically important roles in skeletal muscle, liver, and vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary smooth muscle.
UI = D018343
Receptors, Albumin
AN = coord IM with specific albumin (IM); DF; RECEPT ALBUMIN
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind albumin with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.
UI = D017457
Receptors, Aldosterone
AN = DF: RECEPT ALDOSTERONE
MS = Cytoplasmic proteins that specifically bind aldosterone and mediate its cellular effects. The aldosterone-bound receptor acts in the nucleus to regulate the transcription of specific segments of DNA.
UI = D017458
Receptors, Amino Acid
AN = coord IM with specific amino acid (IM); DF: RECEPT AA
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and GABA and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition.
UI = D017459
Receptors, AMPA
AN = DF: RECEPT AMPA
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and directly gate ion channels in cell membranes. AMPA receptors were originally discriminated from other glutamate receptors by their affinity for the agonist AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid). They are probably the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Several subtypes have been cloned, and for some types the traditional distinction from kainate receptors may not apply.
UI = D018091
Receptors, Androgen
AN = coord IM with specific androgen (IM); DF: RECEPT ANDROGEN
MS = Proteins, generally found in the cytoplasm, that specifically bind androgens and mediate their cellular actions. The complex of the androgen and receptor migrates to the nucleus where it induces transcription of specific segments of DNA.
UI = D011944
Receptors, Angiotensin
AN = coord IM with specific angiotensin (IM); DF: RECEPT ANGIOTENSIN
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind angiotensins and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.
UI = D011945
Receptors, Antigen
AN = GEN; prefer specific; DF: RECEPT ANTIGEN
MS = Molecules on the surface of B- and T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with specific antigens.
UI = D011946
Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell
AN = DF: RECEPT ANTIGEN B CELL
MS = Immunoglobulin molecules on the surface of B-lymphocytes that recognize and bind antigen.
UI = D011947
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; do not confuse their gamma-delta chains with gamma & delta chains which are subunits of CD3 antigens (index under ANTIGENS, CD3); DF: RECEPT ANTIGEN T CELL
MS = Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.
UI = D011948
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
AN = DF: TCR AB
MS = T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated alpha and beta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. Unlike immunoglobulins, the alpha-beta T-cell receptors recognize antigens only when presented in association with major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules.
UI = D016693
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
AN = do not confuse with CD3 gamma & delta chains (index under ANTIGENS, CD3); DF: TCR G D
MS = T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated gamma and delta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4-/CD8- T-cells. The receptors appear to be preferentially located in epithelial sites and probably play a role in the recognition of bacterial antigens. The T-cell receptor gamma/delta chains are separate and not related to the gamma and delta chains which are subunits of CD3 (see ANTIGENS, CD3).
UI = D016692
Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon
AN = DF: RECEPT AH
MS = Cytoplasmic proteins that bind certain aryl hydrocarbons, translocate to the nucleus, and activate transcription of particular DNA segments. AH receptors are identified by their high-affinity binding to several carcinogenic or teratogenic environmental chemicals including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in cigarette smoke and smog, heterocyclic amines found in cooked foods, and halogenated hydrocarbons including dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls. No endogenous ligand has been identified, but an unknown natural messenger with a role in cell differentiation and development is suspected.
UI = D018336
Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind atrial natriuretic factor with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.
UI = D017461
Receptors, Biogenic Amine
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT BIOGENIC AMINE
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind biogenic amines with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells. Biogenic amine is a chemically imprecise term which, by convention, includes the catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, the indoleamine serotonin, the imidazolamine histamine, and compounds closely related to each of these.
UI = D017982
Receptors, Bombesin
AN = DF: RECEPT BOMBESIN
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind bombesin or closely related peptides with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Gastrin- releasing peptide (GRP), GRP 18-27 (neuromedin C), and neuromedin B are endogenous ligands of bombesin receptors in mammals.
UI = D018004
Receptors, Bradykinin
AN = DF: RECEPT BRADYKININ
MS = Cell surface receptors that bind bradykinin and related kinins with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The identified receptor types (B-1 and B-2, or BK-1 and BK-2) recognize the endogenous kallidins, t-kinins, and certain bradykinin fragments as well as bradykinin itself.
UI = D018002
Receptors, Calcitonin
AN = DF: RECEPT CALCITONIN
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind calcitonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Calcitonin receptors outside the nervous system mediate the role of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis. The role of calcitonin receptors in the brain is not well understood.
UI = D018003
Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. CGRP receptors are present in both the central nervous system and the periphery and are not the same as calcitonin receptors.
UI = D018015
Receptors, Calcitriol
AN = DF: RECEPT CALCITRIOL
MS = Proteins, usually found in the cytoplasm, that specifically bind calcitriol, migrate to the nucleus, and regulate transcription of specific segments of DNA. Vitamin D is converted in the liver and kidney to calcitriol and ultimately acts through these receptors.
UI = D018167
Receptors, Catecholamine
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT CATECHOLAMINE
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind catecholamines with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The catecholamine messengers epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are synthesized from tyrosine by a common biosynthetic pathway.
UI = D017983
Receptors, CCR5
AN = chemokine recept; DF: RECEPT CCR5
MS = Seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors for beta-chemokines. They also function as fusion cofactors for macrophage-tropic HIV-1 strains.
UI = D019713
Receptors, Chemokine
AN = immunol recept; DF: RECEPT CHEMOKINE
MS = Cell surface glycoproteins that bind to chemokines and thus mediate the migration of pro-inflammatory molecules. The receptors are members of the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor family.
UI = D019707
Receptors, Cholecystokinin
AN = DF: RECEPT CCK
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind cholecystokinin (CCK) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Cholecystokinin receptors are activated by gastrin as well as by CCK-4, CCK-8, and CCK-33. Activation of these receptors evokes secretion of amylase by pancreatic acinar cells, acid and pepsin by stomach mucosal cells, and contraction of the pylorus and gall bladder. The role of the widespread CCK receptors in the central nervous system is not well understood.
UI = D011949
Receptors, Cholinergic
AN = /antag = NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS or NEUROMUSCULAR DEPOLARIZING AGENTS; coord IM with specific cholinergic agent (IM); DF: RECEPT CHOLINERGIC
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind acetylcholine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Cholinergic receptors are divided into two major classes, muscarinic and nicotinic, based originally on their affinity for nicotine and muscarine. Each group is further subdivided based on pharmacology, location, mode of action, and/or molecular biology.
UI = D011950
Receptors, Colony-Stimulating Factor
AN = DF: RECEPT CSF
MS = Cell surface receptors for colony stimulating factors, local mediators, and hormones that regulate the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hemopoietic cells.
UI = D016184
Receptors, Complement
AN = GEN; prefer specific; DF: RECEPT COMPLEMENT
MS = Molecules on the surface of some B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that recognize and combine with the C3b, C3d, C1q, and C4b components of complement.
UI = D011951
Receptors, Complement 3b
AN = DF: RECEPT C 3B
MS = Molecular sites on or in some B-lymphocytes and macrophages that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT 3B. The primary structure of these receptors reveal that they contain transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, with their extracellular portion composed entirely of thirty short consensus repeats each having 60 to 70 amino acids.
UI = D017463
Receptors, Complement 3d
AN = DF: RECEPT C 3D
MS = Molecular sites on or in B-lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells, lymphoid cells, and epithelial cells that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT 3D. Human complement receptor 2 (CR2) serves as a receptor for both C3dg and the gp350/220 glycoprotein of HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN, and binds the monoclonal antibody OKB7, which blocks binding of both ligands to the receptor.
UI = D017464
Receptors, Concanavalin A
AN = coord IM with specific concanavalin (IM); DF: RECEPT CON A
MS = Glycoprotein moieties on the surfaces of cell membranes that bind concanavalin A selectively; the number and location of the sites depends on the type and condition of the cell.
UI = D011952
Receptors, Corticotropin
AN = DF: RECEPT ACTH
MS = Cell surface receptors that bind CORTICOTROPIN (ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes. Pharmacology suggests there may be multiple ACTH receptors. An ACTH receptor has been cloned and belongs to a subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors. In addition to the adrenal cortex, ACTH receptors are found in the brain and immune systems.
UI = D018043
Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind corticotropin-releasing hormone with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The corticotropin releasing-hormone receptors on anterior pituitary cells mediate the stimulation of corticotropin release by hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor. The physiological consequence of activating corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors on central neurons is not well understood.
UI = D018019
Receptors, Cyclic AMP
AN = coord IM with specific cyclic AMP cpd (IM); DF: note short X ref
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind cyclic AMP with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The best characterized cyclic AMP receptors are those of the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. The transcription regulator CYCLIC AMP RECEPTOR PROTEIN of prokaryotes is not included nor are the eukaryotic cytoplasmic cyclic AMP receptor proteins which are the regulatory subunits of CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES.
UI = D011953
Receptors, Cytoadhesin
AN = a group of integrins; DF: RECEPT CYTOADHESIN
MS = A group of INTEGRINS that includes the platelet outer membrane glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa (PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX) and the vitronectin receptor (RECEPTORS, VITRONECTIN). They play a major role in cell adhesion and serve as receptors for fibronectin, von Willebrand factor, and vitronectin.
UI = D016024
Receptors, Cytokine
AN = DF: RECEPT CYTOKINE
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind cytokines and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.
UI = D018121
Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; for hormone receptors, see note on RECEPTORS, CELL SURFACE; DF: RECEPT CYTOPLASMIC
MS = Proteins in the cytoplasm or nucleus that specifically bind signalling molecules and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. The major groups are the steroid hormone receptors, which usually are found in the cytoplasm, and the thyroid hormone receptors, which usually are found in the nucleus. Receptors, unlike enzymes, generally do not catalyze chemical changes in their ligands.
UI = D018160
Receptors, CXCR4
AN = chemokine recept; DF: RECEPT CXCR4
MS = Seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors for alpha-chemokines. They also function as fusion cofactors for T-cell-tropic HIV-1 strains.
UI = D019718
Receptors, Dopamine
AN = coord IM with specific dopamine agent (IM); DF: RECEPT DOPAMINE
MS = Cell-surface proteins that bind dopamine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.
UI = D011954
Receptors, Dopamine D1
AN = DF: RECEPT DOPAMINE D1
MS = A class of dopamine receptors identified by their binding profiles for synthetic ligands, their molecular biology, and, perhaps, by their mode of action.
UI = D017447
Receptors, Dopamine D2
AN = DF: RECEPT DOPAMINE D2
MS = A class of dopamine receptors identified by their binding profiles for synthetic ligands, their molecular biology, and, perhaps, their mode of action.
UI = D017448
Receptors, Drug
AN = do not confuse with CHEMORECEPTORS: TN 160; coord IM with specific drug or chemical (IM); DF: RECEPT DRUG
MS = Proteins that bind specific drugs with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Drug receptors are generally thought to be receptors for some endogenous substance not otherwise specified.
UI = D011955
Receptors, Cell Surface
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with specific endogenous substance (IM); for hormone receptors in general coord HORMONES (IM) + RECEPTORS, CELL SURFACE (IM) or RECEPTORS, CYTOPLASMIC AND NUCLEAR (IM), for receptors of specific hormones, coord specific hormone or hormone group (IM) + precoord hormone receptor (e.g., RECEPTORS, ALDOSTERONE) (IM) or precoord hormone-group receptor (e.g., RECEPTORS, GLUCOCORTICOID) (IM); DF: RECEPT CELL SURFACE
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.
UI = D011956
Receptors, Eicosanoid
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT EICOSANOID
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind eicosanoids with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Among the eicosanoid receptors are receptors for the prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
UI = D018055
Receptors, Endothelin
AN = DF: RECEPT ENDOTHELIN
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind endothelin with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.
UI = D017466
Receptors, Epidermal Growth Factor-Urogastrone
AN = DF: RECEPT EGF
MS = Glycoproteins of about 170 kD that have protein kinase activity and span the plasma membranes of growing cells, including tumors. They are activated by the binding of EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR-UROGASTRONE which then initiates DNA and protein synthesis. They are not found on mitotically quiescent cells except in the stomach where they control the synthesis and release of digestive enzymes and gastric acid. TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA also binds to and activates these receptors.
UI = D011958
Receptors, Erythropoietin
AN = DF: RECEPT ERYTHROPOIETIN
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind erythropoietin with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.
UI = D017467
Receptors, Estradiol
AN = DF: RECEPT ESTRADIOL
MS = Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estradiol, migrate to the nucleus, and regulate DNA transcription.
UI = D011959
Receptors, Estrogen
AN = coord IM with specific estrogen (IM); DF: RECEPT ESTROGEN
MS = Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estrogens and migrate to the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. Evaluation of the state of estrogen receptors in breast cancer patients has become clinically important.
UI = D011960
Receptors, Fc
AN = DF: RECEPT FC
MS = Molecules found on the surface of some, but not all, B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages, which recognize and combine with the Fc (crystallizable) portion of immunoglobulin molecules.
UI = D011961
Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor
AN = coord IM with specific fibroblast growth factor (IM); DF: note short X ref
MS = Specific molecular sites or structures on cell membranes that react with fibroblast growth factors (both the basic and acidic forms), their analogs, or their antagonists to elicit or to inhibit the specific response of the cell to these factors. These receptors frequently possess tyrosine kinase activity.
UI = D017468
Receptors, Fibronectin
AN = DF: RECEPT FIBRONECTIN
MS = Specific sites or molecular structures on or in cells with which fibronectins react or to which they bind. Studies have shown that these receptors function in certain types of adhesive contact as well as playing a major role in matrix assembly. These are the traditional fibronectin receptors, also called VLA-5 receptors or alpha 5 beta 1 integrins. There are also other integrins that bind fibronectin, including alpha v beta 1.
UI = D017469
Receptors, FSH
AN = DF: RECEPT FSH
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind follicle-stimulating hormone (follitropin, FSH) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.
UI = D011962
Receptors, GABA
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT GABA
MS = Cell-surface proteins that bind GABA with high affinity and trigger changes that influence the behavior of cells. GABA-A receptors control chloride channels formed by the receptor complex itself. They are blocked by bicuculline and usually have modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. GABA-B receptors act through G-proteins on several effector systems, are insensitive to bicuculline, and have a high affinity for L-baclofen.
UI = D018079
Receptors, GABA-A
AN = DF: RECEPT GABA A
MS = Cell surface proteins which bind GABA and control an integral membrane chloride channel. GABA-A receptors are the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the brain. Several isoforms have been cloned, and they belong to a superfamily which includes nicotinic receptors, glycine receptors, and 5HT-3 receptors. Most GABA-A receptors have separate modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and to barbiturates.
UI = D011963
Receptors, GABA-B
AN = DF: RECEPT GABA B
MS = Cell surface proteins which bind GABA and influence cells via interactions with G-proteins. GABA-B receptors are pharmacologically characterized by their insensitivity to the blocker bicuculline and sensitivity to the agonist L-baclofen. They are found both presynaptically and postsynaptically, and act variously by inhibition of adenylate cyclase, activation of phospholipase A2, activation of potassium channels, and inactivation of voltage-activated calcium channels.
UI = D018080
Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with specific hormone (IM); DF: RECEPT GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONE
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind gastrointestinal hormones with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Most gastrointestinal hormones also act as neurotransmitters so these receptors are also present in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
UI = D011964
Receptors, Glucagon
AN = DF: RECEPT GLUCAGON
MS = Cell surface receptors that bind glucagon with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Activation of glucagon receptors causes a variety of effects; the best understood is the initiation of a complex enzymatic cascade in the liver which ultimately increases the availability of glucose to body organs.
UI = D018027
Receptors, Glucocorticoid
AN = coord IM with specific glucocorticoid (IM); DF: RECEPT GLUCOCORTICOID
MS = Cytoplasmic proteins that specifically bind glucocorticoids and mediate their cellular effects. The glucocorticoid receptor-glucocorticoid complex acts in the nucleus to induce transcription of DNA. Glucocorticoids were named for their actions on blood glucose concentration, but they have equally important effects on protein and fat metabolism. Cortisol is the most important example.
UI = D011965
Receptors, Glutamate
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT GLUTAMATE
MS = Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases.
UI = D017470
Receptors, Glycine
AN = DF: RECEPT GLYCINE
MS = Cell surface receptors that bind glycine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glycine receptors in the central nervous system have an intrinsic chloride channel and are usually inhibitory.
UI = D018009
Receptors, Gonadotropin
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT GONADOTROPIN
MS = Those protein complexes or molecular sites on the surfaces of gonadal and other sensitive cells that bind gonadotropins and thereby modify the functions of those cells; hCG, LH, and FSH are the major specific gonadotropins.
UI = D011967
Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
AN = DF: RECEPT GCSF
MS = Receptors that bind and internalize GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR. Their MW is believed to be 150 kD. These receptors are found mainly on a subset of myelomonocytic cells.
UI = D016188
Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
AN = DF: RECEPT GMCSF
MS = Receptors that bind and internalize the granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor. Their MW is believed to be 84 kD. The most mature myelomonocytic cells, specifically human neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils, express the highest number of affinity receptors for this growth factor.
UI = D016187
Receptors, Growth Factor
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT GROWTH FACTOR
MS = Cell surface receptors that bind growth or trophic factors with high affinity, triggering intracellular responses which influence the growth, differentiation, or survival of cells.
UI = D017978
Receptors, Histamine
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific histamine cpd (IM); DF: RECEPT HISTAMINE
MS = Cell-surface proteins that bind histamine and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Histamine receptors are widespread in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues. Three types have been recognized and designated H1, H2, and H3. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mode of action.
UI = D011968
Receptors, Histamine H1
AN = receptors for only the classical "antihistaminics"; DF: RECEPT H1
MS = A class of histamine receptors discriminated by their pharmacology and mode of action. Most histamine H1 receptors operate through the inositol phosphate/diacylglycerol second messenger system. Among the many responses mediated by these receptors are smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, hormone release, and cerebral glyconeogenesis. (From Biochem Soc Trans 1992 Feb;20(1):122-5)
UI = D011969
Receptors, Histamine H2
AN = receptors for the non-classical antihistaminics (HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS); DF: RECEPT H2
MS = A class of histamine receptors discriminated by their pharmacology and mode of action. Histamine H2 receptors act via G-proteins to stimulate adenylate cylase. Among the many responses mediated by these receptors are gastric acid secretion, smooth muscle relaxation, inotropic and chronotropic effects on heart muscle, and inhibition of lymphocyte function. (From Biochem Soc Trans 1992 Feb;20(1):122-5)
UI = D011970
Receptors, Histamine H3
AN = DF: RECEPT H3
MS = A class of histamine receptors discriminated by their pharmacology and mode of action. Histamine H3 receptors were first recognized as inhibitory autoreceptors on histamine-containing nerve terminals and have since been shown to regulate the release of several neurotransmitters in the central and peripheral nervous systems. (From Biochem Soc Trans 1992 Feb;20(1):122-5)
UI = D018100
Receptors, HIV
AN = includes HIV-1 & HIV-2 receptors; DF: RECEPT HIV or HIV RECEPT
MS = Cellular receptors that bind the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. Included are CD4 ANTIGENS, found on T4 lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophages, which bind to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN gp120.
UI = D015728
Receptors, IgE
AN = DF: RECEPT IGE
MS = Specific molecular sites on the surface of B- and T-lymphocytes which combine with IgEs. Two subclasses exist: low affinity receptors (Fc epsilon RII) and high affinity receptors (Fc epsilon RI).
UI = D017455
Receptors, IgG
AN = DF: RECEPT IGG
MS = Specific molecular sites on the surface of various cells, including B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that combine with IgGs. Three subclasses exist: Fc gamma RI (the CD64 antigen, a low affinity receptor), Fc gamma RII (the CD32 antigen, a high affinity receptor), and Fc gamma RIII (the CD16 antigen, a low affinity receptor).
UI = D017452
Receptors, Immunologic
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT IMMUNOL
MS = Cell surface molecules on cells of the immune system that specifically bind surface molecules or messenger molecules and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Although these receptors were first identified in the immune system, many have important functions elsewhere.
UI = D011971
Receptors, Insulin
AN = coord IM with specific insulin (IM); DF: RECEPT INSULIN
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind insulin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The best understood physiological consequence of insulin receptor activation is increased transport of glucose into most cells, which controls the rate of carbohydrate metabolism. The insulin receptor is a multifunctional protein complex that has intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and is capable of autophosphorylation.
UI = D011972
Receptors, Insulin-Like-Growth Factor I
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = Specific proteins on or in cells to which insulin-like growth factor I (somatomedin C) binds and thereby modifies the function of the cells. These receptors contain transmembrane and cytosolic domains, bind IGF-I preferentially, and have high-affinity sites for IGF-II. The alpha-subunit has a MW of 130 kD and the beta subunit possesses tyrosine kinase activity.
UI = D017526
Receptors, Insulin-Like-Growth-Factor II
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = Specific proteins on or in cells to which insulin-like growth factor II and mannose-6-phosphate bind and thereby modify the function of the cells. These receptors have a MW of 250 kD and possess no tyrosine kinase activity.
UI = D017527
Receptors, Interferon
AN = coord IM with specific interferon (IM); DF: RECEPT INTERFERON
MS = Specific molecular sites or structures on or in cells with which interferons react or to which they bind in order to modify the function of the cells. Interferons exert their pleiotropic effects through two different receptors. alpha- and beta-interferon crossreact with common receptors, while gamma-interferon initiates its biological effects through its own specific receptor system.
UI = D017471
Receptors, Interleukin
AN = GEN; prefer specific; DF: RECEPT INTERLEUKIN
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind interleukins and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.
UI = D018123
Receptors, Interleukin-1
AN = DF: RECEPT IL 1 or RECEPT IL1
MS = Specific molecular sites or structures on cells with which interleukin-1 reacts or to which it binds to modify the function of the cells. The IL-1 receptor on T-lymphocytes and fibroblasts is composed of a single polypeptide chain that binds both IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta. The molecular weight of this high-affinity receptor is believed to be 80 kD.
UI = D017472
Receptors, Interleukin-2
AN = DF: RECEPT IL 2 or RECEPT IL2
MS = Receptors present on activated T- and B-cells as a complex consisting of a 55 kD peptide, which reacts with the anti-Tac monoclonal antibody, and a 75 kD non-Tac interleukin-2-binding peptide. The receptor is present in two forms, one with a very high affinity and the other with low affinity for IL-2. The high-affinity form appears to mediate exclusively the growth-promoting response to IL-2. The receptor is present in large numbers on resting HTLV-I leukemia cells, but not on normal resting cells.
UI = D015375
Receptors, Interleukin-3
AN = DF: RECEPT IL 3 or RECEPT IL3
MS = Phosphotyrosine-containing proteins, MW 140 kD. They form a stable complex with INTERLEUKIN-3 with an apparent mass of 170 kD. They are found on a variety of cells and activate INTERLEUKIN-3.
UI = D016185
Receptors, Interleukin-4
AN = DF: RECEPT IL 4
MS = Receptors present on a wide variety of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cell types and various human tumors. Two forms of the receptor have been described, soluble and membrane-bound. Low affinity and high affinity receptors for IL-4 have been reported.
UI = D019948
Receptors, Interleukin-6
AN = DF: RECEPT IL 6
MS = Receptors present on T cells, mitogen-activated B cells, peripheral monocytes, and some macrophage- and B cell-derived tumor cell types. The receptor is a strongly glycosylated protein of 80 kD and a length of 468 amino acids. (Ibelgaufts, Dictionary of Cytokines, 1995)
UI = D019947
Receptors, Interleukin-7
MS = Receptors present on T cells and B cell precursors but not mature B cells. The receptor is a strongly glycosylated protein of 76 kD.
UI = D020395
Receptors, Invertebrate Peptide
AN = receptors for peptide hormones & neuropeptides; DF: RECEPT INVERTEBRATE PEPTIDE
MS = Cell surface receptors for invertebrate peptide hormones or neuropeptides.
UI = D018010
Receptors, Kainic Acid
AN = DF: RECEPT KAINIC ACID
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and directly gate ion channels. Kainic acid receptors were originally discriminated from other glutamate receptors by their affinity for the agonist kainic acid. Activation of kainic acid receptors is generally excitatory to cells. Subtypes have been cloned, and for some the traditional distinction from AMPA receptors may not apply.
UI = D018092
Receptors, Laminin
AN = immunol receptors; DF: RECEPT LAMININ
MS = Glycoprotein molecules on the surface of cells that react with or bind to laminin whose function allows the binding of epithelial cells to the basement membrane. The molecular weight of this high-affinity receptor is 67 kD.
UI = D017474
Receptors, LDL
AN = DF: RECEPT LDL
MS = Receptors on the plasma membrane of nonhepatic cells that specifically bind LDL. The receptors are localized in specialized regions called coated pits. Hypercholesteremia is caused by an allelic genetic defect of three types: 1) receptors do not bind to LDL; 2) there is reduced binding of LDL; and 3) there is normal binding but no internalization of LDL. In consequence, entry of cholesterol esters into the cell is impaired and the intracellular feedback by cholesterol on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase is lacking.
UI = D011973
Receptors, Leukocyte-Adhesion
AN = /defic = LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; DF: RECEPT LEUKOCYTE ADHESION
MS = Family of proteins associated with the capacity of leukocytes, including lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils, to adhere to each other and to certain substrata, e.g., the C3bi component of complement. Members of this family are the LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1 (LFA-1), the MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN (Mac-1), and the ANTIGEN P150,95 or p150,95 leukocyte adhesion protein. They all share a common beta-subunit which is the CD18 antigen. All three of the above antigens are absent in inherited LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION DEFICIENCY SYNDROME, which is characterized by recurrent bacterial infections, impaired pus formation, and wound healing as well as abnormalities in a wide spectrum of adherence-dependent functions of granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphoid cells.
UI = D016028
Receptors, Leukotriene B4
AN = DF: RECEPT LEUKOTRIENE B4
MS = A class of cell surface leukotriene receptors with a preference for leukotriene B4. Leukotriene B4 receptor activation influences chemotaxis, chemokinesis, adherence, enzyme release, oxidative bursts, and degranulation in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. There are at least two subtypes of these receptors. Some actions are mediated through the inositol phosphate and diacylglycerol second messenger systems.
UI = D018102
Receptors, Leukotriene
AN = RECEPTORS, LEUKOTRIENE B4 is also available; DF: RECEPT LEUKOTRIENE
MS = Cell-surface receptors that bind leukotrienes with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. The leukotriene receptor subtypes have been tentatively named according to their affinities for the endogenous leukotrienes LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4.
UI = D018077
Receptors, LH
AN = DF: RECEPT LH
MS = Those protein complexes or molecular sites on the surfaces and cytoplasm of gonadal cells that bind luteinizing or chorionic gonadotropic hormones and thereby cause the gonadal cells to synthesize and secrete sex steroids. The hormone-receptor complex is internalized from the plasma membrane and initiates steroid synthesis.
UI = D011974
Receptors, LHRH
AN = DF: RECEPT LHRH
MS = Receptors with a 6-kD protein on the surfaces of cells that secrete LH or FSH, usually in the adenohypophysis. LHRH binds to these receptors, is endocytosed with the receptor and, in the cell, triggers the release of LH or FSH by the cell. These receptors are also found in rat gonads. INHIBIN prevents the binding of GnRH to its receptors.
UI = D011966
Receptors, Lipoprotein
AN = GEN; RECEPTORS, LDL is available; DF: RECEPT LIPOPROTEIN
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind lipoproteins with high affinity. Lipoprotein receptors in the liver and peripheral tissues mediate the regulation of plasma and cellular cholesterol metabolism and concentration. The receptors generally recognize the apolipoproteins of the lipoprotein complex, and binding is often a trigger for endocytosis.
UI = D018110
Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing
AN = DF: RECEPT LYMPHOCYTE HOMING
MS = Cell surface glycoproteins on lymphocytes and other leukocytes that mediate adhesion to specialized blood vessels called high endothelial venules. Several different classes of lymphocyte homing receptors have been identified, and they appear to target different surface molecules (addressins) on high endothelial venules in different tissues. The adhesion plays a crucial role in the trafficking of lymphocytes.
UI = D016201
Receptors, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
AN = DF: RECEPT MCSF
MS = Glycoproteins of MW 165 kD which are encoded by the c-fms proto-oncogene. The binding of CSF-1 to its receptors activates an intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity resulting in autophosphorylation of the receptors on tyrosine, rapid receptor down-regulation, and phosphorylation of as yet unidentified physiologic substrates that initiate a mitogenic response.
UI = D016186
Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate
AN = metabotropic refers to action via the second messenger system; DF: RECEPT METAB GLUTAMATE
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and act through G-proteins to influence second messenger systems. Several types of metabotropic glutamate receptors have been cloned. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mechanisms of action.
UI = D018094
Receptors, Mineralocorticoid
AN = coord IM with specific mineralocorticoid (IM); DF: RECEPT MINERALOCORTICOID
MS = Cytoplasmic proteins that specifically bind mineralocorticoids and mediate their cellular effects. The receptor with its bound ligand acts in the nucleus to induce transcription of specific segments of DNA. Mineralocorticoids were named for their actions on extracellular electrolyte concentrations. The most important example is aldosterone.
UI = D018161
Receptors, Mitogen
AN = DF: RECEPT MITOGEN
MS = Glycoprotein molecules on the surface of B- and T-lymphocytes, that react with molecules of antilymphocyte sera, lectins, and other agents which induce blast transformation of lymphocytes.
UI = D011975
Receptors, Muscarinic
AN = coord IM with specific muscarinic substance (IM); DF: RECEPT MUSCARINIC
MS = One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Muscarinic receptors were originally defined by their preference for muscarine over nicotine. There are several subtypes (usually M1, M2, M3....) that are characterized by their cellular actions, pharmacology, and molecular biology.
UI = D011976
Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor
AN = coord IM with specific nerve growth factor (IM); DF: note short X ref
MS = Cell surface receptors that bind nerve growth factor (NGF) and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Nerve growth factor receptors mediate the effects of nerve growth factor on the survival and growth of neurons.
UI = D017475
Receptors, Neurokinin-1
AN = tachykinin receptors; DF: RECEPT NEUROKININ 1
MS = A class of cell surface receptors for tachykinins with a preference for substance P. Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptors have been cloned and are members of the G protein coupled receptor superfamily. They are found on many cell types including central and peripheral neurons, smooth muscle cells, acinar cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells.
UI = D018040
Receptors, Neurokinin-2
AN = tachykinin receptors; DF: RECEPT NEUROKININ 2
MS = A class of cell surface receptors for tachykinins that prefers neurokinin A (NKA, substance K, neurokinin alpha, neuromedin L), neuropeptide K (NPK), or neuropeptide gamma over other tachykinins. Neurokinin-2 (NK-2) receptors have been cloned and are similar to other G-protein coupled receptors.
UI = D018041
Receptors, Neurokinin-3
AN = tachykinin receptors; DF: RECEPT NEUROKININ 3
MS = A class of cell surface receptors for tachykinins that prefers neurokinin B (neurokinin beta, neuromedin K) over other tachykinins. Neurokinin-3 (NK-3) receptors have been cloned and are members of the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. They have been found in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues.
UI = D018042
Receptors, Neuropeptide
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT NEUROPEPTIDE
MS = Cell surface receptors that bind specific neuropeptides with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Many neuropeptides are also hormones outside of the nervous system.
UI = D018013
Receptors, Neuropeptide Y
AN = DF: RECEPT NEUROPEPTIDE Y
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind neuropeptide Y with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.
UI = D017476
Receptors, Neurotensin
AN = DF: RECEPT NEUROTENSIN
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind neurotensin with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Neurotensin and neurotensin receptors are found in the central nervous system and in the periphery.
UI = D018028
Receptors, Neurotransmitter
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT NEUROTRANSM
MS = Cell surface receptors that bind signalling molecules released by neurons and convert these signals into intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act to regulate ion channels, but also those which act on second messenger systems and those which may act at a distance from their release sites. Included are receptors for neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not located at synapses.
UI = D017981
Receptors, Nicotinic
AN = coord IM with specific nicotinic agent (IM); DF: RECEPT NICOTINIC
MS = One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for nicotine over muscarine. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, molecular biology, and biophysical properties of the channels.
UI = D011978
Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
AN = DF: RECEPT NMDA
MS = A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.
UI = D016194
Receptors, Odorant
AN = receptors on cilia of olfactory receptor neurons; DF: RECEPT ODORANT
MS = Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons. The large number of different odorant receptors appears to arise from several gene families or subfamilies rather than from DNA rearrangement.
UI = D018035
Receptors, Opioid
AN = coord IM with specific opioid (IM); DF: RECEPT OPIOID
MS = Cell membrane proteins that bind opioids and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The endogenous ligands for opioid receptors in mammals include three families of peptides, the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. The receptor classes include mu, delta, and kappa receptors. Sigma receptors bind several psychoactive substances, including certain opioids, but their endogenous ligands are not known.
UI = D011957
Receptors, Opioid, delta
AN = opioid receptors; DF: RECEPT DELTA
MS = A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Delta opioid receptors bind endorphins and enkephalins with approximately equal affinity and have less affinity for dynorphins.
UI = D017465
Receptors, Opioid, kappa
AN = opioid receptors found in the anterior pituitary & substantia nigra; DF: RECEPT KAPPA
MS = A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Kappa opioid receptors bind dynorphins with a higher affinity than endorphins which are themselves preferred to enkephalins.
UI = D017473
Receptors, Opioid, mu
AN = opioid receptors found in the hypothalamus; DF: RECEPT MU
MS = A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Mu opioid receptors bind, in decreasing order of affinity, endorphins, dynorphins, met-enkephalin, and leu-enkephalin. They have also been shown to be molecular receptors for morphine.
UI = D017450
Receptors, Oxytocin
AN = DF: RECEPT OXYTOCIN
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind oxytocin with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Oxytocin receptors in the uterus and the mammary glands mediate the hormone's stimulation of contraction and milk ejection. The presence of oxytocin and oxytocin receptors in neurons of the brain probably reflects an additional role as a neurotransmitter.
UI = D018045
Receptors, Pancreatic Hormone
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT PANCREATIC HORMONE
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind pancreatic hormones with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. These include receptors for glucagon (secreted by alpha cells), insulin (secreted by beta cells), somatostatin (secreted by delta cells), and pancreatic peptide (secreted by PP cells). Some of these hormones and receptors also support neurotransmission.
UI = D018026
Receptors, Parathyroid Hormone
AN = DF: RECEPT PARATHYROID HORMONE
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind parathyroid hormone with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Parathyroid hormone receptors on bone, kidney, and gastrointestinal cells mediate the hormone's role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis.
UI = D018016
Receptors, Peptide
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific peptide (IM); DF: RECEPT PEPTIDE
MS = Cell surface receptors that bind peptide messengers with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells.
UI = D018000
Receptors, Phencyclidine
AN = DF: RECEPT PCP
MS = Specific sites or molecular structures on cell membranes or in cells with which phencyclidine reacts or to which it binds to elicit the specific response of the cell to phencyclidine. Studies have demonstrated the presence of multiple receptor sites for PCP. These are the PCP/sigma site, which binds both PCP and psychotomimetic opiates but not certain antipsychotics, and the PCP site, which selectively binds PCP analogs.
UI = D017478
Receptors, Pituitary Hormone
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with specific pituit hormone (IM); DF: RECEPT PITUITARY HORMONE
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind pituitary hormones with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Since many pituitary hormones are also released by neurons as neurotransmitters, these receptors are also found in the nervous system.
UI = D011979
Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone
AN = DF: RECEPT PHRH
MS = Cell surface receptors that bind the hypothalamic hormones regulating pituitary cell differentiation, proliferation, and hormone synthesis and release, including the pituitary-releasing and release-inhibiting hormones. The pituitary hormone-regulating hormones are also released by cells other than hypothalamic neurons, and their receptors also occur on non-pituitary cells, especially brain neurons, where their role is less well understood. Receptors for dopamine, which is a prolactin release-inhibiting hormone as well as a common neurotransmitter, are not included here.
UI = D018017
Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
AN = DF: RECEPT PDGF
MS = Specific molecular sites or structures on cell membranes that react with platelet-derived growth factor, its analogs, or antagonists, to elicit or to inhibit the specific response of the cell to this factor. PDGF binds with different affinities and specificities to two structurally related receptors, the alpha-receptor and the beta-receptor. Both of these receptors are transmembrane proteins with an intracellular, ligand-stimulatable protein kinase domain.
UI = D017479
Receptors, Polymeric Immunoglobulin
AN = specialized Fc receptors; DF: RECEPT POLY IG
MS = Specialized Fc receptors (RECEPTORS, FC) for polymeric immunoglobulins, which mediate transcytosis of polymeric IgA and IgM into external secretions. They are found on the surfaces of epithelial cells and hepatocytes. After binding to IgA, the receptor-ligand complex undergoes endocytosis, transport by vesicle, and secretion into the lumen by exocytosis. Before release, the part of the receptor (SECRETORY COMPONENT) that is bound to IgA is proteolytically cleaved from its transmembrane tail. (From Rosen et al., The Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)
UI = D019056
Receptors, Presynaptic
AN = cell surface receptors: do not confuse with NEURORECEPTORS see RECEPTORS, SENSORY (Cat A8) or with RECEPTORS, NEUROTRANSMITTER; DF: RECEPT PRESYNAPTIC
MS = Neurotransmitter receptors located on or near presynaptic terminals or varicosities. Presynaptic receptors which bind transmitter molecules released by the terminal itself are termed AUTORECEPTORS.
UI = D017661
Receptors, Progesterone
AN = coord IM with specific progesterone (IM); DF: RECEPT PROGESTERONE
MS = Specific proteins found in or on cells of progesterone target tissues that specifically combine with progesterone. The cytosol progesterone-receptor complex then associates with the nucleic acids to initiate protein synthesis. There are two kinds of progesterone receptors, A and B. Both are induced by estrogen and have short half-lives.
UI = D011980
Receptors, Prolactin
AN = DF: RECEPT PRL
MS = Labile proteins on or in prolactin-sensitive cells that bind prolactin initiating the cells' physiological response to that hormone. Mammary casein synthesis is one of the responses. The receptors are also found in placenta, liver, testes, kidneys, ovaries, and other organs and bind and respond to certain other hormones and their analogs and antagonists. This receptor is related to the growth hormone receptor.
UI = D011981
Receptors, Prostaglandin
AN = coord IM with specific natural or synthetic prostaglandin (IM); RECEPTORS, PROSTAGLANDIN E is available; DF: RECEPT PG
MS = Cell surface receptors that bind prostaglandins with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Prostaglandin receptor subtypes have been tentatively named according to their relative affinities for the endogenous prostaglandins. They include those which prefer prostaglandin D2 (DP receptors), prostaglandin E2 (EP1, EP2, and EP3 receptors), prostaglandin F2-alpha (FP receptors), and prostacyclin (IP receptors).
UI = D011982
Receptors, Prostaglandin E
AN = DF: RECEPT PGE
MS = Cell surface receptors which bind prostaglandins with a high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Prostaglandin E receptors prefer prostaglandin E2 to other endogenous prostaglandins. They are subdivided into EP1, EP2, and EP3 types based on their effects and their pharmacology.
UI = D018078
Receptors, Purinergic
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific purine (IM); DF: RECEPT PURINE
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind purines with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The best characterized classes of purinergic receptors in mammals are the P1 receptors, which prefer adenosine, and the P2 receptors, which prefer ATP or ADP.
UI = D011983
Receptors, Purinergic P1
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = A class of cell surface receptors that prefers adenosine to other endogenous purines. Purinergic P1 receptors are widespread in the body including the cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, and nervous systems. There are at least two pharmacologically distinguishable types (A1 and A2, or Ri and Ra). The methylxanthines, e.g., caffeine, bind to these receptors, but also have other unrelated effects.
UI = D018047
Receptors, Purinergic P2
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = A class of cell surface receptors for purines that prefer ATP or ADP over adenosine. P2 purinergic receptors are widespread in the periphery and in the central and peripheral nervous system. Subtypes have been proposed, usually designated P2 x, y, z, and t. P2x receptors may mediate fast synaptic transmission by ATP. The ADP-preferring P2t receptors in platelets stimulate aggregation.
UI = D018048
Receptors, Retinoic Acid
AN = DF: RECEPT RETINOIC ACID
MS = Proteins in the nucleus or cytoplasm that specifically bind retinoic acid or retinol and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Retinoic acid receptors, like steroid receptors, are ligand-activated transcription regulators. Several types have been recognized.
UI = D018168
Receptors, Sensory
AN = DF: RECEPT SENSORY
MS = Specialized neurons or parts of neurons which transduce sensory information and relay it centrally. Included are receptors for stimuli outside the body (exteroceptors) as well as receptors for stimuli from within the body itself (interoceptors and proprioceptors). Sensory receptors may include accessory structures which condition (e.g., filter) the input received by the receptor neurons themselves.
UI = D011984
Receptors, Serotonin
AN = coord IM with specific serotonin agent (IM); DF: RECEPT SEROTONIN
MS = Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action.
UI = D011985
Receptors, sigma
AN = opioid receptors; DF: RECEPT SIGMA
MS = A class of cell surface receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Sigma receptors were originally considered to be opioid receptors because they bind certain synthetic opioids. However they also interact with a variety of other psychoactive drugs, and their endogenous ligand is not known (although they can react to certain endogenous steroids). Sigma receptors are found in the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems, and in some peripheral tissues.
UI = D017480
Receptors, Somatomedin
AN = specifics are also available; DF: RECEPT SOMATOMEDIN
MS = Cell surface receptors that bind somatomedins and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Studies have disclosed two types of receptors for this family of peptide hormones. The type I receptor is homologous to the insulin receptor and has tyrosine kinase activity. The type II receptor is identical to the mannose-6-phosphate receptor which is important in trafficking of lysosomal enzymes.
UI = D017451
Receptors, Somatostatin
AN = DF: RECEPT SRIH
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind somatostatin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Somatostatin is a hypothalamic hormone, a pancreatic hormone, and a central and peripheral neurotransmitter. Activated somatostatin receptors on pituitary cells inhibit the release of growth hormone; those on endocrine and gastrointestinal cells regulate the absorption and utilization of nutrients; and those on neurons mediate somatostatin's role as a neurotransmitter.
UI = D017481
Receptors, Somatotropin
AN = DF: RECEPT SOMATOTROPIN
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind somatotropin with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Activation of growth hormone receptors regulates amino acid transport through cell membranes, RNA translation to protein, DNA transcription, and protein and amino acid catabolism in many cell types. Many of these effects are mediated indirectly through stimulation of the release of somatomedins.
UI = D011986
Receptors, Steroid
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific steroid (IM); DF: RECEPT STEROID
MS = Proteins found usually in the cytoplasm or nucleus that specifically bind steroid hormones and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. The steroid receptor-steroid hormone complex regulates the transcription of specific genes.
UI = D011987
Receptors, Tachykinin
AN = DF: RECEPT TACHYKININ
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind tachykinins with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Three classes of tachykinin receptors have been characterized, the NK-1, NK-2, and NK-3, which prefer, respectively, substance P, neurokinin A (substance K, neurokinin alpha, neuromedin L), and neurokinin B (neurokinin beta, neuromedin K).
UI = D018039
Receptors, Thrombin
AN = DF: RECEPT THROMBIN
MS = Cell surface proteins that specifically bind thrombin and trigger changes in the behavior of blood cells. There are at least two types of thrombin receptors on platelets. The higher affinity receptors mediate the inhibition of stimulated adenylate cyclase, the secretion of acid hydrolases, and the activation of phospholipase A2. The lower affinity receptors are linked to phospholipase C and trigger platelet aggregation and exposure of fibrinogen binding sites. A human platelet thrombin receptor has been cloned and is a member of the family of peptide receptors. There are also thrombin receptors on endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.
UI = D018179
Receptors, Thromboxane
AN = coord IM with specific thromboxane (IM); DF: RECEPT THROMBOXANE
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind thromboxanes with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. At least a subset of thromboxane receptors act via the inositol phosphate and diacylglycerol second messenger systems.
UI = D017482
Receptors, Thyroid Hormone
AN = coord IM with specific thyroid hormone (IM); DF: RECEPT THYROID HORMONE
MS = Proteins, usually found in the nucleus, that specifically bind thyroid hormones and regulate DNA transcription. These proteins, termed c-erbA, are activated by hormones and cause differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells which irreversibly lose proliferative potential. Thus c-erbA proteins act as growth suppressors. The c-erbA proteins are encoded by at least two genes, c-erbA alpha and c-erbA beta. Each of these has two isoforms. Mutations in the ligand-binding domain of the beta form causes THYROID HORMONE RESISTANCE SYNDROME.
UI = D011988
Receptors, Thyrotropin
AN = DF: RECEPT TSH
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind thyrotropin and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. These receptors are present in the nervous system and on cells in the thyroid gland. Autoantibodies to these receptors are implicated in Graves', Hashimoto's, and other thyroid diseases.
UI = D011989
Receptors, Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone
AN = DF: RECEPT TRH
MS = Cell surface receptors that bind thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Activated TRH receptors in the anterior pituitary stimulate the release of thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH). TRH receptors on neurons mediate neurotransmission by TRH.
UI = D018025
Receptors, Transferrin
AN = DF: RECEPT TRANSFERRIN
MS = Membrane glycoproteins found in high concentrations on iron-utilizing cells. They specifically bind iron-bearing transferrin, are endocytosed with its ligand and then returned to the cell surface where transferrin without its iron is released.
UI = D011990
Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta
AN = DF: RECEPT TGF BETA
MS = Cell-surface proteins that bind transforming growth factor beta and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. Two types of transforming growth factor receptors have been recognized. They differ in affinity for different members of the transforming growth factor beta family and in cellular mechanisms of action. Transforming growth factor alpha binds to the same receptors as epidermal growth factor (see RECEPTORS, EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR-UROGASTRONE).
UI = D018125
Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = Cell surface receptors that bind tumor necrosis factor and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. The two recognized tumor necrosis factor receptors are designated alpha and beta receptors. Both receptors bind both alpha and beta tumor necrosis factors with high affinity, and both are members of the nerve growth factor receptor family.
UI = D018124
Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
AN = DF: RECEPT VIP
MS = Cell surface proteins that bind VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE (VIP) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.
UI = D018005
Receptors, Vasopressin
AN = coord IM with specific vasopressin (IM); DF: RECEPT VASOPRESSIN
MS = Specific molecular sites or structures on or in cells that vasopressins react or to which they bind in order to modify the function of the cells. Two types of vasopressin receptor exist, the V1 receptor and the V2 receptor. The V1 receptor can be subdivided into V1a and V1b (formerly V3) receptors.
UI = D017483
Receptors, Very Late Antigen
AN = DF: RECEPT VLA
MS = Members of the integrin family appearing late after T-cell activation. They are a family of proteins initially identified at the surface of stimulated T-cells, but now identified on a variety of cell types. At least six VLA antigens have been identified as heterodimeric adhesion receptors consisting of a single common beta-subunit and different alpha-subunits.
UI = D016029
Receptors, Virus
AN = receptor on or within the cell binding the virus; do not confuse X ref PHAGE RECEPTORS with PHAGE ATTACHMENT SITES see ATTACHMENT SITES (MICROBIOLOGY); DF: RECEPT VIRUS
MS = Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.
UI = D011991
Receptors, Vitronectin
AN = cytoadhesin receptors; DF: RECEPT VITRONECTIN
MS = alpha-v beta-3 INTEGRINS that bind vitronectin with high affinity and play a role in cell migration. They also bind fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, osteopontin, and thrombospondin. The highly homologous alpha-v beta-5 integrin also binds vitronectin, but mediates simple adhesion.
UI = D019030
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; do not confuse with VIRAL FUSION PROTEINS
MS = Proteins that are the result of genetic engineering. A regulatory part or promoter of one or more genes is combined with a structural gene. The fusion protein is formed after transcription and translation of the fused gene. This type of fusion protein is used in the study of gene regulation or structure-activity relationships. They might also be used clinically as targeted toxins (IMMUNOTOXINS).
UI = D011993
Recombinant Proteins
AN = "proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology"; IM; GEN only; prefer specifics; for synthesis of these proteins, coord IM with /biosyn + specific protein /biosyn (IM)
MS = Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
UI = D011994
Recombination, Genetic
MS = Production of new arrangements of genes by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, crossing over, gene conversion, transformation, conjugation, transduction, F-duction, or mixed infection of viruses.
UI = D011995
Reconstructive Surgical Procedures
MS = Procedures used to reconstruct, restore, or improve defective, damaged, or missing structures.
UI = D019651
Records
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; vet records go here (IM) + VETERINARY MEDICINE (IM); case reports as a form of writing probably goes under MEDICAL RECORDS or specific records term (IM); FORMS AND RECORDS CONTROL is also available
MS = The commitment in writing, as authentic evidence, of something having legal importance. The concept includes certificates of birth, death, etc., as well as hospital, medical, and other institutional records.
UI = D011996
Recovery of Function
MS = A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.
UI = D020127
Recovery Room
MS = Hospital unit providing continuous monitoring of the patient following anesthesia.
UI = D011997
Recreation
AN = /econ /physiol /psychol permitted
MS = Activity engaged in for pleasure.
UI = D011998
Recruitment (Neurology)
AN = DF: RECRUITMENT NEUROL
MS = The gradual increase to a maximum in a reflex when a stimulus of unaltered intensity is prolonged. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D011999
Recruitment Detection (Audiology)
AN = DF: RECRUITMENT DETECTION
MS = Tests for measuring loudness recruitment.
UI = D012000
Recruitment, Loudness
AN = abnorm increase in sensation of loudness; note category: use qualif discreetly
MS = An abnormally disproportionate increase in the sensation of loudness in response to a relatively slight increase in intensity of an acoustic signal. Loudness recruitment is also a special audiological procedure or test.
UI = D012001
Rectal Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = PROCTITIS CATALOG: form qualif permitted
UI = D012002
Rectal Fistula
AN = abnorm passage in rectum or between rectum & another organ; fistula policy: Manual 23.19+; do not confuse X ref ANAL FISTULA with FISSURE IN ANO; RECTOVAGINAL FISTULA is also available
MS = Abnormal passage communicating with the rectum.
UI = D012003
Rectal Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); familial: consider also COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS, HEREDITARY NONPOLYPOSIS
UI = D012004
Rectal Prolapse
AN = protrusion of rectal mucosa through anus
MS = Protrusion of the rectal mucous membrane through the anus. There are various degrees: incomplete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle but with herniation of the bowel; and internal complete with rectosigmoid or upper rectum intussusception into the lower rectum.
UI = D012005
Rectocele
MS = A hernial protrusion of part of the rectum into the vagina. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D020047
Rectovaginal Fistula
AN = abnorm passage between rectum & vagina; fistula policy: Manual 23.19+
MS = Abnormal communication between the rectum and the vagina.
UI = D012006
Rectum
AN = /surg: do not confuse with the specialty COLORECTAL SURGERY; rectal bleeding: RECTUM (NIM) + HEMORRHAGE, GASTROINTESTINAL (IM) for bleeding through the rectum; hemorrhaging rectum is RECTAL DISEASES (IM) + HEMORRHAGE, GASTROINTESTINAL (IM); inflammation = PROCTITIS CATALOG: form qualif permitted
UI = D012007
Rectus Abdominis
AN = one of the muscles of the abdom wall
MS = A long flat muscle that extends along the whole length of both sides of the abdomen. It flexes the vertebral column, particularly the lumbar portion; it also tenses the anterior abdominal wall and assists in compressing the abdominal contents. It is frequently the site of hematomas. In reconstructive surgery it is often used for the creation of myocutaneous flaps. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th American ed, p491)
UI = D017568
Recurrence
AN = never IM; /prev permitted: coord NIM with disease /prev (IM)
MS = The return of symptoms after a remission (diminution or abatement or lessening in severity) of a disease or after therapy. Relapse is often considered a synonym or in many texts as the return of manifestations of a disease after an interval of improvement. Recrudescence, also often a synonym for recurrence, differs from relapse in that a recrudescence occurs after days or weeks while a relapse occurs after weeks or months. The terms in the literature are not used as precisely as the dictionaries define them. (Dorland, 27th ed.; Stedman, 25th ed.)
UI = D012008
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
AN = dis: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); paralysis = VOCAL CORD PARALYSIS
MS = Branches of the vagus (tenth cranial) nerve. The recurrent laryngeal nerves originate more caudally than the superior laryngeal nerves and follow different paths on the right and left sides. They carry efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid and carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.
UI = D012009
Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure
AN = a form of anemia
MS = Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production.
UI = D012010
Red Cross
AN = specify geog CATALOG: use NAF entry
MS = An international agency providing various humanitarian services.
UI = D012011
Red Nucleus
AN = in the tegmentum mesencephali
MS = A distinctive oval nucleus (pink in fresh specimens because of an iron-containing pigment in many of the cells) centrally placed in the upper mesencephalic reticular formation. It receives fibers from the deep cerebellar nuclei and cerebral cortex and projects fibers to the cerebellum, brain stem, spinal cord, and probably to the thalamus. The nucleus is divided into two regions: pars magnocellularis and pars parvocellularis. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D012012
Reducing Agents
AN = "reducing" refers to oxidation-reduction, not body weight or obesity; D25-26 qualif
MS = Materials that add an electron to an element or compound, that is, decrease the positiveness of its valence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
UI = D019163
Reduviidae
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
MS = A family of winged insects of the suborder HETEROPTERA, called assassin bugs, because most prey on other insects. However one subfamily, TRIATOMINAE, attacks humans and other vertebrates and transmits Chagas disease.
UI = D020064
Reed-Sternberg Cells
AN = in Hodgkin's dis; A 11 qualif
MS = Large cells of unknown origin, usually multinucleate, whose presence is the common histologic characteristic of HODGKIN DISEASE.
UI = D016539
Reference Books
AN = IM CATALOG: form qualif /handbooks is available
MS = Books designed by the arrangement and treatment of their subject matter to be consulted for definite terms of information rather than to be read consecutively. Reference books include DICTIONARIES, ENCYCLOPEDIAS, ATLASES, etc. (From the ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
UI = D012013
Reference Books, Medical
AN = no qualif; DF: REFERENCE BOOKS MED
MS = Books in the field of medicine intended primarily for consultation.
UI = D012014
Reference Standards
AN = NIM with specific subject (IM) with /stand if permitted by category; no qualif; differentiate from REFERENCE VALUES: REFERENCE STANDARDS = basis of value or standard for a measurement, REFERENCE VALUES = range or frequency distribution of a measurement
MS = A basis of value established for the measure of quantity, weight, extent or quality, e.g. weight standards, standard solutions, methods, techniques, and procedures used in diagnosis and therapy.
UI = D012015
Reference Values
AN = never IM; no qualif; differentiate from REFERENCE STANDARDS: REFERENCE VALUES = range or frequency distribution of a measurement, REFERENCE STANDARDS = basis of value or standard for a measurement
MS = The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.
UI = D012016
Referral and Consultation
MS = The practice of sending a patient to another program or practitioner for services or advice which the referring source is not prepared to provide.
UI = D012017
Reflex
AN = areflexia, hyporeflexia, hyperreflexia, loss of reflex: index under REFLEX, ABNORMAL
MS = An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.
UI = D012018
Reflex, Babinski
MS = An abnormal reflex consisting of dorsiflexion of the big toe on stimulation of the sole of the foot.
UI = D001405
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
MS = A disturbance of the sympathetic nervous system marked by pallor or rubor, pain, sweating, edema, or skin atrophy following sprain, fracture, or injury to nerves or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D012019
Reflex, Abdominal
AN = reflex contraction of abdom wall: read MeSH definition; not for reflex responses of organs within abdom cavity
MS = Contractions of the abdominal muscles upon stimulation of the skin (superficial abdominal reflex) or tapping neighboring bony structures (deep abdominal reflex). The superficial reflex may be weak or absent, for example, after a stroke, a sign of upper (suprasegmental) motor neuron lesions. (Stedman, 25th ed & Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p1073)
UI = D012020
Reflex, Abnormal
AN = do not use Cat C or E qualif
MS = Abnormal, involuntary response to a stimulus which includes hyperreflexia, hyporeflexia, and areflexia.
UI = D012021
Reflex, Acoustic
MS = Intra-aural contraction of tensor tympani and stapedius in response to sound.
UI = D012022
Reflex, Monosynaptic
UI = D012023
Reflex, Oculocardiac
MS = Change of heartbeat induced by pressure on the eyeball, manipulation of extraocular muscles, or pressure upon the tissue remaining in the orbital apex after enucleation.
UI = D012024
Reflex, Pupillary
AN = contraction of pupil on exposure to light
MS = Constriction of the pupil in response to light stimulation of the retina. It refers also to any reflex involving the iris, with resultant alteration of the diameter of the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
UI = D012025
Reflex, Stretch
MS = Reflex contraction of a muscle in response to stretching, which stimulates muscle proprioceptors.
UI = D012026
Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular
MS = A reflex wherein impulses are conveyed from the cupulas of the SEMICIRCULAR CANALS and from the OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE of the SACCULE AND UTRICLE via the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM and the median longitudinal fasciculus to the OCULOMOTOR NERVE nuclei. It functions to maintain a stable retinal image during head rotation by generating appropriate compensatory EYE MOVEMENTS.
UI = D012027
Reflexotherapy
AN = do not confuse with REFLEXOLOGY see MASSAGE; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: REFLEXOTHER
MS = Treatment of some morbid condition by producing a reflex action, as in the household treatment of nosebleed by a piece of ice applied to the cervical spine. (Stedman, 27th ed)
UI = D012028
Refraction, Ocular
AN = note category
MS = Refraction of light effected by the media of the eye. It also includes the determination of the refractive state and refractive correction.
UI = D012029
Refractive Errors
AN = deviations from standard refraction of eye; DF: REFRACTIVE ERR
MS = Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.
UI = D012030
Refractometry
AN = an anal chem technique; do not use for refractometry in REFRACTION, OCULAR
MS = Measurement of the index of refraction (the ratio of the velocity of light or other radiation in the first of two media to its velocity in the second as it passes from one into the other).
UI = D012031
Refractory Period, Neurologic
AN = DF: REFRACTORY PERIOD NEUROL
UI = D012032
Refractory Period, Psychological
AN = human & animal; DF: REFRACTORY PERIOD PSYCHOL
MS = A delayed response interval occurring when two stimuli are presented in close succession.
UI = D012033
Refrigeration
UI = D012034
Refsum Disease
AN = a peripheral neuropathy with various manifest; do not confuse with REFSUM DISEASE, INFANTILE see PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS, an inborn error of lipid metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A chronic progressive peripheral neuropathy which is probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Some of the manifestations of this disorder are atypical retinitis pigmentosa, cerebellar ataxia, and increased cerebrospinal protein levels. Excessive phytanic acid storage has been found in most cases. Onset of symptoms usually occurs in early childhood. Infantile Refsum disease (see PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS) differs in that it also includes mental retardation, dysmorphic features, peroxisomal deficiency, and very early onset.
UI = D012035
Refugees
AN = specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Persons fleeing to a place of safety, especially those who flee to a foreign country or power to escape danger or persecution in their own country or habitual residence because of race, religion, or political belief. (Webster, 3d ed)
UI = D012036
Refusal to Treat
AN = refusal of a health professional to treat a patient: do not confuse with PATIENT REFUSAL OF TREATMENT see TREATMENT REFUSAL
MS = Refusal of the health professional to initiate or continue treatment of a patient or group of patients. The refusal can be based on any reason. The concept is differentiated from PATIENT REFUSAL OF TREATMENT see TREATMENT REFUSAL which originates with the patient and not the health professional.
UI = D016079
Refuse Disposal
MS = The discarding or destroying of garbage, sewage, or other waste matter or its transformation into something useful or innocuous.
UI = D012037
Regeneration
AN = IM; coord IM with organ /physiol (IM), not /growth; available also are BONE REGENERATION, LIVER REGENERATION & NERVE REGENERATION
UI = D012038
Regional Blood Flow
AN = always NIM; coord NIM with organ /blood supply (IM) or specific artery or vein /physiol (IM); Manual 19.8.11; specifics available are CEREBROVASCULAR CIRCULATION, CORONARY CIRCULATION, LIVER CIRCULATION, PULMONARY CIRCULATION, RENAL CIRCULATION, SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION; also available are COLLATERAL CIRCULATION, MICROCIRCULATION & PORTAL SYSTEM; Manual 21.4.2, 21.6; taking of pulse at wrist is not REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW: it is PULSE
UI = D012039
Regional Health Planning
AN = specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Planning for health resources at a regional or multi-state level.
UI = D012040
Regional Medical Programs
AN = specify geog; TN 163: restricted definition & use; DF: REGIONAL MED PROGRAMS CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Coordination of activities and programs among health care institutions within defined geographic areas for the purpose of improving delivery and quality of medical care to the patients. These programs are mandated under U.S. Public Law 89-239.
UI = D012041
Registries
AN = IM; coord with specific population or disease registered (IM) CATALOG: form qualif /registers is available
MS = The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers.
UI = D012042
Regression (Psychology)
AN = note category; no qualif; do not confuse with REMISSION (Cat C); DF: REGRESSION
MS = A return to earlier, especially to infantile, patterns of thought or behavior, or stage of functioning, e.g., feelings of helplessness and dependency in a patient with a serious physical illness. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994).
UI = D012043
Regression Analysis
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
MS = Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In MULTIPLE REGRESSION the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.
UI = D012044
Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
AN = coord IM with DNA or RNA or specific (NIM); DF: REG SEQ
MS = Nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of genes.
UI = D012045
Regulon
AN = a group of genes under control of a single regulator gene; in bacteria, coord IM with specific bacterium /genet (IM)
MS = In eukaryotes, a genetic unit consisting of a noncontiguous group of genes under the control of a single regulator gene. In bacteria, regulons are global regulatory systems involved in the interplay of pleiotropic regulatory domains. These regulatory systems consist of several operons.
UI = D018085
Rehabilitation
AN = GEN only: prefer /rehabil with diseases: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.64; see note on AFTERCARE; DF: REHABIL
MS = Restoration to the maximum degree possible of a person or persons suffering from disease or injury.
UI = D012046
Rehabilitation Centers
AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Facilities which provide programs for rehabilitating the mentally or physically disabled individuals.
UI = D012047
Rehabilitation of Hearing Impaired
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with type of hearing disord /rehabil (IM); DF: REHABIL HEARING IMPAIRED
MS = Procedures for assisting a person with a hearing disorder to maximum comprehension in communication.
UI = D012048
Rehabilitation of Speech and Language Disorders
AN = not used for indexing; DF: REHABIL SPEECH LANGUAGE DIS CATALOG: do not use
MS = Procedures for assisting a person with a speech or language disorder to communicate with maximum efficiency.
UI = D012049
Rehabilitation Nursing
AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; DF: REHABIL NURS
MS = The diagnosis and treatment of human responses of individuals and groups to actual or potential health problems with the characteristics of altered functional ability and altered life-style. (American Nurses Association & Association of Rehabilitation Nurses. Standards of Rehabilitation Nursing Practice, 1986, p.2)
UI = D019145
Rehabilitation, Vocational
MS = Training of the mentally or physically disabled in work skills so they may be returned to regular employment utilizing these skills.
UI = D012050
Rehydration Solutions
AN = IM; coord with specific substance in the solution (IM); D25-26 qualif
MS = Fluids restored to the body in order to maintain normal water-electrolyte balance.
UI = D015532
Reimbursement, Disproportionate Share
AN = specify geog
MS = Payments that include adjustments to reflect the costs of uncompensated care and higher costs for inpatient care for certain populations receiving mandated services. MEDICARE and MEDICAID include provisions for this type of reimbursement.
UI = D020444
Reimbursement Mechanisms
MS = Processes or methods of reimbursement for services rendered or equipment.
UI = D012051
Reimbursement, Incentive
MS = A scheme which provides reimbursement for the health services rendered, generally by an institution, and which provides added financial rewards if certain conditions are met. Such a scheme is intended to promote and reward increased efficiency and cost containment, with better care, or at least without adverse effect on the quality of the care rendered.
UI = D012052
Reindeer
AN = IM; qualif permitted
MS = A genus of deer, Rangifer, that inhabits the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America. Caribou is the North American name; reindeer, the European. They are often domesticated and used, especially in Lapland, for drawing sleds and as a source of food. Rangifer is the only genus of the deer family in which both sexes are antlered. Most caribou inhabit arctic tundra and surrounding arboreal coniferous forests and most have seasonal shifts in migration. They are hunted extensively for their meat, skin, antlers, and other parts. (From Webster, 3d ed; Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1397)
UI = D012053
Reinforcement (Psychology)
AN = human & animal; no qualif; DF: REINFORCEMENT
MS = The strengthening of a conditioned response.
UI = D012054
Reinforcement Schedule
AN = human & animal; no qualif
MS = A schedule prescribing when the subject is to be reinforced or rewarded in terms of temporal interval in psychological experiments. The schedule may be continuous or intermittent.
UI = D012055
Reinforcement, Social
AN = no qualif
MS = The strengthening of a response with a social reward such as a nod of approval, a parent's love or attention.
UI = D012056
Reinforcement, Verbal
AN = no qualif
MS = Use of word stimulus to strengthen a response during learning.
UI = D012057
Reiter's Disease
AN = nongonococcal urethritis with conjunctivitis & arthritis
MS = A triad of nongonococcal urethritis followed by conjunctivitis and arthritis, of unknown etiology.
UI = D012058
Rejection (Psychology)
AN = no qualif; DF: REJECTION
MS = Non-acceptance, negative attitudes, hostility or excessive criticism of the individual which may precipitate feelings of rejection.
UI = D012059
Rejuvenation
UI = D012060
Relapsing Fever
AN = a tick-borne or louse-borne dis caused by Borrelia: not for "recurrent fever" ( = FEVER (IM) + RECURRENCE (NIM) )
MS = An acute infection characterized by recurrent episodes of pyrexia alternating with asymptomatic intervals of apparent recovery. This condition has worldwide distribution and is caused by spirochetes of the genus BORRELIA. It is transmitted by the bites of either the body louse (Pediculus humanus corporis), for which humans are the reservoir, or by soft ticks of the genus Ornithodoros, for which rodents and other animals are the principal reservoirs. (From Dorland, 28th ed)-
UI = D012061
Relative Biological Effectiveness
AN = NIM; no qualif; DF: RBE
MS = The ratio of radiation dosages required to produce identical change based on a formula comparing other types of radiation with that of gamma or roentgen rays.
UI = D012062
Relative Value Scales
AN = "coded listing of physician or other professional services using units that indicate the relative value of the various services they perform"; no qualif; DF: RELAT VALUE SCALES
MS = Coded listings of physician or other professional services using units that indicate the relative value of the various services they perform. They take into account time, skill, and overhead cost required for each service, but generally do not consider the relative cost-effectiveness. Appropriate conversion factors can be used to translate the abstract units of the relative value scales into dollar fees for each service based on work expended, practice costs, and training costs.
UI = D015895
Relaxation
AN = note category: not for muscle relaxation ( = MUSCLE RELAXATION); /physiol /psychol permitted
MS = Activity which reduces feelings of tension.
UI = D012063
Relaxation Techniques
AN = a behavior ther technique: do not confuse with RELAXATION (I3); not for physiological relaxation of muscles (= MUSCLE RELAXATION) CATALOG: do not use /laboratory manuals
MS = The use of muscular relaxation techniques in treatment.
UI = D012064
Relaxin
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A water-soluble polypeptide (molecular weight approximately 8,000) extractable from the corpus luteum of pregnancy. It produces relaxation of the pubic symphysis and dilation of the uterine cervix in certain animal species. It's role in the human pregnant female is uncertain. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D012065
Relief Work
AN = coord IM with agency supplying the relief (IM) if pertinent; specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Assistance, such as money, food, or shelter, given to the needy, aged, or victims of disaster. It is usually granted on a temporary basis. (From The American Heritage Dictionary, 2d college ed)
UI = D012066
Religion
AN = /psychol = RELIGION AND PSYCHOLOGY for GEN or unspecified religion but specific religion /psychol (as CHRISTIANITY /psychol) is permitted CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = A set of beliefs concerning the nature, cause, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency. It usually involves devotional and ritual observances and often a moral code for the conduct of human affairs. (Random House Collegiate Dictionary, rev. ed.)
UI = D012067
Religion and Medicine
AN = no qualif; coord IM with medical aspect (IM); X ref PRAYER HEALING see MENTAL HEALING is available; DF: RELIGION MED
MS = The interrelationship of medicine and religion.
UI = D012068
Religion and Psychology
AN = no qualif; coord IM with psychol aspect (IM); X ref PRAYER HEALING see MENTAL HEALING is available; DF: RELIGION PSYCHOL
MS = The interrelationship of psychology and religion.
UI = D012069
Religion and Science
AN = no qualif; usually general; IM
UI = D012070
Religion and Sex
AN = no qualif; coord IM with sexual aspect (IM)
UI = D012071
Religious Philosophies
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = The various religions or sets of philosophical beliefs on the nature of the universe or Man, practiced as a religion.
UI = D012072
Remedial Teaching
MS = Specialized instruction for students deviating from the expected norm.
UI = D012073
Reminder Systems
MS = Systems used to prompt or aid the memory. The systems can be computerized reminders, color coding, telephone calls, or devices such as letters and postcards.
UI = D017010
Remission Induction
AN = NIM; coord NIM with disease /ther or specific ther qualif (IM); in translations use "induction of remission", not "remission induction"; Manual 24.4.1.9
MS = Therapeutic act or process that initiates a response to a complete or partial remission level.
UI = D012074
Remission, Spontaneous
AN = NIM: never IM; no qualif; do not confuse with REGRESSION, a psychol concept
MS = A spontaneous diminution or abatement of the symptoms of a disease.
UI = D012075
Remote Consultation
AN = "consult via remote telecommun"; usually diag & ther but not restricted to med
MS = Consultation via remote telecommunications, generally for the purpose of diagnosis or treatment of a patient at a site remote from the patient or primary physician.
UI = D019114
Remoxipride
MS = An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.
UI = D017330
Renal Agents
MS = Drugs used for their effects on the kidneys' regulation of body fluid composition and volume. The most commonly used are the diuretics. Also included are drugs used for their antidiuretic and uricosuric actions, for their effects on the kidneys' clearance of other drugs, and for diagnosis of renal function.
UI = D012076
Renal Artery
AN = thrombosis: index under RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION (IM) + THROMBOSIS (IM)
MS = A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters.
UI = D012077
Renal Artery Obstruction
AN = obstruct of external or internal origin; renal artery thrombosis: coord IM with THROMBOSIS (IM); consider also HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR (hypertension caused by renal artery obstruct or compress)
MS = Narrowing or occlusion of the renal arteries. It is due usually to atherosclerosis, fibromuscular dysplasia, thrombosis, embolism, or external pressure. It may result in renovascular hypertension.
UI = D012078
Renal Blood Flow, Effective
AN = do not confuse with RENAL PLASMA FLOW, EFFECTIVE or RENAL BLOOD FLOW see RENAL CIRCULATION; DF: note short X ref
MS = The amount of blood flowing to the parts of the kidney that are involved with the production of constituents of urine. It is that portion of the total renal blood flow that perfuses functional renal tissue (e.g., the glomeruli). It should be differentiated from RENAL PLASMA FLOW, EFFECTIVE which is based on the amount of plasma rather than on total renal blood. (Stedman, 25th ed; Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D017597
Renal Circulation
AN = note specific indentions; consider also KIDNEY /blood supply; DF: RENAL CIRC
MS = The circulation of the blood through the vessels of the kidney.
UI = D012079
Renal Osteodystrophy
MS = Decalcification of bone due to hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic kidney disease.
UI = D012080
Renal Plasma Flow
AN = do not confuse with RENAL BLOOD FLOW see RENAL CIRCULATION or RENAL PLASMA FLOW, EFFECTIVE
MS = The amount of plasma that perfuses the kidneys per unit time, approximately 10% greater than effective renal plasma flow (RENAL PLASMA FLOW, EFFECTIVE). It should be differentiated from the renal blood flow (RBF) which refers to the total volume of blood flowing through the renal vasculature, while the renal plasma flow refers to the rate of plasma flow (RPF).
UI = D017595
Renal Plasma Flow, Effective
AN = do not confuse with RENAL PLASMA FLOW or RENAL BLOOD FLOW, EFFECTIVE; DF: note short X ref
MS = The amount of plasma flowing to the parts of the kidney that have a function in the production of constituents of urine. It is the amount of plasma perfusing the kidney tubules per unit time, generally measured by p-aminohippurate clearance. It should be differentiated from RENAL PLASMA FLOW which is approximately 10% greater than the effective renal plasma flow. (Stedman, 25th ed; Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D017596
Renal Replacement Therapy
AN = to substitute for or augment kidney function; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: RENAL REPLACE THER
MS = Procedures which temporarily or permanently remedy insufficient cleansing of body fluids by the kidneys.
UI = D017582
Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific; coord IM with specific metabolite /metab (IM); do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: RENAL TUB TRANSP INBORN ERR CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Genetically determined disorders of the reabsorptive functions of the kidney with regard to specific nephron segments responsible for specific transport functions, classifiable by proximal nephron function, loop of Henle function, and distal nephron function. The transport defects can be selective or nonselective. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p584; Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1140)
UI = D015499
Renal Veins
MS = Short thick veins which return blood from the kidneys to the vena cava.
UI = D012082
Renin
AN = do not confuse with RENNIN see CHYMOSIN; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19).
UI = D012083
Renin-Angiotensin System
AN = note category; note X ref but do not index under ALDOSTERONE unless particularly discussed; DF: RA SYSTEM
MS = A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex.
UI = D012084
Reoperation
AN = NIM; coord with specific type of surg (IM); does not include staged surg ( = specific organ /surg, dis /surg or surg technique)
MS = A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient. It includes reoperation for reexamination, reoperation for disease progression or recurrence, or reoperation following operative failure.
UI = D012086
Reoviridae
AN = a family of RNA viruses; from Respiratory Enteric Orphan viruses; X ref CYPOVIRUS stands for CYtoplasmic POlyhedrosis virus; infection = REOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS
MS = A family of unenveloped RNA viruses with cubic symmetry. The eight genera include ORTHOREOVIRUS, ORBIVIRUS, COLTIVIRUS, ROTAVIRUS, Aquareovirus, Cypovirus, Phytoreovirus, Fijivirus, and Oryzavirus.
UI = D012087
Reoviridae Infections
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific
MS = Infections produced by reoviruses, general or unspecified.
UI = D012088
Reovirus 3
AN = a species of Orthoreovirus; infection: coord IM with REOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of ORTHOREOVIRUS and the suspected cause of biliary atresia and neonatal hepatitis in human infants.
UI = D012089
Reperfusion
AN = note category: a technique; /adv eff permitted but consider also REPERFUSION INJURY; MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION is also available
MS = Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing REPERFUSION INJURY.
UI = D015424
Reperfusion Injury
AN = MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY is also available
MS = Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from REPERFUSION to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.
UI = D015427
Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid
MS = A sequential pattern of amino acids occurring more than once in the same protein sequence.
UI = D020449
Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
AN = coord with DNA, RNA or specifics; DF: REPET SEQ NA
MS = Nucleotide sequences present in multiple copies in the genome. There are several types of repeated sequences. Interspersed (or dispersed) DNA repeats (INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES) are copies of transposable elements interspersed throughout the genome. Flanking (or terminal) repeats (TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES) are sequences that are repeated on both ends of a sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on retroviruses. Direct terminal repeats are in the same direction and inverted terminal repeats are opposite to each other in direction. Tandem repeats (TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES) are repeated copies which lie adjacent to each other. These can also be direct or inverted. The ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA genes belong to the class of middle repetitive DNA. The highly repetitive class sequences have often been refered to as "junk DNA" because they are mostly non-coding sequence.
UI = D012091
Replantation
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; differentiate from transpl; coord with organ /surg: Manual 19.8.75
MS = Restoration of an organ or other structure to its original site.
UI = D012092
Replica Techniques
MS = Methods of preparing tissue specimens for visualization using an electron microscope, usually a scanning electron microscope. The methods involve the creation of exact copies of the specimens by making a mold or cast (i.e., replica) of the specimen.
UI = D016628
Replication Origin
AN = a unique DNA seq within a replicon
MS = A unique DNA sequence of a replicon at which DNA replication is initiated and proceeds bidirectionally or unidirectionally. It contains the sites where the first separation of the complementary strands occurs, a primer RNA is synthesized, and the switch from primer RNA to DNA synthesis takes place. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
UI = D018741
Replicon
AN = a DNA seq capable of being replicated
MS = Any DNA sequence capable of independent replication or a molecule that possesses a REPLICATION ORIGIN and which is therefore potentially capable of being replicated in a suitable cell. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
UI = D012093
Repression
AN = no qualif
MS = The active mental process of keeping out and ejecting, banishing from consciousness, ideas or impulses that are unacceptable to it.
UI = D012094
Repression-Sensitization
AN = no qualif
MS = Defense mechanisms involving approach and avoidance responses to threatening stimuli. The sensitizing process involves intellectualization in approaching or controlling the stimulus whereas repression involves unconscious denial in avoiding the stimulus.
UI = D012095
Repressor Proteins
AN = transcription factors; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted
MS = Proteins which are normally bound to the operator locus of an operon, thereby preventing transcription of the structural genes. In enzyme induction, the substrate of the inducible enzyme binds to the repressor protein, causing its release from the operator and freeing the structural genes for transcription. In enzyme repression, the end product of the enzyme sequence binds to the free repressor protein, the resulting complex then binds to the operator and prevents transcription of the structural genes.
UI = D012097
Reproducibility of Results
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or specific non-disease term (IM); no qualif
MS = The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
UI = D015203
Reproduction
AN = IM for human, other mammals, birds & fish, NIM for vertebrates lower than fish, & for invertebrates, micro-organisms & plants; note CONCEPTION see FERTILIZATION
MS = The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D012098
Reproduction Techniques
AN = CATALOG: do not use /laboratory manuals
MS = Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals.
UI = D012099
Reproduction, Asexual
MS = Reproduction without fusion of sex cells.
UI = D012100
Reproductive and Urinary Physiology
AN = not used for indexing; DF: REPRODUCTIVE URINARY PHYSIOL CATALOG: do not use
MS = Physiology of the human and animal body, male or female, in the reproductive process and the physiology of the urinary tract.
UI = D012101
Reproductive Control Agents
AN = consider also REPRODUCTION /DE
MS = Substances used either in the prevention or facilitation of pregnancy.
UI = D012102
Reproductive History
AN = GEN or unspecified; IM; prefer specific concepts in MeSH definition (IM); DF: REPRODUCTIVE HIST
MS = An important aggregate factor in epidemiological studies of women's health. The concept usually includes the number and timing of pregnancies and their outcomes, the incidence of breast feeding, and may include age of menarche and menopause, regularity of menstruation, fertility, gynecological or obstetric problems, or contraceptive usage.
UI = D017584
Reproductive Medicine
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: REPRODUCTIVE MED
MS = A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and pathology of reproduction in man and other animals, and on the biological, medical, and veterinary problems of fertility and lactation. It includes ovulation induction, diagnosis of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss, and assisted reproductive technologies such as embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, and intrafallopian transfer of zygotes. (From Infertility and Reproductive Medicine Clinics of North America, Foreword 1990; Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Notice to Contributors, Jan 1979)
UI = D018456
Reptilase
AN = a serine proteinase from fer de lance venom
MS = A proteolytic enzyme obtained from the venom of fer de lance (Bothrops atrox). It is used as a plasma clotting agent for fibrinogen and for the detection of fibrinogen degradation products. The presence of heparin does not interfere with the clotting test.
UI = D012103
Reptiles
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D012104
Rescue Work
AN = not restricted to med emerg; not restricted to organized services CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Activities devoted to freeing persons or animals from danger to life or well-being in accidents, fires, bombings, floods, earthquakes, other disasters and life-threatening conditions. While usually performed by team efforts, rescue work is not restricted to organized services.
UI = D018635
Research
AN = research as a field; avoid since most articles indexed contribute to "research"; IM for research as a field; for status or progress of research in a specific field or subject, coord RESEARCH (IM) with the specific field or subject (IM); "experimental medicine" goes here but do not coord with MEDICINE; SPEC: SPEC qualif; /methods: consider also RESEARCH DESIGN; Manual 29.16+; CLINICAL TRIALS is also available: see note there CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or the practical application of such new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws. (Webster, 3d ed)
UI = D012106
Research Design
MS = A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly.
UI = D012107
Research Personnel
AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Those individuals engaged in research.
UI = D012108
Research Support
AN = SPEC qualif CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Financial support of research activities.
UI = D012109
Reserpine
AN = a Rauwolfia alkaloid; reserpine derivatives = RESERPINE /analogs
MS = An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.
UI = D012110
Residence Characteristics
AN = specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Elements of residence that characterize a population. They are applicable in determining need for and utilization of health services.
UI = D012111
Residential Facilities
AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Long-term care facilities which provide supervision and assistance in activities of daily living with medical and nursing services when required.
UI = D012112
Residential Mobility
AN = specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Frequent change of residence, either in the same city or town, or between cities, states or communities.
UI = D012113
Residential Treatment
AN = SPEC qualif
MS = A specialized residential treatment program for behavior disorders including substance abuse. It may include therapeutically planned group living and learning situations including teaching of adaptive skills to help patient functioning in the community. (From Kahn, A. P. and Fawcett, J. Encyclopedia of Mental Health, 1993, p320.)
UI = D012114
Residual Volume
AN = NIM; in texts as RV
MS = The volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration. Common abbreviation is RV.
UI = D012115
Resin Cements
AN = dent cements; D25-26 qualif
MS = Dental cements composed either of polymethyl methacrylate or dimethacrylate, produced by mixing an acrylic monomer liquid with acrylic polymers and mineral fillers. The cement is insoluble in water and is thus resistant to fluids in the mouth, but is also irritating to the dental pulp. It is used chiefly as a luting agent for fabricated and temporary restorations. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p159)
UI = D019279
Resins
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = Flammable, amorphous, vegetable products of secretion or disintegration, usually formed in special cavities of plants. They are generally insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, ether, or volatile oils. They are fusible and have a conchoidal fracture. They are the oxidation or polymerization products of the terpenes, and are mixtures of aromatic acids and esters. Most are soft and sticky, but harden after exposure to cold. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D012116
Resins, Synthetic
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: RESINS SYN
MS = Polymers of high molecular weight which at some stage are capable of being molded and then harden to form useful components.
UI = D012117
Resorcinols
UI = D012118
Resource Guides [Publication Type]
MS = Works listing and describing various sources of information, from multiple media or in different formats, on a given subject.
UI = D020507
Respiration
AN = lung only: does not refer to tissue respiration ( = probably OXYGEN CONSUMPTION); TN 145: relation to OXYGEN & its qualif
MS = The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).
UI = D012119
Respiration Disorders
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.
UI = D012120
Respiration, Artificial
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; /instrum: consider also VENTILATORS, MECHANICAL
UI = D012121
See Also: Ventilators, Mechanical
See Also: Pulmonary Ventilation
Respiratory Burst
AN = "large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils & most types of tissue macrophages"
MS = A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an NADPH-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. Individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, CHRONIC) often die as a result of recurrent bacterial infections.
UI = D016897
Respiratory Care Units
MS = The hospital unit in which patients with respiratory conditions requiring special attention receive intensive medical care and surveillance.
UI = D012124
Respiratory Center
UI = D012125
Respiratory Circulation
AN = DF: RESP CIRC
MS = The mechanisms of pulmonary circulation coordinated with the heart and systemic circulation. It involves the flow or interruption of the flow of blood to the lungs as it affects respiration. PULMONARY CIRCULATION, a circulatory concept, emphasizes the passage of blood from the right to the left heart through the lungs. RESPIRATORY CIRCULATION coordinates this with heart action, systemic circulation, and breathing.
UI = D015659
Respiratory Dead Space
AN = a resp funct test; NIM
MS = That portion of the respiratory tract, from the nose and mouth to the terminal bronchioles, in which exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide does not occur (anatomical dead space), together with the space in alveoli occupied by air that does not participate in oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange (physiologic dead space). It reflects the nonuniformity of ventilation and perfusion in the lung. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D012126
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
AN = infants only; for adults use RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, ADULT; do not confuse with "respiratory distress" which may be RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY or a specific; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; check tags HUMAN & INFANT, NEWBORN CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A condition of the newborn marked by dyspnea with cyanosis, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D012127
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult
AN = RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME is for infants DF: note short X refs
MS = A syndrome of life-threatening progressive pulmonary insufficiency in the absence of known pulmonary disease, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major trauma.
UI = D012128
Respiratory Function Tests
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NIM
MS = Measurement of the various processes involved in the act of respiration: inspiration, expiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, lung volume and compliance, etc.
UI = D012129
Respiratory Hypersensitivity
AN = "respiratory allergy"
MS = A form of hypersensitivity affecting the respiratory tract. It includes ASTHMA and HAY FEVER.
UI = D012130
Respiratory Insufficiency
AN = do not confuse with RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME in newborn inf
MS = Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D012131
Respiratory Mechanics
MS = The physical or mechanical action of the lungs, diaphragm, ribs, and chest wall during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.
UI = D015656
Respiratory Muscles
MS = These include the muscles of the DIAPHRAGM and the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES.
UI = D012132
Respiratory Paralysis
UI = D012133
Respiratory Protective Devices
MS = Respirators to protect individuals from breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, or vapors.
UI = D012134
Respiratory Sounds
AN = normal & abnormal sounds; Cat G qualif & selected qualif from Cat C
MS = Any sound emanating from any portion of the respiratory tract, especially those heard on auscultation; includes breath sounds.
UI = D012135
Respiratory Syncytial Viruses
AN = a group of viruses of the genus Pneumovirus; infection = RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTIONS
MS = A group of viruses in the PNEUMOVIRUS genus causing respiratory infections in various mammals. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have also been reported.
UI = D012136
Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine
AN = a species of Pneumovirus; infection: coord IM with RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of PNEUMOVIRUS causing an important respiratory infection in cattle. Symptoms include fever, conjunctivitis, and respiratory distress.
UI = D018112
Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
AN = a species of Pneumovirus; infection: coord IM with RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = The type species of PNEUMOVIRUS and an important cause of lower respiratory disease in infants and young children. It frequently presents with bronchitis and bronchopneumonia and is further characterized by fever, cough, dyspnea, wheezing, and pallor.
UI = D018113
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
AN = caused by a pneumovirus
MS = Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.
UI = D018357
Respiratory System
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; /abnorm: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ABNORMALITIES is available but consider also specific part of resp syst with /abnorm or specific abnorm
MS = The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about.
UI = D012137
Respiratory System Abnormalities
AN = for congen struct abnorm only; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics or specific organ /abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ABNORM CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Congenital structural abnormalities of the respiratory system.
UI = D015619
Respiratory System Agents
MS = Drugs used for their effects on the respiratory system.
UI = D019141
Respiratory Therapy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not confuse with ADMINISTRATION, INHALATION
MS = Care of patients with deficiencies and abnormalities associated with the cardiopulmonary system. It includes the therapeutic use of medical gases and their administrative apparatus, environmental control systems, humidification, aerosols, ventilatory support, bronchopulmonary drainage and exercise, respiratory rehabilitation, assistance with cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and maintenance of natural, artificial, and mechanical airways.
UI = D012138
Respiratory Therapy Department, Hospital
AN = DF: RESP THER DEP
MS = Hospital department which is responsible for the administration of diagnostic pulmonary function tests and of procedures to restore optimum pulmonary ventilation.
UI = D012139
Respiratory Tract Diseases
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /diag: consider also DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; DF: RESPIRATORY TRACT DIS
UI = D012140
Respiratory Tract Fistula
AN = abnorm passage in the resp tract; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; fistula policy: Manual 23.19+
MS = An abnormal passage communicating between any parts of the respiratory tract or between any part of the respiratory system and other organs.
UI = D016156
Respiratory Tract Infections
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; DF: RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECT
UI = D012141
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms
AN = GEN: prefer specific precoord; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D012142
Respiratory Transport
MS = The processes of gas exchange and various metabolic functions taking place in the lung, generally at the alveolar level.
UI = D015657
Respiratory Physiology
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: RESPIRATORY PHYSIOL
MS = Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts.
UI = D012143
Respite Care
AN = "in the home or institution intermittently in order to provide temporary relief to the family home care giver"
MS = Patient care provided in the home or institution intermittently in order to provide temporary relief to the family home care giver.
UI = D012144
Response Elements
MS = Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. These elements may be found in both promotor and enhancer regions.
UI = D020218
Rest
AN = do not confuse with IMMOBILIZATION; /physiol /psychol permitted
MS = Freedom from activity.
UI = D012146
Restaurants
AN = CATALOG: /geog /form
UI = D012147
Restless Legs
AN = paresthesia in leg muscles causing restless movement
MS = A paresthesia felt deep within the muscles of the leg, which begins when the individual is resting and forces him to keep moving the affected leg to obtain relief.
UI = D012148
Restraint, Physical
AN = NIM with no qualif for restraint of animals in exper stress states; for protective restraint of human & animal; do not confuse with IMMOBILIZATION (see note there): if in doubt use word of text; when IM, qualif permitted
MS = Use of a device for the purpose of preventing the individual from moving all or part of the body. The concept excludes splints and casts.
UI = D012149
Restriction Mapping
MS = Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.
UI = D015183
Resuscitation
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; RESUSCITATION is correct translation for French "râeanimation"
MS = The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D012151
Resuscitation Orders
AN = a physician's instructions to institute, continue or withdraw life support measures; DF: DNR ORDERS
MS = Instructions issued by a physician pertaining to the institution, continuation, or withdrawal of life support measures. The concept includes policies, laws, statutes, decisions, guidelines, and discussions that may affect the issuance of such orders.
UI = D016414
Rete Testis
MS = The network of canals at the termination of the straight seminiferous tubules in the mediastinum testis.
UI = D012152
Retention (Psychology)
AN = DF: RETENTION
MS = The persistence to perform a learned behavior (facts or experiences) after an interval has elapsed in which there has been no performance or practice of the behavior.
UI = D012153
Reticular Formation
MS = A region extending from the PONS & MEDULLA OBLONGATA through the MESENCEPHALON, characterized by a diversity of neurons of various sizes and shapes, arranged in different aggregations and enmeshed in a complicated fiber network.
UI = D012154
Reticulin
AN = a scleroprotein; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D012155
Reticulocyte Count
AN = NIM; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol
MS = Determination of the number of reticulocytes in a measured volume of blood. Values for reticulocytes are expressed as a percentage of the erythrocyte count or in the form of a so-called "corrected" reticulocyte "index". An increase in circulating reticulocytes, often referred to as reticulocytosis, is among the simplest and most reliable signs of accelerated erythrocyte production. Reticulocytosis, or an increased reticulocyte count, occurs during active blood regeneration (stimulation of red bone marrow) and in certain anemias, particularly congenital hemolytic anemia.
UI = D017701
Reticulocytes
AN = A 11 qualif
UI = D012156
Reticuloendothelial System
AN = RES; reticuloendothelial cells of liver = KUPFFER CELLS
UI = D012157
Reticuloendotheliosis
AN = neoplastic; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = Hyperplasia of reticuloendothelial tissue, in any organ or tissue. A related concept is reticulosis which is an increase in reticuloendothelial elements.
UI = D012158
Reticuloendotheliosis Virus, Avian
AN = a species of the genus Reticuloendotheliosis Viruses; do not confuse X ref T VIRUS with T-PHAGES; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: note short X ref
MS = A species of RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES of the genus RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN that causes a chronic neoplastic and a more acute immunosuppressive disease in fowl.
UI = D001356
Reticuloendotheliosis Viruses
AN = coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A subgenus of RETROVIRUSES TYPE C, MAMMALIAN comprising a few isolates from birds, with no known corresponding endogenous relatives.
UI = D017986
Reticulum
AN = a ruminant's 2d stomach; note category: animal term; dis: coord IM with STOMACH DISEASES /vet (IM); neopl: coord IM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS /vet (IM) + histol type /vet (IM); ulcer: coord IM with STOMACH ULCER /vet (IM)
MS = The second stomach of ruminants. It lies almost in the midline in the front of the abdomen, in contact with the liver and diaphragm and communicates freely with the RUMEN via the ruminoreticular orifice. The lining of the reticulum is raised into folds forming a honeycomb pattern over the surface. (From Concise Veterinary Dictionary, 1988)
UI = D012159
Retina
AN = /blood supply = RETINAL VESSELS or RETINAL ARTERY or RETINAL VEIN; inflammation = RETINITIS or CHORIORETINITIS; neopl: majority will be RETINOBLASTOMA (see note there), otherwise retinal neopl goes under RETINAL NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); retinal dystrophy: index under RETINAL DEGENERATION or MACULAR DEGENERATION relying on text & refs; pigment epithelium of retina: coord RETINA with PIGMENT EPITHELIUM OF EYE
MS = The light-receptive, innermost, nervous tunic of the eye which represents the terminal expansion of the optic nerve. It is a thin, transparent membrane lying between the vitreous body and the choroid and extending from the optic disk to the ciliary body, where it becomes continuous with the inner epithelium of the ciliary body. Grossly, the retina is composed of an outer, pigmented layer and an inner, transparent layer which comprises nine layers. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed & Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D012160
Retinal Artery
AN = retinal artery dis: coord IM with RETINAL DISEASES (IM), not VASCULAR DISEASES
MS = Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina.
UI = D012161
Retinal Artery Occlusion
MS = Occlusion or closure of the central retinal artery causing sudden, usually nearly complete, loss of vision in one eye. Occlusion of the branch retinal artery causes sudden visual loss in only a portion of the visual field.
UI = D015356
Retinal Degeneration
AN = retinal dystrophy or macular dystrophy: index under RETINAL DEGENERATION or MACULAR DEGENERATION relying on text & refs
MS = A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)
UI = D012162
Retinal Detachment
AN = /surg: consider also SCLERAL BUCKLING; X ref RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIAL DETACHMENT: do not coord with PIGMENT EPITHELIUM OF EYE unless particularly discussed
MS = Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).
UI = D012163
Retinal Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = RETINITIS or CHORIORETINITIS; retinal dystrophy: index under RETINAL DEGENERATION or MACULAR DEGENERATION relying on text & refs
UI = D012164
Retinal Drusen
AN = colloid or hyalin bodies under retinal pigment; do not confuse with OPTIC DISK DRUSEN, hyalin bodies in optic nerve
MS = Colloid or hyaline bodies lying beneath the retinal pigment epithelium. They may occur either secondary to changes in the choroid that affect the pigment epithelium or as an autosomal dominant disorder of the retinal pigment epithelium.
UI = D015593
Retinal Dysplasia
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Congenital, often bilateral, retinal abnormality characterized by the arrangement of outer nuclear retinal cells in a palisading or radiating pattern surrounding a central ocular space. This disorder is sometimes hereditary.
UI = D015792
Retinal Ganglion Cells
AN = afferent neurons; A 11 qualif
MS = Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer.
UI = D012165
Retinal Hemorrhage
UI = D012166
Retinal Necrosis Syndrome, Acute
AN = a form of retinitis; DF: ARN SYNDROME
MS = Mild to fulminant necrotizing vaso-occlusive retinitis associated with a high incidence of retinal detachment and poor vision outcome.
UI = D015882
Retinal Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM) but majority will be RETINOBLASTOMA (see note there)
UI = D019572
Retinal Neovascularization
MS = New blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina. This process is characterized by a diseased retina with a disturbed vascular bed. Neovascularization is associated with a variety of conditions including vascular occlusion, sickle cell diseases, sarcoidosis.
UI = D015861
Retinal Perforations
MS = Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.
UI = D012167
Retinal Pigments
AN = carotenoids; not for deposition of pigments in the retina (= RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA)
MS = Chemicals functioning in the visual cycle in retinal rod cells. Through excitation by visible light, a series of complex molecular changes occur that serve to trigger in the optical nerve endings an impulse transmitted to the brain, resulting in the perception of vision.
UI = D012168
Retinal Vein
AN = retinal vein dis: coord IM with RETINAL DISEASES (IM), not VASCULAR DISEASES
MS = Central retinal vein and its tributaries. It runs a short course within the optic nerve and then leaves and empties into the superior ophthalmic vein or cavernous sinus.
UI = D012169
Retinal Vein Occlusion
MS = Occlusion of the retinal vein. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, arteriosclerosis, and other cardiovascular diseases.
UI = D012170
Retinal Vessels
AN = GEN & unspecified: prefer RETINAL ARTERY or RETINAL VEIN; dis of retinal vessels: coord IM with RETINAL DISEASES (IM), not VASCULAR DISEASES
MS = The vessels which supply and drain the retina.
UI = D012171
Retinaldehyde
AN = "the oxidized form of retinol"; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A carotenoid constituent of visual pigments. It is the oxidized form of retinol which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is bound to the protein opsin forming the complex rhodopsin. When stimulated by visible light, the retinal component of the rhodopsin complex undergoes isomerization at the 11-position of the double bond to the cis-form; this is reversed in "dark" reactions to return to the native trans-configuration.
UI = D012172
Retinitis
AN = inflamm of retina
MS = Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months.
UI = D012173
Retinitis Pigmentosa
AN = CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field.
UI = D012174
Retinoblastoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with RETINAL NEOPLASMS (IM); /genetics: consider also GENES, RETINOBLASTOMA
MS = A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina. It is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. It may be multifocal, bilateral, congenital, inherited, or acquired. Patients with the inherited form also appear to be at increased risk for second, nonocular malignancies. It is usually diagnosed initially by a bright white or yellow pupillary reflex (leukokoria). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1631; Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D012175
Retinoblastoma Protein
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Product of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene. It is a nuclear phosphoprotein hypothesized to normally act as an inhibitor of cell proliferation. Rb protein is absent in retinoblastoma cell lines. It also has been shown to form complexes with the adenovirus E1A protein, the SV40 T antigen, and the human papilloma virus E7 protein.
UI = D016160
Retinoids
AN = dermatol agents
MS = Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored.
UI = D012176
Retinol-Binding Proteins
AN = an alpha-globulin
MS = Proteins which bind with retinol. The retinol-binding protein found in plasma has an alpha-1 mobility on electrophoresis and a molecular weight of 21,000-22,000. The protein has one binding site for retinol and is responsible for the transport of Vitamin A. The retinol- protein complex (molecular weight 80,000 to 90,000) circulates in plasma in the form of a protein-protein complex with prealbumin. The retinol-binding protein found in tissue has a molecular weight of 14,000 and carries retinol as a non-covalently-bound ligand.
UI = D012177
Retinopathy of Prematurity
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; caused by oxygen ther of premature inf but for this etiol, do not use /chem ind: use /etiol if this etiol is discussed at all (& then probably NIM): TN 167 CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D012178
Retirement
MS = The state of being retired from one's position or occupation.
UI = D012179
Retracted Publication [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; designates an article or book cited by the author or his representative as having been retracted after formal notice by the publication type RETRACTION OF PUBLICATION; Manual 33.16+
MS = Designation of an article or book retracted in whole or in part by an author or authors or an authorized representative. It identifies a citation previously published and now retracted through a formal issuance from the author, publisher, or other authorized agent, and is distinguished from RETRACTION OF PUBLICATION [PUBLICATION TYPE], which identifies the citation retracting the original published item.
UI = D016441
Retraction of Publication
AN = IM for publication retraction as a subject (e.g., an article on "Retraction of Fraudulent Data"); do not confuse with Publication Type RETRACTION OF PUBLICATION; do not confuse with Publication Type RETRACTED PUBLICATION which identifies an article or book cited in an NLM database as having been retracted; do not use for authors' or editors' errata; no qualif; Manual 33.16+
UI = D012180
Retraction of Publication [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; for an author's statement withdrawing or disavowing a previously published article or book; do not confuse with Publication Type RETRACTED PUBLICATION which labels the article being retracted; Manual 33.16+; do not confuse with Publication Type PUBLISHED ERRATUM; for publication retraction as a subject, index under main heading RETRACTION OF PUBLICATION
MS = A statement issued by one or more authors of an article or a book, withdrawing or disavowing acknowledgment of their participation in performing research or writing the results of their study. In indexing, the retraction is sent to the editor of the publication in which the article appeared and is published under the rubric "retraction" or in the form of a letter. This publication type designates the author's statement of retraction: it should be differentiated from RETRACTED PUBLICATION [PUBLICATION TYPE] which labels the retracted publication.
UI = D016440
Retreatment
AN = NIM; coord with specific type of ther (IM) + specific disease /ther (or other ther qualif) (IM)
MS = The therapy of the same disease in a patient, with the same agent or procedure repeated after initial treatment, or with an additional or alternate measure or follow-up. It does not include therapy which requires more than one administration of a therapeutic agent or regimen. Retreatment is often used with reference to a different modality when the original one was inadequate, harmful, or unsuccessful.
UI = D019233
Retrobulbar Hemorrhage
AN = hemorrh within the orbit, behind the eyeball: do not confuse with EYE HEMORRHAGE or its specifics, hemorrh of eye tissue
MS = Hemorrhage within the orbital cavity, posterior to the eyeball.
UI = D019315
Retrocochlear Diseases
AN = "retrocochlear" refers to the acoustic nerve, not the cochlea; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: RETROCOCHLEAR DIS
MS = Diseases of the ACOUSTIC NERVE. Retrocochlear refers to the eighth cranial nerve and cerebellopontine angle as opposed to the cochlea. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D012181
Retroelements
MS = Elements that are transcribed into RNA, reverse-transcribed into DNA and then inserted into a new site in the genome. Long terminal repeats (LTRs) similar to those from retroviruses are contained in retrotransposons and retrovirus-like elements. Retroposons, such as LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS and SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS do not contain LTRs.
UI = D018626
Retrognathism
AN = a mandibular abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; consider also MALOCCLUSION, ANGLE CLASS II CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Retrusion of the mandible. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D012182
Retrograde Degeneration
AN = a type of nerve degen following severing of axon
MS = The series of changes in a neuron following the severing of its axon, including central chromatolysis with displacement of the nucleus. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D012183
Retrograde Obturation
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D012184
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
MS = A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis.
UI = D012185
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D012186
Retroperitoneal Space
AN = NIM: usually locational so few qualif apply; diagnostic retropneumoperitoneum or pneumoretroperitoneum: index under RETROPERITONEAL SPACE /radiogr (IM) + PNEUMORADIOGRAPHY (NIM): do not confuse with RETROPNEUMOPERITONEUM (Cat C)
MS = An area occupying the most posterior aspect of the abdominal cavity. It is bounded laterally by the borders of the quadratus lumborum muscles and extends from the diaphragm to the brim of the true pelvis, where it continues as the pelvic extraperitoneal space.
UI = D012187
Retropharyngeal Abscess
AN = for coord read note on ABSCESS
MS = A soft tissue infection of the throat with entry usually by the pharynx but sometimes as an extension of a lateral neck infection resulting from a neck injury. The major risk is upper airway obstruction caused by pharyngeal swelling. (Daniel R. Masys, from a written communication)
UI = D017703
Retropneumoperitoneum
AN = air in retroperitoneal space; note category: disease only; for diagnostic retropneumoperitoneum: index under RETROPERITONEAL SPACE /radiogr (IM) + PNEUMORADIOGRAPHY (NIM)
MS = Pathological or accidental introduction of air into the retroperitoneal space.
UI = D012188
Retrospective Studies
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
MS = Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
UI = D012189
Retroviridae
AN = a family of RNA tumor viruses; infection = RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; if discussed as tumor viruses, add TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: HTLV-BLV VIRUSES; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; RETROVIRUSES TYPE C, AVIAN; RETROVIRUSES TYPE C, MAMMALIAN; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).
UI = D012190
Retroviridae Proteins
AN = IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Proteins from the family Retroviridae. The most frequently encountered member of this family is the Rous sarcoma virus protein.
UI = D012191
Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic
AN = IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Retroviral proteins that have the ability to transform cells. They can induce sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and mammary carcinomas. Not all retroviral proteins are oncogenic.
UI = D015682
Retroviridae Infections
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.
UI = D012192
Retroviruses, Simian
AN = a group of the family Retroviridae; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = Classes of retroviruses for which monkeys or apes are hosts. Those isolated from the West African green monkey and the Asian rhesus macaque monkey are of particular interest because of their similarities to viruses causing cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans.
UI = D015301
Retroviruses Type B, Mammalian
AN = a genus of the family Retroviridae; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of a few exogenous, vertically transmitted and endogenous viruses of mice. It is associated with mammary carcinoma and T-cell lymphoma.
UI = D017980
Retroviruses Type C, Avian
AN = a genus of the family Retroviridae; from Avian Leukosis Virus; infection: coord IM with AVIAN LEUKOSIS (IM) or SARCOMA, AVIAN (IM) but see notes there
MS = A genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE with type C morphology, that causes malignant and other diseases in wild birds and domestic fowl.
UI = D001355
Retroviruses Type C, Mammalian
AN = a genus of the family Retroviridae; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of RETROVIRIDAE comprising endogenous sequences in mammals, related reticuloendotheliosis viruses of birds, and a reptilian species. Many species contain oncogenes and cause leukemias and sarcomas.
UI = D017988
Retroviruses Type D
AN = a genus of the family Retroviridae; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of oncogenic exogenous retroviruses that contain type D particles. They include the type species, MASON-PFIZER MONKEY VIRUS, isolated from mammary carcinoma and normal tissues in rhesus monkeys, and several other serotypes of simian type D retroviruses (RETROVIRUSES TYPE D, SIMIAN), all of which cause simian AIDS (SAIDS) and other malignancies. The permanent human fibroblast virus (PMFV) is also type D. The core of the type D viruses is the intracytoplasmic type A particle and its mechanism of budding from the cell membrane is similar to the type B oncoviruses.
UI = D016090
Retroviruses Type D, Simian
AN = species of the genus Retroviruses, Type D; do not confuse with SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES see SIV; infection = SIMIAN ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (IM) or if not so specified, coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: note short X ref
MS = Type D retroviruses that cause simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (SAIDS) and malignancies in monkeys. At least five serotypes of SRV are recognized: SRV-1, SRV-2 (Retrovirus-D/New England), SRV-3 (MASON-PFIZER MONKEY VIRUS), SRV-4, and SRV-5. Subcutaneous fibrosarcoma is associated with SRV-1 infection and retroperitoneal fibromatosis is associated with SRV-2 infection.
UI = D016094
Rett Syndrome
AN = a cerebral cortex dis in females only: do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = A progressive disorder affecting the cerebral cortex found exclusively in females and present from birth. It is characterized by ataxia, autistic behavior, loss of purposeful use of the hands, and seizures.
UI = D015518
Reunion
AN = one of the Indian Ocean Islands east of Madagascar; in translations use accent: Râeunion
MS = One of the Indian Ocean Islands, east of Madagascar. Its capital is Saint-Denis. It was discovered in 1507 by the Portuguese and claimed by France in 1638. It was first colonized in 1662 as Isle de Bourbon but renamed Reunion in 1793. In 1946 it was made an overseas department of France. The name commemorates the reunion of the revolutionaries from Marseilles with the National Guard in Paris in 1792. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1011; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p454; French Embassy)
UI = D017508
Reversal Learning
AN = human & animal
MS = Any situation where an animal or human is trained to respond differentially to two stimuli (e.g., approach and avoidance) under reward and punishment conditions and subsequently trained under reversed reward values (i.e., the approach which was previously rewarded is punished and vice versa).
UI = D012193
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
AN = DF: REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIB
MS = Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE), an enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template.
UI = D018894
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
MS = A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
UI = D020133
Review [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; GEN only: prefer specific review publication type; for review articles as a bibliographic form, index under main heading REVIEW LITERATURE; Manual section 12, & TN L; fill in Field 17 on data form for indexers
MS = An article or book published after examination of published material on a subject. It may be comprehensive to various degrees and the time range of material scrutinized may be broad or narrow, but the reviews most often desired are reviews of the current literature. The textual material examined may be equally broad and can encompass, in medicine specifically, clinical material as well as experimental research or case reports. State-of-the-art reviews tend to address more current matters. A review of the literature must be differentiated from HISTORICAL ARTICLE [PUBLICATION TYPE] on the same subject, but a review of historical literature is also within the scope of this publication type. Specific headings for specific types of review are also available.
UI = D016454
Review, Academic [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; for acad revs as a bibliographic form, index under main heading REVIEW LITERATURE; Manual section 12, & TN L; indexers fill in Field 17 on data form
MS = A more or less comprehensive review of the literature on a specific subject, with usually an extensive critical analysis and synthesis of the literature.
UI = D016442
Review Literature
AN = IM; no qualif; for review books or review articles as a form of literature; when IM for review as a literary form, do not fill in REVIEW in Field 17; Manual section 12; TN L for amplification; do not confuse with REVIEW, a publication type, nor with Publication Type REVIEW LITERATURE; note X ref; DF: REV LIT or STATE OF THE ART
MS = Published materials which provide an examination of recent or current literature. Review articles can cover a wide range of subject matter at various levels of completeness and comprehensiveness based on analyses of literature that may include research findings. The review may reflect the state of the art. It also includes reviews as a literary form.
UI = D012196
Review Literature [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; for reviews as a literary form, index under main heading REVIEW LITERATURE; GEN only: prefer specific review publication type; state-of-the-art review as a publication type goes here
MS = Published material which provides an examination of recent or current literature. Reviews can cover a wide range of subject matter of various levels of completeness or comprehensiveness based on analyses of publications on the subject. The presence of research findings or case reports does not preclude designation as a review.
UI = D016450
Review of Reported Cases [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; do not confuse with Publication Type REVIEW, MULTICASE; for rev of reported cases as a subject or as of value in epidemiol, index under main heading REVIEW LITERATURE; Manual section 12, & TN L; indexers fill in Field 17 on data form
MS = Literature reporting - to the best of the author's ability - all known cases of a disease. The study is usually generated by the investigator's encounter with patients with a given disease and includes the investigator's own cases. The range of time will encompass historical cases and recent cases. The review usually cites the literature in which the known cases were published and may or may not include clinical and laboratory data.
UI = D016445
Review, Multicase [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; a type of review literature with epidemiol applications: do not confuse with Publication Type REVIEW OF REPORTED CASES; for multicase revs as a subject or as of value in epidemiol, index under main heading REVIEW LITERATURE; Manual section 12, & TN L; indexers fill in Field 17 on data form
MS = A type of review literature giving demographic, laboratory, and clinical data on a group of persons or animals ranging from most of the known cases of a rare condition in large populations on whom the results of research will lead to the establishing of epidemiological analyses or predictions of the occurrence and natural history of diseases. It is differentiated from REVIEW OF REPORTED CASES in that the latter generally reports a single case as a supplement to a presentation, however brief and limited, of other cases known to have been reported.
UI = D016443
Review, Tutorial [Publication Type]
AN = publication type only; for tutorial rev as a subject, index under main heading REVIEW LITERATURE; Manual section 12, & TN L; indexers fill in Field 17 on data form
MS = A type of review citing literature that will give the user a general and reasonably thorough coverage of a subject with which he may or may not be familiar. It often substitutes as a refresher course for a physician to update his or her awareness or as a crash course for a student unfamiliar with the subject.
UI = D016444
Rewarming
AN = IM; usually in accidental or induced hypothermia; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Application of heat to correct hypothermia, accidental or induced.
UI = D017694
Reward
AN = human & animal; no qualif
MS = An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.
UI = D012201
Reye Syndrome
AN = fatty liver with brain dis in children
MS = An acute disease in children characterized by vomiting, hepatic injury with fatty vacuolization, central nervous system damage, and hypoglycemia.
UI = D012202
Rh Isoimmunization
AN = a blood group incompatibility; note categories; use only Cat C qualif
MS = The process by which fetal Rh+ erythrocytes enter the circulation of an Rh- mother during delivery, causing her to produce IgG antibodies, which can cross the placenta and destroy the erythrocytes of Rh- fetuses in subsequent pregnancies.
UI = D012203
Rh-Hr Blood-Group System
AN = IM; coord with disease /blood (IM), not /immunol nor /genet; TN 230
MS = Erythrocyte isoantigens of the Rh (Rhesus) blood group system, the most complex of all human blood groups, because the genes differ by determining a different number of the over thirty antigens thus far described and do so with remarkably different quality. The major antigen Rh or D is the most common cause of erythroblastosis fetalis.
UI = D012204
Rhabdiasoidea
AN = a superfamily of nematodes; infection: coord IM with RHABDITIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
MS = A superfamily of intestinal nematode parasites containing one genus, STRONGYLOIDES, and several species. It is transmitted through fecal material onto the skin and occurs in animals and humans.
UI = D012205
Rhabditida
AN = an order of nematodes; do not confuse with the superfamily RHABDITOIDEA; infection = RHABDITIDA INFECTIONS
MS = An order of nematodes of the subclass SECERNENTEA. Its organisms are characterized by an annulated or smooth cuticle and the absence of caudal glands.
UI = D017168
Rhabditida Infections
AN = nematode infect
MS = Infections with nematodes of the order RHABDITIDA.
UI = D017196
Rhabditoidea
AN = a superfamily of nematodes; do not confuse with the order RHABDITIDA; infection: coord IM with RHABDITIDA INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A superfamily of nematodes of the order RHABDITIDA. Characteristics include an open tube stoma and an excretory system with lateral canals.
UI = D017172
Rhabdoid Tumor
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted
MS = A rare but highly lethal childhood tumor found almost exclusively in infants. Histopathologically, it resembles RHABDOMYOSARCOMA but the tumor cells are not of myogenic origin. Although it arises primarily in the kidney, it may be found in other parts of the body. The rhabdoid cytomorphology is believed to be the expression of a very primitive malignant cell. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2210)
UI = D018335
Rhabdomyolysis
AN = "necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria": do not index under MYOGLOBINURIA unless this is particularly discussed & then probably NIM
MS = Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.
UI = D012206
Rhabdomyoma
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A benign tumor derived from striated muscle. It is extremely rare, generally occurring in the tongue, neck muscles, larynx, uvula, nasal cavity, axilla, vulva, and heart. These tumors are treated by simple excision. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1354)
UI = D012207
Rhabdomyosarcoma
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)
UI = D012208
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar
AN = "alveolar" has nothing to do with pulm alveoli: it refers to sac-like pathol of musc affected; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA occurring mainly in adolescents and young adults, affecting muscles of the extremities, trunk, orbital region, etc. It is extremely malignant, metastasizing widely at an early stage. Few cures have been achieved and the prognosis is poor. "Alveolar" refers to its microscopic appearance simulating the cells of the respiratory alveolus. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)
UI = D018232
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
MS = A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA arising primarily in the head and neck, especially the orbit, of children below the age of 10. The cells are smaller than those of other rhabdomyosarcomas and are of two basic cell types: spindle cells and round cells. This cancer is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and has a high cure rate with multi-modality therapy. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)
UI = D018233
Rhabdoviridae
AN = a family of the order Mononegavirales; infection = RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS
MS = A family of bullet-shaped viruses of the order MONONEGAVIRALES, infecting vertebrates, arthropods, protozoa, and plants. Genera include VESICULOVIRUS, LYSSAVIRUS, EPHEMEROVIRUS, Cytorhabdovirus, and Nucleorhabdovirus.
UI = D012209
Rhabdoviridae Infections
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Virus diseases caused by RHABDOVIRIDAE. Important infections include RABIES, EPHEMERAL FEVER, and vesicular stomatitis.
UI = D018353
Rhadinovirus
AN = a genus of the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae; from Greek rhadin-, slender or tapering; infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting New World primates. Herpesvirus 2, Ateline is the type species.
UI = D018144
Rhamnose
AN = a hexose
MS = A methylpentose structurally derived from mannose (6-deoxymannose). The L- isomer occurs naturally as a component of many plant glycosides and of lipopolysaccharides of some gram-negative bacteria. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D012210
Rhamnus
AN = poisonous but bark & fruit useful as purgatives
MS = A genus of poisonous and rhamnaceous trees and shrubs commonly called buckthorn. The bark and fruit of its many species are commonly used as purgatives. The most common species are Rhamnus cathartica (purging buckthorn), Rhamnus frangula (alder buckthorn, a cathartic), and Rhamnus purshiana, the bark of which is the source of CASCARA and EMODIN. Karwinskia humboldtiana of the family Rhamnaceae, known also as tollidora, causes buckthorn polyneuropathy, an ascending paralysis resulting from the ingestion of Karwinskia fruit.
UI = D005606
Rheas
MS = Members of the Rheiformes, a South American order of large, long-necked, long-legged, flightless birds, sometimes called American ostriches, though in a separate order from true OSTRICHES.
UI = D020311
Rhenium
AN = Re-187; Re-185 = RHENIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Re-177-184, 186, 188-192 = RHENIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = Rhenium. A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.2, symbol Re. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D012211
Rheology
AN = the flow of liquids & plastic solids; usually NIM coord with no qualif; for non-plethysmographic rheography: for plethysmographic rheology, index under PLETHYSMOGRAPHY or its specifics; flowmeters: index under RHEOLOGY /instrum or LASER-DOPPLER FLOWMETRY /instrum; DF: RHEOL
MS = The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and VISCOSITY.
UI = D012212
Rheumatic Fever
AN = Strep infect; rheum fever with heart dis, unspecified or specific = RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE (IM) + the specific heart dis (IM or NIM), but not HEART DISEASES
MS = A febrile disease occurring as a delayed sequela of infections with group A hemolytic streptococci and characterized by multiple focal inflammatory lesions of the connective tissue structures, especially of the heart, blood vessels, and joints (polyarthritis), and by the presence of Aschoff bodies in the myocardium and skin. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D012213
Rheumatic Heart Disease
AN = most important manifest of rheum fever; coord IM with specific dis of the heart (myocardium or valves) (IM or NIM)
MS = The most important manifestation of and sequel to rheumatic fever, i.e., any cardiac involvement in rheumatic fever. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D012214
Rheumatic Nodule
AN = in rheum fever; do not confuse with RHEUMATOID NODULE in rheum arthritis
MS = A small round or oval, mostly subcutaneous nodule made up chiefly of a mass of Aschoff bodies and seen in cases of rheumatic fever. It is differentiated from the RHEUMATOID NODULE which appears in rheumatoid arthritis, most frequently over bony prominences. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D012215
Rheumatic Diseases
AN = do not confuse with the specialty RHEUMATOLOGY; /drug ther: consider also ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS CATALOG: form qualif permitted
MS = Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.
UI = D012216
Rheumatoid Factor
AN = an autoantibody
MS = Antibodies directed against antigenic determinants, i.e., Gm (gamma chain), in the Fc region of IgG, found in the serum of about 80% of patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis, but in only about 20% of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid factors may be IgM, IgG, or IgA antibodies, although other serological tests measure only IgM. Rheumatoid factors also occur in other connective tissue diseases and infectious diseases. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D012217
Rheumatoid Nodule
AN = in rheum arthritis; do not confuse with RHEUMATIC NODULE in rheum fever
MS = Subcutaneous nodules seen in 20-30% of rheumatoid arthritis patients. They may arise anywhere on the body, but are most frequently found over the bony prominences. The nodules are characterized histologically by dense areas of fibrinoid necrosis with basophilic streaks and granules, surrounded by a palisade of cells, mainly fibroblasts and histiocytes.
UI = D012218
Rheumatology
AN = SPEC only; SPEC qualif; field covers collagen dis, rheum dis & arthritis; DF: RHEUMATOL
MS = A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of inflammatory or degenerative processes and metabolic derangement of connective tissue structures which pertain to a variety of musculoskeletal disorders, such as arthritis.
UI = D012219
Rhinitis
AN = inflamm of nasal mucosa; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose.
UI = D012220
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
AN = note X ref: do not confuse with RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL see HAY FEVER
MS = Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.
UI = D012221
Rhinitis, Atrophic
MS = A chronic form of rhinitis marked by wasting of the mucous membrane and the glands. It is usually associated with crusting and foul-smelling discharges.
UI = D012222
Rhinitis, Vasomotor
AN = do not confuse with other RHINITIS headings; do not make diagnoses: use word of text
MS = A form of rhinitis brought about by changes in vascular tone and permeability. The etiology is obscure.
UI = D012223
Rhinophyma
AN = enlargement of nose in severe acne rosacea
MS = A manifestation of severe ACNE ROSACEA resulting in significant enlargement of the nose and occurring primarily in men. It is caused by hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands and surrounding connective tissue. The nose is reddened and marked with numerous telangiectasias.
UI = D012224
Rhinoplasty
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = A plastic surgical operation on the nose, either reconstructive, restorative, or cosmetic. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D012225
Rhinoscleroma
AN = skin (nose) dis caused by Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis
MS = A granulomatous disease affecting the nose and nasopharynx, usually ascribed to KLEBSIELLA RHINOSCLEROMATIS. It occurs in Egypt, eastern Europe, and Central and South America.
UI = D012226
Rhinosporidiosis
UI = D012227
Rhinosporidium
AN = infection = RHINOSPORIDIOSIS
MS = A genus of uncertain classification (incertae sedis) that causes rhinosporidiosis.
UI = D012228
Rhinovirus
AN = a genus of the family Picornaviridae; infection: coord IM with PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) but consider also COMMON COLD
MS = A genus of PICORNAVIRIDAE inhabiting primarily the respiratory tract of mammalian hosts. It includes the human strains associated with common colds.
UI = D012229
Rhinoviruses, Equine
AN = a group of the family Picornaviridae; infection: coord IM with PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A group of viruses of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE, yet unclassified as to genus, though not a member of RHINOVIRUS. They cause a disease in horses characterized by rhinitis, pharyngitis, and fever.
UI = D004862
Rhizobiaceae
AN = in soil, water & plants
MS = A family of gram-negative bacteria which are saprophytes, symbionts, or plant pathogens.
UI = D012230
Rhizobium
AN = in soil, causing root nodules on legumes
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that produce nodules on the roots of leguminous plants. Members of this genus are common soil inhabitants.
UI = D012231
Rhizobium leguminosarum
AN = in soil, causing root nodules on legumes
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes formation of root nodules on some, but not all, types of field pea, lentil, kidney bean, and clover.
UI = D016961
Rhizobium meliloti
AN = in soil, causing root nodules on forage plants
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes formation of root nodules on some, but not all, types of sweet clover, alfalfa, and fenugreek.
UI = D016962
Rhizoctonia
MS = A mitosporic Ceratobasidiaceae fungal genus that is an important plant pathogen affecting potatoes and other plants. There are numerous teleomorphs.
UI = D012232
Rhizomucor
AN = infection: coord IM with MUCORMYCOSIS (IM)
MS = A genus of zygomycetous fungi of the family Mucoraceae, order MUCORALES.
UI = D020103
Rhizopus
AN = infection: coord IM with MUCORMYCOSIS (IM)
MS = A genus of zygomycetous fungi of the family Mucoraceae, order MUCORALES, a common saprophyte and facultative parasite of mature fruits and vegetables. It may cause cerebral mycoses in diabetes and cutaneous infection in severely burned patients.
UI = D012233
Rhizotomy
AN = surg interruption of spinal and cranial nerve roots; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Surgical interruption of a spinal or cranial nerve root. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019051
Rho(D) Immune Globulin
MS = Immunizing agent containing IgG anti-Rho(D) used for preventing Rh immunization in Rh-negative individuals exposed to Rh-positive red blood cells.
UI = D018029
Rho Factor
AN = in genetic transcription; do not confuse with blood RH FACTORS
MS = A protein which effects termination of RNA synthesis during the genetic transcription process by dissociating the ternary transcription complex RNA-RNA POLYMERASE DNA at the termination of a gene.
UI = D012234
Rhodamines
AN = RHODAMINE 123 is available
MS = A family of 3,6-di(substituted-amino)-9-benzoate derivatives of xanthene that are used as dyes and as indicators for various metals; also used as fluorescent tracers in histochemistry.
UI = D012235
Rhodamine 123
MS = A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for P-glycoprotein and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of P-glycoprotein in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30)
UI = D020112
Rhodanine
AN = do not confuse with RHODAMINES or rhodanide
UI = D012236
Rhode Island
UI = D012237
Rhodium
AN = Rh-103; Rh-97-102, 104-110 = RHODIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = Rhodium. A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D012238
Rhodobacter
AN = in fresh & sea water
MS = A genus of gram-negative bacteria widely distributed in fresh water as well as marine and hypersaline habitats.
UI = D016992
Rhodobacter capsulatus
AN = in fresh & marine water
MS = Non-pathogenic ovoid to rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed and found in fresh water as well as marine and hypersaline habitats.
UI = D016354
Rhodnius
AN = vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111;
MS = A genus of the subfamily TRIATOMINAE. Rhodnius prolixus is a vector for TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI.
UI = D012239
Rhodococcus
AN = infection: coord IM with ACTINOMYCETALES INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A bacterial genus of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.
UI = D012240
Rhodococcus equi
AN = in soil, dung, cows, sheep, pigs as well as horses (equ-); infection: coord IM with ACTINOMYCETALES INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of RHODOCOCCUS found in soil, herbivore dung, and in the intestinal tract of cows, horses, sheep, and pigs. It causes bronchopneumonia in foals and can be responsible for infection in humans compromised by immunosuppressive drug therapy, lymphoma, or AIDS.
UI = D016929
Rhodopseudomonas
AN = in mud & stagnant water
MS = A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped, phototrophic bacteria found in aquatic environments. Internal photosynthetic membranes are present as lamellae underlying the cytoplasmic membrane.
UI = D012241
Rhodobacter sphaeroides
AN = in mud & stagnant water
MS = Spherical phototrophic bacteria found in mud and stagnant water exposed to light.
UI = D012242
Rhodopsin
AN = a retinal pigment; do not confuse with "rod-opsin", a synonym for OPSIN; /biosyn /physiol permitted
MS = A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein OPSIN and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain.
UI = D012243
Rhodospirillaceae
AN = in water & mud
MS = Phototrophic bacteria isolated from stagnant water and mud.
UI = D012244
Rhodospirillales
AN = in water
MS = An order of photosynthetic bacteria representing a physiological community of predominantly aquatic bacteria.
UI = D012245
Rhodospirillum
AN = in mud & stagnant water
MS = A genus of gram-negative, spiral bacteria that possesses internal photosynthetic membranes. Its organisms divide by binary fission, are motile by means of polar flagella, and are found in aquatic environments.
UI = D012246
Rhodospirillum rubrum
AN = in mud & stagnant water
MS = Vibrio- to spiral-shaped phototrophic bacteria found in stagnant water and mud exposed to light.
UI = D012247
Rhodotorula
MS = A red yeast-like mitosporic fungal genus generally regarded as nonpathogenic. It is cultured from numerous sources in human patients.
UI = D012248
Rhombencephalon
AN = includes the MEDULLA OBLONGATA (myelencephalon) & PONS (metencephalon)
MS = That part of the brain stem constituting the MEDULLA OBLONGATA (myelencephalon) and PONS (metencephalon).
UI = D012249
Rhubarb
AN = as plant, food & materia medica; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2
MS = Rheum officinale (Baill.), R. palmatum (L.), and other species of Polygonaceae that contain chrysophanic acid, rhein, EMODIN, and other anthraquinones. The roots were formerly used as purgatives.
UI = D012250
Rhythm Method
AN = no qualif
MS = A contraceptive method whereby abstinence is practiced a few days before and after the estimated day of ovulation.
UI = D012252
Rhytidoplasty
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; if of the face, do not coord with FACE or SKIN or related concept
MS = Plastic surgery performed, usually by excision of skin, for the elimination of wrinkles from the skin.
UI = D015361
Rib Fractures
UI = D012253
Ribavirin
AN = an antiviral & antimetabolite
MS = 1-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.
UI = D012254
Ribitol
MS = A sugar alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose.
UI = D012255
Riboflavin
AN = a B vitamin
MS = Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD.
UI = D012256
Riboflavin Deficiency
AN = a vitamin B defic
MS = A dietary deficiency of riboflavin causing a syndrome chiefly marked by cheilitis, angular stomatitis, glossitis associated with a purplish red or magenta-colored tongue that may show fissures, corneal vascularization, dyssebacia, and anemia. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D012257
Riboflavin Synthase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of riboflavin from two molecules of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine, utilizing a four-carbon fragment from one molecule which is transferred to the second molecule. EC 2.5.1.9.
UI = D012258
Ribonuclease H, Calf Thymus
AN = despite name, ribonuclease H from other sources goes here; DF: note short X ref
MS = A ribonuclease that specifically cleaves the RNA moiety of RNA:DNA hybrids. It has been isolated from a wide variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms (particularly calf thymus) as well as retroviruses. EC 3.1.26.4.
UI = D016914
Ribonuclease, Pancreatic
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of pancreatic ribonucleic acids to 3'-phosphomono- and oligonucleotides ending in cytidylic or uridylic acids with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates. EC 3.1.27.5.
UI = D012259
Ribonuclease T1
MS = An enzyme catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA at the 3'-position of a guanylate residue. EC 3.1.27.3.
UI = D006163
Ribonucleases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds within RNA. EC 3.1.-.
UI = D012260
Ribonucleoproteins
MS = Proteins conjugated with ribonucleic acids (RNA) or specific RNA. Many viruses are ribonucleoproteins.
UI = D012261
Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = Highly conserved nuclear RNA-protein complexes that function in RNA processing in the nucleus, including pre-mRNA splicing and pre-mRNA 3'-end processing in the nucleoplasm. The U3 snRNP is localized in the nucleolus, where it aligns into base pairs with the 28S rRNA precursor in a still unidentified region and functions in pre-rRNA processing. The U7 snRNP aligns into base pairs with a conserved sequence in the 3'-end of histone pre-mRNA and is an essential cofactor for the cleavage that creates the mature nonadenylated 3'-end.
UI = D017411
Ribonucleoproteins, Small, U1
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = A nuclear RNA-protein complex that plays a role in RNA processing. In the nucleoplasm, the U1 snRNP along with other small ribonucleoproteins (U2, U4-U6, and U5) assemble into SPLICEOSOMES that remove introns from pre-mRNA by splicing. The U1 snRNP base pairs with conserved sequence motifs at the 5'-splice site and recognizes both the 5'- and 3'-splice sites and may have a fundamental role in aligning the two sites for the splicing reaction.
UI = D017412
Ribonucleoproteins, Small, U2
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = A nuclear RNA-protein complex that plays a role in RNA processing. In the nucleoplasm, the U2 snRNP along with other small ribonucleoproteins (U1, U4-U6, and U5) assemble into SPLICEOSOMES that remove introns from pre-mRNA by splicing. The U2 snRNP base pairs with conserved sequence motifs at the branch point, which associates with a heat- and RNAase-sensitive factor in an early step of splicing.
UI = D017413
Ribonucleoproteins, Small, U4-U6
AN = DF: note short X refs
MS = A nuclear RNA-protein complex that plays a role in RNA processing. In the nucleoplasm, the U4-U6 snRNP along with the U5 snRNP preassemble into a single 25S particle that binds to the U1 and U2 snRNPs and the substrate to form mature SPLICEOSOMES. There is also evidence for the existence of individual U4 or U6 snRNPs in addition to their organization as a U4-U6 snRNP.
UI = D017414
Ribonucleoproteins, Small, U5
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = A nuclear RNA-protein complex that plays a role in RNA processing. In the nucleoplasm, the U5 snRNP along with U4-U6 snRNP preassemble into a single 25S particle that binds to the U1 and U2 snRNPs and the substrate to form mature SPLICEOSOMES.
UI = D017415
Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase
MS = An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides using NADPH as the ultimate electron donor. The deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates are used in DNA synthesis. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.17.4.1.
UI = D012262
Ribonucleosides
AN = deoxy or desoxy = DEOXYRIBONUCLEOSIDES
MS = Nucleosides in which the purine or pyrimidine base is combined with ribose. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D012263
Ribonucleotide Reductases
UI = D012264
Ribonucleotides
AN = deoxy or desoxy = DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDES
MS = Nucleotides in which the purine or pyrimidine base is combined with ribose. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D012265
Ribose
AN = a pentose
MS = A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form.
UI = D012266
Ribosemonophosphates
MS = Ribose substituted in the 1-, 3-, or 5-position by a phosphoric acid moiety.
UI = D012267
Ribose-Phosphate Pyrophosphokinase
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate from ATP and ribose-5-phosphate. EC 2.7.6.1.
UI = D012268
Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase
MS = A protein serine/threonine kinase which is involved in cell transformation by polyoma virus and is connected to the expression of IGF2. The immunosuppressant rapamycin inhibits the activation of the kinase, leading to reduced translation of certain mRNAs and a decrease in protein synthesis. EC 2.7.10.-.
UI = D019893
Ribosomal Proteins
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted
MS = Proteins found in ribosomes. They are believed to have a catalytic function in reconstituting biologically active ribosomal subunits.
UI = D012269
Ribosomes
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
MS = A class of multicomponent structures found in all cells, in mitochondria, and chloroplasts. They have roles both in the genetic translation of transcripts and in the manufacture and secretion of the proteins. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
UI = D012270
Ribostamycin
AN = an aminoglycoside antibiotic
MS = O-2,6-Diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,4)-O- (beta-D-ribofuranosyl-(1,5))-2-deoxy-D-streptamine. A broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus.
UI = D012271
Ribs
AN = /inj permitted: do not coord with THORACIC INJURIES but note RIB FRACTURES is available
UI = D012272
Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase
MS = A copper protein that catalyzes the formation of 2 moles of 3-phosphoglycerate from ribulose 1,5-biphosphate in the presence of carbon dioxide. It utilizes oxygen instead of carbon dioxide to form 2-phosphoglycollate and 3-phosphoglycerate. EC 4.1.1.39.
UI = D012273
Ribulosephosphates
MS = Ribulose substituted by one or more phosphoric acid moieties.
UI = D012274
Rice
AN = as plant & as food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2; "yusho pois": index under RICE /pois (IM) + PLANT OILS /pois (IM) + POLYCHLOROBIPHENYL COMPOUNDS /pois (IM) + FOOD CONTAMINATION (IM)
MS = Annual cereal grass, Oryza sativa, and its edible starchy grain. It is the staple food and primary source of nutritive carbohydrates of roughly one-half of the world's population.
UI = D012275
Ricin
AN = a lectin from castor oil plant; /antag: consider also ANTITOXINS
MS = A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally.
UI = D012276
Ricinoleic Acids
UI = D012277
Ricinus
AN = yields castor beans & castor oil
MS = An euphorbiaceous plant with very toxic seeds. The CASTOR BEAN, CASTOR OIL, RICIN, and other lectins are its most important products.
UI = D012278
Rickets
AN = consider also VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY & note next entry
MS = A condition caused by deficiency of VITAMIN D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanels, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D012279
Rickettsia
AN = classified with bacteria; infection = RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS or their specifics: see notes on species terms for various infections; Rickettsia quintana infection = TRENCH FEVER; RICKETTSIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI see ORIENTIA TSUTSUGMUSHI is available
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria often surrounded by a protein microcapsular layer and slime layer. The natural cycle of its organisms generally involves a vertebrate and an invertebrate host. Species of the genus are the etiological agents of human diseases, such as typhus.
UI = D012281
Rickettsia conorii
AN = infection = BOUTONNEUSE FEVER
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the etiologic agent of BOUTONNEUSE FEVER. It resembles RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII but is antigenically distinct and less virulent for animals and man. (From Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol 1)
UI = D020114
Rickettsia Infections
AN = gram-neg bact infect; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific infection as shown at the various RICKETTSIA species; infection by genus RICKETTSIA: do not confuse with RICKETTSIACEAE INFECTIONS ("infections with rickettsias of the Family RICKETTSIACEAE"); Rickettsia conorii infection = BOUTONNEUSE FEVER; Rickettsia quintana infection = TRENCH FEVER
MS = Infections by the genus RICKETTSIA.
UI = D012282
Rickettsia prowazekii
AN = infection = TYPHUS, EPIDEMIC LOUSE-BORNE
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the etiologic agent of epidemic typhus fever acquired through contact with lice (TYPHUS, EPIDEMIC LOUSE-BORNE) as well as Brill's disease.
UI = D012283
Rickettsia rickettsii
AN = infection = ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the etiologic agent of ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER. Its cells are slightly smaller and more uniform in size than those of RICKETTSIA PROWAZEKII.
UI = D012284
Rickettsia typhi
AN = infection = TYPHUS, ENDEMIC FLEA-BORNE
MS = The etiologic agent of murine typhus (see TYPHUS, ENDEMIC FLEA-BORNE).
UI = D012286
Rickettsiaceae
AN = a family: do not confuse with RICKETTSIEAE, a tribe; do not confuse X ref SYMBIOTES with "symbiotes", organisms living in a state of symbiosis; infection = RICKETTSIACEAE INFECTIONS
MS = A family of small, gram-negative organisms often parasitic in man and other animals, causing diseases that may be transmitted by invertebrate vectors.
UI = D012287
Rickettsiaceae Infections
AN = gram-neg bact "infections with rickettsias of the family RICKETTSIACEAE": do not confuse with RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS (infection by genus RICKETTSIA)
MS = Infections with bacteria of the family RICKETTSIACEAE.
UI = D012288
Rickettsial Vaccines
AN = coord IM with specific Rickettsia /immunol (IM)
MS = Vaccines for the prevention of diseases caused by various species of Rickettsia.
UI = D012290
Rickettsiales
AN = an order classified with bacteria; infection = RICKETTSIALES INFECTIONS
MS = An order of gram-negative bacteria including many that may cause disease in man or in other vertebrate or invertebrate hosts.
UI = D012291
Rickettsiales Infections
AN = infect with gram-neg bact of order RICKETTSIALES: do not confuse with RICKETTSIACEAE INFECTIONS (family) or RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS (genus); GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; DF: RICKETTSIALES INFECT
MS = Infections with bacteria of the order RICKETTSIALES.
UI = D016872
Rickettsieae
AN = a tribe: do not confuse with RICKETTSIACEAE, a family; infection: coord IM with RICKETTSIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A tribe of gram-negative bacteria of the family RICKETTSIACEAE whose organisms are found in arthropods and are pathogenic for man and certain other vertebrate hosts.
UI = D016996
Rifabutin
AN = an antituberc antibiotic
MS = A broad-spectrum antibiotic that is being used as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in HIV-positive patients.
UI = D017828
Rifampin
MS = A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)
UI = D012293
Rifamycins
AN = antibiotics
MS = A group of antibiotics characterized by a chromophoric naphthohydroquinone group spanned by an aliphatic bridge not previously found in other known antibiotics. They have been isolated from fermentation broths of Streptomyces mediterranei.
UI = D012294
Rift Valley Fever
AN = a hemorrhagic fever caused by a bunyavirus; in man or animal; in animal do not use /vet but check tag ANIMAL
MS = A febrile disease resembling dengue. It is caused by a mosquito-borne arbovirus.
UI = D012295
Rift Valley Fever Virus
AN = a species of Phlebovirus; infection = RIFT VALLEY FEVER: see note there
MS = A mosquito-borne species of the PHLEBOVIRUS genus and member of the SANDFLY FEVER GROUP VIRUSES found in eastern, central, and southern Africa, producing massive hepatitis, abortion, and death in sheep, goats, cattle, and other animals. It also has caused disease in humans.
UI = D012296
Right to Die
AN = differentiate from ALLOWING TO DIE see EUTHANASIA, PASSIVE
MS = The right of the patient or the patient's representative to make decisions with regard to the patient's dying.
UI = D012297
Rigor Mortis
AN = use qualif with discretion
MS = Muscular rigidity which develops in the cadaver usually from 4 to 10 hours after death and lasts 3 or 4 days.
UI = D012298
Riluzole
MS = A glutamate antagonist that has reported anticonvulsant activity. It has been shown to prolong the survival of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and has been approved in the United States to treat patients with ALS.
UI = D019782
Rimantadine
AN = an antiviral
MS = An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.
UI = D012299
Rinderpest
AN = caused by a morbillivirus; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL; X ref PESTE DE PETITS RUMINANTS should be translated as "rinderpest"
MS = A viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals caused by MORBILLIVIRUS. It may be acute, subacute, or chronic with the major lesions characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the entire digestive tract.
UI = D012301
Rinderpest Virus
AN = a species of Morbillivirus; infection = RINDERPEST: see note there
MS = A species of MORBILLIVIRUS causing cattle plague, a disease with high mortality. Sheep, goats, pigs, and other animals of the order Artiodactyla can also be infected.
UI = D012302
Ring Chromosomes
AN = no qualif; do not confuse with chromosome rings ( = CHROMOSOME BANDING)
MS = Aberrant chromosomes with no ends.
UI = D012303
Rioprostil
AN = a synthetic prostaglandin E anti-ulcer agent
MS = (11 alpha,13E)-1,11,16-Trihydroxy-16-methylprost-13-en-9-one. A synthetic methylprostaglandin E1 analog that reduces gastric acid secretion and enhances the gastric mucus-bicarbonate barrier. It is effective in the therapy of gastric ulcers and gives significant protection against NSAID-induced gastric mucosal damage. The drug also prevents cyclosporin A-induced damage to endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretions. It shows a low order of acute toxicity and there is no evidence of embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, teratogenicity, or mutagenicity in animal studies.
UI = D016630
Riot Control Agents, Chemical
MS = Chemical substances which are employed during a riot in order to control or disperse the rioting parties.
UI = D012304
Riots
MS = A form of violent crowd behavior which expresses the emotional release of resentments and prejudices, usually relevant to grievances toward the social system.
UI = D012305
Risk
AN = for risk as a statist concept; for risk as a factor in dis, surg, etc., use RISK FACTORS; IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific non-disease term (IM); no qualif
MS = The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.
UI = D012306
Risk Adjustment
MS = The use of severity-of-illness measures, such as age, to estimate the risk (measurable or predictable chance of loss, injury or death) to which a patient is subject before receiving some health care intervention. This adjustment allows comparison of performance and quality across organizations, practitioners, and communities. (from JCAHO, Lexikon, 1994)
UI = D020379
Risk Assessment
AN = coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); DF: RISK ASSESS
MS = The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
UI = D018570
Risk Factors
AN = human & animal; an epidemiol concept for risk factors in dis, surg, etc.: do not confuse with RISK, a statist concept & aspect of probability; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
MS = An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
UI = D012307
Risk Management
MS = The process of minimizing risk to an organization by developing systems to identify and analyze potential hazards to prevent accidents, injuries, and other adverse occurrences, and by attempting to handle events and incidents which do occur in such a manner that their effect and cost are minimized. Effective risk management has its greatest benefits in application to insurance in order to avert or minimize financial liability. (From Slee & Slee: Health care terms, 2d ed)
UI = D012308
Risk Sharing, Financial
MS = Any system which allows payors to share some of the financial risk associated with a particular patient population with providers. Providers agree to adhere to fixed fee schedules in exchange for an increase in their payor base and a chance to benefit from cost containment measures. Common risk-sharing methods are prospective payment schedules (PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT SYSTEM), capitation (CAPITATION FEES), diagnosis-related fees (DIAGNOSIS-RELATED GROUPS), and pre-negotiated fees.
UI = D020414
Risk-Taking
AN = no qualif
MS = Undertaking a task involving a challenge for achievement or a desirable goal in which there is a lack of certainty or a fear of failure. It may also include the exhibiting of certain behaviors whose outcomes may present a risk to the individual or to those associated with him or her.
UI = D012309
Risperidone
AN = a dopamine & serotonin antag & antipsychotic agent
MS = A selective blocker of dopamine D2 and serotonin-5-HT-2 receptors that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia.
UI = D018967
Ristocetin
AN = a glycopeptide antibiotic
MS = An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.
UI = D012310
Ritanserin
AN = a serotonin antag & anti-anxiety agent
MS = A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.
UI = D016713
Ritodrine
AN = used to control premature labor
MS = Adrenergic beta-agonist used to control premature labor.
UI = D012312
Ritonavir
AN = an HIV protease inhib
MS = An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV.
UI = D019438
RNA
AN = /immunol: consider also IMMUNE RNA MANIPULATION see IMMUNOTHERAPY, ACTIVE
MS = A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and sugar units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
UI = D012313
RNA, Antisense
MS = RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes.
UI = D016372
RNA, Archaeal
AN = IM; coord with specific archaeon (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Ribonucleic acid in archaea having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
UI = D019642
RNA Cap Analogs
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Analogs of RNA cap compounds which do not have a positive charge. These compounds inhibit the initiation of translation of both capped and uncapped messenger RNA.
UI = D012314
RNA Caps
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Compounds with the general structure 7-methyl-5'-guanosine triphosphate-5'-X which modify the 5' end of eukaryotic cellular and viral messenger RNA and some heterogeneous nuclear RNAs. These compounds, which are positively charged, protect the above specified RNAs at their termini against attack by phosphatases and other nucleases and promote mRNA function at the level of initiation of translation. Analogs of the RNA caps (RNA CAP ANALOGS), which lack the positive charge, inhibit the initiation of protein synthesis.
UI = D012315
RNA, Catalytic
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = RNA which contains an intron sequence that has an enzyme-like catalytic activity. This intron sequence has been shown to fold up to form a complex surface that can function like an enzyme in reactions with other RNA molecules and thus synthesize new molecules even in the absence of protein.
UI = D016337
RNA, Chloroplast
AN = IM; coord with PLANTS, ALGAE or specific plant or alga (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Ribonucleic acid in chloroplasts having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
UI = D018747
RNA, Complementary
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = Synthetic transcripts of a specific DNA molecule or fragment, made by an in vitro transcription system. This cRNA can be labeled with radioactive uracil and then used as a probe. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
UI = D018075
RNA Editing
AN = a type of post-transcriptional RNA processing
MS = A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. Some major classes of RNA editing are as follows: 1) the conversion of cytosine to uracil in mRNA; 2) the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3) the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-RNAs (RNA, GUIDE).
UI = D017393
RNA, Guide
AN = plays a major role in RNA EDITING; DF: note short X ref
MS = Small kinetoplastid mitochondrial RNA that plays a major role in RNA EDITING. These molecules form perfect hybrids with edited mRNA sequences and possess nucleotide sequences at their 5'-ends that are complementary to the sequences of the mRNA's immediately downstream of the pre-edited regions.
UI = D017394
RNA Helicases
MS = A family of proteins that promote unwinding of RNA during splicing and translation. EC 2.7.7.-.
UI = D020365
RNA, Helminth
AN = IM; coord with specific helminth; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Ribonucleic acid in helminths having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
UI = D018510
RNA Ligase (ATP)
AN = do not confuse X ref POLYRIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHETASE with X refs POLYDEOXYRIBONUCLEOSIDE SYNTHETASES or POLYNUCLEOTIDE SYNTHETASES
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of linear RNA to a circular form by the transfer of the 5'-phosphate to the 3'-hydroxyl terminus. It also catalyzes the covalent joining of two polyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage. EC 6.5.1.3.
UI = D011130
RNA, Nuclear
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = RNA molecules found in the nucleus either associated with chromosomes or in the nucleoplasm.
UI = D015138
RNA Nucleotidyltransferases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the template-directed incorporation of ribonucleotides into an RNA chain. EC 2.7.7.-.
UI = D012316
RNA Phages
AN = coord IM with specific bacterium (NIM); do not confuse X ref PHAGE MU 2 with PHAGE MU 1, a DNA coliphage; Q BETA PHAGE, MS2 PHAGE, and PHAGE PHI 6 are available
MS = Bacteriophages whose genetic material is RNA, which is single-stranded in all except the Pseudomonas phage Phi 6. All RNA phages infect their host bacteria via the host's surface pili. Some frequently encountered RNA phages are: BF23, F2, R17, fr, PhiCb5, PhiCb12r, PhiCb8r, PhiCb23r, 7s, PP7, Q BETA PHAGE, MS2 PHAGE, and PHAGE PHI 6.
UI = D012317
RNA, Plant
AN = IM; coord with specific plant (IM or NIM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Ribonucleic acid in plants having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
UI = D018749
RNA Polymerase I
MS = A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. The enzyme functions in the nucleolar structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salts than RNA polymerase II and III and is not inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.
UI = D012318
RNA Polymerase II
MS = A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salt than RNA polymerase I and is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.
UI = D012319
RNA Polymerase III
MS = A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure where it transcribes DNA into RNA. It has specific requirements for cations and salt and has shown an intermediate sensitivity to alpha-amanitin in comparison to RNA polymerase I and II. EC 2.7.7.6.
UI = D012320
RNA Polymerase, DNA-Directed (see:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase)
RNA Precursors
AN = IM; coord with specific RNA (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = RNA copies from DNA that exactly represent the genome sequence. This RNA cannot be used for producing protein until RNA splicing takes place. During this procedure the phosphodiester bonds at exon-intron boundaries are cleaved and the intron is excised. Consequently a new bond is formed between the ends of the exons. The resulting RNA is mature RNA which can be translated into protein.
UI = D012322
RNA Probes
AN = usually no qualif: /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = RNA, usually prepared by transcription from cloned DNA, which complements a specific mRNA or DNA and is generally used for studies of virus genes, distribution of specific RNA in tissues and cells, integration of viral DNA into genomes, transcription, etc. Whereas DNA PROBES are preferred for use at a more macroscopic level for detection of the presence of DNA/RNA from specific species or subspecies, RNA probes are preferred for genetic studies. Conventional labels for the RNA probe include radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. RNA probes may be further divided by category into plus-sense RNA probes, minus-sense RNA probes, and antisense RNA probes.
UI = D015347
RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
AN = coord IM with specific RNA /metab (IM); DF: RNA PROC POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL
MS = Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.
UI = D012323
RNA, Protozoan
AN = IM; coord with specific protozoon (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Ribonucleic acid in protozoa having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
UI = D016053
RNA Replicase
MS = An enzyme that catalyses RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'- end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time, and can initiate a chain de novo. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p293)
UI = D012324
RNA, Spliced Leader
AN = do not confuse with LEADER SEQUENCES, MRNA see 5' UNTRANSLATED REGION
MS = The small RNAs which provide spliced leader sequences, SL1, SL2, SL3, SL4 and SL5 (short sequences which are joined to the 5' ends of pre-mRNAs by TRANS-SPLICING). They are found primarily in primitive eukaryotes (protozoans and nematodes).
UI = D020038
RNA Splicing
AN = note category: a physiol process taking place within the cell nucleus; do not confuse with DNA, RECOMBINANT; CLONING, MOLECULAR or GENETIC INTERVENTION
MS = The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.
UI = D012326
RNA Virus Infections
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: RNA VIRUS INFECT
UI = D012327
RNA Viruses
AN = avoid: too general; prefer specifics; infection = RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS
MS = Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.
UI = D012328
RNA, Bacterial
AN = IM; coord with specific bacterium (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: RNA BACT
MS = Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
UI = D012329
RNA, Double-Stranded
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: DSRNA
MS = RNA consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded RNA. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed from transcription of DNA by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. Some double-stranded segments of RNA are normal in all organisms.
UI = D012330
RNA, Fungal
AN = IM; coord with specific fungus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
MS = Ribonucleic acid in fungi having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
UI = D012331
RNA, Heterogeneous Nuclear
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: HNRNA
MS = Nuclear nonribosomal RNA larger than about 1000 nucleotides, the mass of which is rapidly synthesized and degraded within the cell nucleus. Some heterogeneous nuclear RNA may be a precursor to mRNA. However, the great bulk of total hnRNA hybridizes with nuclear DNA rather than with mRNA.
UI = D012332
RNA, Messenger
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
UI = D012333
RNA, Neoplasm
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; coord with required neopl term(s) (IM); Manual 24.4.4.2; DF: RNA NEOPL
MS = RNA present in neoplastic tissue.
UI = D012334
RNA, Ribosomal
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; RRNA OPERON is also available
MS = The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D012335
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: 16S RRNA
MS = Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
UI = D012336
RNA, Ribosomal, 18S
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: 18S RRNA
MS = Constituent of the 40S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 18S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.
UI = D012337
RNA, Ribosomal, 23S
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: 23S RRNA
MS = Constituent of 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes containing about 3200 nucleotides. 23S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
UI = D012338
RNA, Ribosomal, 28S
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: 28S RRNA
MS = Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 28S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.
UI = D012339
RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: 58S RRNA
MS = Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 5.8S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.
UI = D012340
RNA, Ribosomal, 5S
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: 5S RRNA
MS = Constituent of the 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes containing about 120 nucleotides and 34 proteins. It is also a constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 5S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
UI = D012341
RNA, Satellite
AN = RNA molecules acting as molecular parasites of various RNA plant viruses; coord IM with specific plant virus /genet (IM or NIM) but note that CUCUMBER MOSAIC VIRUS SATELLITE is available
MS = Small, linear single-stranded RNA molecules functionally acting as molecular parasites of certain RNA plant viruses. Satellite RNAs exhibit four characteristic traits: 1) they require helper viruses to replicate; 2) they are unnecessary for the replication of helper viruses; 3) they are encapsidated in the coat protein of the helper virus; 4) they have no extensive sequence homology to the helper virus. Thus they differ from SATELLITE VIRUSES which encode their own coat protein, and from the genomic RNA (=RNA, VIRAL) of satellite viruses. (From Maramorosch, Viroids and Satellites, 1991, p143)
UI = D019244
RNA, Small Nuclear
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: SNRNA
MS = Short chains of RNA found in the nucleus. Their function is to remove the introns (nontranslated intervening sequences) from mRNA precursors, thereby bringing the two exons (coding segments) together into correct juxtaposition for enzymatic splicing at the correct point. The resulting mRNA is now ready to leave the nucleus.
UI = D012342
RNA, Transfer
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; note short X ref
MS = Small RNA molecules, 73-93 nucleotides, occurring in cells in 20 or more varieties and functioning in translation. Each variety carries a specific amino acid to a site specified by an RNA codon, binding to amino acid, ribosome, and to the codon, via an anticodon region. All have numerous modified bases and extensive secondary structure. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D012343
RNA, Transfer, Ala
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying alanine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
UI = D012344
RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer available tRNA terms naming the specific amino acids; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: TRNA AA SPECIFIC
MS = A group of transfer RNAs which are specific for carrying each one of the 20 amino acids to the ribosome in preparation for protein synthesis.
UI = D012345
RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: TRNA AMINO ACYL
MS = Intermediates in protein biosynthesis. The compounds are formed from amino acids, ATP and transfer RNA, a reaction catalyzed by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. They are key compounds in the genetic translation process.
UI = D012346
RNA, Transfer, Arg
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying arginine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
UI = D012347
RNA, Transfer, Asn
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying asparagine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
UI = D012348
RNA, Transfer, Asp
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying aspartic acid to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
UI = D012349
RNA, Transfer, Cys
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying cysteine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
UI = D012350
RNA, Transfer, Gln
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying glutamine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
UI = D012351
RNA, Transfer, Glu
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying glutamic acid to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
UI = D012352
RNA, Transfer, Gly
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying glycine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
UI = D012353
RNA, Transfer, His
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying histidine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
UI = D012354
RNA, Transfer, Ile
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying isoleucine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
UI = D012355
RNA, Transfer, Leu
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying leucine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
UI = D012356
RNA, Transfer, Lys
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying lysine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
UI = D012357
RNA, Transfer, Met
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying methionine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein elongation. Initiation of protein synthesis uses tRNA(f)Met in prokaryotic cells and tRNA(i)Met in eukaryotic cells.
UI = D012358
tRNA Methyltransferases
AN = DF: note short X ref
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methylation of ribonucleotide bases within a transfer RNA molecule. EC 2.1.1.
UI = D012359
RNA, Transfer, Phe
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying phenylalanine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
UI = D012360
RNA, Transfer, Pro
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying proline to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
UI = D012361
RNA, Transfer, Ser
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying serine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
UI = D012362
RNA, Transfer, Thr
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying threonine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
UI = D012363
RNA, Transfer, Trp
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying tryptophan to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
UI = D012364
RNA, Transfer, Tyr
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying tyrosine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
UI = D012365
RNA, Transfer, Val
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying valine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
UI = D012366
RNA, Viral
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; coord with specific virus (IM)
MS = Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
UI = D012367
RNA-Binding Proteins
MS = Proteins which bind to RNA molecules. Certain structure motifs are common to several of the proteins, such as arginine (Arg)-rich tracts, typically consisting of alternating Arg-Asp, Arg-Ser, or Arg-Gly residues. These proteins also tend to have a common ribonucleotide sequence domain.
UI = D016601
RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase
MS = An enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template. It is encoded by the pol gene of retroviruses and by certain retrovirus-like elements. EC 2.7.7.49.
UI = D012194
Ro 20-1724
AN = a phosphodiesterase inhib
MS = Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.
UI = D012368
Ro 4-1284
AN = a proposed catecholamine depleter
MS = Proposed catecholamine depletor.
UI = D012369
Robenidine
AN = a coccidiostat
MS = 1,3-Bis[(p-chlorobenzylidene)amino]guanidine monohydrochloride. An anticoccidial agent mainly for poultry.
UI = D012370
Robotics
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; /util permitted if by MeSH definition
MS = The application of electronic, computerized control systems to mechanical devices designed to perform human functions. Formerly restricted to industry, but nowadays applied to artificial organs controlled by bionic (bioelectronic) devices, like automated insulin pumps and other prostheses.
UI = D012371
ROC Curve
AN = ROC: note 1st X ref; no qualif
MS = A graphic means for assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons; may also be used in other studies, e.g., distinguishing stimuli responses as to a faint stimuli or nonstimuli.
UI = D012372
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
AN = caused by Rickettsia rickettsii; for X ref, in titles & translations use diacrit: Säao Paulo
MS = An acute febrile illness caused by RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII. It is transmitted to humans by bites of infected ticks and occurs only in North and South America. Characteristics include a sudden onset with headache and chills and fever lasting about two to three weeks. A cutaneous rash commonly appears on the extremities and trunk about the fourth day of illness.
UI = D012373
Rod Outer Segments
MS = The portion of the retinal rod cell between the inner segment and the pigment epithelium layer of the retina.
UI = D012374
Rodent Control
AN = coord IM with specific rodent (IM)
MS = The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous rodents through chemical, biological, or other means.
UI = D012375
Rodent Diseases
AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM) or specific rodent dis (IM); coord IM with specific rodent (IM); don't forget also RODENTIA (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: RODENT DIS
MS = Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).
UI = D012376
Rodentia
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; qualif permitted
MS = A mammalian order which consists of 29 families and many genera.
UI = D012377
Rodenticides
AN = specify rodent if pertinent but not with /drug eff
MS = Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents.
UI = D012378
Rods (Retina)
AN = photoreceptors in vertebrate retina; DF: RODS
MS = One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. In rods the photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision.
UI = D017948
Role
AN = no qualif; note category: psychol context only; do not confuse with "role" for duty or function: "Role of physicians: delegation of functions to physician assistants" is not ROLE nor PHYSICIAN'S ROLE; SEX ROLE, SICK ROLE & PHYSICIAN'S ROLE are also available
MS = The expected and characteristic pattern of behavior exhibited by an individual as a member of a particular social group.
UI = D012380
Role Playing
AN = no qualif
MS = The adopting or performing the role of another significant individual in order to gain insight into the behavior of that person.
UI = D012381
Rolitetracycline
AN = an antibiotic
MS = 4S-(4 alpha, 4a alpha,5a alpha,6 beta,12a alpha))-4-(Dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,6,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-N-(1-pyrrolidinylmethyl)-2-naphthacenecarboxamide. A semisynthetic antibiotic prepared from TETRACYCLINE. It is usually administered as an injection.
UI = D012382
Roman World
AN = note category; lands & peoples under influence of Roman civilization & culture; IM; do not confuse with ROME, the city, a Category Z term for the ancient & modern city
MS = A historical and cultural entity dispersed across a wide geographical area under the political domination and influence of ancient Rome, bringing to the conquered people the Roman civilization and culture from 753 B.C. to the beginning of the imperial rule under Augustus in 27 B.C. The early city built on seven hills grew to conquer Sicily, Sardinia, Carthage, Gaul, Spain, Britain, Greece, Asia Minor, etc., and extended ultimately from Mesopotamia to the Atlantic. Roman medicine was almost entirely in Greek hands, but Rome, with its superior water system, remains a model of sanitation and hygiene. (From A. Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2d ed pp196-99; from F. H. Garrison, An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 4th ed, pp107-120)
UI = D018644
Romania
AN = do not spell Roumania; despite current spelling, (RUM) continues to be the language symbol
UI = D012383
Rome
AN = the city ancient or modern Rome: do not confuse with ROMAN WORLD (see MeSH definition); Manual 36.14
UI = D012384
Ronidazole
AN = a vet antiprotozoal
MS = 1-Methyl-5-nitroimidazole-2-methanol carbamate ester. Antiprotozoal and antimicrobial agent used mainly in veterinary practice.
UI = D012385
Rooming-in Care
AN = care of a neonate in a crib near the mother's bed in a hosp; check the tag INFANT, NEWBORN
MS = Care of the newborn infant in a crib near the mother's bed, instead of in a nursery, during the hospital stay.
UI = D012386
Root Canal Filling Materials
AN = IM; coord with specific material if pertinent (IM); D25-26 qualif
MS = Materials placed inside a root canal for the purpose of obturating or sealing it. The materials may be gutta-percha, silver cones, paste mixtures, or other substances. (Dorland, 28th ed, p631 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p187)
UI = D012387
Root Canal Irrigants
AN = D25-D26 qualif
MS = Chemicals used mainly to disinfect root canals after pulpectomy and before obturation. The major ones are camphorated monochlorophenol, EDTA, formocresol, hydrogen peroxide, metacresylacetate, and sodium hypochlorite. Root canal irrigants include also rinsing solutions of distilled water, sodium chloride, etc.
UI = D012388
Root Canal Obturation
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D012389
Root Canal Preparation
AN = preparatory activities leading to treatment of pulp dis ( = ROOT CANAL THERAPY); do not use /util except by MeSH definition; /instrum: reamers & broaches go here
MS = Preparatory activities in ROOT CANAL THERAPY by partial or complete extirpation of diseased pulp, cleaning and sterilization of the empty canal, enlarging and shaping the canal to receive the sealing material. The cavity may be prepared by mechanical, sonic, chemical, or other means. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1700)
UI = D018915
Root Canal Therapy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; the corresponding specialty is ENDODONTICS; reamers & broaches: index under ROOT CANAL PREPARATION /instrum; DF: ROOT CANAL THER
MS = A treatment modality in endodontics concerned with the therapy of diseases of the dental pulp. For preparatory procedures, ROOT CANAL PREPARATION is available.
UI = D012390
Root Caries
AN = caries of root, cementum or cervical portion of tooth
MS = Dental caries involving the tooth root, cementum, or cervical area of the tooth.
UI = D017213
Root Planing
AN = in periodontal ther to smooth root surface or cementum; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not confuse with ROOT SCALING see DENTAL SCALING
MS = A procedure for smoothing of the roughened root surface or cementum of a tooth after subgingival curettage or scaling, as part of periodontal therapy.
UI = D016745
Root Resorption
AN = loss of cementum or dentin from root of tooth; only Cat C qualif
MS = Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D012391
Rorschach Test
MS = A projective test used to evaluate a broad range of personality variables including pathology of thought and perception. The subject's responses to inkblot prints are scored along with subjective interpretation by the test administrator.
UI = D012392
Rosales
MS = An order of the ANGIOSPERMS, subclass Rosidae. Its members include some of the most known ornamental and edible plants of temperate zones including roses, apples, cherries, and peaches. Plants of a number of the species of the rose family contain cyanide compounds, for example, peach pits and bitter almonds.
UI = D019685
Rosaniline Dyes
MS = Any dye or mixture of dyes made from rosaniline, a red triphenylmethane aniline derivative.
UI = D012394
Rose Bengal
AN = D25-26 qualif
MS = 4,5,6,7-Tetrachloro-3',6'-dihydroxy-2',4',5',7'-tetraiodospiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one dipotassium salt. A bright bluish pink compound that has been used as a dye, biological stain, and diagnostic aid.
UI = D012395
Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study
MS = A projective test depicting cartoon-like characters in frustrating situations. The scoring of the subject's responses indicates the direction of hostility or aggression, that is, whether he blames himself, the other person, or the set of circumstances.
UI = D012396
Roseolovirus
AN = a genus of the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae; infection = ROSEOLOVIRUS INFECTIONS
MS = A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, whose viruses have been isolated from lymphocytes. HERPESVIRUS 6, HUMAN is the type species.
UI = D019211
Roseolovirus Infections
AN = caused by a genus of the family Herpesviridae
MS = Infection with ROSEOLOVIRUS, the most common in humans being EXANTHEMA SUBITUM, a benign disease of infants and young children.
UI = D019349
Rosette Formation
AN = an immunol technique
MS = The in vitro formation of clusters consisting of a cell (usually a lymphocyte) surrounded by antigenic cells or antigen-bearing particles (usually erythrocytes, which may or may not be coated with antibody or antibody and complement). The rosette-forming cell may be an antibody-forming cell, a memory cell, a T-cell, a cell bearing surface cytophilic antibodies, or a monocyte possessing Fc receptors. Rosette formation can be used to identify specific populations of these cells.
UI = D012397
Ross River Virus
AN = a species of Alphavirus; infection: coord IM with ALPHAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
MS = A species of ALPHAVIRUS associated with epidemic exanthema and polyarthritis in Australia.
UI = D012398
Rotation
AN = /adv eff permitted; rotation of a body part on its axis is TORSION
MS = Motion of a rigid body in which either one point is fixed, or all the points on a straight line are fixed. It is also the motion of a particle about a fixed point. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
UI = D012399
Rotator Cuff
AN = stabilizes humerus head & rotates shoulder
MS = The musculotendinous sheath formed by the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor muscles. These help stabilize the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa and allow for rotation of the shoulder joint about its longitudinal axis.
UI = D017006
Rotavirus Infections
AN = caused by a reovirus
MS = Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.
UI = D012400
Rotavirus
AN = a genus of the family Reoviridae; from Latin rota, wheel, from its wheel-like form under electron microsc; infection = ROTAVIRUS INFECTIONS
MS = A genus of REOVIRIDAE, causing acute gastroenteritis in birds and mammals, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination.
UI = D012401
Rotenone
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
MS = A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport.
UI = D012402
Rotifera
AN = an aschelminth
MS = A class of minute animals of the phylum Aschelminthes.
UI = D012403
Round Ligament
AN = an adnexal ligament
MS = A fibromuscular band that attaches to the uterus and then passes along the broad ligament, out through the inguinal ring, and into the labium majus.
UI = D012404
Round Window
AN = do not confuse with OVAL WINDOW in vestib appar
MS = Fenestra of the cochlea; an opening in the medial wall of the middle ear leading into the cochlea.
UI = D012405
Roxarsone
AN = a coccidiostat
MS = 4-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzenearsonic acid. An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals.
UI = D012406
rRNA Operon
MS = Genetic loci which direct transcription of ribosomal RNA in bacterial operons. They are designated rrnB, rrnC, rrnD, etc. according to the structural position of the transcription unit in the DNA sequence.
UI = D012407
Roxithromycin
AN = a macrolide antibiotic
MS = Erythromycin, 9-(O-((2-methoxyethoxy)methyl)oxime). Semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is concentrated by human phagocytes and is bioactive intracellularly. While the drug is active against a wide spectrum of pathogens, it is particularly effective in the treatment of respiratory and genital tract infections.
UI = D015575
Rubber
AN = processed material from natural or synthetic LATEX
MS = cis-1,4-Polyisoprene. A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer originally obtained from the milk juice (LATEX) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. Synthetic elastomers are made from synthetic latexes, not necessarily polyisoprene.
UI = D012408
Rubber Dams
AN = to isolate operative field during dent proced; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
MS = Sheets of latex rubber punched and placed over the teeth during dental procedures to isolate the field of operation from the rest of the oral cavity (Jablonski; Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). Rubber dams are useful in preventing the swallowing of instruments or restorations during dental work.
UI = D016733
Rubella
AN = caused by a rubivirus, RUBELLA VIRUS: do not confuse with RUBULAVIRUS, a paramyxovirus; do not confuse with RUBEOLA see MEASLES; French for rubella = rubâeole, Ital for rubella = rubeola, Span for rubella = rubâeola or rosâeola epidâemica; /congen: consider also RUBELLA SYNDROME, CONGENITAL
MS = An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by the RUBELLA VIRUS and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. (From Dorland, 27th edition)
UI = D012409
Rubella Syndrome, Congenital
AN = caused by a rubivirus; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; restrict to syndrome: see MeSH definition; otherwise RUBELLA /congen permitted CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = Transplacental infection of the fetus with rubella usually in the first trimester of pregnancy, as a consequence of maternal infection, resulting in various developmental abnormalities in the newborn infant. They include cardiac and ocular lesions, deafness, microcephaly, mental retardation, and generalized growth retardation. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D012410
Rubella Vaccine
MS = A live attenuated virus vaccine of duck embryo or human diploid cell tissue culture origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of nonpregnant adolescent and adult females of childbearing age who are unimmunized and do not have serum antibodies to rubella. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D012411
Rubella Virus
AN = a species of Rubivirus; do not confuse with RUBULAVIRUS, a paramyxovirus; infection = RUBELLA
MS = The type (and only) species of RUBIVIRUS causing acute infection in humans, primarily children and young adults. Humans are the only natural host. A live, attenuated vaccine is available for prophylaxis.
UI = D012412
Rubiaceae
AN = family of plants to which CINCHONA & COFFEE belong
MS = The Rubiaceae are Asteridae with opposite leaves and interpetiolar stipules. Important genera include the CINCHONA and Coffea.
UI = D019666
Rubidium
AN = an alkali metal; Rb-85; Rb-79-84, 86-95 = RUBIDIUM RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.
UI = D012413
Rubidium Radioisotopes
AN = Rb-79-84, 86-95; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)
MS = Unstable isotopes of rubidium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Rb atoms with atomic weights 79-84, and 86-95 are radioactive rubidium isotopes.
UI = D012414
Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome
AN = finger, toe, facial & skeletal abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf
MS = An autosomal recessive disorder usually occurring in males and characterized mainly by motor and mental retardation, broad thumbs, webbing of fingers and toes, facial and skeletal abnormalities.
UI = D012415
Rubivirus
AN = a genus of the family Togaviridae; from Latin rub-, red, with reference to the type species Rubella virus (Latin rubella, reddish, a disease showing a generalized reddish rash); infection = RUBIVIRUS INFECTIONS
MS = A genus of the family TOGAVIRIDAE containing only one recognized species, RUBELLA VIRUS. Transmission is primarily by aerosolization.
UI = D018132
Rubivirus Infections
AN = caused by a togavirus; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
MS = Virus diseases caused by the RUBIVIRUS genus, of the family TOGAVIRIDAE.
UI = D018355
Rubredoxins
AN = a ferredoxin
MS = A class of iron-sulfur proteins that contains one iron coordinated to the sulfur atom of four cysteine residues. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
UI = D012416
Rubulavirus
AN = a genus of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae; do not confuse with RUBELLA VIRUS, a rubivirus; infection = RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS
MS = A genus of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE (subfamily PARAMYXOVIRINAE) where all the species have hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities but lack a C protein. MUMPS VIRUS is the type species.
UI = D019213
Rubulavirus Infections
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with rubella virus infections ( = RUBELLA)
MS = Infections with viruses of the genus RUBULAVIRUS, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE.
UI = D019351
Rumen
AN = a ruminant's 1st stomach; dis: coord IM with STOMACH DISEASES /vet (IM); neopl: coord IM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS /vet (IM) + histol type /vet (IM); ulcer: coord IM with STOMACH ULCER /vet (IM)
MS = The first stomach of ruminants. It lies on the left side of the body, occupying the whole of the left side of the abdomen and even stretching across the median plane of the body to the right side. It is capacious, divided into an upper and a lower sac, each of which has a blind sac at its posterior extremity. The rumen is lined by mucous membrane containing no digestive glands, but mucus-secreting glands are present in large numbers. Coarse, partially chewed food is stored and churned in the rumen until the animal finds circumstances convenient for rumination. When this occurs, little balls of food are regurgitated through the esophagus into the mouth, and are subjected to a second more thorough mastication, swallowed, and passed on into other parts of the compound stomach. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed)
UI = D012417
Ruminants
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; qualif permitted
MS = A suborder of the order ARTIODACTYLA whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males.
UI = D012418
Runaway Behavior
MS = A behavioral response manifested by leaving home in order to escape from threatening situations. Children or adolescents leaving home without permission is usually implied.
UI = D012419
Running
AN = human & animal; /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; differentiate from JOGGING: running is relatively faster; TRACK AND FIELD is also available; animals running in exercise wheel is probably MOTOR ACTIVITY or EXERTION
MS = An activity in which the body is propelled by moving the legs rapidly. Running is performed at a moderate to rapid pace and should be differentiated from JOGGING, which is performed at a much slower pace.
UI = D012420
Rupture
AN = traumatic only: differentiate from RUPTURE, SPONTANEOUS; never IM: coord NIM with probably organ /inj (IM) or precoord inj term (IM)
MS = Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.
UI = D012421
Rupture, Spontaneous
AN = includes spontan rupt unexplained or as a result of dis: differentiate from RUPTURE, traumatic only; never IM: coord NIM with organ/diseases term (IM)
MS = Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.
UI = D012422
Rural Health
AN = specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The status of health in rural populations.
UI = D012423
Rural Health Services
AN = IM; coord with specific health serv (IM); DF: RURAL HEALTH SERV CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = Health services, public or private, in rural areas. The services include the promotion of health and the delivery of health care.
UI = D019035
Rural Population
AN = specify geog; RURAL HEALTH & RURAL HEALTH SERVICES are also available CATALOG: /geog /form
MS = The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.
UI = D012424
Russell's Viper
AN = a genus of vipers; its venom: coord IM with VIPER VENOMS (IM)
MS = A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE. It is distributed in West Pakistan, most of India, Burma, Ceylon, Thailand, southeast China, Taiwan, and a few islands of Indonesia. It hisses loudly when disturbed and strikes with great force and speed. Very prolific, it gives birth to 20-60 young. This viper is the leading cause of snakebite in India and Burma. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p127)
UI = D017840
Russia (Pre-1917)
AN = MOSCOW is also available; Manual 36.12
UI = D012425
Russia
AN = MOSCOW is also available; Manual 36.12; consider also RUSSIA (PRE-1917); in historical articles when part of the former Soviet Union it may be called Russian S.F.S.R. or RSFSR (see other names in hist note)
UI = D012426
Rutamycin
AN = a macrolide antifungal antibiotic
MS = A macrolide antibiotic of the oligomycin group, obtained from Streptomyces rutgersensis. It is used in cytochemistry as a tool to inhibit various ATPases and to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation from electron transport and also clinically as an antifungal agent.
UI = D012427
Ruthenium
AN = Ru-102; Ru-96, 98-101, 104 = RUTHENIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Ru-93-95, 97, 103, 105-108 = RUTHENIUM RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
MS = A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.
UI = D012428
Ruthenium Compounds
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: RUTHENIUM CPDS
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain ruthenium as an integral part of the molecule.
UI = D017975
Ruthenium Radioisotopes
AN = Ru-93-95, 97, 103, 105-108; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)
MS = Unstable isotopes of ruthenium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ru atoms with atomic weights 93-95, 97, 103, and 105-108 are radioactive ruthenium isotopes.
UI = D012429
Ruthenium Red
MS = An inorganic dye used in microscopy for differential staining and as a diagnostic reagent. In research this compound is used to study changes in cytoplasmic concentrations of calcium. Ruthenium red inhibits calcium transport through membrane channels.
UI = D012430
Rutin
AN = a bioflavonoid found in many plants
MS = 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility.
UI = D012431
Rwanda
AN = a republic in eastern Africa; X ref RUANDA was its former name
MS = A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA and east of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO. It was originally called Ruanda. Its capital is Kigali. Formerly part of the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda-Urundi (now RWANDA and BURUNDI), it became independent in 1962. The country has taken the name of the people, the Rwanda, but its meaning is unknown. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1038 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p469)
UI = D012432
Ryanodine
AN = an insecticidal alkaloid from plant Ryania
MS = Dodecahydro-4,6,7,8A,8B,9A-hexahydroxy-7-isopropyl-3,6A,9-trimethyl-6,9-methanobenzo(1,2)pentaleno(1,6-BC)furan-8-yl ester of pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid. Insecticidal alkaloid isolated from Ryania speciosa; proposed as a myocardial depressant. Synonyms: Ryanex; Ryania.
UI = D012433
Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel
MS = Protein complexes that mediate the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in both skeletal and cardiac muscle cells by forming tetrametric complexes. These complexes each then act as a calcium channel. There are three isoforms of the RyR: RyR1, RyR2, and RyR3. RyR1 is specifically expressed in skeletal muscles and RyR2 in cardiac muscles. RyR3 is yet another isoform found in non-muscle cells such as neuronal cells. (From Yonsei Med J 1996;37(1):72-80)
UI = D019837
Rye
AN = as plant & food; do not confuse X ref SECALE with Secale cornutum ( = ERGOT FUNGUS see CLAVICEPS) nor with RYE GRASS see LOLIUM; the rye-wheat hybrid Triticale is TRITICALE see CEREALS; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2
MS = A hardy grain crop, Secale cereale, grown in northern climates. It is the most frequent host to ergot (CLAVICEPS), the toxic fungus. Its hybrid with wheat is triticale, another grain.
UI = D012434